1
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Qi J, Ni W. Attenuation of MAMLD1 Expression Suppresses the Growth and Migratory Properties of Gonadotroph Pituitary Adenomas. Pathol Oncol Res 2019; 26:937-946. [PMID: 30911995 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-019-00615-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotroph pituitary adenomas (GPAs) constitute approximately 15-40% of pituitary tumors. Some GPAs can be highly infiltrative, making full surgical resection challenging and increasing the risk of recurrence. The transcriptional co-activator Mastermind-Like Domain Containing 1 (MAMLD1, CXorf6, F18) is involved in regulating signaling pathways important in pituitary tumorigenesis, including the Notch signaling pathway. However, MAMLD1's role in GPA remains unknown. GPA biopsies were collected from 96 patients following surgery, who were monitored until tumor recurrence. GPA tissue was used for immunohistochemistry. The murine GPA cell lines αT3 and LβT2 were used for in vitro experiments. Lentiviral constructs were employed for MAMLD1 knockdown (KD) and dominant negative (DN) mutant experiments. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and Western blotting of MAMLD1 and Notch2 were performed. MTT and Transwell assays were used to quantify proliferation and migration, respectively. An αT3 xenograft model was established in athymic nude mice followed by fluorescent IHC of xenograft tumors. MAMLD1 and Notch2 levels correlated positively with aggressive GPAs. Increased MAMLD1 levels correlated with shortened recurrence-free survival (RFS) in aggressive GPA patients. Moreover, MAMLD1 expression independently affected patient RFS according to multivariate Cox regression. In vitro, MAMLD1 KD in the murine GPA cell lines attenuated their proliferation and migration and Notch2 expression. Additionally, DN MAMLD1L210X lowered their proliferative and migratory capacity. MAMLD1 KD suppressed tumor growth and Notch2 expression in murine xenografts. MAMLD1 may serve as a predictor of GPA patient outcome and may also be leveraged as a possible therapeutic target for aggressive GPA tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Ni
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 519, Kunzhou Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650118, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Ratan SK, Sharma A, Kapoor S, Polipalli SK, Dubey D, Mishra TK, Sinha SK, Agarwal SK. Polymorphism of 3' UTR of MAMLD1 gene is also associated with increased risk of isolated hypospadias in Indian children: a preliminary report. Pediatr Surg Int 2016; 32:515-24. [PMID: 26815876 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-016-3856-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study MAMLD1 gene polymorphisms, serum LH and testosterone levels amongst Indian children with isolated hypospadias (IH) and controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS Screening of the MAMLD1 gene was performed by PCR sequencing method in 100 Indian children aged 0-12 years presenting with IH and 100 controls. LH and testosterone hormone levels were also assessed (categorized in four age-wise groups). RESULTS IH subjects had significantly higher incidence of MAMLD1 polymorphism as compared to controls (33 vs 15 %, p = 0.01). Of various genomic variants identified in this study, the noteworthy novel ones were missense mutation P299A and single nucleotide polymorphism c.2960C>T in 3' UTR of Exon 7. While p 299A was found to cause protein structural instability consequent to amino acid change, eighty percent subjects with c.2960C>T in 3' UTR of Exon 7 (corresponding to newly discovered currently non-validated exon 11) were found to have lower testosterone levels when compared with their age group mean. IH showed statistically higher incidence of c.2960C>T in comparison to controls (22 vs 10 %, p value 0.046) and about 2.5-folds higher risk of this anomaly. CONCLUSION Occurrence of MAMDL1 gene polymorphisms, specially of c.2960C>T in 3' UTR of its exon 7 is associated with a higher risk of IH in Indian children, probably by lowering androgenic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simmi K Ratan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Maulana Azad Medical College and Associated LokNayak Hospital, G-8/6, Second Floor, Malviya Nagar, New Delhi, 110017, India.
