1
|
Fukuoka M, Kang W, Katano D, Horiike S, Miyado M, Tanaka M, Miyado K, Yamada M. Overdue Calcium Oscillation Causes Polyspermy but Possibly Permits Normal Development in Mouse Eggs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:285. [PMID: 38203456 PMCID: PMC10779150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In some non-mammalian eggs, the fusion of one egg and multiple sperm (polyspermy) induces a robust rise in intracellular calcium ion (Ca2+) concentration due to a shortage of inducers carried by a single sperm. Instead, one of the sperm nuclei is selected inside the egg for normal embryogenesis. Polyspermy also occurs during the in vitro fertilization of human eggs; however, the fate of such eggs is still under debate. Hence, the relationship between polyspermy and repetitive Ca2+ increases (Ca2+ oscillation) in mammals remains unknown. To address this issue, we used mouse sperm lacking extramitochondrial citrate synthase (eCS), which functions as a Ca2+ oscillation inducer; its lack causes retarded Ca2+ oscillation initiation (eCs-KO sperm). Elevated sperm concentrations normalize Ca2+ oscillation initiation. As expected, eCS deficiency enhanced polyspermy in both zona pellucida (ZP)-free and ZP-intact eggs despite producing the next generation of eCs-KO males. In conclusion, similarly to non-mammalian eggs, mouse eggs may develop normally under polyspermy conditions caused by problematic Ca2+ oscillation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mio Fukuoka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (M.F.); (M.T.); (M.Y.)
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; (W.K.); (D.K.); (S.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Woojin Kang
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; (W.K.); (D.K.); (S.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Daiki Katano
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; (W.K.); (D.K.); (S.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Sae Horiike
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; (W.K.); (D.K.); (S.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; (W.K.); (D.K.); (S.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Mamoru Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (M.F.); (M.T.); (M.Y.)
| | - Kenji Miyado
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; (W.K.); (D.K.); (S.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Mitsutoshi Yamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (M.F.); (M.T.); (M.Y.)
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; (W.K.); (D.K.); (S.H.); (M.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yoshida T, Matsubara K, Ogata-Kawata H, Miyado M, Ishiwata K, Nakabayashi K, Hata K, Kageyama I, Tamaoka S, Shimada Y, Fukami M, Sasaki S. Variations in gender identity and sexual orientation of university students. Sex Med 2023; 11:qfad057. [PMID: 37965377 PMCID: PMC10642543 DOI: 10.1093/sexmed/qfad057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have shown that a small percentage of people in the general population have atypical gender identity and/or sexual orientation. Aim This study aimed to explore variations in gender identity and sexual orientation in university students and determine genetic factors associated with these variations. Methods Deviations from complete gender congruence and exclusive heterosexual orientation in 736 Japanese university students were quantitatively assessed with self-assessment questionnaires. Next, we conducted genetic tests for 80 participants who showed relatively low gender identity scores and/or atypical sexual orientation. These genetic tests consisted of repeat number analysis of the androgen receptor gene (AR) and a SKAT-O: an optimal unified sequence kernel association test, which is an exome-based rare variant association study. The results of the genetic tests were compared with the Japanese reference data and the results of our 637 control samples. Outcomes We calculated the gender identity and sexual orientation scores of all participants and analyzed the molecular data of 80 selected participants. Results The gender identity scores of 736 participants were broadly distributed: only ~15% of natal males and ~5% of natal females had the maximum score that corresponds to complete gender congruence. The sexual orientation scores also varied: ~80% of natal males and ~60% of natal females showed exclusive heterosexual orientation. We found no association between gender characteristics and AR repeat numbers. The SKAT-O showed that rare damaging variants of TDRP and 3 other genes were more common in the 80 participants than in the control group. Clinical Implications Our data support the view that gender is a phenotypic continuum rather than a binary trait. Strength and Limitations This study quantitatively assessed the gender characteristics of a large cohort of university students. Moreover, we conducted systematic screening for genetic factors associated with gender variations. The weaknesses of the study were the limited analytic power of the questionnaires, the relatively small sample for molecular analyses, and incomplete clinical information and relatively advanced ages of the control group. Conclusion This study revealed significant variations in gender identity and sexual orientation in university students, which may be partly associated with variants in TDRP or other genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Keiko Matsubara
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Hiroko Ogata-Kawata
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ishiwata
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakabayashi
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Hata
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Ikuko Kageyama
