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Elsherbiny AS, Galal A, Ghoneem KM, Salahuddin NA. Graphene oxide-based nanocomposites for outstanding eco-friendly antifungal potential against tomato phytopathogens. Biomater Adv 2024; 160:213863. [PMID: 38642516 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
To obtain the collaborative antifungal potential of nanocomposites conjugated with graphene oxide (GO), a combination of GO with chitosan (CS/GO) and GO with chitosan (CS) and polyaniline (PANI/CS/GO) was carried out. The synthesized GO-nanocomposites were recognized by several techniques. Vanillin (Van.) and cinnamaldehyde (Cinn.) were loaded on the prepared nanocomposites as antioxidants through a batch adsorption process. In vitro release study of Van. and Cinn. from the nanocomposites was accomplished at pH 7 and 25°C. The antimicrobial activity of GO, CS/GO, and PANI/CS/GO was studied against tomato Fusarium oxysporum (FOL) and Pythium debaryanum (PYD) pathogens. The loaded ternary composite PANI/CS/GO exhibited the best percent of reduction against the two pathogens in vitro studies. The Greenhouse experiment revealed that seedlings' treatment by CS/GO/Van. and PANI/CS/GO/Van significantly lowered both disease index and disease incidence. The loaded CS/GO and PANI/CS/GO nanocomposites had a positive effect on lengthening shoots. Additionally, when CS/GO/Cinn., CS/GO/Van. and PANI/CS/GO/Van. were used, tomato seedlings' photosynthetic pigments dramatically increased as compared to infected control. The results show that these bio-nanocomposites can be an efficient, sustainable, nontoxic, eco-friendly, and residue-free approach for fighting fungal pathogens and improving plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer S Elsherbiny
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt.
| | - Alyaa Galal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Khalid M Ghoneem
- Seed Pathology Research Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ID: 60019332), Giza 12112, Egypt
| | - Nehal A Salahuddin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
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Tagele SB, Gachomo EW. Evaluating the effects of mefenoxam on taxonomic and functional dynamics of nontarget fungal communities during carrot cultivation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9867. [PMID: 38684826 PMCID: PMC11058253 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59587-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Ridomil Gold SL (45.3% a.i. mefenoxam) is a widely used chemical fungicide for the control of oomycetes. However, its impact on fungal communities remains unexplored. Therefore, the goal of this study was to examine the effects of mefenoxam on the temporal dynamics of fungal taxonomic and functional diversities during carrot cultivation under four treatment groups: mefenoxam application with and without Pythium inoculation, and untreated control groups with and without Pythium inoculation. Our in vitro sensitivity assay showed that the maximum recommended concentration of mefenoxam, 0.24 ppm, did not suppress the mycelial growth of P. irregulare. At 100 ppm, mycelial growth was only reduced by 11.4%, indicating that the isolate was resistant to mefenoxam. MiSeq sequencing data revealed transient taxonomic variations among treatments 2 weeks post-treatment. Mortierella dominated the fungal community in the mefenoxam-Pythium combination treatment, as confirmed through PCR using our newly designed Mortierella-specific primers. Conversely, mefenoxam-Pythium combination had adverse effects on Penicillium, Trichoderma, and Fusarium, and decrease the overall alpha diversity. However, these compositional changes gradually reverted to those observed in the control by the 12th week. The predicted ecological functions of fungal communities in all Pythium and mefenoxam treatments shifted, leading to a decrease in symbiotrophs and plant pathogen functional groups. Moreover, the community-level physiological profiling approach, utilizing 96-well Biolog FF microplates, showed discernible variations in the utilization of 95 diverse carbon sources among the treatments. Notably, arbutin, L-arabinose, Tween 80, and succinamic acid demonstrated a strong positive association with Mortierella. Our findings demonstrate that a single application of mefenoxam at its recommended rate triggers substantial taxonomic and functional shifts in the soil fungal community. Considering this impact, the conventional agricultural practice of repeated mefenoxam application is likely to exert considerable shifts on the soil ecosystem that may affect agricultural sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setu Bazie Tagele
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Emma W Gachomo
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA.
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Thongsuk P, Plongla R, Thammahong A, Tiewsurin J, Worasilchai N, Chindamporn A, Suankratay C. Vascular pythiosis caused by Pythium aphanidermatum: the first case report in Asia. Eur J Med Res 2021; 26:132. [PMID: 34775999 PMCID: PMC8591800 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-021-00603-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pythium, soil-borne plant pathogens, are in the class Oomycetes. They are not true fungi, but are related to diatom and algae. There are two human pathogens including P. insidiosum and P. aphanidermatum. To date, only one case of pythiosis caused by P. aphanidermatum has been reported. We present herein the first case of P. aphanidermatum vascular pythiosis in Asia. CASE PRESENTATION A 47-year-old Thai woman, living in North Thailand, with ß thalassemia/hemoglobin E presented with acute recurrent arterial insufficiency of both legs. Emergent embolectomy with clot removal was performed. The pathology of the clot exhibited noncaseous granulomatous inflammation with many fungal hyphal elements. PCR identified P. aphanidermatum with 100% identity. Final diagnosis is vascular pythiosis. Unfortunately, the patient eventually expired after treatment with itraconazole, terbinafine, azithromycin, and doxycycline. CONCLUSIONS To date, only one case of pythiosis caused by P. aphanidermatum has been reported. We present herein the first case of P. aphanidermatum vascular pythiosis in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pannaporn Thongsuk
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Rongpong Plongla
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Arsa Thammahong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Jaruwan Tiewsurin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Buddhachinaraj Hospital, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Navaporn Worasilchai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Ariya Chindamporn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chusana Suankratay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Toribio AJ, Jurado MM, Suárez-Estrella F, López MJ, López-González JA, Moreno J. Seed biopriming with cyanobacterial extracts as an eco-friendly strategy to control damping off caused by Pythium ultimum in seedbeds. Microbiol Res 2021; 248:126766. [PMID: 33873139 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This work highlights the ability of various cyanobacterial extracts from Anabaena spp., Tolypothrix spp., Nostoc or Trichormus, among others genera, to control the incidence of damping-off caused by Pythium ultimum in cucumber seedlings. Protocols applied aimed at the preliminary characterization of the cyanobacterial collection were very useful for predicting their phytotoxic, phytostimulating and biopesticidal capacity. First, the phytostimulatory or phytotoxic potential of a collection of 31 sonicated cyanobacterial extracts was analyzed by calculating the germination index in watercress seeds and the increase or loss of seedling weight. Likewise, the collection was characterized according to its ability to inhibit the growth of P. ultimum by dual culture bioassays and detached-leaf test. Finally, after selecting the most effective extracts, a preventive damping-off bioassay was performed based on cucumber seed biopriming. The strain SAB-M465 showed to be the most efficient strain against the in vitro growth of P. ultimum, while SAB-B912 was more discreet in this regard, but proved to be the most effective as a germination stimulator. Seed biopriming strategy with sonicated extracts of cyanobacteria revealed a remarkable promoter effect in the early stages of plant development, although only SAB-M465 was positioned as an effective control agent against damping-off caused by P. ultimum in cucumber seedbeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Toribio
- Department of Biology and Geology, CITE II-B, University of Almería, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, CIAIMBITAL, 04120, Almeria, Spain
| | - M M Jurado
- Department of Biology and Geology, CITE II-B, University of Almería, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, CIAIMBITAL, 04120, Almeria, Spain
| | - F Suárez-Estrella
- Department of Biology and Geology, CITE II-B, University of Almería, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, CIAIMBITAL, 04120, Almeria, Spain.
| | - M J López
- Department of Biology and Geology, CITE II-B, University of Almería, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, CIAIMBITAL, 04120, Almeria, Spain
| | - J A López-González
- Department of Biology and Geology, CITE II-B, University of Almería, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, CIAIMBITAL, 04120, Almeria, Spain
| | - J Moreno
- Department of Biology and Geology, CITE II-B, University of Almería, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, CIAIMBITAL, 04120, Almeria, Spain
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Ghoniem AA, Abd El-Hai KM, El-khateeb AY, Eldadamony NM, Mahmoud SF, Elsayed A. Enhancing the Potentiality of Trichoderma harzianum against Pythium Pathogen of Beans Using Chamomile ( Matricaria chamomilla, L.) Flower Extract. Molecules 2021; 26:1178. [PMID: 33671833 PMCID: PMC7926423 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our present study was designed to investigate the role of both Trichoderma harzianum and chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) flower extract in mutual reaction against growth of Pythium ultimum. In vitro, the activity of chamomile extract was found to reduce the radial growth of Pythium ultimum up to 30% compared to the control. Whereas, the radial growth reduction effect of T. harzianum against P. ultimum reached 81.6% after 120 h. Data also showed the productivity of total phenolics and total flavonoids by T. harzianum, was 12.18 and 6.33 mg QE/100 mL culture filtrate, respectively. However, these compounds were determined in chamomile flower extract at concentrations of 75.33 and 24.29 mg QE/100 mL, respectively. The fractionation of aqueous extract of chamomile flower using HPLC provided several polyphenolic compounds such as pyrogallol, myricetin, rosemarinic acid, catechol, p-coumaric acid, benzoic acid, chlorogenic acid and other minor compounds. In vivo, the potentiality of T. harzianum with chamomile flower extract against Pythium pathogen of bean was investigated. Data obtained showed a reduction in the percentage of rotted seed and infected seedling up to 28 and 8%, respectively. Whereas, the survival increased up to 64% compared to other ones. There was also a significant promotion in growth features, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, total polyphenols and flavonoids, polyphenol-oxidase and peroxidase enzymes compared to other ones. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reported studies that included the mutual association of fungus, T. harzianum with the extract taken from the chamomile flower against P. ultimum, either in vitro or in vivo. In conclusion, the application of both T. harzianum and/or M. chamomilla extracts in the control of bean Pythium pathogen showed significant results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer Abdulkhalek Ghoniem
- Microbial Activity Unit, Department of Microbiology, Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt;
| | - Kamar M. Abd El-Hai
- Department of Leguminous and Forage Crop Diseases, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12112, Egypt;
| | - Ayman Y. El-khateeb
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Elgomhouria St., Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Noha M. Eldadamony
- Seed Pathology Department, Plant Pathology Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12112, Egypt;
| | - Samy F. Mahmoud
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ashraf Elsayed
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Elgomhouria St., Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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Ezeonu CS, Tatah VS, Imo C, Mamma E, Mayel MH, Kukoyi AJ, Jeji IA. Inhibitory Effect of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Neem Parts on Fungal Rot Disease of <i>Solanum tuberosum</i>. Pak J Biol Sci 2020; 22:206-213. [PMID: 31930863 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2019.206.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The processing and preservation of Irish potato tubers like many other crops has been affected by various pathogens like fungi (particularly storage rot) which causes a major constraint to Irish potato production in Nigeria resulting to enormous post-harvest spoilage. The inhibitory effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of neem leaves, stem bark and seeds on fungal rot disease of Solanum tuberosum (Irish potato) as an alternative treatment for fungal storage disease on Irish potato tubers cultivated in Nigeria has been determined in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Neem parts were harvested from Wukari, Nigeria and were processed for the experiment. Isolation of fungi and sub-culturing of the isolates was carried out to obtain pure culture. Pathogenicity study was carried out and effect of the plant extracts on mycelia growth of the test fungi was studied using the food poisoning techniques. The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical studies of the neem parts were carried out using standard methods. RESULTS Qualitative phytochemical screening of the selected parts of neem plant showed the presence of alkaloids, glycoside, flavonoids, carbohydrates, reducing sugar, steroids, tannins and saponins. The quantitative test revealed that the percentage quantity of phytochemicals in these plant parts ranged from 10.17-23.88%. Effect of the extracts on the test organisms was significant (p<0.05). Ethanolic extract of the seed (ESE) exhibited the highest inhibitory effect on Aspergillus niger (88.37%) followed by aqueous extract of stem bark (ABE) (87.21%), while aqueous seed extract (ASE), ethanolic leaves extract (ELE), aqueous leaves extract (ALE) and ethanolic stem bark extract (EBE) exhibited inhibition of 81.78, 77.52, 72.87 and 39.53%, respectively. The inhibitory effect of EBE was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of other extracts, while there was no significant difference in the inhibitory effects of ESE, ASE and ABE compared to ketoconazole on Aspergillus niger. The ethanolic extracts of the seed and leaves had 100% inhibitory effect on Fusarium oxyporium with 87.60% inhibition by aqueous extract of the leaves. The seed and the leaves ethanolic extracts exhibited the highest inhibitory effects on Pythium spp. and Fusarium oxyporium, while the aqueous leaves extract showed the least inhibition on Fusarium oxyporium. CONCLUSION The plant extracts in this study were found to be very effective in inhibiting fungal mycelia growth and hence can be potentially effective for preservation during storage of Irish potatoes to minimize post-harvest lost.