| | - Anju Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College and Associated LokNayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Seema Kapoor
- Department of Pediatrics, Maulana Azad Medical College and Associated LokNayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunil K Polipalli
- Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College and Associated LokNayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Divya Dubey
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tarun K Mishra
- Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College and Associated LokNayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Shandip K Sinha
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Maulana Azad Medical College and Associated LokNayak Hospital, G-8/6, Second Floor, Malviya Nagar, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Satish K Agarwal
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Maulana Azad Medical College and Associated LokNayak Hospital, G-8/6, Second Floor, Malviya Nagar, New Delhi, 110017, India
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3
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Savarese M, Musumeci O, Giugliano T, Rubegni A, Fiorillo C, Fattori F, Torella A, Battini R, Rodolico C, Pugliese A, Piluso G, Maggi L, D'Amico A, Bruno C, Bertini E, Santorelli FM, Mora M, Toscano A, Minetti C, Nigro V. Novel findings associated with MTM1 suggest a higher number of female symptomatic carriers. Neuromuscul Disord 2016; 26:292-9. [PMID: 27017278 PMCID: PMC4862961 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
504 myopathic patients have been screened for MTM1 variants by NGS and CGH array approaches. Seven novel XLMTM patients and the fifth case of a large Xq28 deletion have been identified. The identification of two sporadic manifesting female carriers suggests that their number may be underestimated. Large NGS panels, including the MTM1 gene, are useful tools to identify sporadic female XLMTM patients. The identification of MTM1 variants, also as incidental findings, complicates genetic counseling.
Mutations in the MTM1 gene cause X-linked myotubular myopathy (XLMTM), characterized by neonatal hypotonia and respiratory failure, and are responsible for a premature mortality in affected males. Female carriers are usually asymptomatic but they may present with muscular weakness because of a hypothesized skewed pattern of X-chromosome inactivation. By combining next generation sequencing (NGS) and CGH array approaches, we have investigated the role of MTM1 variants in a large cohort of undiagnosed patients with a wide spectrum of myopathies. Seven novel XLMTM patients have been identified, including two girls with an unremarkable family history for myotubular myopathy. Moreover, we have detected and finely mapped a large deletion causing a myotubular myopathy with abnormal genital development. Our data confirm that the severe neonatal onset of the disease in male infants is sufficient to address the direct molecular testing toward the MTM1 gene and, above all, suggest that the number of undiagnosed symptomatic female carriers is probably underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Savarese
- Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Seconda Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Olimpia Musumeci
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Teresa Giugliano
- Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Seconda Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Annalaura Torella
- Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Seconda Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | | | - Carmelo Rodolico
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Giulio Piluso
- Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Seconda Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Maggi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Istituto Besta, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Bruno
- Center of Myology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | | | | | - Marina Mora
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Istituto Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Antonio Toscano
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Carlo Minetti
- Center of Myology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Nigro
- Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Seconda Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy.
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4
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Fernández N, Pérez J, Zarante I. Is hypospadias a spectrum of different diseases? MAMLD1 gen: A new candidate gene for hypospadias. Rev Urol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.uroco.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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5
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Fernández N, Pérez J, Zarante I. ¿Son las hipospadias la expresión de diferentes enfermedades? MAMLD1 : un nuevo gen candidato para hipospadias. UROLOGÍA COLOMBIANA 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.uroco.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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6
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Human MAMLD1 Gene Variations Seem Not Sufficient to Explain a 46,XY DSD Phenotype. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142831. [PMID: 26580071 PMCID: PMC4646284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
MAMLD1 is thought to cause disordered sex development in 46,XY patients. But its role is controversial because some MAMLD1 variants are also detected in normal individuals, several MAMLD1 mutations have wild-type activity in functional tests, and the male Mamld1-knockout mouse has normal genitalia and reproduction. Our aim was to search for MAMLD1 variations in 108 46,XY patients with disordered sex development, and to test them functionally. We detected MAMDL1 variations and compared SNP frequencies in controls and patients. We tested MAMLD1 transcriptional activity on promoters involved in sex development and assessed the effect of MAMLD1 on androgen production. MAMLD1 expression in normal steroid-producing tissues and mutant MAMLD1 protein expression were also assessed. Nine MAMLD1 mutations (7 novel) were characterized. In vitro, most MAMLD1 variants acted similarly to wild type. Only the L210X mutation showed loss of function in all tests. We detected no effect of wild-type or MAMLD1 variants on CYP17A1 enzyme activity in our cell experiments, and Western blots revealed no significant differences for MAMLD1 protein expression. MAMLD1 was expressed in human adult testes and adrenals. In conclusion, our data support the notion that MAMLD1 sequence variations may not suffice to explain the phenotype in carriers and that MAMLD1 may also have a role in adult life.