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tamaoka
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Yukiko Shimada
- Department of Child Studies, Faculty of Human Development, Kokugakuin University, Kanagawa, 225-0003, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Shoko Sasaki
- Graduate School of Arts and Letters, Meiji University, Tokyo ,101-0064, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kang W, Sugiyama K, Katano D, Horiike S, Morimoto H, Sato B, Kawano N, Yamada M, Miyado M, Miyado K. CD9 protects the sperm from cytotoxic factors in the epididymis as extracellular components. MicroPubl Biol 2023; 2023:10.17912/micropub.biology.000950. [PMID: 37799198 PMCID: PMC10550374 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism by which seemingly normal sperm cause infertility is still under debate. Although CD9 is expressed in male reproductive tissues, its role in male fertility remains unclear. To address this, we investigated the role of CD9 in analyzing Cd9 -deficient ( Cd9 -KO) male mice. The litter size of Cd9 -KO males was comparable, regardless of mating experience. When Cd9 -KO males experienced their first mating chance, a considerable number of neonates died 48 hours after birth. Electron microscopy reveals the presence of CD9 in the epididymal space. Our results suggest that CD9 contributes to male fertility as an extracellular component.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woojin Kang
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Transborder Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sugiyama
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daiki Katano
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sae Horiike
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromu Morimoto
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture,Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ban Sato
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kawano
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Yamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Beppu University, Beppu, Oita, Japan
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyado
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Diversity Research, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Suzuki M, Nakamura A, Matsumoto Y, Kang W, Ichinose M, Kawano N, Yamada M, Shindo M, Katano D, Saito T, Harada Y, Miyado M, Miyado K. Identification of a syncytin gene in a non-rodent laboratory mammal, Suncus murinus. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:912-920. [PMID: 37438116 PMCID: PMC10539813 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
An endogenous retrovirus-derived membrane protein, syncytin (SYN), contributes to placental function via trophoblast fusion. Multinuclear trophoblasts (syncytiotrophoblasts) physically and functionally mediate the interaction between fetal and maternal vessels in various ways. Suncus murinus (suncus) is a small mammalian species with a pregnancy duration of approximately 30 days, 1.5 times longer than mice. However, the molecular basis for the longer pregnancy duration is unknown. In this study, we first isolated two genes that encoded putative SYN proteins expressed in the suncus placenta, which were named syncytin-1-like proteins 1 and 2 (SYN1L1 and SYN1L2). When their expression vectors were introduced into cultured cells, suncus SYN1L2 was found to be active in cell fusion. Moreover, the SYN1L2 protein was homologous to a SYN1-like protein identified in greater mouse-eared bats (bat SYN1L) and was structurally compared with bat SYN1L and other SYN proteins, implying the presence of structural features of the SYN1L2 protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miki Suzuki
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nakamura
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yu Matsumoto
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Woojin Kang
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Ichinose
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kawano
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Yamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Shindo
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daiki Katano
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takako Saito
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichirou Harada
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Beppu University, Oita, Japan
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyado
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Diversity Research, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ogiwara Y, Hattori A, Ikegawa K, Hasegawa Y, Kuroki Y, Miyado M, Fukami M. Optical Genome Mapping for a Patient with a Congenital Disorder and Chromosomal Translocation. Cytogenet Genome Res 2023; 162:617-624. [PMID: 37231804 DOI: 10.1159/000531103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed optical genome mapping (OGM), a newly developed cytogenetic technique, for a patient with a disorder of sex development (DSD) and a 46,XX,t(9;11)(p22;p13) karyotype. The results of OGM were validated using other methods. OGM detected a 9;11 reciprocal translocation and successfully mapped its breakpoints to small regions of 0.9-12.3 kb. OGM identified 46 additional small structural variants, only three of which were detected by array-based comparative genomic hybridization. OGM suggested the presence of complex rearrangements on chromosome 10; however, these variants appeared to be artifacts. The 9;11 translocation was unlikely to be associated with DSD, while the pathogenicity of the other structural variants remained unknown. These results indicate that OGM is a powerful tool for detecting and characterizing chromosomal structural variations, although the current methods of OGM data analyses need to be improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Ogiwara