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Chávez-Ramírez B, Kerber-Díaz JC, Acoltzi-Conde MC, Ibarra JA, Vásquez-Murrieta MS, Estrada-de Los Santos P. Inhibition of Rhizoctonia solani RhCh-14 and Pythium ultimum PyFr-14 by Paenibacillus polymyxa NMA1017 and Burkholderia cenocepacia CACua-24: A proposal for biocontrol of phytopathogenic fungi. Microbiol Res 2020; 230:126347. [PMID: 31586859 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2019.126347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biocontrol has emerged in recent years as an alternative to pesticides. Given the importance of environmental preservation using biocontrol, in this study two antagonistic bacteria against phytopathogenic fungi were isolated and evaluated. These bacterial strains, identified as Paenibacillus polymyxa NMA1017 and Burkholderia cenocepacia CACua-24, inhibited (70 to 80%) the development of two phytopathogens of economic importance: the fungus Rhizoctonia solani RhCh-14, isolated from chili pepper, and the oomycete Pythium ultimum PyFr-14, isolated from tomato. The spectrum was not limited to the previous pathogens, but also to other phytopathogenic fungus, some bacteria and other oomycetes. Fungi-bacteria microcultures observed with optical and scanning electron microscopy revealed hyphae disintegration and pores formation. The antifungal activity was found also in the supernatant, suggesting a diffusible compound is present. Innocuous tests on tobacco leaves, blood agar, bean seed germination and in Galleria mellonella larvae showed that strain NMA1017 has the potential to be a biocontrol agent. Greenhouse experiments with bean plants inoculated with P. polymyxa exhibited the efficacy to inhibit the growth of R. solani and P. ultimum. Furthermore, P. polymyxa NMA1017 showed plant growth promotion activities, such as siderophore synthesis and nitrogen fixation which can contribute to the crop development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Chávez-Ramírez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, C.P. 11340, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Jeniffer Chris Kerber-Díaz
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, C.P. 11340, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Marí Carmen Acoltzi-Conde
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, C.P. 11340, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - J Antonio Ibarra
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, C.P. 11340, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - María-Soledad Vásquez-Murrieta
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, C.P. 11340, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Paulina Estrada-de Los Santos
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, C.P. 11340, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Noel ZA, Sang H, Roth MG, Chilvers MI. Convergent Evolution of C239S Mutation in Pythium spp. β-Tubulin Coincides with Inherent Insensitivity to Ethaboxam and Implications for Other Peronosporalean Oomycetes. Phytopathology 2019; 109:2087-2095. [PMID: 31070989 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-19-0022-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ethaboxam is a benzamide antioomycete chemical (oomicide) used in corn and soybean seed treatments. Benzamides are hypothesized to bind to β-tubulin, thus disrupting microtubule assembly. Recently, there have been reports of corn- and soybean-associated oomycetes that are insensitive to ethaboxam despite never having been exposed. Here, we investigate the evolutionary history and molecular mechanism of ethaboxam insensitivity. We tested the sensitivity of 194 isolates representing 83 species across four oomycete genera in the Peronosporalean lineage that were never exposed to ethaboxam. In all, 84% of isolates were sensitive to ethaboxam (effective concentration to reduce optical density at 600 nm by 50% when compared with the nonamended control [EC50] < 5 μg ml-1), whereas 16% were insensitive (EC50 > 11 μg ml-1). Of the insensitive isolates, two different transversion mutations were present in the 239th codon in β-tubulin within three monophyletic groups of Pythium spp. The transversion mutations lead to the same amino acid change from an ancestral cysteine to serine (C239S), which coincides with ethaboxam insensitivity. In a treated soybean seed virulence assay, disease severity was not reduced on ethaboxam-treated seed for an isolate of Pythium aphanidermatum containing a S239 but was reduced for an isolate of P. irregulare containing a C239. We queried publicly available β-tubulin sequences from other oomycetes in the Peronosporalean lineage to search for C239S mutations from other species not represented in our collection. This search resulted in other taxa that were either homozygous or heterozygous for C239S, including all available species within the genus Peronospora. Evidence presented herein supports the hypothesis that the convergent evolution of C239S within Peronosporalean oomycetes occurred without selection from ethaboxam yet confers insensitivity. We propose several evolutionary hypotheses for the repeated evolution of the C239S mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Noel
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Hyunkyu Sang
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Mitchell G Roth
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Genetics Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Martin I Chilvers
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Genetics Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Vanti GL, Masaphy S, Kurjogi M, Chakrasali S, Nargund VB. Synthesis and application of chitosan-copper nanoparticles on damping off causing plant pathogenic fungi. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 156:1387-1395. [PMID: 31760011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Damping-off disease in seeds and young seedlings in agricultural crops is a major fungal disease that limits the agriculture production. Frequent use of synthetic fungicides against damping-off diseases is known to hamper the environmental balance. Thus, an alternative approach needs to be explored for the management of such economically important fungal diseases. In the present study, simple, economically feasible chitosan-coupled copper nanoparticles (Ch-CuNPs) were synthesized and demonstrated antifungal activity against damping-off disease causing phytopathogens, Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium aphanidermatum. Physico-chemical studies confirmed the size, shape, surface charge, element confirmation and mono-dispersed nature of Ch-CuNPs. In vitro efficacy studies revealed up to 98% mycelial growth inhibition at 0.1% Ch-CuNPs. An extracellular conductivity study of the mycelium showed cellular content leakage within 12 h of treatment. Further, plant toxicity study against chili, cowpea and tomato plants; showed that ≤0.2% NPs were safe under greenhouse conditions. NPs also exhibited growth-promoting activity with chili seeds, by overcoming the limited germination rate of susceptible seeds. Overall, the present study emphasizes the benefits of synthesized Ch-CuNPs on agricultural crops as fungicide and growth-promoter, as well as a safe alternative to pesticides in order to avoid hazardous effect on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulamnabi L Vanti
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad 580007, India; Department of Applied Mycology and Microbiology, Migal - Galilee Research Institute and Tel-Hai Academic College, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel.
| | - Segula Masaphy
- Department of Applied Mycology and Microbiology, Migal - Galilee Research Institute and Tel-Hai Academic College, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
| | - Mahantesh Kurjogi
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad 580007, India
| | - Savita Chakrasali
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad 580007, India
| | - Vijendra B Nargund
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad 580007, India.
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Polano C, Martini M, Savian F, Moruzzi S, Ermacora P, Firrao G. Genome Sequence and Antifungal Activity of Two Niche-Sharing Pseudomonas protegens Related Strains Isolated from Hydroponics. Microb Ecol 2019; 77:1025-1035. [PMID: 30088023 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-018-1238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the comparison of the genome sequence and the ability to inhibit fungal growth of two Pseudomonas protegens related strains that were isolated from the same hydroponic culture of lamb's lettuce. The two strains were very similar in their core genome but one strain, Pf4, contained three gene clusters for the production of secondary metabolites, i.e., pyoluteorin (plt), pyrrolnitrin (prn), and rhizoxin (rzx), that were missing in the other strain, Pf11. The difference between the two strains was not due to simple insertion events, but to a relatively complex differentiation focused on the accessory genomes. In dual culture assays, both strains inhibited nearly all tested fungal strains, yet Pf4 exerted a significantly stronger fungal growth inhibition than Pf11. In addition to the differences in the secondary metabolite production associated genes abundance, the genome of Pf4 was more stable, smaller in size and with a lower number of transposons. The preservation of a dynamic equilibrium within natural populations of different strains comprised in the same species but differing in their secondary metabolite repertoire and in their genome stability may be functional to the adaptation to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Polano
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Marta Martini
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Francesco Savian
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Serena Moruzzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Paolo Ermacora
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Firrao
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy.
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Viale delle Medaglie d'Oro 305, Rome, Italy.
