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Tjondro HC, Loke I, Chatterjee S, Thaysen-Andersen M. Human protein paucimannosylation: cues from the eukaryotic kingdoms. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:2068-2100. [PMID: 31410980 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Paucimannosidic proteins (PMPs) are bioactive glycoproteins carrying truncated α- or β-mannosyl-terminating asparagine (N)-linked glycans widely reported across the eukaryotic domain. Our understanding of human PMPs remains limited, despite findings documenting their existence and association with human disease glycobiology. This review comprehensively surveys the structures, biosynthetic routes and functions of PMPs across the eukaryotic kingdoms with the aim of synthesising an improved understanding on the role of protein paucimannosylation in human health and diseases. Convincing biochemical, glycoanalytical and biological data detail a vast structural heterogeneity and fascinating tissue- and subcellular-specific expression of PMPs within invertebrates and plants, often comprising multi-α1,3/6-fucosylation and β1,2-xylosylation amongst other glycan modifications and non-glycan substitutions e.g. O-methylation. Vertebrates and protists express less-heterogeneous PMPs typically only comprising variable core fucosylation of bi- and trimannosylchitobiose core glycans. In particular, the Manα1,6Manβ1,4GlcNAc(α1,6Fuc)β1,4GlcNAcβAsn glycan (M2F) decorates various human neutrophil proteins reportedly displaying bioactivity and structural integrity demonstrating that they are not degradation products. Less-truncated paucimannosidic glycans (e.g. M3F) are characteristic glycosylation features of proteins expressed by human cancer and stem cells. Concertedly, these observations suggest the involvement of human PMPs in processes related to innate immunity, tumorigenesis and cellular differentiation. The absence of human PMPs in diverse bodily fluids studied under many (patho)physiological conditions suggests extravascular residence and points to localised functions of PMPs in peripheral tissues. Absence of PMPs in Fungi indicates that paucimannosylation is common, but not universally conserved, in eukaryotes. Relative to human PMPs, the expression of PMPs in plants, invertebrates and protists is more tissue-wide and constitutive yet, similar to their human counterparts, PMP expression remains regulated by the physiology of the producing organism and PMPs evidently serve essential functions in development, cell-cell communication and host-pathogen/symbiont interactions. In most PMP-producing organisms, including humans, the N-acetyl-β-hexosaminidase isoenzymes and linkage-specific α-mannosidases are glycoside hydrolases critical for generating PMPs via N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GnT-I)-dependent and GnT-I-independent truncation pathways. However, the identity and structure of many species-specific PMPs in eukaryotes, their biosynthetic routes, strong tissue- and development-specific expression, and diverse functions are still elusive. Deep exploration of these PMP features involving, for example, the characterisation of endogenous PMP-recognising lectins across a variety of healthy and N-acetyl-β-hexosaminidase-deficient human tissue types and identification of microbial adhesins reactive to human PMPs, are amongst the many tasks required for enhanced insight into the glycobiology of human PMPs. In conclusion, the literature supports the notion that PMPs are significant, yet still heavily under-studied biomolecules in human glycobiology that serve essential functions and create structural heterogeneity not dissimilar to other human N-glycoprotein types. Human PMPs should therefore be recognised as bioactive glycoproteins that are distinctly different from the canonical N-glycoprotein classes and which warrant a more dedicated focus in glycobiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry C Tjondro
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Ian Loke
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Sayantani Chatterjee
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Morten Thaysen-Andersen
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
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Revisiting glycoside hydrolase family 20 β-N-acetyl-d-hexosaminidases: Crystal structures, physiological substrates and specific inhibitors. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1127-1138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Almeida F, Sardinha-Silva A, da Silva TA, Pessoni AM, Pinzan CF, Alegre-Maller ACP, Cecílio NT, Moretti NS, Damásio ARL, Pedersoli WR, Mineo JR, Silva RN, Roque-Barreira MC. Toxoplasma gondii Chitinase Induces Macrophage Activation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144507. [PMID: 26659253 PMCID: PMC4684212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite found worldwide that is able to chronically infect almost all vertebrate species, especially birds and mammalians. Chitinases are essential to various biological processes, and some pathogens rely on chitinases for successful parasitization. Here, we purified and characterized a chitinase from T. gondii. The enzyme, provisionally named Tg_chitinase, has a molecular mass of 13.7 kDa and exhibits a Km of 0.34 mM and a Vmax of 2.64. The optimal environmental conditions for enzymatic function were at pH 4.0 and 50 °C. Tg_chitinase was immunolocalized in the cytoplasm of highly virulent T. gondii RH strain tachyzoites, mainly at the apical extremity. Tg_chitinase induced macrophage activation as manifested by the production of high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, a pathogenic hallmark of T. gondii infection. In conclusion, to our knowledge, we describe for the first time a chitinase of T. gondii tachyzoites and provide evidence that this enzyme might influence the pathogenesis of T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto Almeida
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brasil
| | - Aline Sardinha-Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brasil
| | - Thiago Aparecido da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brasil
| | - André Moreira Pessoni
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brasil
| | - Camila Figueiredo Pinzan
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brasil
| | - Ana Claudia Paiva Alegre-Maller
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brasil
| | - Nerry Tatiana Cecílio
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brasil
| | - Nilmar Silvio Moretti
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - André Ricardo Lima Damásio
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Wellington Ramos Pedersoli
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-900, Brasil
| | - José Roberto Mineo
- Laboratorio de Imunoparasitologia, Departamento de Imunologia, Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720, Uberlândia, MG, 38400 902, Brasil
| | - Roberto Nascimento Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-900, Brasil
| | - Maria Cristina Roque-Barreira
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brasil
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Isolation, Purification, and Biochemical Characterization of Two Forms of Lysosomal β-N-Acetylhexosaminidase from the InvertebrateUnio. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 77:497-504. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Xie XL, Gong M, Chen QX. Inhibition kinetics of hydrogen peroxide on β-N-acetyl-d-glucosaminidase from prawn (Penaeus vannamei). J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 21:55-60. [PMID: 16570506 DOI: 10.1080/14756360500148791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on prawn NAGase activity for the hydrolysis of pNP-beta-D-GlcNAc have been studied. The results show that H2O2 can reversible inhibit the enzyme (IC50 = 0.85 M) and the inhibition is of a mixed type. The kinetics show that k+o is much larger than k+0, indicating the free enzyme is more susceptible than the enzyme-substrate complex in the H2O2 solution. It is suggested that the presence of the substrate offers marked protection against inhibition by H202. Changes of activity and conformation of the enzyme in different concentrations of H202 have been compared by measuring the fluorescence spectra and residual activity and show that the change of conformation is more rapidly than that of the residual activity, which implies that the whole conformation of the enzyme changes more rapidly than the conformation of the active centre of the enzyme in the H2O2 solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lan Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P R. China
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Xie JJ, Chen QX, Zhang JP, Wang Q, Yang XM. Inhibitory kinetics of mercuric ion on the activity of beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase from green crab (Scylla serrata). Int J Biol Macromol 2006; 39:159-64. [PMID: 16815543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2005.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2005] [Revised: 10/23/2005] [Accepted: 10/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chemical modification of p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB) on beta-N-acetyl-d-glucosaminidase (NAGase, EC 3.2.1.52) from green crab (Scylla serrata) has been studied. The results show that sulfhydryl group is essential for the activity of the enzyme. Inhibitory kinetics of the enzyme by mercuric chloride (HgCl2) has been studied using the kinetic method of the substrate reaction during inhibitor of enzyme. The kinetic results show that the inhibition of the enzyme by mercuric ion (Hg2+) at lower than 1.0 microM is a reversible reaction with residual activity and the inhibition belongs to be competitive. The inhibition kinetics model of Hg2+ on the enzyme was set up and the microscopic rate constants were determined and the data obtained were well fitted with the model. It was also turned out