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Alejandre-Castañeda V, Patiño-Medina JA, Valle-Maldonado MI, García A, Ortiz-Alvarado R, Ruíz-Herrera LF, Castro-Cerritos KV, Ramírez-Emiliano J, Ramírez-Díaz MI, Garre V, Lee SC, Meza-Carmen V. Transcription Factors Tec1 and Tec2 Play Key Roles in the Hyphal Growth and Virulence of Mucor lusitanicus Through Increased Mitochondrial Oxidative Metabolism. J Microbiol 2023; 61:1043-1062. [PMID: 38114662 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-023-00096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Mucormycosis is a lethal and difficult-to-treat fungal infection caused by fungi of the order Mucorales. Mucor lusitanicus, a member of Mucorales, is commonly used as a model to understand disease pathogenesis. However, transcriptional control of hyphal growth and virulence in Mucorales is poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the role of Tec proteins, which belong to the TEA/ATTS transcription factor family, in the hyphal development and virulence of M. lusitanicus. Unlike in the genome of Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes, which have a single Tec homologue, in the genome of Mucorales, two Tec homologues, Tec1 and Tec2, were found, except in that of Phycomyces blakesleeanus, with only one Tec homologue. tec1 and tec2 overexpression in M. lusitanicus increased mycelial growth, mitochondrial content and activity, expression of the rhizoferrin synthetase-encoding gene rfs, and virulence in nematodes and wax moth larvae but decreased cAMP levels and protein kinase A (PKA) activity. Furthermore, tec1- and tec2-overexpressing strains required adequate mitochondrial metabolism to promote the virulent phenotype. The heterotrimeric G beta subunit 1-encoding gene deletant strain (Δgpb1) increased cAMP-PKA activity, downregulation of both tec genes, decreased both virulence and hyphal development, but tec1 and tec2 overexpression restored these defects. Overexpression of allele-mutated variants of Tec1(S332A) and Tec2(S168A) in the putative phosphorylation sites for PKA increased both virulence and hyphal growth of Δgpb1. These findings suggest that Tec homologues promote mycelial development and virulence by enhancing mitochondrial metabolism and rhizoferrin accumulation, providing new information for the rational control of the virulent phenotype of M. lusitanicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viridiana Alejandre-Castañeda
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, 58030, Morelia, Mexico
| | - J Alberto Patiño-Medina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, 58030, Morelia, Mexico
| | | | - Alexis García
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (STCEID), The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, 78249, USA
| | - Rafael Ortiz-Alvarado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, 58030, Morelia, Mexico
| | - León F Ruíz-Herrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, 58030, Morelia, Mexico
| | | | | | - Martha I Ramírez-Díaz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, 58030, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Victoriano Garre
- Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Soo Chan Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (STCEID), The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, 78249, USA
| | - Víctor Meza-Carmen
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, 58030, Morelia, Mexico.
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2
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Wang X, Yang J, Mohamed H, Shah AM, Li S, Pang S, Wu C, Xue F, Shi W, Sadaqat B, Song Y. Simultaneous overexpression of ∆6-, ∆12- and ∆9-desaturases enhanced the production of γ-linolenic acid in Mucor circinelloides WJ11. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1078157. [PMID: 36590442 PMCID: PMC9797528 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1078157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucor circinelloides WJ11, an oleaginous filamentous fungus, produces 36% lipid of its cell dry weight when cultured in a high C/N ratio medium, however, the yield of γ-linolenic acid (GLA) is insufficient to make it competitive with other plant sources. To increase the GLA content in M. circinelloides WJ11, this fungus was engineered by overexpression of its key genes such as Δ6-, Δ12-, and Δ9-desaturases involved in GLA production. Firstly, we tried to overexpress two Δ6-desaturase isozymes to determine which one played important role in GLA synthesis. Secondly, Δ6-and Δ12-desaturase were co-overexpressed to check whether linoleic acid (LA), the precursor for GLA synthesis, is a limiting factor or not. Moreover, we tried to explore the effects of simultaneous overexpression of Δ6-, Δ12-, and Δ9-desaturases on GLA production. Our results showed that overexpression (1 gene) of DES61 promoted higher GLA content (21% of total fatty acids) while co-overexpressing (2 genes) DES61 and DES12 and simultaneous overexpressing (3 genes) DES61, DES12, and DES91 increased the GLA production of engineered strains by 1.5 folds and 1.9 folds compared to the control strain, respectively. This study provided more insights into GLA biosynthesis in oleaginous fungi and laid a foundation for further increase in GLA production into fungus such as M. circinelloides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwen Wang
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Junhuan Yang
- Department of Food Sciences, College of Food Science and Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Hassan Mohamed
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China,Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Aabid Manzoor Shah
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Shaoqi Li
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Shuxian Pang
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Chen Wu
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Futing Xue
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Wenyue Shi
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Beenish Sadaqat
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China,*Correspondence: Yuanda Song,
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Secretion of the siderophore rhizoferrin is regulated by the cAMP-PKA pathway and is involved in the virulence of Mucor lusitanicus. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10649. [PMID: 35739200 PMCID: PMC9226013 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14515-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucormycosis is a fungal infection caused by Mucorales, with a high mortality rate. However, only a few virulence factors have been described in these organisms. This study showed that deletion of rfs, which encodes the enzyme for the biosynthesis of rhizoferrin, a siderophore, in Mucor lusitanicus, led to a lower virulence in diabetic mice and nematodes. Upregulation of rfs correlated with the increased toxicity of the cell-free supernatants of the culture broth (SS) obtained under growing conditions that favor oxidative metabolism, such as low glucose levels or the presence of H2O2 in the culture, suggesting that oxidative metabolism enhances virulence through rhizoferrin production. Meanwhile, growing M. lusitanicus in the presence of potassium cyanide, N-acetylcysteine, a higher concentration of glucose, or exogenous cAMP, or the deletion of the gene encoding the regulatory subunit of PKA (pkaR1), correlated with a decrease in the toxicity of SS, downregulation of rfs, and reduction in rhizoferrin production. These observations indicate the involvement of the cAMP-PKA pathway in the regulation of rhizoferrin production and virulence in M. lusitanicus. Moreover, rfs upregulation was observed upon macrophage interaction or during infection with spores in mice, suggesting a pivotal role of rfs in M. lusitanicus infection.