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11
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Wang L, Mazzola M. Interaction of Brassicaceae Seed Meal Soil Amendment and Apple Rootstock Genotype on Microbiome Structure and Replant Disease Suppression. Phytopathology 2019; 109:607-614. [PMID: 30265201 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-18-0230-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Preplant soil application of a Brassica juncea-Sinapis alba seed meal formulation (SM) at a rate of 6.6 t ha-1 alters composition of the orchard soil microbiome in a manner that yields sustainable long-term suppression of soilborne pathogens in apple production systems. However, the cost of SM amendment has hindered the adoption of this tactic to manage apple replant disease in commercial orchards. Greenhouse trials were conducted to assess the effect of reduced SM application rates in concert with apple rootstock genotype on structure of the rhizosphere microbiome and associated disease control outcomes. At all application rates assessed, SM treatment increased tree growth and reduced disease development relative to the control. In general, total tree biomass and leader shoot length were similar in soils treated with SM at 4.4 or 6.6 t ha-1 regardless of rootstock genotype. Equivalent increase in tree biomass when cultivated in soil treated at the lowest and highest SM amendment rate was attained when used in conjunction with G.41 or G.210 apple rootstocks. Suppression of Pythium spp. or Pratylenchus penetrans root densities was similar at all SM application rates. When cultivated in nontreated replant orchard soil, Geneva rootstocks (G.41 and G.210) exhibited lower levels of Pythium spp. and P. penetrans root colonization relative to Malling rootstocks (M.9 and MM.106). For a given rootstock, structure of the rhizosphere microbiome was similar in soils treated with SM at 4.4 and 6.6 t ha-1. G.41 and G.210 rootstocks but not M.9 or MM.106 cultivated in soil treated with SM at 2.2 t ha-1 possessed a rhizosphere bacterial community structure that differed significantly from the control. Findings indicate that effective control of apple replant disease may be attained at lower SM amendment rates than employed previously, with lower effective rates possible when integrated with tolerant rootstock genotypes such as G.41 or G.210.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likun Wang
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman 99164; and
| | - Mark Mazzola
- 2 United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Tree Fruit Research Lab, 1104 N. Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801
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12
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Matić S, Gilardi G, Gisi U, Gullino ML, Garibaldi A. Differentiation of Pythium spp. from vegetable crops with molecular markers and sensitivity to azoxystrobin and mefenoxam. Pest Manag Sci 2019; 75:356-365. [PMID: 29888848 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pythium species attack various vegetable crops causing seed, stem and root rot, and 'damping-off' after germination. Pythium diseases are prevalently controlled by two classes of fungicides, QoIs with azoxystrobin and phenlyamides with mefenoxam as representatives. The present study aimed to test the sensitivity of six Pythium species from different vegetable crops to azoxystrobin and mefenoxam and differentiating species based on ITS, cytochrome b and RNA polymerase I gene sequences. RESULTS The inter- and intra-species sensitivity to azoxystrobin was found to be stable, with the exception of one Pythium paroecandrum isolate, which showed reduced sensitivity and two cytochrome b amino acid changes. For mefenoxam, the inter-species sensitivity was quite variable and many resistant isolates were found in all six Pythium species, but no RNA polymerase I amino acid changes were observed in them. ITS and cytochrome b phylogenetic analyses permitted a clear separation of Pythium species corresponding to globose- and filamentous-sporangia clusters. CONCLUSION The results document the necessity of well-defined chemical control strategies adapted to different Pythium species. Since the intrinsic activity of azoxystrobin among species was stable and no resistant isolates were found, it may be applied without species differentiation, provided it is used preventatively to also control highly aggressive isolates. For a reliable use of mefenoxam, precise identification and sensitivity tests of Pythium species are crucial because its intrinsic activity is variable and resistant isolates may exist. Appropriate mixtures and/or alternation of products may help to further delay resistance development. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavica Matić
- AGROINNOVA - Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-environmental Sector, Università di Torino, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Giovanna Gilardi
- AGROINNOVA - Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-environmental Sector, Università di Torino, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Ulrich Gisi
- AGROINNOVA - Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-environmental Sector, Università di Torino, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Maria Lodovica Gullino
- AGROINNOVA - Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-environmental Sector, Università di Torino, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences (DISAFA), Università di Torino, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Angelo Garibaldi
- AGROINNOVA - Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-environmental Sector, Università di Torino, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
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13
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Lookabaugh EC, Kerns JP, Cubeta MA, Shew BB. Fitness Attributes of Pythium aphanidermatum with Dual Resistance to Mefenoxam and Fenamidone. Plant Dis 2018; 102:1938-1943. [PMID: 30265220 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-18-0043-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pythium aphanidermatum is the predominant species causing Pythium root rot on commercially grown poinsettias in North Carolina. Resistance to mefenoxam is common in populations of P. aphanidermatum but resistance to fenamidone and other quinone outside inhibitor fungicides has only just been reported in greenhouse floriculture crops. The in vitro sensitivity to the label rate of mefenoxam (17.6 μl active ingredient [a.i.]/ml) and fenamidone (488 μl a.i./ml) was determined for 96 isolates of P. aphanidermatum. Isolates were assigned to four fungicide phenotypes: mefenoxam-sensitive/fenamidone-sensitive (MefS, FenS), mefenoxam-sensitive/fenamidone-insensitive (MefS, FenR), mefenoxam-insensitive/fenamidone-sensitive (MefR, FenS), and mefenoxam-insensitive/fenamidone-insensitive (MefR, FenR). In all, 58% of isolates were insensitive to one (MefR, FenS = 36% and MefS, FenR = 16%) or both fungicides (MefR, FenR = 6%). A single point mutation in the cytochrome b gene (G143A) was identified in fenamidone-insensitive isolates. Mycelial growth rate at three temperatures (20, 25, and 30°C), in vitro oospore production, and aggressiveness on poinsettia were evaluated to assess relative fitness of sensitive and insensitive isolates. Isolates with dual insensitivity to mefenoxam and fenamidone had reduced radial hyphal growth at 30°C and produced fewer oospores than isolates sensitive to one or both fungicides. Isolates sensitive to both fungicides produced greater numbers of oospores. Aggressiveness on poinsettia varied by isolate but fungicide phenotype was not a good predictor of aggressiveness. These results suggest that populations of P. aphanidermatum with dual resistance to mefenoxam and fenamidone may be less fit than sensitive populations under our imposed experimental conditions but populations of P. aphanidermatum should continue to be monitored in poinsettia production systems for mefenoxam and fenamidone insensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Lookabaugh
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695
| | - J P Kerns
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695
| | - M A Cubeta
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695
| | - B B Shew
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695
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14
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Abstract
The effective control to 50% growth inhibition (EC50) is a standard statistic for evaluating dose-response relationships. Many statistical software packages are available to estimate dose-response relationships but, recently, an open source package ("drc") in R has been utilized. This package is highly adaptable, having many models to describe dose-response relationships and flexibility to describe both hormetic relationships and absolute and relative EC50. These models and definitions are generally left out of phytopathology literature. Here, we demonstrate that model choice and type of EC50 (relative versus absolute) can matter for EC50 estimation using data from Pythium oopapillum and Fusarium virguliforme. For some P. oopapillum isolates, the difference between absolute and relative EC50 was significant. Hormetic effects changed F. virguliforme EC50 distributions, leading to higher estimates than when using four- or three-parameter log-logistic models. Future studies should pay careful attention to model selection and interpretation in EC50 estimation and clearly indicate which model and EC50 measure (relative versus absolute) was used. We provide guidelines for model choice and interpretation for those wishing to set up experiments for accurate EC50 estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Noel
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; and Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; and Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University
| | - Martin I Chilvers
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; and Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University
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15
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Anisha C, Sachidanandan P, Radhakrishnan EK. Endophytic Paraconiothyrium sp. from Zingiber officinale Rosc. Displays Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Activity by Production of Danthron. Curr Microbiol 2018; 75:343-352. [PMID: 29101453 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1387-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The bioactivity spectrum of fungal endophytes isolated from Zingiber officinale was analyzed against clinical pathogens and against the phytopathogen Pythium myriotylum, which causes Pythium rot in ginger. One of the isolates GFM13 showed broad bioactivity against various pathogens tested including P. myriotylum. The spore suspension as well as the culture filtrate of the endophytic fungal isolate was found to effectively protect ginger rhizomes from Pythium rot. By molecular identification, the fungal endophyte was identified as Paraconiothyrium sp. The bioactive compound produced by the isolate was separated by bioactivity-guided fractionation and was identified by GC-MS as danthron, an anthraquinone derivative. PCR amplification showed the presence of non-reducing polyketide synthase gene (NR-PKS) in the endophyte GFM13, which is reported to be responsible for the synthesis of anthraquinones in fungi. This is the first report of danthron being produced as the biologically active component of Paraconiothyrium sp. Danthron is reported to have wide pharmaceutical and agronomic applications which include its use as a fungicide in agriculture. The broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of danthron and the endophytic origin of Paraconiothyrium sp. offer immense applications of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Anisha
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686 560, India
| | | | - E K Radhakrishnan
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686 560, India.
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16
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Loreto ES, Tondolo JSM, Oliveira DC, Santurio JM, Alves SH. In Vitro Activities of Miltefosine and Antibacterial Agents from the Macrolide, Oxazolidinone, and Pleuromutilin Classes against Pythium insidiosum and Pythium aphanidermatum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:e01678-17. [PMID: 29311087 PMCID: PMC5826131 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01678-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested 29 isolates of Pythium insidiosum and one isolate of Pythium aphanidermatum to investigate their susceptibility to miltefosine and antibacterial drugs from the macrolide, oxazolidinone, and pleuromutilin classes. We found that miltefosine, azithromycin, clarithromycin, josamycin, linezolid, sutezolid, retapamulin, tiamulin, and valnemulin had inhibitory and cidal activity against the pathogens at concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 64 μg/ml. Our results suggest that these antimicrobials are promising candidates for future studies on pythiosis in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erico S Loreto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
- Sobresp Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana S M Tondolo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Janio M Santurio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Sydney H Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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17
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Carmona MA, Sautua FJ, Grijalba PE, Cassina M, Pérez-Hernández O. Effect of potassium and manganese phosphites in the control of Pythium damping-off in soybean: a feasible alternative to fungicide seed treatments. Pest Manag Sci 2018; 74:366-374. [PMID: 28842951 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Use of fungicide seed treatments for control of soybean soilborne diseases such as Pythium damping-off has increased worldwide. However, emergence of Pythium strains resistant to metalaxyl-M has prompted the need for alternative technologies to fungicides for damping-off control. The use of phosphites (Phis) has been proposed as a method to control oomycetes, but their use as seed treatments in soybean is limited by the lack of information on their efficacy. The effect of potassium (K) and manganese (Mn) Phis (as seed treatments) in the control of Pythium damping-off in soybean was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, treated seeds and a control were placed on potato dextrose agar and the damping-off severity caused by Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzpatrick, Pythium irregulare Buisman, and Pythium ultimum Trow was assessed 5 days after incubation using an ordinal scale. In vivo, treated seeds and a control were planted in polystyrene pots and emergence was evaluated 21 days after planting. RESULTS Analysis of the in vitro data using a multinomial generalized linear model showed that the probabilities of non-germinated, dead seeds ranged from 0.64 to 1.00 in the control and from 0 to 0.13 in the Phi treatments in each of the Pythium species. Probabilities of seed germination without or with damping-off symptoms were significantly higher for seeds treated with the Phi products than for the control. In the in vivo experiment, the Phi-based products increased seedling emergence by up to 29% on average compared with the untreated control. CONCLUSION Mn and K Phis are feasible alternatives as seed treatments to control Pythium damping-off in soybean. This study is the first, worldwide, to document the efficacy of K and Mn Phis in the control of soybean Pythium damping-off. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo A Carmona
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Fitopatología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisco J Sautua
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Fitopatología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo E Grijalba
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Fitopatología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano Cassina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Fitopatología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Oscar Pérez-Hernández
- Department of Biology and Agriculture, University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg, MO, USA
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18