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7
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Igarashi M, Wada Y, Kojima Y, Miyado M, Nakamura M, Muroya K, Mizuno K, Hayashi Y, Nonomura K, Kohri K, Ogata T, Fukami M. Novel Splice Site Mutation in MAMLD1 in a Patient with Hypospadias. Sex Dev 2015; 9:130-5. [PMID: 25833151 DOI: 10.1159/000380842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MAMLD1 is a causative gene for disorders of sex development. Several MAMLD1 mutations have been shown to cause hypospadias by generating dysfunctional proteins and/or unstable mRNAs. Here, we identified an intronic mutation of MAMLD1 (g.IVS4-2A>G) in 1 of 180 hypospadias patients. RT-PCR of the patient's skin sample showed normal expression of full-length MAMLD1 and markedly reduced expression of a known splice variant lacking exon 4. A hitherto unreported splice variant that lacks exon 5 was similarly identified in samples of the patient and control individuals. The full-length transcript of the patient contained mutant mRNA lacking the first 10 nucleotides of exon 5 (c.1822_1831delACTCATGTAG, p.K609fsX1070). In vitro assays using cells expressing the full-length wild-type and mutant proteins revealed reduced expression of the mutant. The expression of the wild-type and mutant MAMLD1 showed parallel changes upon treatment with a proteasome inhibitor and a translation inhibitor. The mutant-expressing cells exerted low transactivation activity for the Hes3 promoter, which reflected limited expression of the mutant protein. These results imply that the pathogenic events resulting from MAMLD1 mutations include splice errors. Furthermore, this study raises the possibility of translation failure of MAMLD1 mutants, which deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Igarashi
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Ruiz-Arana IL, H�bner A, Cetingdag C, Krude H, Gr�ters A, Fukami M, Biebermann H, K�hler B. A Novel Hemizygous Mutation of MAMLD1 in a Patient with 46,XY Complete Gonadal Dysgenesis. Sex Dev 2015; 9:80-5. [DOI: 10.1159/000371603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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9
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Amburgey K, Lawlor MW, Del Gaudio D, Cheng YW, Fitzpatrick C, Minor A, Li X, Aughton D, Das S, Beggs AH, Dowling JJ. Large duplication in MTM1 associated with myotubular myopathy. Neuromuscul Disord 2012; 23:214-8. [PMID: 23273872 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Myotubular myopathy is a subtype of centronuclear myopathy with X-linked inheritance and distinctive clinical and pathologic features. Most boys with myotubular myopathy have MTM1 mutations. In remaining individuals, it is not clear if disease is due to an undetected alteration in MTM1 or mutation of another gene. We describe a boy with myotubular myopathy but without mutation in MTM1 by conventional sequencing. Array-CGH analysis of MTM1 uncovered a large MTM1 duplication. This finding suggests that at least some unresolved cases of myotubular myopathy are due to duplications in MTM1, and that array-CGH should be considered when MTM1 sequencing is unrevealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Amburgey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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10
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Kalfa N, Fukami M, Philibert P, Audran F, Pienkowski C, Weill J, Pinto G, Manouvrier S, Polak M, Ogata T, Sultan C. Screening of MAMLD1 mutations in 70 children with 46,XY DSD: identification and functional analysis of two new mutations. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32505. [PMID: 22479329 PMCID: PMC3316539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 50% of children with severe 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD) do not have a definitive etiological diagnosis. Besides gonadal dysgenesis, defects in androgen biosynthesis, and abnormalities in androgen sensitivity, the Mastermind-like domain containing 1 (MAMLD1) gene, which was identified as critical for the development of male genitalia, may be implicated. The present study investigated whether MAMLD1 is implicated in cases of severe 46,XY DSD and whether routine sequencing of MAMLD1 should be performed in these patients. Seventy children with severe non-syndromic 46,XY DSD of unknown etiology were studied. One hundred and fifty healthy individuals were included as controls. Direct sequencing of the MAMLD1, AR, SRD5A2 and NR5A1 genes was performed. The transactivation function of the variant MAMLD1 proteins was quantified by the luciferase method. Two new mutations were identified: p.S143X (c.428C>A) in a patient with scrotal hypospadias with microphallus and p.P384L (c.1151C>T) in a patient with penile hypospadias with microphallus. The in vitro functional study confirmed no residual transactivating function of the p.S143X mutant and a significantly reduced transactivation function of the p.P384L protein (p = 0.0032). The p.P359S, p.N662S and p.H347Q variants are also reported with particularly high frequency of the p.359T- p.662G haplotype in the DSD patients. Severe undervirilization in XY newborns can reveal mutations of MAMLD1. MAMLD1 should be routinely sequenced in these patients with otherwise normal AR, SRD5A2 and NR5A1genes.