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Advanced Pediatric Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hattori
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Diversity Research, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kento Ikegawa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Hasegawa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Kuroki
- Division of Diversity Research, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Genome Medicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Diversity Research, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Katano D, Kang W, Harada Y, Kawano N, Miyado M, Saito T, Fukuoka M, Yamada M, Miyado K. Sodium Hexametaphosphate Serves as an Inducer of Calcium Signaling. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040577. [PMID: 37189325 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In bacteria, polymers of inorganic phosphates, particularly linear polyphosphate, are used as alternative phosphate donors for adenosine triphosphate production. A six-chain form of sodium metaphosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), is believed to have no physiological functions in mammalian cells. In this study, we explored the possible effects of SHMP on mammalian cells, using mouse oocytes, which are useful for observing various spatiotemporal intracellular changes. Fertilization-competent oocytes were isolated from the oviducts of superovulated mice and cultured in an SHMP-containing medium. In the absence of co-incubation with sperm, SHMP-treated oocytes frequently formed pronuclei and developed into two-cell embryos owing to the increase in calcium concentration in the cytoplasm. We discovered an intriguing role for SHMP as an initiator of calcium rise in mouse oocytes, presumably in a wide variety of mammalian cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Katano
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya 157-8535, Japan
| | - Woojin Kang
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya 157-8535, Japan
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Transborder Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yuichirou Harada
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku 192-0397, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kawano
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Beppu University, 82 Kita-Ishigaki, Beppu 874-8501, Japan
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya 157-8535, Japan
| | - Takako Saito
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Shizuoka Institute for the Study of Marine Biology and Chemistry, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Mio Fukuoka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku 160-8582, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Yamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyado
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya 157-8535, Japan
- Division of Diversity Research, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya 157-8535, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Takezawa Y, Iwai M, Fujiki Y, Yokomizo R, Kishigami H, Miyado M, Kawano N, Yamada M, Shindo M, Suzuki M, Sato B, Katano D, Kamijo S, Hamatani T, Tanaka M, Umezawa A, Kang W, Miyado K. Embryonic β-Catenin Is Required for Priming of the Uterus to Implantation. J Transl Med 2023; 103:100026. [PMID: 36925206 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2022.100026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeated implantation failure is a major cause of infertility among healthy women. Uterine β-catenin (CTNNB1) plays a critical role in implantation. However, the role of embryonic CTNNB1 during implantation remains unclear. We addressed this topic by analyzing mice carrying Ctnnb1-deficient (Ctnnb1Δ/Δ) embryos. Ctnnb1Δ/Δ embryos were produced by intercrossing mice bearing Ctnnb1-deficient eggs and sperms. We found that Ctnnb1Δ/Δ embryos developed to the blastocyst stage; thereafter, they were resorbed, leaving empty decidual capsules. Moreover, leukemia inhibitory factor, a uterine factor essential for implantation, was undetectable in Ctnnb1Δ/Δ blastocysts. Furthermore, CDX2, a transcription factor that determines the fate of trophectoderm cells, was not observed in Ctnnb1Δ/Δ blastocysts. Intrauterine injection with uterine fluids (from control mice) and recombinant mouse leukemia inhibitory factor proteins rescued the uterine response to Ctnnb1Δ/Δ blastocysts. These results suggest that embryonic CTNNB1 is required for the secretion of blastocyst-derived factor(s) that open the implantation window, indicating that the uterine response to implantation can be induced using supplemental materials. Therefore, our results may contribute to the discovery of a similar mechanism in humans, leading to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of repeated implantation failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youki Takezawa
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Iwai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Fujiki
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Yokomizo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Harue Kishigami
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Beppu University, Oita, Japan; Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kawano
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Yamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Shindo
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miki Suzuki
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ban Sato
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Daiki Katano