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Al-Balushi ZM, Agrama H, Al-Mahmooli IH, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Al-Sadi AM. Development of Resistance to Hymexazol Among Pythium Species in Cucumber Greenhouses in Oman. Plant Dis 2018; 102:202-208. [PMID: 30673464 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-16-1680-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A study was conducted to characterize the common Pythium spp. in greenhouses in Oman and their level of resistance to hymexazol, a widely used fungicide in the country. Pythium isolates were obtained from soil samples, cocopeat bags, and cucumber roots collected from seven regions in the country. Identification of 80 Pythium isolates to the species level using sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal RNA showed that they belong to four species: Pythium aphanidermatum (77 isolates), P. spinosum (1 isolate), P. myriotylum (1 isolate), and P. catenulatum (1 isolate). Investigating the aggressiveness of three Pythium spp. on cucumber showed that P. aphanidermatum, P. myriotylum, and P. spinosum are pathogenic. Phylogenetic analysis of P. aphanidermatum isolates showed that most of the isolates obtained from cocopeat clustered separately from isolates obtained from soil and roots. This may indicate a difference in the origin of the cocopeat isolates. Evaluating the resistance of 27 P. aphanidermatum isolates to hymexazol showed that most isolates were sensitive (0.9 to 31.2 mg liter-1) whereas one isolate was resistant (142.9 mg liter-1). This study is the first to report P. myriotylum and P. catenulatum in Oman. It is also the first to report the development of resistance to hymexazol among P. aphanidermatum populations from greenhouses. Growers should use integrated disease management strategies to avoid further development of resistance to hymexazol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab M Al-Balushi
- Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khod 123, Oman
| | - Hesham Agrama
- Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khod 123, Oman
| | - Issa H Al-Mahmooli
- Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khod 123, Oman
| | | | - Abdullah M Al-Sadi
- Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khod 123, Oman
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Zhang X, Lei P, Sun T, Jin X, Yang X, Ling Y. Design, Synthesis, and Fungicidal Activity of Novel Thiosemicarbazide Derivatives Containing Piperidine Fragments. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122085. [PMID: 29232885 PMCID: PMC6149837 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to discover novel eco-friendly lead compounds for plant pathogenic fungi control, a series of benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazide derivatives with a piperidine moiety have been designed and synthesized. Fungicidal activities of all the synthesized compounds were evaluated in vitro. The results indicated that all the title compounds exhibited moderate to good fungicidal activities. Compound 3b displayed excellent activities against Pythium aphanidermatum, Rhizoctonia solani, Valsa mali, and Gaeu-mannomyces graminsis, with EC50 values lower than 10 μg/mL. Especially, in the case of Pythium aphanidermatum, its activity (EC50 = 1.6 μg/mL) is superior to the commercial azoxystrobin (EC50 = 16.9 μg/mL) and close to fluopicolide (EC50 = 1.0 μg/mL). Initial structure–activity relationship (SAR) analysis showed that the heterocyclic piperidine group can influence the biological activities of the title compounds significantly. The fungicidal activity of compounds with piperidine is better than that of compounds without piperidine. The highly-active compound 3b, with its simple structure and easy synthetic route, is worthy to be further studied as a new lead fungicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebo Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Peng Lei
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Tengda Sun
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Jin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xinling Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yun Ling
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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20
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Berg LE, Miller SS, Dornbusch MR, Samac DA. Seed Rot and Damping-off of Alfalfa in Minnesota Caused by Pythium and Fusarium Species. Plant Dis 2017; 101:1860-1867. [PMID: 30677318 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-17-0185-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Globally, 15 Pythium species have been found to cause damping-off and seed rot of alfalfa, although surveys of species causing disease on alfalfa in the midwestern United States are lacking. Pathogens were isolated by a seedling baiting technique from soil samples of five alfalfa fields in Minnesota with high levels of damping-off. Of the 149 organisms isolated, 93 (62%) were identified as Pythium spp. and 43 (29%) were identified as Fusarium species. Pythium sylvaticum, P. irregulare, and P. ultimum var. ultimum were aggressive pathogens on germinating alfalfa seedlings. Strains of seven Pythium spp. pathogenic on soybean and corn were also pathogenic on alfalfa. The majority of the Fusarium isolates were identified as F. solani and F. oxysporum with a low number of F. redolens and F. incarnatum-equiseti. The F. oxysporum and F. incarnatum-equiseti strains were the most aggressive in causing seed and root rot. Pythium strains were sensitive to Apron XL (mefenoxam) and pyraclostrobin in vitro but efficacy varied when the fungicides were applied as a seed treatment. Seed treatments with Apron XL were more effective than treatments with Stamina against Pythium. The presence of aggressive, broad-host-range pathogens causing seed rot and damping-off suggests that new strategies are needed for managing this disease in alfalfa production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurine E Berg
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - Susan S Miller
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research Unit, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Melinda R Dornbusch
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research Unit, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Deborah A Samac
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research Unit, and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
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21
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Tondolo JSM, Loreto ÉS, Ledur PC, Jesus FPK, Silva TM, Kommers GD, Alves SH, Santurio JM. Chemically induced disseminated pythiosis in BALB/c mice: A new experimental model for Pythium insidiosum infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177868. [PMID: 28542438 PMCID: PMC5438141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pythiosis is a severe and life-threatening disease that affects humans and various animal species. We report a model of vascular/disseminated pythiosis occurring after subcutaneous inoculation of 2 x 104Pythium insidiosum zoospores/mL in immunocompromised BALB/c mice. For this model, we carried out two rounds of experiments. First, we evaluated two protocols of immunosuppression before inoculation: cyclophosphamide at 150 mg/kg (CYP group) and cyclophosphamide 200 mg/kg plus hydrocortisone acetate at 250 mg/kg (CYP+HCA group). It was not possible to obtain mortality in the CYP group; however, the combination of CYP+HCA altered disease outcomes, with mortality rates reaching 60%. Second, we used the CYP+HCA immunosuppression protocol to analyze the histological and immunological statuses triggered by disease. When we inoculated immunocompetent mice with P. insidiosum zoospores, self-healing occurred via increased levels of IL-2, IFN-γ and IL-17A, which are characteristic of the Th1/Th17 cytokine response. For infected and immunosuppressed mice, the cytokine profiles showed high levels of IL-10, IL-6 and TNF-α. Increased IL-10 values are related to fungal infection susceptibility and led us to speculate that infection may be established through suppression of the host immune response. In addition, histopathological evaluation of the kidneys and liver demonstrated the presence of hyphae and the cellular findings suggested an acute vascular inflammation that mimics vascular/disseminated pythiosis in humans. This is the first murine model for pythiosis that is useful both for understanding the pathogenesis of this disease and for evaluating new treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana S. M. Tondolo
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Érico S. Loreto
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Pauline C. Ledur
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Francielli P. K. Jesus
- Instituto de Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química Orgânica, Laboratório de Processos Tecnológicos e Catálise, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Taiara M. Silva
- Departamento de Patologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Glaucia D. Kommers
- Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Sydney H. Alves
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Janio M. Santurio
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Liu X, Yan D, Ouyang C, Yang D, Wang Q, Li Y, Guo M, Cao A. Oils extracted from Eupatorium adenophorum leaves show potential to control Phythium myriotylum in commercially-grown ginger. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176126. [PMID: 28467445 PMCID: PMC5414999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oils extracted from the leaves of Eupatorium adenophorum were tested in vitro and in vivo against the soilborne pathogen Pythium myriotylum which causes soft rot, a devastating disease of commercial ginger production in China. Twelve compounds accounting for 99.15% of the total oil composition were identified by GC-MS. The major components were 10Hβ-9-oxo-agerophorone (37.03%), 10Hα-9-oxo-agerophorone (37.73%) and 9-oxo-10, 11-dehydro-agerophorone (23.41%). Antifungal activity was tested by the poisoned food technique against P. myriotylum, indicating minimum inhibitory concentrations of 100μg/ml after 7 days incubation. In addition, the oil extracts greatly inhibited the formation of both wet and dry mycelial biomass. The combination of E. adenophorum oil extracts and synthetic fungicides showed a strong synergistic effect, inhibiting the mycelial growth in in vitro assays. The synergistic effect of oil extracts with fungicides could allow fungicides to be used at reduced rates in the future which has environmental advantages. Oil extracts applied at 160 and 200μg/ml concentrations to ginger rhizomes before inoculation with P. myriotylum significantly reduced the infection rate in ginger. Examination by light and transmission electron microscopy revealed that oil extracts caused swelling of the hyphae, disruption of the cell wall, degradation of the cytoplasmic organelles and shortening of the cytoplasmic inclusion. These results suggested that the plasma membrane and endomembrane systems of P. myriotylum were severely damaged by the oil extracts of E. adenophorum which offer significant potential for use as a fungicide to control P. myriotylum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongdong Yan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Canbin Ouyang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongsheng Yang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuxia Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meixia Guo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aocheng Cao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Ossowicki A, Jafra S, Garbeva P. The antimicrobial volatile power of the rhizospheric isolate Pseudomonas donghuensis P482. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174362. [PMID: 28358818 PMCID: PMC5373542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil and rhizosphere bacteria produce an array of secondary metabolites including a wide range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These compounds play an important role in the long-distance interactions and communication between (micro)organisms. Furthermore, bacterial VOCs are involved in plant pathogens inhibition and induction of soil fungistasis and suppressivenes. In the present study, we analysed the volatile blend emitted by the rhizospheric isolate Pseudomonas donghuensis P482 and evaluated the volatile effect on the plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria as well as one oomycete. Moreover, we investigated the role of the GacS/GacA system on VOCs production in P. donghuensis P482. The results obtained demonstrated that VOCs emitted by P. donghuensis P482 have strong antifungal and antioomycete, but not antibacterial activity. The production of certain volatiles such as dimethyl sulfide, S-methyl thioacetate, methyl thiocyanate, dimethyl trisulfide, 1-undecan and HCN is depended on the GacS/GacA two-component regulatory system. Apparently, these compounds play an important role in the pathogens suppression as the gacA mutant entirely lost the ability to inhibit via volatiles the growth of tested plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Ossowicki
- Laboratory of Biological Plant Protection, Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sylwia Jafra
- Laboratory of Biological Plant Protection, Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- * E-mail: (PG); (SJ)
| | - Paolina Garbeva
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (PG); (SJ)
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Qu T, Gao S, Li J, Hao JJ, Ji P. Synthesis and antifungal activity of 2-allylphenol derivatives against fungal plant pathogens. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2017; 135:47-51. [PMID: 28043330 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
2-Allylphenol (2-AP) is an effective fungicide against a number of plant pathogens, which can be metabolized and bio-transformed to four chemical compounds by Rhizoctonia cerealis. To determine if its degradation affects antifungal activity, two major metabolites derived from 2-AP including 2-(2-hydroxypropyl) phenol and 2-(3-hydroxypropyl) phenol were synthesized. Inhibition of mycelial growth of several plant pathogens by the metabolites was evaluated, and structures of two metabolites were determined by hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). Among these metabolites, only 2-(2-hydroxypropyl) phenol inhibited test pathogens effectively. EC50 values of 2-(2-hydroxypropyl) phenol for inhibition of mycelial growth of R. cerealis, Pythium aphanidermatum, Valsa mali and Botrytis cinerea ranged from 1.0 to 23.5μg/ml, which were lower than the parental fungicide 2-AP that ranged from 8.2 to 48.8μg/ml. Hyphae of R. cerealis and P. aphanidermatum treated with 2-(2-hydroxypropyl) phenol were twisted. Newly developed hyphae were slender, twisted and swollen on the tip, while old hyphae were hollow and ruptured. This is the first report indicating the formation of 2-(2-hydroxypropyl) phenol may have contributed to toxicity of 2-allylphenol in control of plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianli Qu
- Chemistry and Pharmacy College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong 266109, China; Department of Plant Pathology, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31794, USA
| | - Shumei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Seed and Plant Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Seed and Plant Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jianjun J Hao
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Pingsheng Ji
- Department of Plant Pathology, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31794, USA
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Araújo MJAM, Bosco SDMG, Sforcin JM. Pythium insidiosum: inhibitory effects of propolis and geopropolis on hyphal growth. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:863-869. [PMID: 27522931 PMCID: PMC5052384 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Propolis and geopropolis are resinous products of bees showing antimicrobial effects. There is no data concerning their action against Pythium insidiosum - the causative agent of pythiosis, a pyogranulomatous disease of the subcutaneous tissue that affects mostly horses, dogs and humans. Fragments of 15 isolates of P. insidiodum were incubated with propolis and geopropolis extracts and evaluated for up to seven days to detect the minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC). Propolis inhibited three isolates at 1.0mgmL-1 after 24h and all other isolates at 3.4mgmL-1. Geopropolis led to more variable results, exerting predominantly a fungistatic action than a fungicidal one. Propolis was more efficient than geopropolis in inhibiting P. insidiosum since lower concentrations led to no growth after 24h. This effect may be due to propolis chemical composition, which has more active compounds than geopropolis. Propolis seemed to be a good candidate for in vivo studies, since treatment with conventional antifungal compounds is difficult in most of the cases, requiring extensive surgical debridement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra de Moraes Gimenes Bosco
