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Hansen M, Thrane C, Olsson S, Sørensen J. Confocal imaging of living fungal hyphae challenged with the fungal antagonist viscosinamide. Mycologia 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2000.12061147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hansen
- Section of Genetics and Microbiology, Department of Ecology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C (Copenhagen), Denmark
| | - Charlotte Thrane
- Section of Genetics and Microbiology, Department of Ecology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C (Copenhagen), Denmark
| | - Stefan Olsson
- Section of Genetics and Microbiology, Department of Ecology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C (Copenhagen), Denmark
| | - Jan Sørensen
- Section of Genetics and Microbiology, Department of Ecology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C (Copenhagen), Denmark
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Liu T, Wang Y, Ma B, Hou J, Jin Y, Zhang Y, Ke X, Tai L, Zuo Y, Dey K. Clg2p interacts with Clf and ClUrase to regulate appressorium formation, pathogenicity and conidial morphology in Curvularia lunata. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24047. [PMID: 27041392 PMCID: PMC4819193 DOI: 10.1038/srep24047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras is a small GTPase that regulates numerous processes in the cellular development and morphogenesis of many organisms. In this study, we identified and functionally characterized the Clg2p gene of Curvularia lunata, which is homologous with the Ras protein. The Clg2p deletion mutant (ΔClg2p) had altered appressorium formation and conidial morphology and produced fewer, smaller lesions compared with the wild-type strain. When a dominant Clg2p allele was introduced into the mutant, all of these defective phenotypes were completely restored. To further understand the regulation of Clg2p in appressorium formation and conidial morphology, and its role in pathogenicity, seven Clg2p-interacting proteins were screened using a yeast two-hybrid assay. Two of these proteins, Clf, a homologue of Mst11, which corresponds to MAP kinase kinase kinase in Magnaporthe oryzae, and urate oxidase (designated ClUrase) were functionally characterized. Clg2p specifically interacted with Clf through its RA domain to regulate appressorium formation and pathogenicity, whereas the Clg2p-ClUrase interaction regulated conidial morphology without affecting fungal pathogenicity. This report is the first to elucidate the regulatory mechanism of the key Ras protein Clg2p in C. lunata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- Institute of Plant Pathology and Applied Microbiology, School of Agronomy, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, 163319, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Regions, Northwest A &F University, Yangling, Shanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Yuying Wang
- Institute of Plant Pathology and Applied Microbiology, School of Agronomy, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, 163319, P. R. China
| | - Bingchen Ma
- Institute of Plant Pathology and Applied Microbiology, School of Agronomy, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, 163319, P. R. China
| | - Jumei Hou
- Institute of Plant Pathology and Applied Microbiology, School of Agronomy, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, 163319, P. R. China
| | - Yazhong Jin
- Institute of Plant Pathology and Applied Microbiology, School of Agronomy, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, 163319, P. R. China
| | - Youli Zhang
- Institute of Plant Pathology and Applied Microbiology, School of Agronomy, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, 163319, P. R. China
| | - Xiwang Ke
- National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Daqing, Heilongjiang, 163319, P. R. China
| | - Lianmei Tai
- Institute of Plant Pathology and Applied Microbiology, School of Agronomy, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, 163319, P. R. China
| | - Yuhu Zuo
- Institute of Plant Pathology and Applied Microbiology, School of Agronomy, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, 163319, P. R. China
| | - Kishore Dey
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
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Tsai HC, Chung KR. Calcineurin phosphatase and phospholipase C are required for developmental and pathological functions in the citrus fungal pathogen Alternaria alternata. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 160:1453-1465. [PMID: 24763426 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.077818-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Excessive Ca(2+) or compounds interfering with phosphoinositide cycling have been found to inhibit the growth of the tangerine pathotype of Alternaria alternata, suggesting a crucial role of Ca(2+) homeostasis in this pathotype. The roles of PLC1, a phospholipase C-coding gene and CAL1, a calcineurin phosphatase-coding gene were investigated. Targeted gene disruption showed that both PLC1 and CAL1 were required for vegetative growth, conidial formation and pathogenesis in citrus. Fungal strains lacking PLC1 or CAL1 exhibited extremely slow growth and induced small lesions on calamondin leaves. Δplc1 mutants produced fewer conidia, which germinated at slower rates than wild-type. Δcal1 mutants produced abnormal hyphae and failed to produce any mature conidia, but instead produced highly melanized bulbous hyphae with distinct septae. Fluorescence microscopy using Fluo-3 dye as a Ca(2+) indicator revealed that the Δplc1 mutant hyphae emitted stronger cytosolic fluorescence, and the Δcal1 mutant hyphae emitted less cytosolic fluorescence, than those of wild-type. Infection assessed on detached calamondin leaves revealed that application of CaCl2 or neomycin 24 h prior to inoculation provided protection against Alt. alternata. These data indicate that a dynamic equilibrium of cellular Ca(2+) is critical for developmental and pathological processes of Alt. alternata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsieh-Chin Tsai