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kamijo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Hamatani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Woojin Kang
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kenji Miyado
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Suzuki E, Miyado M, Kuroki Y, Fukami M. Genetic variants of G-protein coupled receptors associated with pubertal disorders. Reprod Med Biol 2023; 22:e12515. [PMID: 37122876 PMCID: PMC10134480 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The human hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is the regulatory center for pubertal development. This axis involves six G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) encoded by KISS1R, TACR3, PROKR2, GNRHR, LHCGR, and FSHR. Methods Previous studies have identified several rare variants of the six GPCR genes in patients with pubertal disorders. In vitro assays and animal studies have provided information on the function of wild-type and variant GPCRs. Main Findings Of the six GPCRs, those encoded by KISS1R and TACR3 are likely to reside at the top of the HPG axis. Several loss-of-function variants in the six genes were shown to cause late/absent puberty. In particular, variants in KISS1R, TACR3, PROKR2, and GNRHR lead to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in autosomal dominant, recessive, and oligogenic manners. Furthermore, a few gain-of-function variants of KISS1R, PROKR2, and LHCGR have been implicated in precocious puberty. The human HPG axis may contain additional GPCRs. Conclusion The six GPCRs in the HPG axis govern pubertal development through fine-tuning of hormone secretion. Rare sequence variants in these genes jointly account for a certain percentage of genetic causes of pubertal disorders. Still, much remains to be clarified about the molecular network involving the six GPCRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erina Suzuki
- Department of Molecular EndocrinologyNational Research Institute for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular EndocrinologyNational Research Institute for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
- Department of Food and NutritionBeppu UniversityOitaJapan
| | - Yoko Kuroki
- Department of Genome Medicine, National Center for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
- Division of Collaborative Research, National Center for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
- Division of Diversity ResearchNational Research Institute for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular EndocrinologyNational Research Institute for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
- Division of Diversity ResearchNational Research Institute for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Naiki Y, Miyado M, Horikawa R, Katsumata N, Takada S, Akutsu H, Onodera M, Fukami M. LBODP008 Gene Therapy For Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia With AAV Vectors Into Fibroblasts, IPS Cells And Model Mice. J Endocr Soc 2022. [DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac150.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is due to defects of steroid synthetic enzymes, which includes microsomal and mitochondrial P450s. Microsomal P450s include 21-hydroxylase and 17α-hydroxylase/17-lyase. 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD), in which CYP21A2 is mutated or deleted, is the most common cause of CAH and results in underproduction of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, and overproduction of androgens. 11β-hydroxylase deficiency (11β-OHD), which is a defect of a mitochondrial P450, is the second common cause of CAH. Patients with CAH are treated with oral steroid supplementation, but optimal control of blood steroid levels remains difficult. Thus, new therapeutic approaches are still needed. Intravenous adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated administration of human CYP21A2 into adult 21-OHD patients has been reported at the ENDO 2021 meeting. In this study, we examined the effects of induction of causative genes with an AAV vector into fibroblasts from patients and iPS cells and adrenal glands of model mice.
Methods
Fibroblasts from CAH patients were subjected to primary culture. The cells were infected with a serotype-2 AAV vector (AAV2) containing defected genes and cultured in steroid substrate-containing medium for 24 hours. We measured steroid metabolites in the medium by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and evaluated gene expressions by RT-PCR. In addition, iPS cells were established from fibroblasts of 11β-OHD and differentiated into adrenocortical cells with retinoic acid and cAMP. They were infected with a serotype-9 AAV vector (AAV9) containing CYP11B1 cDNA. Steroid metabolites in the culture medium were measured and gene expressions were evaluated by RT-PCR. 11β-OHD model mice were made by a gene-editing method. We injected AAV9 containing Cyp11b1 cDNA into the adrenal gland and measured serum DOC and corticosterone levels before and every 4 weeks after injection.
Results
AAV2 infected fibroblasts from 21-OHD and 17α-hydroxylase/17-lyase deficiency can metabolite steroid precursors but failed to convert DOC to corticosterone in 11β-OHD. Differentiation into adrenocortical cells from iPS cells of 11β-OHD was confirmed by expression of CYP21A2. AAV9 gene induction of adrenal cortical cells successfully induced 11β-hydroxylase activity. 11β-OHD mice also showed improved steroid synthesis after AAV9 adrenal induction.
Conclusion
These results indicate that extra-adrenal induction of CYP21A2 may ameliorate steroid metabolism in 21-OHD patients. In contrast, 11β-OHD needs AAV9 adrenal induction to treat the steroid abnormality. Our results suggest that specific gene therapeutic strategies are needed to be adapted for each type of CAH.