that only one molecule of HgCl2 binds to the enzyme molecule to lead the enzyme lose its activity. The above results suggest that the cysteine residue is essential for activity and is situated at the active site of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Zhang JP, Chen QX, Wang Q, Xie JJ. Purification and some properties of beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase from viscera of green crab (Scylla serrata). BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2006; 71 Suppl 1:S55-9. [PMID: 16487069 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297906130098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase was purified from viscera of green crab (Scylla serrata) by extraction with 0.01 M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.5) containing 0.2 M NaCl, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and then chromatography on Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-cellulose (DE-32). The purified enzyme showed a single band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the specific activity was determined to be 7990 U/mg. The molecular weight of the whole enzyme was determined to be 132.0 kD, and the enzyme is composed of two identical subunits with molecular mass of 65.8 kD. The optimum pH and optimum temperature of the enzyme for the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide (pNP-NAG) were found to be at pH 5.6 and at 50 degrees C, respectively. The study of its stability showed that the enzyme is stable in the pH range from 4.6 to 8.6 and at temperatures below 45 degrees C. The kinetic behavior of the enzyme in the hydrolysis of pNP-NAG followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with Km of 0.424 +/- 0.012 mM and Vmax of 17.65 +/- 0.32 micromol/min at pH 5.8 and 37 degrees C, and the activation energy was determined to be 61.32 kJ/mol. The effects of some metal ions on the enzyme were surveyed, and the results show that Na+ and K+ have no effects on the enzyme activity; Mg2+ and Ca2+ slightly activate the enzyme, while Ba2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Hg2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, and Al3+ inhibit the enzyme to different extents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ping Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Lin JC, Xie XL, Gong M, Wang Q, Chen QX. Effects of mercuric ion on the conformation and activity of Penaeus Vannamei beta-N-acetyl-d-glucosaminidase. Int J Biol Macromol 2005; 36:327-30. [PMID: 16095682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2005.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Revised: 06/30/2005] [Accepted: 06/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
beta-N-acetyl-d-glucosaminidase (NAGase, EC.3.2.1.52), a composition of the chitinases, catalyzes the cleavage of N-acetylglucosamine polymers into N-acetylglucosamine. In this paper, the effects of mercuric ion on the activity of NAGase from Penaeus vannamei for the hydrolysis of pNP-NAG have been studied. The results show that HgCl2 can lead to irreversible inactivation to this enzyme. The inactivation process follows a first-order reaction and the inactivation rate constants have been determined. The relationship between the inactivation rate constants and HgCl2 concentration has been studied and the result shows that only one molecule of HgCl2 binds to the enzyme molecule to lead the enzyme lose its activity. Moreover, the conformational changes of the enzyme inactivated by HgCl2 were studied by following changes in the intrinsic fluorescence emission and ultraviolet absorption spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Cheng Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Sanon A, Tournaire-Arellano C, El Hage SY, Bories C, Caujolle R, Loiseau PM. N-acetyl-β-d-hexosaminidase from Trichomonas vaginalis: substrate specificity and activity of inhibitors. Biomed Pharmacother 2005; 59:245-8. [PMID: 15890491 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2004.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2004] [Accepted: 09/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Among chitinolytic activities previously described in Trichomonas vaginalis, N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminidase (NAHase) was the enzyme system expressing the highest level of specific activity. We report here some biochemical characteristics of NAHase purified from T. vaginalis. We found at first that the use of 4-methylumbellifferyl-substrate was responsible for a substrate affinity for the enzyme, about 1000-fold higher than those when using p-nitrophenyl-substrates (PNP). Whereas the optimum pH was 7.0 using PNP-substrate, it was at 4.5 using 4-methylumbelliferyl-substrate. Four different substrates were compared for their action on T. vaginalis NAHase and we have found that N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide substrate was the most specific. DTT had no effect on enzyme activity suggesting that thiol group are not involved at the catalytic site. The use of previously described inhibitors showed a positive correlation between trichomonacidal activity and NAHase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sanon