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Chen N, Chen M, Wu T, Bian Y, Xu Z. The development of an efficient RNAi system based on Agrobacterium-mediated transformation approach for studying functional genomics in medical fungus Wolfiporia cocos. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:140. [PMID: 32803511 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02916-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Genetic transformation methods reported for Wolfiporia cocos are limited. In this study, we describe an efficient RNA interference (RNAi) system based on Agrobacterium-mediated transformation approach in W. cocos for the first time. Actively growing mycelial plugs were used as recipients for transformation using endogenous orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase gene (URA3) as both a selective marker and a silencing gene, under the control of the dual promoters of Legpd and Leactin from Lentinula edodes and the single promoter of Wcgpd from W. cocos, respectively. The results showed that both the two kinds of promoters effectively drive the expression of URA3 gene, and the URA3-silenced transformants could be selected on CYM medium containing 5'-fluoroorotic acid. In addition, silencing URA3 gene has no effect on the growth of W. cocos hyphae. The incomplete silencing of the URA3 locus was also observed in this study. This study will promote further study on the mechanism of substrate degradation, sclerotial formation, and biosynthesis network of pharmacological compounds in W. cocos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiyao Chen
- Institute of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Mengting Chen
- Institute of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Institute of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yinbing Bian
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Microbial Resource Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhangyi Xu
- Institute of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. .,Key Laboratory of Agro-Microbial Resource Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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5
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Patiño-Medina JA, Reyes-Mares NY, Valle-Maldonado MI, Jácome-Galarza IE, Pérez-Arques C, Nuñez-Anita RE, Campos-García J, Anaya-Martínez V, Ortiz-Alvarado R, Ramírez-Díaz MI, Chan Lee S, Garre V, Meza-Carmen V. Heterotrimeric G-alpha subunits Gpa11 and Gpa12 define a transduction pathway that control spore size and virulence in Mucor circinelloides. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226682. [PMID: 31887194 PMCID: PMC6936849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucor circinelloides is one of the causal agents of mucormycosis, an emerging and high mortality rate fungal infection produced by asexual spores (sporangiospores) of fungi that belong to the order Mucorales. M. circinelloides has served as a model genetic system to understand the virulence mechanism of this infection. Although the G-protein signaling cascade plays crucial roles in virulence in many pathogenic fungi, its roles in Mucorales are yet to be elucidated. Previous study found that sporangiospore size and calcineurin are related to the virulence in Mucor, in which larger spores are more virulent in an animal mucormycosis model and loss of a calcineurin A catalytic subunit CnaA results in larger spore production and virulent phenotype. The M. circinelloides genome is known to harbor twelve gpa (gpa1 to gpa12) encoding G-protein alpha subunits and the transcripts of the gpa11 and gpa12 comprise nearly 72% of all twelve gpa genes transcript in spores. In this study we demonstrated that loss of function of Gpa11 and Gpa12 led to larger spore size associated with reduced activation of the calcineurin pathway. Interestingly, we found lower levels of the cnaA mRNAs in sporangiospores from the Δgpa12 and double Δgpa11/Δgpa12 mutant strains compared to wild-type and the ΔcnaA mutant had significantly lower gpa11 and gpa12 mRNA levels compared to wild-type. However, in contrast to the high virulence showed by the large spores of ΔcnaA, the spores from Δgpa11/Δgpa12 were avirulent and produced lower tissue invasion and cellular damage, suggesting that the gpa11 and gpa12 define a signal pathway with two branches. One of the branches controls spore size through regulation of calcineurin pathway, whereas virulences is controlled by an independent pathway. This virulence-related regulatory pathway could control the expression of genes involved in cellular responses important for virulence, since sporangiospores of Δgpa11/Δgpa12 were less resistant to oxidative stress and phagocytosis by macrophages than the ΔcnaA and wild-type strains. The characterization of this pathway could contribute to decipher the signals and mechanism used by Mucorales to produce mucormycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Alberto Patiño-Medina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Nancy Y. Reyes-Mares
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Marco I. Valle-Maldonado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Irvin E. Jácome-Galarza
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Laboratorio Estatal de Salud Pública del Estado de Michoacán, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Carlos Pérez-Arques
- Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, España
| | - Rosa E. Nuñez-Anita
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Jesús Campos-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Verónica Anaya-Martínez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac, Naucalpan de Juarez, Estado de México, México
| | - Rafael Ortiz-Alvarado
- Facultad de Químico Farmacobiología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacan, México
| | - Martha I. Ramírez-Díaz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Soo Chan Lee
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center of Emerging Infectious Diseases (STCEID), University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Victoriano Garre
- Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, España
| | - Víctor Meza-Carmen
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Morelia, Michoacán, México
- * E-mail:
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Shang J, Yang R, Tang L, Li Y, Li Y, Mao W, Gong M, Wang Y, Honda Y, Bao D. Differential expression of two gpd genes in the cultivated mushroom Pleurotus eryngii using RNA sequencing analysis. MYCOSCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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7
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Alcohol dehydrogenase 1 participates in the Crabtree effect and connects fermentative and oxidative metabolism in the Zygomycete Mucor circinelloides. J Microbiol 2019; 57:606-617. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-019-8680-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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8
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Gene expression engineering in fungi. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 59:141-149. [PMID: 31154079 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are a highly diverse group of microbial species that possess a plethora of biotechnologically useful metabolic and physiological properties. Important enablers for fungal biology studies and their biotechnological use are well-performing gene expression tools. Different types of gene expression tools exist; however, typically they are at best only functional in one or a few closely related species. This has hampered research and development of industrially relevant production systems. Here, we review operational principles and concepts of fungal gene expression tools. We present an overview on tools that utilize endogenous fungal promoters and modified hybrid expression systems composed of engineered promoters and transcription factors. Finally, we review synthetic expression tools that are functional across a broad range of fungal species.