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MESH Headings
- 3-Oxo-5-alpha-Steroid 4-Dehydrogenase/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Child
- DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Disorder of Sex Development, 46,XY/diagnosis
- Disorder of Sex Development, 46,XY/genetics
- Female
- Genetic Testing
- Haplotypes
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Models, Molecular
- Mutant Proteins/chemistry
- Mutant Proteins/genetics
- Mutant Proteins/metabolism
- Mutation
- Nuclear Proteins/chemistry
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Pedigree
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Steroidogenic Factor 1/genetics
- Transcription Factors/chemistry
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcriptional Activation
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Kalfa
- Service d'Hormonologie, Hôpital Lapeyronie, CHU de Montpellier et UM1, Montpellier, France
- Service de Chirurgie et Urologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Lapeyronie, CHU de Montpellier et UM1, Montpellier, France
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pascal Philibert
- Service d'Hormonologie, Hôpital Lapeyronie, CHU de Montpellier et UM1, Montpellier, France
| | - Francoise Audran
- Service d'Hormonologie, Hôpital Lapeyronie, CHU de Montpellier et UM1, Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Pienkowski
- Unité d'Endocrinologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital des Enfants, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Weill
- Clinique de Pédiatrie, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, CHU de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Graziella Pinto
- Unité d'Endocrinologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Manouvrier
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, CHU de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Michel Polak
- Unité d'Endocrinologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Totsumo Ogata
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Charles Sultan
- Service d'Hormonologie, Hôpital Lapeyronie, CHU de Montpellier et UM1, Montpellier, France
- Service de Chirurgie et Urologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Lapeyronie, CHU de Montpellier et UM1, Montpellier, France
- Unité d'Endocrinologie et Gynécologie Pédiatriques, Service de Pédiatrie, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve et UM1, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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11
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Kalfa N, Cassorla F, Audran F, Oulad Abdennabi I, Philibert P, Béroud C, Guys JM, Reynaud R, Alessandrini P, Wagner K, Bréaud J, Valla JS, Morisson Lacombe G, Daures JP, Baskin L, Fukami M, Ogata T, Sultan C. Polymorphisms of MAMLD1 gene in hypospadias. J Pediatr Urol 2011; 7:585-91. [PMID: 22030455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mastermind-like domain containing 1 (MAMLD1) is a causative gene for the fetal development of male external genitalia. Almost 10% of patients with both severe and non-severe hypospadias exhibit mutations of MAMLD1. The aim of this work was to determine whether polymorphisms of MAMLD1 are a genetic risk factor for hypospadias. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study included 150 hypospadias with a range of severities and 150 controls. Direct sequencing of the MAMLD1 coding exons and their flanking splice sites was performed. In silico secondary and tertiary structure prediction and accessibility of changed amino acids were evaluated using JPred, Netsurf and PHYRE software. Functional studies of the transactivation of haplotypes on Hes3 promoter were performed in vitro using cDNAs of missense variants of MAMLD1. RESULTS The p.P286S polymorphism was identified in 17/150 patients and 12/150 controls (11.3% vs. 8.0%, p = 0.32). The p.N589S polymorphism was identified in 22/150 patients and 12/150 controls (14.6% vs. 8.0%, p = 0.068). The double polymorphism (S-S haplotype) was present in 16/150 patients and 6/150 controls (10.6% vs. 4.0%, p = 0.044, OR = 2.87, CI from 1.09 to 7.55). The association of polymorphisms consistently revealed a modification in the structure prediction or amino acid accessibility in all three in silico models. The P286S, N589S and P286S + N589S proteins did not exhibit reduced transactivating activity on Hes3 promoter. CONCLUSION Polymorphisms of MAMLD1 gene are frequent in patients with hypospadias. Although no change in transactivation was noted on Hes3 promoter, the in silico studies and the significantly increased incidence of the S-S haplotype in hypospadiac patients raise the hypothesis of a particular susceptibility conferred by these variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kalfa
- Service d'Hormonologie, Hôpital Lapeyronie, CHU de Montpellier et UM1, Montpellier, France
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13