- Unesp Univ Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Maurício Sforcin
- Unesp Univ Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
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26
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Sánchez-Fernández RE, Diaz D, Duarte G, Lappe-Oliveras P, Sánchez S, Macías-Rubalcava ML. Antifungal Volatile Organic Compounds from the Endophyte Nodulisporium sp. Strain GS4d2II1a: a Qualitative Change in the Intraspecific and Interspecific Interactions with Pythium aphanidermatum. Microb Ecol 2016; 71:347-364. [PMID: 26408189 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-015-0679-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates volatile organic compounds (VOCs) production as one of the defense mechanisms of the antagonistic endophyte Nodulisporium sp. GS4d2II1a, and the volatile changes in two times of the fungal growth; and, as result of its intra and interspecific interactions with the plant pathogen Pythium aphanidermatum. The antifungal activity of the volatile and diffusible metabolites was evaluated by means of three types of antagonism bioassays and by organic extract agar dilution. VOCs were obtained by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry from 3- and 5-day Nodulisporium sp. cultures, as well as from its interspecific in vitro antagonistic interaction with the oomycete P. aphanidermatum, and its intraspecific Nodulisporium sp.-Nodulisporium sp. interaction. The GS4d2II1a strain completely inhibited the growth of two fungi and seven oomycetes by replacing their mycelia in simple antagonism bioassays and by producing in vitro volatile and diffusible metabolites that acted synergistically in multiple antagonism bioassays. Additionally, VOCs inhibited the growth of three oomycetes and one fungus in antagonism bioassays using divided plates. A total of 70 VOCs were detected, mainly including mono and sesquiterpenes, especially eucalyptol and limonene. Multiple correspondence analysis revealed four different volatile profiles, showing that volatiles changed with the fungus age and its intra and interspecific interactions. The metabolites produced by Nodulisporium sp. GS4d2II1a could be useful for biological control of fungal and oomycetes plant pathogens of economically important crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Elvira Sánchez-Fernández
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Productos Naturales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, D.F., 04510, Mexico
| | - Daniel Diaz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, UNAM. Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, D.F., 04510, Mexico
| | - Georgina Duarte
- Facultad de Química, Unidad de Servicios de Apoyo a la Investigación, UNAM. Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, D.F., 04510, Mexico
| | - Patricia Lappe-Oliveras
- Instituto de Biología, Departamento de Botánica, UNAM. Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, D.F., 04510, Mexico
| | - Sergio Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, UNAM. Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, D.F., 04510, Mexico
| | - Martha Lydia Macías-Rubalcava
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Productos Naturales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, D.F., 04510, Mexico.
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27
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Saavedra LM, Ruiz D, Romanelli GP, Duchowicz PR. Quantitative Structure-Antifungal Activity Relationships for cinnamate derivatives. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2015; 122:521-527. [PMID: 26410195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR) are established with the aim of analyzing the fungicidal activities of a set of 27 active cinnamate derivatives. The exploration of more than a thousand of constitutional, topological, geometrical and electronic molecular descriptors, which are calculated with Dragon software, leads to predictions of the growth inhibition on Pythium sp and Corticium rolfsii fungi species, in close agreement to the experimental values extracted from the literature. A set containing 21 new structurally related cinnamate compounds is prepared. The developed QSAR models are applied to predict the unknown fungicidal activity of this set, showing that cinnamates like 38, 28 and 42 are expected to be highly active for Pythium sp, while this is also predicted for 28 and 34 in C. rolfsii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Saavedra
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas INIFTA (UNLP, CCT La Plata-CONICET), Diagonal 113 y 64, Sucursal 4, C.C. 16, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Diego Ruiz
- Curso de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), 60 y 119, B1904AAN La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo P Romanelli
- Curso de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), 60 y 119, B1904AAN La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias Aplicadas "Dr. J.J. Ronco" (CINDECA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP-CCT-CONICET, Calle 47 No. 257, B1900AJK La Plata, Argentina
| | - Pablo R Duchowicz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas INIFTA (UNLP, CCT La Plata-CONICET), Diagonal 113 y 64, Sucursal 4, C.C. 16, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
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28
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Sharma D, Ashaduzzaman M, Golabi M, Shriwastav A, Bisetty K, Tiwari A. Studies on Bacterial Proteins Corona Interaction with Saponin Imprinted ZnO Nanohoneycombs and Their Toxic Responses. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:23848-23856. [PMID: 26439810 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b06617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imprinting generates robust, efficient, and highly mesoporous surfaces for biointeractions. Mechanistic interfacial interaction between the surface of core substrate and protein corona is crucial to understand the substantial microbial toxic responses at a nanoscale. In this study, we have focused on the mechanistic interactions between synthesized saponin imprinted zinc oxide nanohoneycombs (SIZnO NHs), average size 80-125 nm, surface area 20.27 m(2)/g, average pore density 0.23 pore/nm and number-average pore size 3.74 nm and proteins corona of bacteria. The produced SIZnO NHs as potential antifungal and antibacterial agents have been studied on Sclerotium rolfsii (S. rolfsii), Pythium debarynum (P. debarynum) and Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), respectively. SIZnO NHs exhibited the highest antibacterial (∼50%) and antifungal (∼40%) activity against Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli) and fungus (P. debarynum), respectively at concentration of 0.1 mol. Scanning electron spectroscopy (SEM) observation showed that the ZnO NHs ruptured the cell wall of bacteria and internalized into the cell. The molecular docking studies were carried out using binding proteins present in the gram negative bacteria (lipopolysaccharide and lipocalin Blc) and gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcal Protein A, SpA). It was envisaged that the proteins present in the bacterial cell wall were found to interact and adsorb on the surface of SIZnO NHs thereby blocking the active sites of the proteins used for cell wall synthesis. The binding affinity and interaction energies were higher in the case of binding proteins present in gram negative bacteria as compared to that of gram positive bacteria. In addition, a kinetic mathematical model (KMM) was developed in MATLAB to predict the internalization in the bacterial cellular uptake of the ZnO NHs for better understanding of their controlled toxicity. The results obtained from KMM exhibited a good agreement with the experimental data. Exploration of mechanistic interactions, as well as the formation of bioconjugate of proteins and ZnO NHs would play a key role to interpret more complex biological systems in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Durban University of Technology , Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Md Ashaduzzaman
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, IFM, Linköping University , Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Mohsen Golabi
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, IFM, Linköping University , Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Amritanshu Shriwastav
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur , Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Krishna Bisetty
- Department of Chemistry, Durban University of Technology , Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Ashutosh Tiwari
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, IFM, Linköping University , Linköping 58183, Sweden
- Tekidag AB , UCS, Teknikringen 4A, Mjärdevi Science Park, Linköping 58330, Sweden
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Zabrieski Z, Morrell E, Hortin J, Dimkpa C, McLean J, Britt D, Anderson A. Pesticidal activity of metal oxide nanoparticles on plant pathogenic isolates of Pythium. Ecotoxicology 2015; 24:1305-1314. [PMID: 26076749 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-015-1505-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CuO and ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) have antimicrobial effects that could lead to formulations as pesticides for agriculture or medicine. The responses of two soil-borne plant pathogenic Pythium isolates to the NPs were studied to determine the potential of these metal oxide NPs as pesticides. Growth of the P. ultimum isolate was more sensitive to CuO NPs than the P. aphanidermatum isolate. Growth in liquid medium with CuO NPs eliminated culturability whereas exposure to ZnO NPs resulted in stasis with growth resuming on transfer to medium lacking NPs. The citrate in the medium used for the growth assays was involved in enhanced release of the toxic metals from the NPs. Both CuO and ZnO NPs affected processes involved in Fe uptake. The NPs reduced levels of Fe-chelating siderophore-like metabolites produced by Pythium hyphae. CuO NPs inhibited, but ZnO NPs increased, ferric reductase activity detected at the mycelial surface. These findings illustrate that the toxicity of the metal oxide NPs towards Pythium was influenced by the medium, especially by the presence of a metal chelator. Environmental factors are likely to alter the pesticide potential of the metal oxide NPs when formulated for agricultural use in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zac Zabrieski
- Biology Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322 5305, USA
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30
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Anisha C, Radhakrishnan EK. Gliotoxin-producing endophytic Acremonium sp. from Zingiber officinale found antagonistic to soft rot pathogen Pythium myriotylum. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 175:3458-67. [PMID: 25820297 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1517-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Soft rot caused by Pythium sp. is a major cause of economic loss in ginger cultivation. Endophytic fungi isolated from Zingiber officinale were screened for its activity against the soft rot pathogen Pythium myriotylum. Among the isolates screened, an endophytic fungus which was identified as Acremonium sp. showed promising activity against the phytopathogen in dual culture. The selected fungus was cultured in large scale on solid rice media and was extracted with ethyl acetate. The crude extract was subjected to column chromatography and preparative HPLC to obtain the fraction with the antifungal activity. LC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis of this fraction done using water-acetonitrile gradient identified a mass of m/z 327 (M + H) corresponding to gliotoxin with specific fragments m/z 263, 245, 227, and 111. The result was reconfirmed in negative mode ionization. Gliotoxin is the major antagonistic peptide produced by the commercially used biocontrol agent, Trichoderma sp., which shows high antagonism against Pythium sp. The gliotoxin production by the isolated endophytic Acremonium sp. of Z. officinale shows the possible natural biocontrol potential of this endophytic fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Anisha
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, P D Hills, Kottayam, Kerala, India
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Zanette RA, Bitencourt PER, Kontoyiannis DP, Fighera RA, Flores MM, Kommers GD, Silva PS, Ludwig A, Moretto MB, Alves SH, Santurio JM. Complex interaction of deferasirox and Pythium insidiosum: iron-dependent attenuation of growth in vitro and immunotherapy-like enhancement of immune responses in vivo. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118932. [PMID: 25738758 PMCID: PMC4349436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pythium insidiosum iron acquisition mechanisms are unknown. We previously showed that the iron chelator deferasirox had weak activity in vitro and in rabbits with experimental pythiosis. Here we show that deferasirox causes damage to P. insidiosum hyphae in vitro, but that activity is diminished in the presence of exogenous iron. The tissue activity of the proinflammatory enzyme adenosine deaminase and the histological pattern observed in pythiosis lesions of rabbits treated with deferasirox were similar to the ones in animals treated with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Régis A. Zanette
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Health Science Center, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Paula E. R. Bitencourt
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rafael A. Fighera
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Health Science Center, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariana M. Flores
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Health Science Center, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Glaucia D. Kommers
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Health Science Center, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Priscila S. Silva
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline Ludwig
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Health Science Center, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria B. Moretto
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Sydney H. Alves
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Health Science Center, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Janio M. Santurio
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Health Science Center, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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32
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Takeuchi K, Noda N, Katayose Y, Mukai Y, Numa H, Yamada K, Someya N. Rhizoxin analogs contribute to the biocontrol activity of a newly isolated pseudomonas strain. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2015; 28:333-42. [PMID: 25496595 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-14-0294-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Two strains of Pseudomonas sp., Os17 and St29, were newly isolated from the rhizosphere of rice and potato, respectively, by screening for 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol producers. These strains were found to be the same species and were the closest to but different from Pseudomonas protegens among the sequenced pseudomonads, based on 16S ribosomal RNA gene and whole-genome analyses. Strain Os17 was as effective a biocontrol agent as reported for P. protegens Cab57, whereas strain St29 was less effective. The whole-genome sequences of these strains were obtained: the genomes are organized into a single circular chromosome with 6,885,464 bp, 63.5% G+C content, and 6,195 coding sequences for strain Os17; and with 6,833,117 bp, 63.3% G+C content, and 6,217 coding sequences for strain St29. Comparative genome analysis of these strains revealed that the complete rhizoxin analog biosynthesis gene cluster (approximately 79 kb) found in the Os17 genome was absent from the St29 genome. In an rzxB mutant, which lacks the polyketide synthase essential for the production of rhizoxin analogs, the growth inhibition activity against fungal and oomycete pathogens and the plant protection efficacy were attenuated compared with those of wild-type Os17. These findings suggest that rhizoxin analogs are important biocontrol factors of this strain.