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9
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Expression Vectors and Gene Fusions for the Directed Modification of the Carotenoid Biosynthesis Pathway in Mucor circinelloides. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1852:239-256. [PMID: 30109635 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8742-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Several fungal species, particularly some included in the Mucoromycotina, have been used to develop fermentation processes for the production of β-carotene. Oxygenated derivatives of β-carotene (xanthophylls) are desirable value-added products, and the preference by the market of carotenoids from biological sources has increased the research in different carotenoid-producing organisms. We currently use Mucor circinelloides f. lusitanicus as a model organism to develop strains with an increased content of new and more valuable carotenoids. The main carotenoid accumulated by M. circinelloides is β-carotene, although it has some hydroxylase activity and produces low amounts of zeaxanthin. On the other hand, in astaxanthin-producing organisms two enzymatic activities are required for the production of astaxanthin from β-carotene: a hydroxylase and a ketolase. In this chapter, we delineate part of our efforts to construct genetically modified strains that could advance in the improvement of carotenoid accumulation by this fungus and the diversification of its carotenoid content. Accordingly, we describe detailed and empirically tested protocols for the construction of functional expression vectors and gene fusions.
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Nicolás FE, Navarro-Mendoza MI, Pérez-Arques C, López-García S, Navarro E, Torres-Martínez S, Garre V. Molecular Tools for Carotenogenesis Analysis in the Mucoral Mucor circinelloides. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1852:221-237. [PMID: 30109634 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8742-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The carotene producer Mucor circinelloides is the fungus within the Mucoromycota phylum with the widest repertoire of molecular tools to manipulate its genome. The initial development of an effective procedure for genetic transformation and later improvements have resulted in an expansion of available tools, which include gene replacement, inactivation of gene expression by RNA silencing, gene overexpression, and functional genomics. Moreover, sequencing of its genome has given a definitive boost to these techniques making attainable the study of genes involved in many physiological or developmental processes, including carotenoid biosynthesis. Here, we describe in detail the latest molecular techniques currently used in M. circinelloides that have made it a valuable model for studying gene function within its phylum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco E Nicolás
- Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Pérez-Arques
- Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sergio López-García
- Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Eusebio Navarro
- Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Santiago Torres-Martínez
- Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Victoriano Garre
- Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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11
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Patiño-Medina JA, Maldonado-Herrera G, Pérez-Arques C, Alejandre-Castañeda V, Reyes-Mares NY, Valle-Maldonado MI, Campos-García J, Ortiz-Alvarado R, Jácome-Galarza IE, Ramírez-Díaz MI, Garre V, Meza-Carmen V. Control of morphology and virulence by ADP-ribosylation factors (Arf) in Mucor circinelloides. Curr Genet 2017; 64:853-869. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-017-0798-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Papp T, Nyilasi I, Csernetics Á, Nagy G, Takó M, Vágvölgyi C. Improvement of Industrially Relevant Biological Activities in Mucoromycotina Fungi. Fungal Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27951-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Marcos CM, de Oliveira HC, da Silva JDF, Assato PA, Fusco-Almeida AM, Mendes-Giannini MJS. The multifaceted roles of metabolic enzymes in the Paracoccidioides species complex. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:719. [PMID: 25566229 PMCID: PMC4271699 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioides species are dimorphic fungi and are the etiologic agents of paracoccidioidomycosis, which is a serious disease that involves multiple organs. The many tissues colonized by this fungus suggest a variety of surface molecules involved in adhesion. A surprising finding is that most enzymes in the glycolytic pathway, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and glyoxylate cycle in Paracoccidioides spp. have adhesive properties that aid in interacting with the host extracellular matrix and thus act as ‘moonlighting’ proteins. Moonlighting proteins have multiple functions, which adds a dimension to cellular complexity and benefit cells in several ways. This phenomenon occurs in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. For example, moonlighting proteins from the glycolytic pathway or TCA cycle can play a role in bacterial pathogenesis by either acting as proteins secreted in a conventional pathway and/or as cell surface components that facilitate adhesion or adherence. This review outlines the multifunctionality exhibited by many Paracoccidioides spp. enzymes, including aconitase, aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, isocitrate lyase, malate synthase, triose phosphate isomerase, fumarase, and enolase. We discuss the roles that moonlighting activities play in the virulence characteristics of this fungus and several other human pathogens during their interactions with the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Marcos
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Haroldo C de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Julhiany de F da Silva
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Patrícia A Assato
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Ana M Fusco-Almeida
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Maria J S Mendes-Giannini
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Brazil
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14