Presentation: No date and time listed
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Naiki
- National Center for Child Health & Development , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- National Research Institute for Child Health , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Reiko Horikawa
- National Center for Child Health & Development , Tokyo , Japan
| | | | - Shuji Takada
- National Research Institute for Child Health , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hidenori Akutsu
- National Research Institute for Child Health , Tokyo , Japan
| | | | - Maki Fukami
- National Research Institute for Child Health , Tokyo , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Naiki Y, Miyado M, Shindo M, Horikawa R, Hasegawa Y, Katsumata N, Takada S, Akutsu H, Onodera M, Fukami M. AAV-mediated gene therapy for patients' fibroblasts, iPS cells, and a mouse model of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Hum Gene Ther 2022; 33:801-809. [PMID: 35838129 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2022.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by steroidogenic enzymes containing monogenetic defects. Most steroidogenic enzymes are cytochrome P450 groups that can be categorized as microsomal P450s, including 21-hydroxylase and 17α-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase, and mitochondrial P450s, including 11β-hydroxylase. It has been shown that ectopic administration of Cyp21a1 ameliorates steroid metabolism in 21-hydroxylase-deficient mice. However, the effectiveness of this approach for mitochondrial P450 has not yet been evaluated. In this study, primary fibroblasts from patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency (CYP21A2D) (n=4), 17α-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase deficiency (CYP17A1D) (n=1), and 11β-hydroxylase deficiency (CYP11B1D) (n=1) were infected with adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) vectors. Steroidogenic enzymatic activity was not detected in the AAV2-infected CYP11B1D fibroblasts. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of CYP11B1D were established and differentiated into adrenocortical cells by induction of the NR5A1 gene. Adrenocortical cells established from iPSCs of CYP11B1D (CYP11B1D-iPSCs) were infected with an adeno-associated virus type 9 (AAV9) vector containing CYP11B1 and exhibited 11β-hydroxylase activity. For an in vivo evaluation, we knocked out Cyp11b1 in mice by using the CRISPR/Cas9 method. Direct injection of Cyp11b1-containing AAV9 vectors into the adrenal gland of Cyp11b1-deficient mice significantly reduced serum 11-deoxycorticosterone/corticosterone ratios at 4 weeks after injection and the effect was prolonged for up to 12 months. This study indicated that CYP11B1D could be ameliorated by gene induction in the adrenal glands, which suggests that a defective-enzyme-dependent therapeutic strategy for CAH would be required. Defects in microsomal P450, including CYP21A2D and CYP17A1D, can be treated with extra-adrenal gene induction. However, defects in mitochondrial P450, as represented by CYP11B1D, may require adrenal gene induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Naiki
- National Center for Child Health and Development, 13611, Divisoion of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Mami Miyado
- National Center for Child Health and Development Research Center, 543574, Molecular Endocrinology, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Miyuki Shindo
- National Center for Child Health and Development Research Center, 543574, Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Reiko Horikawa
- National Center for Child Health and Development, 13611, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Yuichi Hasegawa
- National Center for Child Health and Development, 13611, Division of Urology, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Noriyuki Katsumata
- National Center for Child Health and Development Research Center, 543574, Molecular Endocrinology, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Shuji Takada
- National Center for Child Health and Development Research Center, 543574, Systems BioMedicine, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Hidenori Akutsu
- National Center for Child Health and Development Research Center, 543574, Reproductive Medicine, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Masafumi Onodera
- National Center for Child Health and Development Research Center, 543574, Human Genetics, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Maki Fukami
- National Center for Child Health and Development Research Center, 543574, Molecular Endocrinology, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shindo M, Miyado K, Kang W, Fukami M, Miyado M. Efficient Superovulation and Egg Collection from Mice. Bio Protoc 2022; 12:e4439. [PMID: 35799908 PMCID: PMC9244495 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Superovulation is a method used to reduce the number of mice used per experiment by increasing the egg number. Conventionally, superovulation for obtaining mouse eggs involves the use of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) for stimulation and human CG for induction. Female mice of the C57BL/6 inbred strain spontaneously ovulate approximately 10 eggs. The average number of eggs ovulated using the conventional superovulation method is approximately twice as high as that obtained by spontaneous ovulation. Here, we describe the conventional and non-conventional methods of intraperitoneal injection of superovulation reagents in mice and subsequent egg collection. The non-conventional superovulation method combining anti-inhibin serum (AIS) plus eCG for stimulation is more efficient than conventional superovulation. Appropriate intervals from each injection to sampling induce large numbers of high-quality eggs. Immediately after ovulation, eggs are surrounded by cumulus cells, forming an egg-cumulus complex. These cumulus cells are then removed from the egg-cumulus complex by treatment with hyaluronidase to obtain the exact number of eggs. This protocol is suitable for further manipulations such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection and cryopreservation of eggs, as well as for the analyses of responsivity to superovulation reagents in genetically modified mice obtained by genome editing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Shindo
