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Loreto ES, Tondolo JSM, Zanette RA. Treating Pythiosis with Antibacterial Drugs Targeting Protein Synthesis: An Overview. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:234. [PMID: 38667905 PMCID: PMC11051233 DOI: 10.3390/jof10040234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review article explores the effectiveness of antibacterial drugs that inhibit protein synthesis in treating pythiosis, a difficult-to-treat infection caused by Pythium insidiosum. The article highlights the susceptibility of P. insidiosum to antibacterial drugs, such as macrolides, oxazolidinones, and tetracyclines. We examine various studies, including in vitro tests, experimental infection models, and clinical case reports. Based on our synthesis of these findings, we highlight the potential of these drugs in managing pythiosis, primarily when combined with surgical interventions. The review emphasizes the need for personalized treatment strategies and further research to establish standardized testing protocols and optimize therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erico S. Loreto
- Sobresp Faculty of Health Sciences, 520 Appel Street, Santa Maria 97015-030, RS, Brazil;
| | - Juliana S. M. Tondolo
- Sobresp Faculty of Health Sciences, 520 Appel Street, Santa Maria 97015-030, RS, Brazil;
| | - Régis A. Zanette
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 2600 Ramiro Barcelos Street, Porto Alegre 90035-003, RS, Brazil;
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Dos Santos CEP, Loreto ES, Zanette RA, Santurio JM, Marques LC. Epidemiology of horse pythiosis in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso: Exploring the host-parasite-vector relationship. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 132:104976. [PMID: 38056727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Horse pythiosis is considered an endemic disease in the Brazilian Pantanal region, causing devastating health and economic losses. This study aimed to enhance the understanding of pythiosis epidemiology, map the distribution of horse body lesions, and investigate the correlation between these lesions and warm body surface areas, potentially implicating hematophagous vectors in the disease's transmission. A prospective study was conducted on equids in the Pantanal Mato-grossense and adjacent areas from 2012 to 2022, with 112 horses and three mules diagnosed with pythiosis. Clinical and epidemiological data, lesions' photographic records, and healthy equids' thermal imaging were collected. Most pythiosis cases occurred between January and March, correlating with regional flood cycles. Most lesions were found on limbs and the ventral abdomen, with dark-colored horses exhibiting a higher frequency of lesions. Interestingly, the thermal mapping revealed that warm areas on a healthy horse's body overlapped significantly with lesion distribution - blood-sucking insects also prefer these areas. The results suggest that pythiosis lesions in horses correlate with warmer areas of the animal body, reinforcing the hypothesis of vector involvement in disease transmission. This study underscores the need for further observational research to fully understand the complex epidemiological dynamics of pythiosis in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E P Dos Santos
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, 78069-900, Brazil; Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Erico S Loreto
- Sobresp Faculty of Health Sciences, Santa Maria, 97015-030, Brazil
| | - Régis A Zanette
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 2600 Ramiro Barcelos Street, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Janio M Santurio
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Luis C Marques
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
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3
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Pippi B, Loreto ES, Merkel S, Joaquim AR, Krummenauer ME, Reginatto P, Vainstein MH, Andrade SF, Fuentefria AM, Santurio JM, Zanette RA. Pythium insidiosum: insights into biofilm formation and antibiofilm activity of antifungal drugs. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:2603-2607. [PMID: 37702922 PMCID: PMC10689302 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01123-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the ability of Pythium insidiosum to form biofilms across various substrates and the antibiofilm efficacy of 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives (8-HQs). Biofilms of P. insidiosum were cultured on polystyrene plates, contact lenses, and horsehair. We provide the first evidence of P. insidiosum's biofilm-forming capability, thus considerably expanding our understanding of its transmission and pathogenesis. Our results demonstrate that 8-HQs effectively inhibit biofilm formation and eradicate pre-existing biofilms, underscoring their potential as a novel treatment strategy for pythiosis, a disease currently lacking a gold-standard treatment. This finding has particular relevance for ocular pythiosis associated with contact lens usage and potential infection sources in animals. Our results contribute to the scientific knowledge base and directly impact innovative therapeutic interventions' development.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pippi
- Graduation Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - E S Loreto
- Sobresp Faculty of Health Sciences, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - S Merkel
- Graduation Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, 2600 Ramiro Barcelos Street, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - A R Joaquim
- Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - M E Krummenauer
- Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - P Reginatto
- Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - M H Vainstein
- Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - S F Andrade
- Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - A M Fuentefria
- Graduation Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, 2600 Ramiro Barcelos Street, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - J M Santurio
- Graduation Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - R A Zanette
- Graduation Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, 2600 Ramiro Barcelos Street, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