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Zhang JJ, Shi L, Chen H, Sun YQ, Zhao MW, Ren A, Chen MJ, Wang H, Feng ZY. An efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method for the edible mushroom Hypsizygus marmoreus. Microbiol Res 2014; 169:741-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Teixeira JA, Nogueira GB, de Queiroz MV, de Araújo EF. Genome organization and assessment of high copy number and increased expression of pectinolytic genes from Penicillium griseoroseum: a potential heterologous system for protein production. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 41:1571-80. [PMID: 25099254 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1486-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The fungus Penicillium griseoroseum has the potential for application on an industrial scale as a host for the production of homologous and heterologous proteins, mainly because it does not produce some mycotoxins or secrete proteases under the growth conditions for pectinase production. However, for the fungus to be used effectively as an expression heterologous system, an understanding of the organization of its genome, as well as the mechanisms of gene expression and protein production, is required. In the present study, the size of the P. griseoroseum genome was estimated to be 29.8-31.5 Mb, distributed among four chromosomes. An analysis of plg1 and pgg2 pectinolytic genes expression and copy number in recombinant multi-copy strains of P. griseoroseum demonstrated that an increase in the number of gene copies could increase enzyme production, but the transcription could be affected by the gene integration position. Placing a copy of the plg1 gene under the control of the gpd promoter of Aspergillus nidulans yielded a 200-fold increase in transcription levels compared to the endogenous gene, and two copies of the pgg2 gene produced an 1100-fold increase compared with the endogenous gene. These results demonstrated that transcription, translation, and protein secretion in the fungus P. griseoroseum respond to an increased number of gene copies in the genome. The processing capacity and efficiency of protein secretion in P. griseoroseum are consistent with our premise that this fungus can be used for the industrial-scale production of several enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina Aparecida Teixeira
- Departamento de Microbiologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, CEP 36570-000, Brazil
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16
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Tasaki Y, Sato R, Toyama S, Kasahara K, Ona Y, Sugawara M. Cloning of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes from the basidiomycete mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus and analysis of their expression during fruit-body development. MYCOSCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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17
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Fan X, Zhou Y, Xiao Y, Bian Y. Cloning and characterization of two allelic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes in Auricularia auricula-judae. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 30:181-9. [PMID: 23877748 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1436-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two allelic variants of the gpd gene, Gpd(a) and Gpd(b), were isolated based on a putative glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase encoding sequence from the transcriptome of Auricularia auricula-judae strain Au916. The two alleles were found to have a 73 bp length discrepancy and 39 SNP variations. Both of the genomic DNA sequences of two alleles were interrupted by five introns, and encoded a same 340 aa protein. Intron positions analysis showed that the first intron was absent, but the last unique intron was gained in A. auricula-judae. Allele-specific expression analysis showed that the Gpd(a) and Gpd(b) were expressed with no significant difference in dikaryotic mycelia of A. auricula-judae. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about the detection of two allelic gpd genes in A. auricula-judae, as well as the application of allele-specific primers in gene expression analysis for this edible fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhi Fan
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Rd., Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
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18
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Navarro E, Peñaranda A, Hansberg W, Torres-Martínez S, Garre V. A white collar 1-like protein mediates opposite regulatory functions in Mucor circinelloides. Fungal Genet Biol 2013; 52:42-52. [PMID: 23357353 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein ubiquitylation plays a major role in the regulation of many cellular processes by altering the stability, localization or function of target proteins. CrgA is a protein of Mucor circinelloides that shows the characteristics of ubiquitin ligases and is involved in the regulation of carotenogenesis and asexual sporulation in this fungus. CrgA, which belongs to a poorly characterized group of proteins present in almost all eukaryotes, represses carotenogenesis through the proteolysis-independent mono- and di-ubiquitylation of Mcwc-1b, a White Collar-1-like protein which, when it is non-ubiquitylated, activates carotenogenesis. Using a proteomic approach, this work shows that the regulation of M. circinelloides vegetative development by CrgA is also mediated by Mcwc-1b, although, in this case, the non-ubiquitylated Mcwc-1b form acts as a repressor. High levels of a protein that contains a classical Rossmann-fold NAD(P)H/NAD(P)(+) binding domain for NAD(P)H binding and is similar to NmrA NADP(H) sensor-like proteins occur when Mcwc-1b is inactivated by ubiquitylation. A role for this protein in the regulation of sporulation is suggested because its over-expression suppresses the sporulation defect in a crgAΔ mutant. NmrA-like proteins are repressors that interact with GATA transcription factors and have been shown to be related to cell differentiation in Magnaporthe oryzae and Dictyostelium discoideum. This proteomic approach also revealed that CrgA regulates the carbon and energy metabolism and that Mcwc-1b is the main, but not the only, target of CrgA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eusebio Navarro
- Departamento de Genética y Microbiología (Unidad asociada al IQFR-CSIC), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain
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19
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Characterization of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene RtGPD1 and development of genetic transformation method by dominant selection in oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:719-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4223-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Asexual reproductive organ-specific expression of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 gene of Pilobolus crystallinus. MYCOSCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10267-011-0143-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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21
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Abstract
The carotene producer fungus Mucor circinelloides is the zygomycete more amenable to genetic manipulations by using molecular tools. Since the initial development of an effective procedure of genetic transformation, more than two decades ago, the availability of new molecular approaches such as gene replacement techniques and gene expression inactivation by RNA silencing, in addition to the sequencing of its genome, has made Mucor a valuable organism for the study of a number of processes. Here we describe in detail the main techniques and methods currently used to manipulate M. circinelloides, including transformation, gene replacement, gene silencing, RNAi, and immunoprecipitation.