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
,
*For correspondence:
mailto:
;
| | - Kenji Miyado
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Woojin Kang
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
,
Department of Food and Nutrition, Beppu University, 82 Kita-Ishigaki, Beppu, Oita 874-8501, Japan
,
*For correspondence:
mailto:
;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kang W, Katano D, Kawano N, Miyado M, Miyado K. Extra-mitochondrial citrate synthase controls cAMP-dependent pathway during sperm acrosome reaction in mice. MicroPubl Biol 2022; 2022:10.17912/micropub.biology.000579. [PMID: 35663411 PMCID: PMC9160978 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The sperm consumes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to maintain the cellular function, viability, acrosome reaction (AR), and motility. Extra-mitochondrial citrate synthase (eCS) catalyzes citrate production in the sperm head, and thus regulates sperm function through ATP synthesis, similarly to CS. This study aimed to investigate how eCS regulates AR. Herein, acrosome-reacted (ARed) sperms were rarely detected on the zona pellucida, and spontaneous ARed sperm in eCs -deficient (KO) sperm remained at low levels even with induced capacitation. Retarded AR of eCs -KO sperm was enhanced by cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) treatment. In conclusion, eCS regulates AR via a cAMP-dependent pathway, which presumably contributes to sperm metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woojin Kang
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
,
Correspondence to: Woojin Kang (
)
| | - Daiki Katano
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
,
Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kawano
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Beppu University, 82 Kita-Ishigaki, Beppu, Oita 874-8501, Japan
,
Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyado
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sato B, Kanai S, Sakaguchi D, Yajima K, Matsumoto Y, Morohoshi K, Kagaya S, Izumo N, Ichinose M, Kang W, Miyado M, Miyado K, Kawano N. Suppressive Role of Lactoferrin in Overweight-Related Female Fertility Problems. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14050938. [PMID: 35267914 PMCID: PMC8912823 DOI: 10.3390/nu14050938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The secretory glycoprotein lactoferrin (LF) is suggested to ameliorate overweight regardless of non-genetic or genetic mechanisms. Although maternal overweight represents a key predictor of offspring growth, the efficacy of LF on fertility problems in overweight and obese mothers remains unknown. To address this issue, we examined the effect of LF ingestion by analyzing overweight mice (Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice with high-fat diets; HF mice) and obese mice (leptin-deficient mice with type II diabetes; ob/ob mice). Plasma insulin, leptin, glucose, and cholesterol levels were measured, and thermal imaging and histological analysis were employed. The litter size of HF females was reduced due to miscarriage, which was reversed by LF ingestion. In addition, LF ingestion suppressed overweight prevalence in their offspring. The component analysis of the maternal blood demonstrated that glucose concentration in both HF females and their offspring was normalized by LF ingestion, which further standardized the concentration of insulin, but not leptin. LF ingestion was unable to reverse female infertility in ob/ob mice, although their obesity and uterine function were partially improved. Our results indicate that LF upregulates female fertility by reinforcing ovarian and uterine functions in females that are overweight due to caloric surplus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ban Sato
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan; (B.S.); (S.K.); (D.S.); (K.Y.); (Y.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Seiya Kanai
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan; (B.S.); (S.K.); (D.S.); (K.Y.); (Y.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Daiki Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan; (B.S.); (S.K.); (D.S.); (K.Y.); (Y.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Kodai Yajima
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan; (B.S.); (S.K.); (D.S.); (K.Y.); (Y.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Yu Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan; (B.S.); (S.K.); (D.S.); (K.Y.); (Y.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Kazunori Morohoshi
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan; (B.S.); (S.K.); (D.S.); (K.Y.); (Y.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Shinji Kagaya
- NRL Pharma, Inc., East Block 203, Kanagawa Science Park, 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu-Ku, Kawasaki 213-0012, Japan;
| | - Nobuo Izumo
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano, Totsuka, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan;
| | - Minoru Ichinose
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; (M.I.); (W.K.)
| | - Woojin Kang
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; (M.I.); (W.K.)