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Tondolo JSM, Loreto ES, de Jesus FPK, Ledur PC, Verdi CM, Santurio JM. Immunotherapy based on Pythium insidiosum mycelia drives a Th1/Th17 response in mice. Med Mycol 2020; 58:1120-1125. [PMID: 32396166 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pythium insidiosum is an oomycete that affects mammals, especially humans and horses, causing a difficult-to-treat disease. Typically, surgical interventions associated with antimicrobial therapy, immunotherapy, or both are the preferred treatment choices. PitiumVac® is a therapeutic vaccine prepared from the mycelial mass of P. insidiosum and is used to treat Brazilian equine pythiosis. To better understand how PitiumVac® works, we analyzed the composition of PitiumVac® and the immune response triggered by this immunotherapy in mice. We performed an enzymatic quantification that showed a total glucan content of 21.05% ± 0.94 (α-glucan, 6.37% ± 0.77 and (1,3)(1,6)-β-glucan, 14.68% ± 0.60) and mannose content of 1.39% ± 0.26; the protein content was 0.52 mg ml-1 ± 0.07 mg ml-1. Healthy Swiss mice (n = 3) were subcutaneously preimmunized with one, two, or three shots of PitiumVac®, and immunization promoted a relevant Th1 and Th17 responses compared to nonimmunization of mice. The highest cytokine levels were observed after the third immunization, principally for IFN-γ, IL-17A, IL-6, and IL-10 levels. Results of infected untreated (Pythiosis) and infected treated (Pythiosis + PVAC) mice (n = 3) showed that PitiumVac® reinforces the Th1/Th17 response displayed by untreated mice. The (1,3)(1,6)-β-glucan content can be, at least in part, related to this Th1/Th17 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana S M Tondolo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil.,Sobresp Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Erico S Loreto
- Sobresp Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Francielli P K de Jesus
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil
| | - Pauline C Ledur
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil
| | - Camila M Verdi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil
| | - Janio M Santurio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil
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Stefanello JR, Piasentin FB, Tondolo JSM, Loreto ES, Dutra V, Alves SH, Santurio JM. In vitro assessment of antifungal, antibacterial, and antiprotozoal drugs against clinical isolates of Conidiobolus lamprauges. Med Mycol 2019; 57:649-652. [PMID: 30289533 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have determined the in vitro activity of antifungal, antibacterial, and antiprotozoal drugs alone and in combination against seven Conidiobolus lamprauges clinical isolates. The assays were based on the M38-A2 protocol and the checkerboard microdilution method. The lowest inhibitory concentrations were observed for amphotericin B, miconazole (MCZ), terbinafine, and miltefosine (MTF) (MIC range 0.25-1; 2-8; 0.25-2; 2-16 μg/ml, respectively). The main synergism observed was through the combination of azithromycin (AZI)+MTF and dapsone (DAP)+MTF (100%), AZI+DAP (85.7%), AZI+MCZ (57.1%) as well as MCZ plus CTX and DAP (42.9%). The in vitro activities suggest that the combination of MTF and AZI or DAP are promising candidate therapies for conidiobolomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josias R Stefanello
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda B Piasentin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana S M Tondolo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil
| | - Erico S Loreto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MG, Brazil
| | - Valéria Dutra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil
| | - Sydney H Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MG, Brazil
| | - Janio M Santurio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil
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Loreto ES, Tondolo JSM, Santurio JM, Alves SH. Screening of antibacterial drugs for antimicrobial activity against Pythium insidiosum. Med Mycol 2019; 57:523-525. [PMID: 30929019 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested 25 isolates of Pythium insidiosum to investigate their susceptibility to antibacterial drugs that act through inhibition of protein synthesis or other mechanisms of action. We observed that tetracycline, erythromycin, linezolid, nitrofurantoin, Synercid (quinupristin and dalfopristin), chloramphenicol, clindamycin, cetrimide, and crystal violet had inhibitory activity against P. insidiosum. Those in vitro results suggest that antibacterials that inhibit protein synthesis should be the primary antimicrobials investigated for the treatment of pythiosis in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erico S Loreto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.,Sobresp Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana S M Tondolo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Janio M Santurio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Sydney H Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Rossato L, Loreto ES, Venturini TP, Azevedo MI, Al‐Hatmi AMS, Santurio JM, Alves SH. In vitro combination between antifungals and diphenyl diselenide against
Cryptococcus
species. Mycoses 2019; 62:508-512. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luana Rossato
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical SciencesHealth Sciences CentreFederal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Erico S. Loreto
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical SciencesHealth Sciences CentreFederal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
- Faculty of Health SciencesSobresp Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Tarcieli P. Venturini
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical SciencesHealth Sciences CentreFederal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel Azevedo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary MedicineFederal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Abdullah M. S. Al‐Hatmi
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute Utrecht The Netherlands
- Ministry of HealthDirectorate General of Health Services Ibri Oman
- Centre of Expertise in MycologyRadboud University Medical Centre/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Janio M. Santurio