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22
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Calo S, Nicolás FE, Vila A, Torres-Martínez S, Ruiz-Vázquez RM. Two distinct RNA-dependent RNA polymerases are required for initiation and amplification of RNA silencing in the basal fungus Mucor circinelloides. Mol Microbiol 2011; 83:379-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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23
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Csernetics Á, Nagy G, Iturriaga EA, Szekeres A, Eslava AP, Vágvölgyi C, Papp T. Expression of three isoprenoid biosynthesis genes and their effects on the carotenoid production of the zygomycete Mucor circinelloides. Fungal Genet Biol 2011; 48:696-703. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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Kubo H. Cloning and expression analysis of putative glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate dehydrogenase genes in Pilobolus crystallinus. MYCOSCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10267-010-0073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Bredenkamp A, Velankar H, van Zyl WH, Görgens JF. Effect of dimorphic regulation on heterologous glucose oxidase production by Mucor circinelloides. Yeast 2010; 27:849-60. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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26
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Takó M, Tóth A, G. Nagy L, Krisch J, Vágvölgyi C, Papp T. A new β-glucosidase gene from the zygomycete fungus Rhizomucor miehei. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2009; 97:1-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-009-9382-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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A single dicer gene is required for efficient gene silencing associated with two classes of small antisense RNAs in Mucor circinelloides. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2009; 8:1486-97. [PMID: 19666782 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00191-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
RNA silencing in the zygomycete Mucor circinelloides exhibits uncommon features, such as induction by self-replicative sense transgenes and the accumulation of two size classes of antisense small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). To investigate whether this silencing phenomenon follows the rules of a canonical RNA-silencing mechanism, we used hairpin RNA (hpRNA)-producing constructs as silencing triggers and analyzed the efficiency and stability of silencing in different genetic backgrounds. We show here that the dsRNA-induced silencing mechanism is also associated with the accumulation of two sizes of antisense siRNAs and that this mechanism is not mediated by the previously known dcl-1 (dicer-like) gene, which implies the existence of an additional dicer gene. An M. circinelloides dcl-2 gene was cloned and characterized, and the corresponding null mutant was generated by gene replacement. This mutant is severely impaired in the silencing mechanism induced by self-replicative sense or inverted-repeat transgenes, providing the first genetic evidence of a canonical silencing mechanism in this class of fungus and pointing to a role for dcl-2 in the mechanism. Moreover, a functional dcl-2 gene is required for the normal accumulation of the two sizes of antisense RNAs, as deduced from the analysis of dcl-2(-) transformants containing hpRNA-expressing plasmids. In addition to its critical role in transgene-induced silencing, the dcl-2 gene seems to play a role in the control of vegetative development, since the dcl-2 null mutants showed a significant decrease in their production of asexual spores.
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28
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Lima JO, Pereira JF, Rincones J, Barau JG, Araújo EF, Pereira GAG, Queiroz MV. The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene of Moniliophthoraperniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom disease of Theobroma cacao. Genet Mol Biol 2009; 32:362-6. [PMID: 21637692 PMCID: PMC3036943 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572009000200024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes the cloning, sequence and expression analysis of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene of Moniliophthora perniciosa, the most important pathogen of cocoa in Brazil. Southern blot analysis revealed the presence of a single copy of the GAPDH gene in the M. perniciosa genome (MpGAPDH). The complete MpGAPDH coding sequence contained 1,461 bp with eight introns that were conserved in the GAPDH genes of other basidiomycete species. The cis-elements in the promoter region of the MpGAPDH gene were similar to those of other basidiomycetes. Likewise, the MpGAPDH gene encoded a putative 339 amino acid protein that shared significant sequence similarity with other GAPDH proteins in fungi, plants, and metazoans. Phylogenetic analyses clustered the MPGAPDH protein with other homobasidiomycete fungi of the family Tricholomataceae. Expression analysis of the MpGAPDH gene by real-time PCR showed that this gene was more expressed (~1.3X) in the saprotrophic stage of this hemibiotrophic plant pathogen than in the biotrophic stage when grown in cacao extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana O Lima
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG Brazil
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29
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Filamentous fungi for production of food additives and processing aids. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2008. [PMID: 18253709 DOI: 10.1007/10_2007_094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are metabolically versatile organisms with a very wide distribution in nature. They exist in association with other species, e.g. as lichens or mycorrhiza, as pathogens of animals and plants or as free-living species. Many are regarded as nature's primary degraders because they secrete a wide variety of hydrolytic enzymes that degrade waste organic materials. Many species produce secondary metabolites such as polyketides or peptides and an increasing range of fungal species is exploited commercially as sources of enzymes and metabolites for food or pharmaceutical applications. The recent availability of fungal genome sequences has provided a major opportunity to explore and further exploit fungi as sources of enzymes and metabolites. In this review chapter we focus on the use of fungi in the production of food additives but take a largely pre-genomic, albeit a mainly molecular, view of the topic.