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Chen Y, Thai HT, Lundin J, Lagerstedt-Robinson K, Zhao S, Markljung E, Nordenskjöld A. Mutational study of the MAMLD1-gene in hypospadias. Eur J Med Genet 2010; 53:122-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kalfa N, Philibert P, Sultan C. Is hypospadias a genetic, endocrine or environmental disease, or still an unexplained malformation? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 32:187-97. [PMID: 18637150 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2008.00899.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypospadias is one of the most frequent genital malformations in the male newborn and results from an abnormal penile and urethral development. This process requires a correct genetic programme, time- and space-adapted cellular differentiation, complex tissue interactions, and hormonal mediation through enzymatic activities and hormonal transduction signals. Any disturbance in these regulations may induce a defect in the virilization of the external genitalia and hypospadias. This malformation thus appears to be at the crossroads of various mechanisms implicating genetic and environmental factors. The genes of penile development (HOX, FGF, Shh) and testicular determination (WT1, SRY) and those regulating the synthesis [luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor] and action of androgen (5alpha reductase, androgen receptor) can cause hypospadias if altered. Several chromosomal abnormalities and malformative syndromes include hypospadias, from anterior to penoscrotal forms. More recently, CXorf6 and ATF3 have been reported to be involved. Besides these genomic and hormonal factors, multiple substances found in the environment can also potentially interfere with male genital development because of their similarity to hormones. The proportion of hypospadias cases for which an aetiology is detected varies with the authors but it nevertheless remains low, especially for less severe cases. An interaction between genetic background and environment is likely.
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Fukami M, Wada Y, Okada M, Kato F, Katsumata N, Baba T, Morohashi KI, Laporte J, Kitagawa M, Ogata T. Mastermind-like Domain-containing 1 (MAMLD1 or CXorf6) Transactivates the Hes3 Promoter, Augments Testosterone Production, and Contains the SF1 Target Sequence. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:5525-32. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703289200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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16
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Ogata T, Fukami M, Wada Y. MAMLD1 (CXorf6) is a New Gene for Hypospadias. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 2008; 17:87-93. [PMID: 24790369 PMCID: PMC4004825 DOI: 10.1297/cpe.17.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
MAMLD1 (mastermind-like domain containing 1), previously known as CXorf6
(chromosome X open reading frame 6), has been shown to be a causative gene for
hypospadias. This is primarily based on the identification of nonsense mutations (E124X,
Q197X, and R653X), which undergo nonsense mediated mRNA decay, in patients with
penoscrotal hypospadias. Subsequent molecular studies have shown that the mouse homolog is
transiently expressed in fetal Sertoli and Leydig cells around the critical period for sex
development, and that transient knockdown of Mamld1 results in significantly reduced
testosterone production in murine Leydig tumor cells. These findings suggest that the
MAMLD1 mutations cause hypospadias primarily because of compromised testosterone
production around the critical period for sex development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Wada
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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Strahl T, Thorner J. Synthesis and function of membrane phosphoinositides in budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2007; 1771:353-404. [PMID: 17382260 PMCID: PMC1868553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2007.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Revised: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
It is now well appreciated that derivatives of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) are key regulators of many cellular processes in eukaryotes. Of particular interest are phosphoinositides (mono- and polyphosphorylated adducts to the inositol ring in PtdIns), which are located at the cytoplasmic face of cellular membranes. Phosphoinositides serve both a structural and a signaling role via their recruitment of proteins that contain phosphoinositide-binding domains. Phosphoinositides also have a role as precursors of several types of second messengers for certain intracellular signaling pathways. Realization of the importance of phosphoinositides has brought increased attention to characterization of the enzymes that regulate their synthesis, interconversion, and turnover. Here we review the current state of our knowledge about the properties and regulation of the ATP-dependent lipid kinases responsible for synthesis of phosphoinositides and also the additional temporal and spatial controls exerted by the phosphatases and a phospholipase that act on phosphoinositides in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Strahl
- Divisions of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and of Cell & Developmental Biology.Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Jeremy Thorner
- Divisions of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and of Cell & Developmental Biology.Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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18
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Fukami M, Wada Y, Miyabayashi K, Nishino I, Hasegawa T, Nordenskjöld A, Camerino G, Kretz C, Buj-Bello A, Laporte J, Yamada G, Morohashi KI, Ogata T. CXorf6 is a causative gene for hypospadias. Nat Genet 2006; 38:1369-71. [PMID: 17086185 DOI: 10.1038/ng1900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD) refer to a wide range of abnormal genitalia, including hypospadias, which affects approximately 0.5% of male newborns. We identified three different nonsense mutations of CXorf6 in individuals with hypospadias and found that its mouse homolog was specifically expressed in fetal Sertoli and Leydig cells around the critical period for sex development. These data imply that CXorf6 is a causative gene for hypospadias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Fukami