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Abstract
Here, 248 endophytic bacterial strains were isolated to assess the distribution and population diversity of endophytic bacteria in ginger plants. A total of 10.4 x 10(4) to 20.2 x 10(4) CFU/g fresh weight endophytic bacteria of different growth stages were isolated. Maximum bacterium numbers were obtained at the seedling stage. A total of 107 functional strains were screened, including 17 antibacterial strains and 90 indole acetic acid-producing strains. Based on 16S rDNA sequence restriction fragment length polymorphism and 16S rDNA sequences, these 107 strains were mapped and grouped into 16 genera. Bacillus and Pseudomonas were the dominant genera; however, the bacteria belonged to a tremendous range of genera, with the highest species richness being observed at the seedling stage. Sixteen strains exhibited antimicrobial activity against Pythium myriotylum Drechsler, while 7 strains exhibited antimicrobial activity against Phyllosticta zingiberi Hori. Bacillus was the dominant antibacterial strain. Pseudomonas fluorescens, B. megaterium, and Enterobacter ludwigii produced remarkably high levels of IAA. Only a few endophytic bacterial strains were inhibited in fresh ginger juice. Most of these strains were present during seedling stage, including Roseateles depolymerans, Chryseobacterium taiwanense, E. ludwigii, Agrobacterium larrymoorei, P. fluorescens, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. This study indicates that the community of endophytic bacteria in ginger changes with the synthesis of antibacterial substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Chen
- College of Life Science, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Z Chen
- College of Life Science, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - G H Ma
- Anqiu City Agricultural Bureau, Anqiu, Shandong Province, China
| | - B H Du
- College of Life Science, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - B Shen
- College of Life Science, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Y Q Ding
- College of Life Science, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - K Xu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Taian, Shandong Province, China
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Jasim B, Anisha C, Rohini S, Kurian JM, Jyothis M, Radhakrishnan EK. Phenazine carboxylic acid production and rhizome protective effect of endophytic Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from Zingiber officinale. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 30:1649-54. [PMID: 24353040 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1582-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is cultivated commercially in most parts of the world especially in India for its culinary and medicinal applications. One of the major challenges that limit the yield of ginger is rhizome rot disease caused by organisms including Pythium myriotylum. A feasible ecofriendly method is yet to be devised to prevent the plant from this threatening disease. Recent studies on plant microbiome show the possibility of having endophytic organisms with plant protective characteristics associated with the plants. Because of the uniquely evolved underground nature of the ginger rhizome and its peculiar survival in soil for a long time, many interesting endophytic microbes with plant protective characters can be well expected from it. In the current study, previously isolated endophytic Pseudomonas aeruginosa from ginger was investigated in detail for its effect on Pythium myriotylum. The rhizome protective effect of the organism was also studied by co-inoculation studies, which confirmed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa has very potent inhibitory effect on Pythium myriotylum. On further studies, the active antifungal compound was identified as phenazine 1-carboxylic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jasim
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadharshini Hills PO, Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India
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Abstract
Lysobacter enzymogenes is a ubiquitous plant-associated and environmentally friendly bacterium emerging as a novel biological control agent of plant disease. This bacterium produces diverse antifungal factors, such as lytic enzymes and a secondary metabolite (heat-stable antifungal factor [HSAF]) having antifungal activity with a novel structure and mode of action. The regulatory mechanisms for biosynthesis of antifungal factors is largely unknown in L. enzymogenes. The solo LuxR proteins have been shown to be widespread, playing important roles in plant-associated bacteria. Here, we cloned and studied a solo LuxR protein, LesR, from L. enzymogenes strain OH11. Overexpression but not deletion of lesR significantly impaired HSAF biosynthesis levels and antimicrobial activities but did not show visible effect on production of major lytic enzymes. Overexpression of lesR also led to remarkably accelerated cell aggregation and induced production of a melanin-like pigment in L. enzymogenes; these two phenotypes are mediated by the diffusible factor cell-to-cell signaling system of L. enzymogenes. The C-terminus helix-turn-helix domain was shown to be critical for several lesR-controlled functions. Overall, our study provides the first example of the roles and mechanisms of a solo LuxR protein in a plant-associated L. enzymogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Qian
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China/Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education
| | - Feifei Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China/Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education
| | - Vittorio Venturi
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Liangcheng Du
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Fengquan Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China/Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +86-25-84396726. Fax: +86-25-84395325.
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Pires L, Bosco SDMG, Baptista MS, Kurachi C. Photodynamic therapy in Pythium insidiosum - an in vitro study of the correlation of sensitizer localization and cell death. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85431. [PMID: 24465559 PMCID: PMC3897455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pythiosis is an infectious disease caused by Pythium insidiosum, a fungus-like organism. Due to the lack of ergosterol on its cell membrane, antibiotic therapy is ineffective. The conventional treatment is surgery, but lesion recurrence is frequent, requiring several resections or limb amputation. Photodynamic therapy uses photo-activation of drugs and has the potential to be an attractive alternative option. The in vitro PDT response on the growing of Pythium insidiosum culture was investigated using three distinct photosensitizers: methylene blue, Photogem, and Photodithazine. The photosensitizer distribution in cell structures and the PDT response for incubation times of 30, 60, and 120 minutes were evaluated. Methylene blue did not penetrate in the pathogen's cell and consequently there was no PDT inactivation. Photogem showed heterogenous distribution in the hyphal structure with small concentration inside the cells. Porphyrin-PDT response was heterogenous, death and live cells were observed in the treated culture. After 48 hours, hyphae regrowth was observed. Photodithazine showed more homogenous distribution inside the cell and with the specific intracellular localization dependent on incubation time. Photodithazine first accumulates in intracellular vacuoles, and at incubation times of one hour, it is located at all cell membranes. Higher inhibition of the growing rates was achieved with Photodithazine -PDT, over 98%. Our results showed that the photosensitizers that cross more efficiently the Pythium insidiosum membranes are able to cause extensive damage to the organism under illumination and therefore, are the best options for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Pires
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Cristina Kurachi
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Geethu C, Resna AK, Nair RA. Characterization of major hydrolytic enzymes secreted by Pythium myriotylum, causative agent for soft rot disease. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2013; 104:749-57. [PMID: 23897210 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-013-9983-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pythium myriotylum, an oomycetous necrotroph is the causal agent of soft rot disease affecting several crops. Successful colonization by necrotrophs depends on their secretion of a diverse array of plant cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs). The induction dynamics of CWDEs secreted by P. myriotylum was analysed as little information is available for this pathogen. Activities of CWDEs that included pectinase, cellulase, xylanase and protease were detected using radial diffusion assay and differential staining. In Czapek Dox minimal medium supplemented with respective substrates as carbon source, the increase in CWDE activities was observed till 8 days of incubation after which a gradual decline in enzymatic activities was observed. With sucrose as sole carbon source, all the enzymes studied showed increase in activity with fungal growth while with cell wall material derived from ginger rhizome as sole carbon source, an initial spurt in cellulase, xylanase and pectinase activities was observed 3 days post incubation while protease activity increased from three days of incubation and reached maximum at 13 days of incubation. To further evaluate the role of CWDEs in pathogenicity, UV-induced mutants (pmN14uv1) were generated wherein significant reduction in cellulase, pectinase and protease activities were observed while that of xylanase remained unchanged compared to wild type isolate (RGCBN14). Bioassays indicated changes in infection potential of pmN14uv1 thereby suggesting the crucial role played by P. myriotylum CWDEs in initiating the rotting process. Hence appropriate strategies that target the production/activity of these secretory hydrolytic enzymes will help in reducing disease incidence/pathogen virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Geethu
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut (NITC), Calicut, Kerala, India
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Abstract
Hurgadacin (1), a 24,25-bishomo-26-methylenecholesterol was isolated from the soft coral Sinularia polydactyla, collected from the Red Sea, near Hurghada at the Egyptian coast. The new steroid 1 was isolated together with the closely related polyhydroxy steroids 24-methylenecholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol (2) and 24-methylenecholestane-1α,3β,5α,6β,11α-pentol (3), in addition to the sesquiterpene lactiflorenol (4) and the trinorcarotenolide acetate peridinin (5), The structures of the isolated compounds were confirmed by intensive studies of their 1D and 2D NMR spectra and mass data. The antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of the soft coral extract and the corresponding constituents were evaluated against diverse pathogenic microorganisms and brine shrimps, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Shaaban
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, Division of Pharmaceutical Industries, National Research Centre, El-Behoos St. 33, Dokki-Cairo 12622, Egypt.