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30
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Van Bogaert INA, De Maeseneire SL, Develter D, Soetaert W, Vandamme EJ. Cloning and characterisation of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene of Candida bombicola and use of its promoter. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 35:1085-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-008-0386-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Papp T, Nyilasi I, Csernetics Á, Galgóczy L, Vágvölgyi C. Molecular studies on zygomycetes fungi causing opportunistic infections. REVIEWS IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2008; 19:39-46. [DOI: 10.1097/mrm.0b013e32831a40f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
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32
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Nyilasi I, Papp T, Csernetics Á, Vágvölgyi C. Agrobacterium tumefaciens -mediated transformation of the zygomycete fungusBackusella lamprospora. J Basic Microbiol 2008; 48:59-64. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.200700221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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33
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Neveu B, Belzile F, Bélanger RR. Cloning of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene from Pseudozyma flocculosa and functionality of its promoter in two Pseudozyma species. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2007; 92:245-55. [PMID: 17387629 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-007-9160-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Pseudozyma flocculosa is a yeast-like epiphyte recently classified as a basidiomycete related to the Ustilaginales. In this study, we report the cloning of its gene coding for a putative glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD). This gene was selected on the premise that its transcripts are abundant during the growth phase of P. flocculosa. The complete sequence of this gene was found to contain two introns in the coding region and one in the 3'-untranslated region. This gene was present in a single copy in the genome of P. flocculosa. By comparing its deduced amino acid sequence with various sequences from basidiomycetous and ascomycetous fungi, we observed a stronger homology with the former group as predicted by the new classification of P. flocculosa. The promoter region lacked a typical TATA or CAAT box but contained a CT-rich region including the transcription start site. Although the GPD promoter showed a stronger affinity within P. flocculosa, it remained active across species as shown by expressing the green fluorescent protein in Pseudozyma antarctica. The cloning of this gene and its promoter brings new and versatile options to the limited genetic tools currently available for the study of the recently defined Pseudozyma genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Neveu
- Département de Phytologie, Centre de Recherche en Horticulture, Université Laval, Pavillon Envirotron, Quebec, QC, Canada, G1K 7P4
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34
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Mertens JA, Skory CD, Ibrahim AS. Plasmids for expression of heterologous proteins in Rhizopus oryzae. Arch Microbiol 2006; 186:41-50. [PMID: 16804680 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-006-0121-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Revised: 04/14/2006] [Accepted: 05/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Rhizopus oryzae has long been used for enzyme production (e.g., glucoamylase and lipase), organic acid synthesis, and various fermented food applications. In this work, we describe a set of plasmid-based expression vectors that can be used for the production of heterologous proteins in R. oryzae. Three plasmid vectors have been created using either the glucoamylase A (amyA), pyruvate decarboxylase (pdcA), or phosphoglycerate kinase (pgk1) promoters to drive expression of heterologous proteins. All three plasmids use the pdcA terminator for transcription termination, the pyrG gene for restoration of uracil prototrophy, and an ampicillin resistance gene and origin of replication for maintenance in Escherichia coli. We have expressed green fluorescent protein (GFP) and compared transcription and protein accumulation for each of the expression vectors. Accumulation of GFP transcript and protein was directly correlated with the choice of promoter with pdcA > amyA > pgk1. Transcript level appears to parallel GFP protein accumulation. Plasmid copy number had little impact on transcription or protein accumulation. These vectors should be useful for overexpression of heterologous proteins and potentially, metabolic engineering of Rhizopus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Mertens
- Fermentation Biotechnology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
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35
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Ortiz-Alvarado R, Gonzalez-Hernandez GA, Torres-Guzman JC, Gutierrez-Corona JF. Transformation of Mucor circinelloides with Autoreplicative Vectors Containing Homologous and Heterologous ARS Elements and the Dominant Cbxr Carboxine-Resistance Gene. Curr Microbiol 2006; 52:178-81. [PMID: 16502289 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-005-0088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2005] [Accepted: 10/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mucor circinelloides transformants prototrophic to leucine and resistant to carboxine (Leu(+) Cbx(r)) have been obtained by treatment of protoplasts with plasmid constructs containing homologous leuA gene and adjacent autonomously replicating sequences (ARS) element combined with the Cbx(r)(carboxine-resistance) gene of Ustilago maydis and ARS sequences from this basidiomycete (plasmid pGG37) or from the 2 mu plasmid of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (plasmid pGG43). The presence in the same plasmid molecule of the M. circinelloides leuA gene and adjacent ARS element together with heterologous ARS elements produced an increase in the transformation frequency of about 65-120%. The presence of autoreplicating plasmid molecules in the transformants was demonstrated by mitotic stability experiments, by Southern analysis, and by the rescue of plasmids from transformed bacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ortiz-Alvarado
- Instituto de Investigación en Biología Experimental, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, Apartado Postal 187, Guanajuato, Gto., 36000, México.