- Postgraduate Program in PharmacologyHealth Sciences CentreFederal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Sydney H. Alves
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical SciencesHealth Sciences CentreFederal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
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Schlemmer KB, de Jesus FPK, Loreto ES, Farias JB, Alves SH, Ferreiro L, Santurio JM. In vitro combination of antifungal agents against Malassezia pachydermatis. Med Mycol 2018; 57:324-327. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karine B Schlemmer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Francielli P K de Jesus
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Erico S Loreto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Julia B Farias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Sydney H Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Laerte Ferreiro
- Faculdade de Veterinária (FAVET), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Janio M Santurio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Loreto ES, Tondolo JSM, Oliveira DC, Santurio JM, Alves SH. In Vitro Activities of Miltefosine and Antibacterial Agents from the Macrolide, Oxazolidinone, and Pleuromutilin Classes against Pythium insidiosum and Pythium aphanidermatum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:e01678-17. [PMID: 29311087 PMCID: PMC5826131 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01678-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested 29 isolates of Pythium insidiosum and one isolate of Pythium aphanidermatum to investigate their susceptibility to miltefosine and antibacterial drugs from the macrolide, oxazolidinone, and pleuromutilin classes. We found that miltefosine, azithromycin, clarithromycin, josamycin, linezolid, sutezolid, retapamulin, tiamulin, and valnemulin had inhibitory and cidal activity against the pathogens at concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 64 μg/ml. Our results suggest that these antimicrobials are promising candidates for future studies on pythiosis in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erico S Loreto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
- Sobresp Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana S M Tondolo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Janio M Santurio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Sydney H Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Verdi CM, Jesus FPK, Kommers G, Ledur PC, Azevedo MI, Loreto ES, Tondolo JSM, Andrade ENC, Schlemmer KB, Alves SH, Santurio JM. Embryonated chicken eggs: An experimental model for Pythium insidiosum infection. Mycoses 2017; 61:104-110. [PMID: 28972292 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pythiosis is a severe disease caused by Pythium insidiosum. Currently, the research on the treatment of pythiosis uses rabbits as an experimental infection model. To reduce the use of animals in scientific experimentation, alternative models are increasingly necessary options. The objective of this study was to establish a new experimental infection model for pythiosis using embryonated chicken eggs. First, we tested the inoculation of 4 zoospore concentrations into the egg allantoic cavity at 3 embryonic days. We observed that increased zoospore concentration causes a decrease in survival time, and at a later embryonic day (the 14th) of infection, embryos showed delayed mortality. To confirm the reproducibility of the model, we chose the 14th embryonic day for the inoculation of 50 zoospores/egg, and the experiment was repeated twice. Mortality began with 30% embryos 48 hours after inoculation, and 95% embryos died within 72 hours. There was no mortality in the uninfected control group. The infection was confirmed by culture, PCR and histopathology. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of hyphae in blood vessels in the umbilical cords in 95% of embryos and only 1 liver (5%). Our results suggest that embryonated eggs can be a very useful alternative infection model to study pythiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila M Verdi
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Francielli P K Jesus
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica, Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Kommers
- Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Pauline C Ledur
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Maria I Azevedo
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Erico S Loreto
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Juliana S M Tondolo
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Eduardo N C Andrade
- Graduando em Medicina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Karine B Schlemmer
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Sydney H Alves
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Janio M Santurio
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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11
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Alves SH, Da Matta DA, Azevedo AC, Loreto ES, Boff E, Santurio JM, Guarro J. In vitro activities of new and conventional antimycotics against fluconazole-susceptible and non-susceptible Brazilian Candida spp. isolates. Mycoses 2006; 49:220-5. [PMID: 16681814 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2006.01226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The substantial increase in the rate of azole resistant Candida spp. yeast infections has become a serious treatment problem requiring new and more active antifungal agents. In this study, the in vitro activities of ravuconazole and albaconazole were compared with those of amphotericin B, flucytosine, itraconazole and fluconazole against 162 Brazilian isolates of Candida spp. from which 48 isolates had previously shown lower susceptibility or resistance to fluconazole. Ravuconazole susceptibility ranged from 84.6% (Candida albicans) to 100% for other species and albaconazole MIC(90) was < or =1.0 microg ml(-1) for all the species emphasising the potent activity of these triazoles. To our knowledge this is the first study evaluating the susceptibility of C. dubliniensis to albaconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Alves
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil.
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