- Chimiothérapie Antiparasitaire, UMR 8076 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Paris XI, rue Jean Baptiste-Clément, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Loiseau PM, Bories C, Sanon A. The chitinase system from Trichomonas vaginalis as a potential target for antimicrobial therapy of urogenital trichomoniasis. Biomed Pharmacother 2002; 56:503-10. [PMID: 12504272 DOI: 10.1016/s0753-3322(02)00331-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitinolytic activities in Trichomonas vaginalis membrane extracts were assessed by assays of three enzyme systems: N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminidase (NAHase), chitobiosidase and chitotriosidase. N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminidase was the enzyme that showed the highest specific activity. After successive subcutaneous inoculations into mice and parasite recovery in culture, the enzyme activities increased significantly with the number of inoculations for up to eight passages. In addition, enzyme activities were maximum at the logarithmic phase of growth. Glycol chitin, a chitinase substrate, enhanced all chitinolytic activities by about 30% and a clear-cut correlation is shown between the capacity for erythrocyte lysis by parasites and NAHase expression. Chitobiosidase and chitotriosidase activities were both inhibited at 58% and 100%, respectively, by allosamidine, a chitinase inhibitor used at 3 microM, whereas NAHase activity was not affected. Seven putative NAHase inhibitors (compounds n, 1-7), ureido and thioureido derivatives of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose were evaluated and five of them had K(i) values in the range 30-70 microM. The most active compound (compound 6) was functionally competitive with respect to the substrate with a K(i) value of 30 microM. The IC(50) values of the most active compounds on T. vaginalis were in the range 62-85 microM. These results indicate that chitinases of T. vaginalis are involved in pathogenicity and they could be an interesting target for drugs since chitinase inhibitors also inhibit parasite growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Loiseau
- Chimiothérapie antiparasitaire, UPRES A 8076 CNRS BIOCIS, Université de Paris-Sud, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France.
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Filho BPD, Lemos FJA, Secundino NFC, Páscoa V, Pereira ST, Pimenta PFP. Presence of chitinase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase in the Aedes aegypti. a chitinolytic system involving peritrophic matrix formation and degradation. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 32:1723-1729. [PMID: 12429124 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(02)00112-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of the hydrolysis of specific fluorogenic substrates by spectrophotometry as well as the substrate activity-SDS-PAGE gel analysis of the chitinolytic activity in Aedes aegypti guts showed that both chitinase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase are present and physiologically active. Both enzymes were present even in guts from unfed insects, but the activities increased rapidly after feeding on blood or an artificial protein-free diet. Chitinase activity was predominantly of the 'endo'-type, reaching its maximum activity at 36 h and then declining to very low levels after the degradation of the peritrophic matrix (PM). Chitinase assay in gels after SDS-PAGE was a very sensitive method that allowed us to detect two chitinases with distinct molecular weights in the mosquito gut. Hydrolysis of a chitinase-specific substrate by chitinolytic activities in the mosquito guts was inhibited by allosamidin, a potent chitinase inhibitor. Allosamidin treatment led to the formation of an atypical thick PM, while the addition of exogenous chitinase completely blocked its formation. This chitinolytic system appears to operate both on the formation and degradation of the PM. Since the PM is involved in pathogen invasion, these results are important in facilitating a search for mechanisms that can block pathogen development in the mosquito vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedito P D Filho
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP 87030-121, Maringá, PR, Brazil
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Sanon A, Lawrence F, Bories C, Loiseau PM. Purification of N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminidase from Trichomonas vaginalis. Exp Parasitol 2001; 97:169-72. [PMID: 11312579 DOI: 10.1006/expr.2001.4599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Sanon
- Biologie et Contrôle des Organismes Parasites, UPRES 398, IFR 75, Université de Paris-Sud, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry Cédex, France
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