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36
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Rangel-Porras RA, Meza-Carmen V, Martinez-Cadena G, Torres-Guzmán JC, González-Hernández GA, Arnau J, Gutiérrez-Corona JF. Molecular analysis of an NAD-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase from the zygomycete Mucor circinelloides. Mol Genet Genomics 2005; 274:354-63. [PMID: 16179992 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-005-0025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2004] [Accepted: 06/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
NAD-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity was detected mainly in the cytosol of aerobically cultured mycelium and in anaerobically grown yeast cells of Mucor circinelloides. ADH levels were about 2.5-fold higher in yeast cells than in mycelium; zymogram analysis suggested that the same ADH enzyme is produced in both developmental stages. The enzyme, named ADH1, was purified to homogeneity from yeast cells, using ion-exchange and affinity chromatography. The active ADH1 appears to be a homomeric tetramer of 37,500-kDa subunits. Km values obtained for acetaldehyde, ethanol, NADH and NAD+ indicated that in vivo the enzyme mainly serves to reduce acetaldehyde to ethanol. Amino acid sequences of internal peptides obtained from the purified ADH1 were used to design oligonucleotides that allowed the cloning of the corresponding cDNA by RT-PCR, and the characterization of the genomic DNA sequence. The adh1 ORF is interrupted by two small introns located towards the 5'-end. M. circinelloides adh1 encodes a protein of 348 amino acids, which display moderate to high overall identity to several hypothetical ADH enzymes from the related zygomycete Rhizopus oryzae. adh1 mRNA is expressed at similar levels in aerobic mycelium and anaerobic yeast cells. During exponential growth under aerobic conditions, the level of adh1 transcript was correlated with the glucose concentration in the growth medium.
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MESH Headings
- Acetaldehyde/chemistry
- Alcohol Dehydrogenase/chemistry
- Alcohol Dehydrogenase/genetics
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Cell-Free System
- Chromatography, Affinity
- Chromatography, Ion Exchange
- Cloning, Molecular
- Culture Media/metabolism
- Cytosol/metabolism
- DNA/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Ethanol/chemistry
- Fermentation
- Fungal Proteins/chemistry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal
- Gene Library
- Genes, Fungal
- Introns
- Kinetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Weight
- Mucor/enzymology
- Mucor/genetics
- NAD/chemistry
- NAD/metabolism
- Open Reading Frames
- Peptides/chemistry
- Phylogeny
- Protein Isoforms
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Rhizopus/metabolism
- Substrate Specificity
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Rangel-Porras
- Instituto de Investigación en Biología Experimental Facultad de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n Apartado Postal 187, 36000, Guanajuato, México
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37
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Nyilasi I, Acs K, Papp T, Nagy E, Vágvölgyi C. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation ofMucor circinelloides. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2005; 50:415-20. [PMID: 16475501 DOI: 10.1007/bf02931423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of the zygomycetous fungus Mucor circinelloides is described. A method was also developed for the hygromycin B-based selection of Mucor transformants. Transformation with the hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene of Escherichia coli controlled by the heterologous Aspergillus nidulans trpC promoter resulted in hygromycin B-resistant clones. The presence of the hygromycin resistance gene in the genome of the transformants was verified by polymerase chain reaction and Southern hybridization: the latter analyses revealed integrations in the host genome at different sites in different transformants. The stability of transformants remained questionable during the latter analyses.
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MESH Headings
- Agrobacterium tumefaciens/genetics
- Antifungal Agents/pharmacology
- Aspergillus nidulans/genetics
- Blotting, Southern
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Fungal/analysis
- DNA, Fungal/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Fungal/genetics
- Escherichia coli/enzymology
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics
- Gene Expression
- Genes, Fungal
- Genome, Fungal/genetics
- Hygromycin B/pharmacology
- Mucor/genetics
- Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/genetics
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Selection, Genetic
- Transformation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nyilasi
- HAS-USZ Microbiological Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Szeged, 6701 Szeged, Hungary
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38
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Papp T, Velayos A, Bartók T, Eslava AP, Vágvölgyi C, Iturriaga EA. Heterologous expression of astaxanthin biosynthesis genes in Mucor circinelloides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 69:526-31. [PMID: 16034557 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2005] [Revised: 05/05/2005] [Accepted: 05/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Most Mucor species accumulate beta-carotene as the main carotenoid. The crtW and crtZ astaxanthin biosynthesis genes from Agrobacterium aurantiacum were placed under the control of Mucor circinelloides expression signals. Expression vectors containing the bacterial genes were constructed, and PEG-mediated transformations were performed on a selected M. circinelloides strain. Transformants that exhibited altered carotene production were isolated and analyzed. Southern analysis showed that all plasmids behave as autoreplicative elements. Northern analysis detected the actual heterologous transcription products, whereas thin layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography studies revealed the presence of new carotenoid compounds and intermediates among the transformants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Papp
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Szeged, P.O. Box 533, 6701, Szeged, Hungary.