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Li S, Jin X, Chen J. Effects of piperidine and piperideine alkaloids from the venom of red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta Buren, on Pythium ultimum Trow growth in vitro and the application of piperideine alkaloids to control cucumber damping-off in the greenhouse. Pest Manag Sci 2012; 68:1546-1552. [PMID: 22685059 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pythium ultimum is a plant pathogen that causes significant yield losses on many economically important crops. Chemical treatment has been used for disease control. In searching for alternatives, venom piperidine and piperideine alkaloids from red imported fire ants were tested against P. ultimum in vitro, and piperideines were employed to control cucumber damping-off in the greenhouse as drench treatments. Results Piperidine and piperideine alkaloids of the red imported fire ant significantly inhibited mycelium growth of P. ultimum. Piperidine alkaloids were stable at both room and elevated temperatures. The inhibitory activity positively correlated with the concentrations of piperidine alkaloids in the medium, and the EC(50) = 17.0 µg ml(-1). Germination of sporangia of P. ultimum was negatively correlated with the concentrations of piperidine alkaloids in the medium, and the EC(50) = 12.3 µg ml(-1). The piperideine alkaloid drenching treatment significantly improved seedling emergence and seedling height of cucumber. CONCLUSION This is the first report describing the use of venom alkaloids from the red imported fire ant to inhibit P. ultimum in the laboratory and the application of piperideine alkaloids to control damping-off disease caused by P. ultimum in the greenhouse. These findings may lead to the development of a new group of fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shezeng Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
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Talontsi FM, Facey P, Tatong MDK, Tofazzal Islam M, Frauendorf H, Draeger S, Tiedemann AV, Laatsch H. Zoosporicidal metabolites from an endophytic fungus Cryptosporiopsis sp. of Zanthoxylum leprieurii. Phytochemistry 2012; 83:87-94. [PMID: 22883958 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Two polyketides, cryptosporiopsin A (1) and hydroxypropan-2',3'-diol orsellinate (3), and a natural cyclic pentapeptide (4), together with two known compounds were isolated from the culture of Cryptosporiopsis sp., an endophytic fungus from leaves and branches of Zanthoxylum leprieurii (Rutaceae). The structures of these metabolites were elucidated on the basis of their spectroscopic and spectrometric data. Cryptosporiopsin A and the other metabolites exhibited motility inhibitory and lytic activities against zoospores of the grapevine downy mildew pathogen Plasmopara viticola at 10-25μg/mL. In addition, the isolated compounds displayed potent inhibitory activity against mycelial growth of two other peronosporomycete phytopathogens, Pythium ultimum, Aphanomyces cochlioides and a basidiomycetous fungus Rhizoctonia solani. Weak cytotoxic activity on brine shrimp larvae was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Mouafo Talontsi
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August University, Tammannstrasse 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Krajaejun T, Lowhnoo T, Yingyong W, Rujirawat T, Fucharoen S, Strobel GA. In vitro antimicrobial activity of volatile organic compounds from Muscodor crispans against the pathogenic oomycete Pythium insidiosum. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2012; 43:1474-1483. [PMID: 23413712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Pythium insidiosum is an oomycete capable of causing a life-threatening disease in humans, called pythiosis. Conventional antifungal drugs are ineffective against P. insidiosum infection. A synthetic mixture of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the endophytic fungus Muscodor crispans strain B23 demonstrates antimicrobial effects against a broad range of human and plant pathogens, including fungi, bacteria, and oomycetes. We studied the in vitro effects of B23 VOCs against 25 human, 1 animal, and 4 environmental isolates of P. insidiosum, compared with a no-drug control. The B23 synthetic mixture, at amounts as low as 2.5 microl, significantly reduced growth of all P. insidiosum isolates by at least 80%. The inhibitory effect of the B23 VOCs was dose-dependent. The growth of all isolates was completely inhibited by a dose of 10.0 microl of B23 VOCs, and all isolates were killed by a dose of 20.0 microl. Synthetic B23 VOCs of M. crispans had inhibitory and lethal effects against all P. insidiosum isolates tested. Further studies are needed to evaluate this mixture for treatment of pythiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theerapong Krajaejun
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Blum M, Gisi U. Insights into the molecular mechanism of tolerance to carboxylic acid amide (CAA) fungicides in Pythium aphanidermatum. Pest Manag Sci 2012; 68:1171-1183. [PMID: 22431165 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tolerance to the oomycete-specific carboxylic acid amide (CAA) fungicides is a poorly understood mechanism in Pythium species. The root-rot and damping-off causative agent Pythium aphanidermatum and the CAA fungicide mandipropamid (MPD) were used to investigate the molecular basis of CAA tolerance. RESULTS Five genes putatively involved in carbohydrate synthesis were identified and characterised: one chitin synthase gene, PaChs, and four cellulose synthase genes PaCesA1 to PaCesA4, of which PaCesA3 encodes the MPD target enzyme. These genes were differentially expressed throughout the life cycle of P. aphanidermatum. Mycelium treated with MPD concentrations slightly affecting mycelial growth did not cause a change in PaCesA3 expression nor a strong upregulation of PaCesA homologues. The high tolerance level of P. aphanidermatum and the lack of PaCesA upregulation imply that MPD tolerance is the result of a specific amino acid configuration in the cellulose synthase 3 (CesA3) target enzyme. Indeed, P. aphanidermatum displays the amino acid L1109 which is also associated with MPD resistance in artificial mutants of Phytophthora species. CONCLUSION It is concluded that MPD tolerance in P. aphanidermatum is not caused by compensatory mechanisms but most likely by an inherent target-site configuration in PaCesA3 that hinders MPD binding to the enzyme pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Blum
- Institute of Botany, Section Plant Physiology, University of Basel, Switzerland.
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Lin L, Mulholland N, Wu QY, Beattie D, Huang SW, Irwin D, Clough J, Gu YC, Yang GF. Synthesis and antifungal activity of novel sclerotiorin analogues. J Agric Food Chem 2012; 60:4480-4491. [PMID: 22439963 DOI: 10.1021/jf300610j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotiorin 1, first isolated from Penicillium sclerotiorum, has weak antifungal activity and belongs to the azaphilone-type family of natural products. Several series of sclerotiorin analogues were designed and synthesized with the aim of discovering novel fungicides with improved activity. The syntheses involved two key steps, cycloisomerization and then oxidation, and used a simple and efficient Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction to construct the required functionalized precursor. With sclerotiorin as a control, the activities of the newly synthesized analogues were evaluated against seven fungal pathogens, and several promising candidates (compounds 3a₁, 3d₂, 3e₂, 3f₂ and 3k₂) with greater activity and simpler structures than sclerotiorin were discovered. In addition, preliminary structure-activity relationships were studied, which revealed that not only the chlorine or bromine substituent at the 5-position of the nucleus but also the phenyl group at the 3-position and the substituent pattern on it contributed crucially to the observed antifungal activity. Analogues with a methyl substituent at the 1-position have reduced levels of activity, while those with a free hydroxyl group in place of acetoxy at the quaternary center of the bicyclic ring system retain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Lin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
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Chen MH, Jack ALH, McGuire IC, Nelson EB. Seed-colonizing bacterial communities associated with the suppression of Pythium seedling disease in a municipal biosolids compost. Phytopathology 2012; 102:478-489. [PMID: 22352305 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-11-0240-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to characterize seed-colonizing microbial communities that were previously shown to be involved in the suppression of seedling disease caused by Pythium ultimum in a municipal biosolids compost. Selective microbial inhibitors were employed to inactivate portions of the microbial community associated with seed germinated in a compost medium to evaluate their impact on disease suppression. After initial screenings for toxicity to both cucumber and P. ultimum, six selective inhibitors were eventually used to assess the impact of seed treatment on the reduction of bacterial and fungal populations and on disease suppression. Rifampicin was the most effective inhibitor for inactivating disease suppression. Bacterial communities that colonized cucumber seed sown in compost medium for 8 h and seed sown in compost medium for 8 h followed by a 3-h treatment of either rifampicin at 500 ppm or water were dislodged from seed surfaces and subjected to RNA extraction and reverse transcription to cDNA. Differences in the composition of seed-colonizing bacterial communities were assessed using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms (T-RFLP) of polymerase chain reaction-amplified 16S rDNA genes. T-RFLP profiles revealed a diversity of distinct bacterial taxa, a number of which dominate seed surfaces within 8 h of sowing. Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) using terminal restriction fragment (T-RF) presence or absence showed that community profiles of nontreated and water-treated seed were quite similar whereas community profiles from rifampicin-treated seed were distinct. Differences in community profiles based on T-RF abundance (peak height and peak area) indicated that all treatments were unique (ANOSIM, all pairwise comparisons P < 0.05) Peaks heights and areas of relatively few T-RFs were reduced to zero following rifampicin treatment and 34 T-RFs explained 85% of the observed difference between treatments. Tentative taxon assignments for each of the T-RFs that contributed to the treatment differences revealed a preponderance of sequences with affinities to the α-, β-, and γ-Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. Limited sequencing of clones associated with water-treated and rifampicin-treated seed revealed the presence of similar taxa dominated by members of the γ-Proteobacteria. Many species within these taxa (such as Pseudomonas spp., Enterobacter spp., and Bacillus spp.) are known to be suppressive to Pythium diseases. Results of our study have confirmed that Pythium disease suppression in a municipal biosolids compost is mediated by compost-associated bacteria that colonize seed within hours after sowing. By focusing on actively growing microbes in the infection court during important stages of pathogen infection, we believe we can more efficiently determine the mechanisms of disease suppression and the microbes involved. Although specific to this pathosystem and compost, our results have a much broader scope of inference and illustrate the utility of such a targeted approach in identifying a relatively small subset of microbial taxa from complex communities likely to be involved in disease suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hsing Chen
- Cornell University, Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Vinale F, Girona IA, Nigro M, Mazzei P, Piccolo A, Ruocco M, Woo S, Rosa DR, Herrera CL, Lorito M. Cerinolactone, a hydroxy-lactone derivative from Trichoderma cerinum. J Nat Prod 2012; 75:103-106. [PMID: 22196692 DOI: 10.1021/np200577t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A novel metabolite, 3-hydroxy-5-(6-isopropyl-3-methylene-3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalen-2-yl)dihydrofuran-2-one, trivially named cerinolactone (1), has been isolated from culture filtrates of Trichoderma cerinum together with three known butenolides containing the 3,4-dialkylfuran-2(5H)-one nucleus, harzianolide (2), T39butenolide (3), and dehydroharzianolide (4). The structure of 1 was determined by spectroscopic methods, including UV, MS, and 1D and 2D NMR analyses. In vitro tests with the purified compound exhibited activity against Pythium ultimum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Botrytis cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Vinale
- CNR-Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante (IPP-CNR), 80055 Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy.