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
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19
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Tsai TC, Horinouchi H, Noguchi S, Minami N, Murayama K, Hayashi YK, Nonaka I, Nishino I. Characterization of MTM1 mutations in 31 Japanese families with myotubular myopathy, including a patient carrying 240kb deletion in Xq28 without male hypogenitalism. Neuromuscul Disord 2005; 15:245-52. [PMID: 15725586 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2004.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Revised: 12/08/2004] [Accepted: 12/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
X-linked myotubular myopathy is a congenital muscle disorder due to MTM1 mutation, and is characterized clinically by generalized muscle weakness and hypotonia at birth usually resulting in early death. We newly identified 26 unrelated Japanese patients with MTM1 mutations by genomic DNA and transcript analysis, including 12 novel mutations. Among 31 patients, including our previously reported five patients, the c.1261-10A>G splice site mutation was the most frequent mutation. Three mutations, one missense and two splice site, were associated with milder phenotype. Of particular interest, one boy had a 240 kb deletion in Xq28 encompassing CXorf6 (formerly F18), MTM1 and MTMR1 but was not accompanied by hypogenitalism. CXorf6, which have been implicated in male sexual development, was not entirely deleted in this boy, resulting in the fusion with the MTMR1 gene. A chimeric fusion transcript was detected in patient's muscle by RT-PCR, suggesting this fusion gene product avoids the phenotype. This deletion led us to refine the critical region of CXorf6 for the development of male genitalia.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, X
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- DNA, Recombinant
- Family Health
- Glucan 1,3-beta-Glucosidase
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Japan
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Muscles/pathology
- Mutation, Missense
- Myopathies, Structural, Congenital/genetics
- Phenotype
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/genetics
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Non-Receptor
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Sequence Deletion/genetics
- Sex Chromosome Aberrations
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzung-Chang Tsai
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
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20
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Zanoteli E, Laporte J, Rocha JCC, Kretz C, Oliveira ASB, Mandel JL, Perez ABA, Gabbai AA, Buj-Bello A. Deletion of bothMTM1 andMTMR1 genes in a boy with myotubular myopathy. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 134:338-40. [PMID: 15690409 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edmar Zanoteli
- Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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21
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Nishino I, Minami N, Kobayashi O, Ikezawa M, Goto Y, Arahata K, Nonaka I. MTM1 gene mutations in Japanese patients with the severe infantile form of myotubular myopathy. Neuromuscul Disord 1998; 8:453-8. [PMID: 9829274 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8966(98)00075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The severe infantile form of myotubular myopathy is a fatal muscle disease that predominantly affects male infants and is characterized by severe weakness and hypotonia from birth. X-linked myotubular myopathy was found to be associated with mutations in the MTM1 gene in Xq28 encoding the putative tyrosine phosphatase, myotubularin. We screened the MTM1 gene for mutations in seven Japanese patients (six males and one female) who had the diagnosis of severe infantile form of myotubular myopathy. We found five mutations, including three novel mutations based on sequence analysis of RT-PCR fragments covering the entire open reading frame. Two patients (one male and one female), who had similar clinicopathologic features, did not have any mutation in the MTM1 gene open reading frame, suggesting that they may have had an autosomal recessive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nishino
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan.
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22
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23
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Lim HN, Hawkins JR. Genetic control of gonadal differentiation. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 1998; 12:1-16. [PMID: 9890059 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-351x(98)80410-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The study of naturally occurring mutations in humans and induced mutations in mice that cause sex reversal has been instrumental in the cloning and functional analysis of genes involved in gonadal differentiation. Several genes required for this complex developmental process have now been identified. The genes LIM1, WT1 and FTZ-F1 have been demonstrated to be involved in the formation of the gonads prior to their differentiation as testes or ovaries. Subsequent sex-specific gonadal differentiation appears to be mediated by the SRY and SOX9 genes in the testis, and the DAX-1 gene in the ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- H N Lim
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK
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