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - Kuang-Ren Chung
- Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.,Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
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Courchesne WE, Ozturk S. Amiodarone induces a caffeine-inhibited, MID1-depedent rise in free cytoplasmic calcium in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Microbiol 2003; 47:223-34. [PMID: 12492866 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Calcium signalling is involved in myriad cellular processes such as mating morphogenesis. Mating in yeast induces changes in cell morphology with a concomitant increase in calcium uptake that is dependent on the MID1 and CCH1 genes. Mid1p and Cch1p are believed to function in a capacitive calcium entry (CCE)-like process. Amiodarone alters mammalian calcium channel activity but, despite its clinical importance, its molecular mechanisms are not clearly defined. We have shown previously that amiodarone has fungicidal activity against a broad array of fungi. We show here that amiodarone causes a dramatic increase in cytoplasmic calcium ([Ca2+]cyt) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The majority of this increase is dependent on extracellular Ca2+ nonetheless, a significant increase in [Ca2+]cyt is still induced by amiodarone when no uptake of extracellular Ca2+ can occur. The influx of extracellular Ca2+ may be a direct effect of amiodarone on a membrane transporter or may be by a CCE mechanism. Uptake of the extracellular Ca2+ is inhibited by caffeine and reduced in strains deleted for the mid1 gene, but not in cells deleted for cch1. Our data are the first demonstrating control of yeast calcium channels by amiodarone and caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Courchesne
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0046, USA.
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Addepalli MK, Fujita Y. Regulatory role of external calcium on Pythium porphyrae (Oomycota) zoospore release, development and infection in causing red rot disease of Porphyra yezoensis (Rhodophyta). FEMS Microbiol Lett 2002; 211:253-7. [PMID: 12076821 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11233.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of zoosporangia and cleavage of zoosporangial cytoplasm to zoospores in Pythium porphyrae is absolutely dependent on extracellular calcium. Calcium ion could be substituted neither by monovalent nor divalent cations tested. Increased concentrations of extracellular calcium did not affect the release of zoospores from zoosporangia but inhibited the zoospore motility. Chelating calcium ion by EGTA has decreased the ability of encysted zoospores to germinate and form appressoria. The increased external calcium-ion concentration has decreased the infectivity of Porphyra yezoensis thalli in a linear fashion apparently indicating a role of calcium in the signaling mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Addepalli
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo Machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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Abstract
Hyphal tip growth is a complex process involving finely regulated interactions between the synthesis and expansion of cell wall and plasma membrane, diverse intracellular movements, and turgor regulation. F-actin is a major regulator and integrator of these processes. It directly contributes to (a) tip morphogenesis, most likely by participation in an apical membrane skeleton that reinforces the apical plasma membrane, (b) the transport and exocytosis of vesicles that contribute plasma membrane and cell wall material to the hyphal tips, (c) the localization of plasma membrane proteins in the tips, and (d) cytoplasmic and organelle migration and positioning. The pattern of reorganization of F-actin prior to formation of new tips during branch initiation also indicates a critical role in early stages of assembly of the tip apparatus. One of the universal characteristics of all critically examined tip-growing cells, including fungal hyphae, is the obligatory presence of a tip-high gradient of cytoplasmic Ca2+ that probably regulates both actin and nonactin components of the apparatus, and the formation of which may also initiate new tips. This review discusses the diversity of evidence behind these concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Torralba
- Biology Department, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3 Canada
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