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Zasada IA, Weiland JE, Reed RL, Stevens JF. Activity of meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba) seed meal glucolimnanthin degradation products against soilborne pathogens. J Agric Food Chem 2012; 60:339-45. [PMID: 22142246 PMCID: PMC4215540 DOI: 10.1021/jf203913p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba L.) is a herbaceous winter-spring annual grown as a commercial oilseed crop. The meal remaining after oil extraction from the seed contains up to 4% of the glucosinolate glucolimnanthin. Degradation of glucolimnanthin yields toxic breakdown products, and therefore the meal may have potential in the management of soilborne pathogens. To maximize the pest-suppressive potential of meadowfoam seed meal, it would be beneficial to know the toxicity of individual glucolimnanthin degradation products against specific soilborne pathogens. Meloidogyne hapla second-stage juveniles (J2) and Pythium irregulare and Verticillium dahliae mycelial cultures were exposed to glucolimnanthin as well as its degradation products. Glucolimnanthin and its degradation product, 2-(3-methoxyphenyl)acetamide, were not toxic to any of the soilborne pathogens at concentrations up to 1.0 mg/mL. Two other degradation products, 2-(3-methoxymethyl)ethanethioamide and 3-methoxyphenylacetonitrile, were toxic to M. hapla and P. irregulare but not V. dahliae. The predominant enzyme degradation product, 3-methoxybenzyl isothiocyanate, was the most toxic compound against all of the soilborne pathogens, with M. hapla being the most sensitive with EC(50) values (0.0025 ± 0.0001 to 0.0027 ± 0.0001 mg/mL) 20-40 times lower than estimated EC(50) mortality values generated for P. irregulare and V. dahliae (0.05 and 0.1 mg/mL, respectively). The potential exists to manipulate meadowfoam seed meal to promote the production of specific degradation products. The conversion of glucolimnanthin into its corresponding isothiocyanate should optimize the biopesticidal properties of meadowfoam seed meal against M. hapla, P. irregulare, and V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga A Zasada
- Horticultural Crops Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 3420 NW Orchard Avenue, Corvallis, Oregon 97330, United States.
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Natarajan C, Prasanna R, Gupta V, Dureja P, Nain L. Characterization of the fungicidal activity of Calothrix elenkinii using chemical methods and microscopy. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol 2012; 48:59-65. [PMID: 22567886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An investigation was directed towards biochemical characterization of cyanobacterium Calothrix elenkinii and analysis of the chemical nature and mode of action of its fungicidal metabolite(s) against oomycete Pythium debaryanum. Biochemical characterization of the culture in terms of carbohydrate utilization revealed the facultative nature of C. elenkinii. Unique antibiotic markers were also found for this strain. 16S rDNA sequencing of the strain revealed 98% similarity with Calothrix sp. PCC7101. The fungicidal activity was tested by disc diffusion assay of different fractions of the culture filtrate. A minimum inhibitory concentration of 10 microl was recorded for ethyl acetate fraction of the 7-weeks old culture filtrates. HPLC, followed by NMR spectral analysis demonstrated the presence of a substituted benzoic acid in the ethyl acetate fraction. Microscopic examination revealed distinct granulation, followed by disintegration of the hyphae of Pythium sp., indicating the presence of an active metabolite in the culture filtrates of Calothrix sp. The fungicidal activity of C. elenkinii can be attributed to the presence of 3-acetyl-2-hydroxy-6-methoxy-4-methyl benzoic acid. This is the first report of a benzoic acid derivative having fungicidal activity in cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Natarajan
- Division of Microbiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi - 110012, India
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Loreto ES, Alves SH, Santurio JM, Nogueira CW, Zeni G. Diphenyl diselenide in vitro and in vivo activity against the oomycete Pythium insidiosum. Vet Microbiol 2011; 156:222-6. [PMID: 22055205 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the in vitro activity of diphenyl diselenide against 19 Pythium insidiosum isolates and the in vivo therapeutic response of rabbits with experimentally induced pythiosis. In vitro: susceptibility tests were performed using the broth macrodilution method in accordance with the CLSI document M38-A2. The criteria for interpretation were as follows: MIC-1 and MIC-2 (inhibition of 90% and 100% of mycelium growth, respectively) and the minimum fungicide concentration (MIC-3). In vivo: twenty rabbits were divided into four groups with five animals each and treated for 40 consecutive days: groups 1 and 2 (experimentally induced pythiosis) were treated with diphenyl diselenide (10mg/kg/day) and canola oil (1 mL/kg/day), respectively; groups 3 and 4 (controls) were treated with canola oil (1 mL/kg/day) and diphenyl diselenide (10mg/kg/day), respectively. Toxicity was evaluated using biochemical and haematological parameters. In vitro susceptibility tests showed that 89.4% of isolates had a MIC-1 ≤ 0.5 μg/mL, 84.2% of isolates had a MIC-2 ≤ 1.0 μg/mL and 94.7% of isolates had a MIC-3 ≤ 2.0 μg/mL. The in vivo assay suggested that this compound has a fungistatic activity, and the biochemical and haematological parameters indicated that there was no renal, hepatic or haematological toxicity. The comparison of the unsaturated iron binding capacity levels between animals with and without pythiosis suggested the involvement of iron metabolism in the pathogenesis of pythiosis. This study demonstrated the absence of detectable toxicity caused by diphenyl diselenide and the in vitro fungicidal and in vivo fungistatic activities of this drug, which makes it an option for future therapeutic approaches in the treatment of pythiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erico Silva Loreto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Montero-Barrientos M, Hermosa R, Cardoza RE, Gutiérrez S, Monte E. Functional analysis of the Trichoderma harzianum nox1 gene, encoding an NADPH oxidase, relates production of reactive oxygen species to specific biocontrol activity against Pythium ultimum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:3009-16. [PMID: 21421791 PMCID: PMC3126390 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02486-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the first events following pathogenic interactions in eukaryotic cells, and NADPH oxidases are involved in the formation of such ROS. The nox1 gene of Trichoderma harzianum was cloned, and its role in antagonism against phytopathogens was analyzed in nox1-overexpressed transformants. The increased levels of nox1 expression in these transformants were accompanied by an increase in ROS production during their direct confrontation with Pythium ultimum. The transformants displayed an increased hydrolytic pattern, as determined by comparing protease, cellulase, and chitinase activities with those for the wild type. In confrontation assays against P. ultimum the nox1-overexpressed transformants were more effective than the wild type, but not in assays against Botrytis cinerea or Rhizoctonia solani. A transcriptomic analysis using a Trichoderma high-density oligonucleotide (HDO) microarray also showed that, compared to gene expression for the interaction of wild-type T. harzianum and P. ultimum, genes related to protease, cellulase, and chitinase activities were differentially upregulated in the interaction of a nox1-overexpressed transformant with this pathogen. Our results show that nox1 is involved in T. harzianum ROS production and antagonism against P. ultimum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Montero-Barrientos
- Spanish-Portuguese Center for Agricultural Research (CIALE), Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, Campus of Villamayor, Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - R. Hermosa
- Spanish-Portuguese Center for Agricultural Research (CIALE), Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, Campus of Villamayor, Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - R. E. Cardoza
- Area de Microbiología, Escuela Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de León, Campus de Ponferrada, Avda. Astorga s/n, 24400 Ponferrada, Spain
| | - S. Gutiérrez
- Area de Microbiología, Escuela Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de León, Campus de Ponferrada, Avda. Astorga s/n, 24400 Ponferrada, Spain
| | - E. Monte
- Spanish-Portuguese Center for Agricultural Research (CIALE), Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, Campus of Villamayor, Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
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Lévesque CA, Brouwer H, Cano L, Hamilton JP, Holt C, Huitema E, Raffaele S, Robideau GP, Thines M, Win J, Zerillo MM, Beakes GW, Boore JL, Busam D, Dumas B, Ferriera S, Fuerstenberg SI, Gachon CMM, Gaulin E, Govers F, Grenville-Briggs L, Horner N, Hostetler J, Jiang RHY, Johnson J, Krajaejun T, Lin H, Meijer HJG, Moore B, Morris P, Phuntmart V, Puiu D, Shetty J, Stajich JE, Tripathy S, Wawra S, van West P, Whitty BR, Coutinho PM, Henrissat B, Martin F, Thomas PD, Tyler BM, De Vries RP, Kamoun S, Yandell M, Tisserat N, Buell CR. Genome sequence of the necrotrophic plant pathogen Pythium ultimum reveals original pathogenicity mechanisms and effector repertoire. Genome Biol 2010; 11:R73. [PMID: 20626842 PMCID: PMC2926784 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2010-11-7-r73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 05/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pythium ultimum is a ubiquitous oomycete plant pathogen responsible for a variety of diseases on a broad range of crop and ornamental species. RESULTS The P. ultimum genome (42.8 Mb) encodes 15,290 genes and has extensive sequence similarity and synteny with related Phytophthora species, including the potato blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Whole transcriptome sequencing revealed expression of 86% of genes, with detectable differential expression of suites of genes under abiotic stress and in the presence of a host. The predicted proteome includes a large repertoire of proteins involved in plant pathogen interactions, although, surprisingly, the P. ultimum genome does not encode any classical RXLR effectors and relatively few Crinkler genes in comparison to related phytopathogenic oomycetes. A lower number of enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism were present compared to Phytophthora species, with the notable absence of cutinases, suggesting a significant difference in virulence mechanisms between P. ultimum and more host-specific oomycete species. Although we observed a high degree of orthology with Phytophthora genomes, there were novel features of the P. ultimum proteome, including an expansion of genes involved in proteolysis and genes unique to Pythium. We identified a small gene family of cadherins, proteins involved in cell adhesion, the first report of these in a genome outside the metazoans. CONCLUSIONS Access to the P. ultimum genome has revealed not only core pathogenic mechanisms within the oomycetes but also lineage-specific genes associated with the alternative virulence and lifestyles found within the pythiaceous lineages compared to the Peronosporaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- C André Lévesque
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Henk Brouwer
- CBS-KNAW, Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | | | - John P Hamilton
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Carson Holt
- Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah, 15 North 2030 East, Room 2100, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5330, USA
| | | | | | - Gregg P Robideau
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Marco Thines
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Georg-Voigt-Str 14-16, D-60325, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Insitute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Siesmayerstr. 70, D-60323 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Joe Win
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Marcelo M Zerillo
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1177, USA
| | - Gordon W Beakes
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Jeffrey L Boore
- Genome Project Solutions, 1024 Promenade Street, Hercules, CA 94547, USA
| | - Dana Busam
- J Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Bernard Dumas
- Surfaces Cellulaires et Signalisation chez les Végétaux, UMR5546 CNRS-Université de Toulouse, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Steve Ferriera
- J Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | | | | | - Elodie Gaulin
- Surfaces Cellulaires et Signalisation chez les Végétaux, UMR5546 CNRS-Université de Toulouse, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, NL-1-6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics (CBSG), PO Box 98, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Grenville-Briggs
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Neil Horner
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Jessica Hostetler
- J Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Rays HY Jiang
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Justin Johnson
- J Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Theerapong Krajaejun
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine-Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Haining Lin
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Harold JG Meijer
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, NL-1-6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barry Moore
- Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah, 15 North 2030 East, Room 2100, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5330, USA
| | - Paul Morris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - Vipaporn Phuntmart
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - Daniela Puiu
- J Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Jyoti Shetty
- J Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Jason E Stajich
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Sucheta Tripathy
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Washington Street, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0477, USA
| | - Stephan Wawra
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Pieter van West
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Brett R Whitty
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Pedro M Coutinho
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolecules Biologiques, UMR6098, CNRS, Univ. Aix-Marseille I & II, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolecules Biologiques, UMR6098, CNRS, Univ. Aix-Marseille I & II, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Frank Martin
- USDA-ARS, 1636 East Alisal St, Salinias, CA, 93905, USA
| | - Paul D Thomas
- Evolutionary Systems Biology, SRI International, Room AE207, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Brett M Tyler
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Washington Street, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0477, USA
| | - Ronald P De Vries
- CBS-KNAW, Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mark Yandell
- Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah, 15 North 2030 East, Room 2100, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5330, USA
| | - Ned Tisserat
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1177, USA
| | - C Robin Buell
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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