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Appel KF, Wolff AM, Arnau J. A multicopy vector system for genetic studies in Mucor circinelloides and other zygomycetes. Mol Genet Genomics 2004; 271:595-602. [PMID: 15088140 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-004-1008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2003] [Accepted: 03/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Transformation of Mucor circinelloides is routinely achieved by using a plasmid containing the wild-type leuA gene to complement the leucine requirement of an auxotrophic host strain. As is the case for other zygomycetes, the transforming DNA is usually not integrated into the genome of M. circinelloides, but is maintained as an autonomously replicating plasmid. However, even under selective conditions, the plasmid is segregationally unstable, resulting in a rather low number of cells carrying the plasmid. We report here on a new transformation vector based on a dominant selection marker conferring resistance to geneticin, which allows for plasmid maintenance in high copy numbers. The vector was also used to transform Mucor rouxii and Rhizomucor pusillus, and should therefore be a valuable tool for gene expression studies in zygomycetes. The functionality and regulatory properties of the promoter of the M. circinelloides gpd1 gene (which codes for glyceraldehyde-3P-dehydrogenase) were demonstrated in R. pusillus using geneticin selection. In this work, we have also determined the molecular basis of the Leu(-) phenotype of the M. circinelloides host strain R7B. The leucine requirement is due to a single point mutation in the leuA gene that results in the replacement of a glutamic acid by a lysine residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Appel
- Department of Fungal Biotechnology, Biotechnological Institute, Kogle Allé 2, DK-2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
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Lübbehüsen T, Polo VG, Rossi S, Nielsen J, Moreno S, McIntyre M, Arnau J. Protein kinase A is involved in the control of morphology and branching during aerobic growth of Mucor circinelloides. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2004; 150:143-150. [PMID: 14702407 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.26708-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The cAMP signal transduction pathway controls many processes in fungi. The Mucor circinelloides pkaR and pkaC genes, encoding the regulatory (PKAR) and catalytic (PKAC) subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), have been cloned recently. Expression analysis during the dimorphic shift and colony morphology suggested a role for PKAR in the control of morphology and branching. Here strain KFA121, which overexpresses the M. circinelloides pkaR gene, was used to quantify growth and branching under different aerobic growth conditions in a flow-through cell by computerized image analysis. An inverse relationship between the pkaR expression level in KFA121 and the hyphal growth unit length was observed in KFA121, suggesting a central role for PKAR in branching. A biochemical analysis of PKAR using antibodies and enzyme assay demonstrated that the level of PKAR is higher in KFA121 under inducing conditions, i.e. in the presence of high glucose, than in the vector control strain KFA89. Measurement of cAMP binding demonstrated a significant increase (two- to threefold) in PKAR level for KFA121 at the time of germ-tube emission in medium containing 10 g glucose l(-1). The level of PKA activity was determined using kemptide in the same crude cell extracts used to determine cAMP binding. Strain KFA121 showed a twofold increase in PKA activity. An excess of free PKAR subunit over PKA holoenzyme was determined using sucrose gradient centrifugation of extracts from KFA89 and KFA121. The data indicate that cAMP-dependent PKA in M. circinelloides might be down-regulated during hyphal-tube emergence and that an increase in PKAR levels results in increased branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Lübbehüsen
- Center for Process Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 223, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Virginia González Polo
- Departamento de Quimica Biologica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria - Pabellon 2 - Piso 4, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia Rossi
- Departamento de Quimica Biologica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria - Pabellon 2 - Piso 4, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Center for Process Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 223, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Silvia Moreno
- Departamento de Quimica Biologica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria - Pabellon 2 - Piso 4, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mhairi McIntyre
- Center for Process Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 223, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - José Arnau
- Department of Fungal Biotechnology, Biotechnological Institute, Kogle Allé 2, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
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Lübbehüsen TL, Nielsen J, McIntyre M. Characterization of the Mucor circinelloides life cycle by on-line image analysis. J Appl Microbiol 2003; 95:1152-60. [PMID: 14633045 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02098.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The life cycle of the dimorphic fungus Mucor circinelloides was studied in a temperature-controlled flow-through cell, which constitutes an ideal tool when following the development of individual cells, with a view to understanding the growth and differentiation processes occurring in and between the different morphological forms of the organism. METHODS AND RESULTS Mycelial growth and the transformation of hyphae into chains of arthrospores were characterized by image analysis techniques and described quantitatively. The influence of the nature (glucose and xylose) and concentration of the carbon source on specific growth rate and hyphal growth unit length were studied. The organism branched more profusely on xylose than on glucose while the specific growth rates determined were rather similar. Methods were developed to study the yeast-like growth phase of M. circinelloides in the flow-through cell, and combined with fluorescent microscopy which allowed new insights to bud formation. Additionally, numbers and distribution of nuclei in arthrospores, hyphae and yeasts were studied. CONCLUSIONS The results give essential information on the morphological development of the organism. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY Development of any industrial process utilizing this organism will be dependent on the information obtained here for effective process optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Lübbehüsen
- Center for Process Biotechnology, BioCentrum-DTU, Building 223, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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Wolff AM, Appel KF, Petersen JB, Poulsen U, Arnau J. Identification and analysis of genes involved in the control of dimorphism in Mucor circinelloides (syn. racemosus). FEMS Yeast Res 2002; 2:203-13. [PMID: 12702308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2002.tb00085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucor circinelloides (syn. racemosus) is a non-pathogenic dimorphic fungus belonging to the class of zygomycetes. We are developing a novel system for heterologous protein production exploiting the dimorphic growth characteristics of M. circinelloides. In order to identify potential genetic regulators of morphology we have initiated a characterisation of key genes involved in signal transduction in Mucor. We have cloned and characterised pkaR and pkaC encoding the regulatory subunit (PKAR) and the catalytic subunit (PKAC), respectively, of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) of M. circinelloides. In anaerobically grown yeast cells, the levels of expression of both pkaR and pkaC were significantly higher than the levels of expression in aerobically grown mycelium. However, during the dimorphic shift, i.e. during the transition from anaerobic yeast growth to aerobic filamentous growth, the expression of pkaR was found to increase approximately two-fold. These results indicate that regulation of PKA activity is conferred at different levels according to growth and environmental conditions. Overexpression of pkaR resulted in a multi-branched colony phenotype on solid medium indicating that PKAR plays a role in filamentation and branching. Fragments of genes encoding factors of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (MAPK) pathway have also been cloned: mpk1 (mitogen-activated protein kinase 1) encoding a MAPK homologue and ste12 encoding a transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mette Wolff
- Department of Fungal Biotechnology, Biotechnological Institute, Kogle Allé 2, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
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