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan;
| | - Kenji Miyado
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; (M.I.); (W.K.)
- Correspondence: (K.M.); (N.K.); Tel.: +81-3-5494-7047 (K.M.); +81-44-934-7038 (N.K.)
| | - Natsuko Kawano
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan; (B.S.); (S.K.); (D.S.); (K.Y.); (Y.M.); (K.M.)
- Correspondence: (K.M.); (N.K.); Tel.: +81-3-5494-7047 (K.M.); +81-44-934-7038 (N.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fujisawa Y, Ono H, Konno A, Yao I, Itoh H, Baba T, Morohashi K, Katoh-Fukui Y, Miyado M, Fukami M, Ogata T. Intrauterine hyponutrition reduces fetal testosterone production and postnatal sperm count in the mouse. J Endocr Soc 2022; 6:bvac022. [PMID: 35265782 PMCID: PMC8901363 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Although intrauterine hyponutrition is regarded as a risk factor for the development of "testicular dysgenesis syndrome" (TDS) in the human, underlying mechanism(s) remain largely unknown. To clarify the underlying mechanism(s), we fed vaginal plug-positive C57BL/6N female mice with regular food ad libitum throughout the pregnant course (control females) (C-females) or with 50% of the mean daily intake of the C-females from 6.5 dpc (calorie-restricted females) (R-females), and compared male reproductive findings between 17.5-dpc-old male mice delivered from C-females (C-fetuses) and those delivered from R-females (R-fetuses) and between 6-week-old male mice born to C-females (C-offspring) and those born to R-females (R-offspring). Compared with the C-fetuses, the R-fetuses had (1) morphologically normal external genitalia with significantly reduced anogenital distance index, (2) normal numbers of testicular component cells, and (3) significantly low intratesticular testosterone, in association with significantly reduced expressions of steroidogenic genes. Furthermore, compared with the C-offspring, the R-offspring had (1) significantly increased TUNEL-positive cells and normal numbers of other testicular component cells, (2) normal intratesticular testosterone, in association with normal expressions of steroidogenic genes, (3) significantly reduced sperm count, and normal testis weight and sperm motility, and (4) significantly altered expressions of oxidation stress-related, apoptosis-related, and spermatogenesis-related genes. The results, together with the previous data including the association between testosterone deprivation and oxidative stress-evoked apoptotic activation, imply that reduced fetal testosterone production is the primary underlying factor for the development of TDS in intrauterine hyponutrition, and that TDS is included in the clinical spectrum of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Fujisawa
- Departments of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ono
- Departments of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Aru Konno
- Departments of Medical Spectroscopy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Ikuko Yao
- Departments of Optical Imaging, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Itoh
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Takashi Baba
- Department of Molecular Biology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Yuko Katoh-Fukui
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Departments of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- Departments of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu Medical Center, Hamamatsu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fukami M, Miyado M. Mosaic loss of the Y chromosome and men's health. Reprod Med Biol 2022; 21:e12445. [PMID: 35386373 PMCID: PMC8967293 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology National Research Institute for Child Health and Development Tokyo Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology National Research Institute for Child Health and Development Tokyo Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Miyado M, Fukami M, Ogata T. MAMLD1 and Differences/Disorders of Sex Development: An Update. Sex Dev 2021; 16:126-137. [PMID: 34695834 DOI: 10.1159/000519298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MAMLD1 (alias CXorf6) was first documented in 2006 as a causative gene of 46,XY differences/disorders of sex development (DSD). MAMLD1/Mamld1 is expressed in the fetal testis and is predicted to enhance the expression of several Leydig cell-specific genes. To date, hemizygous MAMLD1 variants have been identified in multiple 46,XY individuals with hypomasculinized external genitalia. Pathogenic MAMLD1 variants are likely to cause genital abnormalities at birth and are possibly associated with age-dependent deterioration of testicular function. In addition, some MAMLD1 variants have been identified in 46,XX individuals with ovarian dysfunction. However, recent studies have raised the possibility that MAMLD1 variants cause 46,XY DSD and ovarian dysfunction as oligogenic disorders. Unsolved issues regarding MAMLD1 include the association between MAMLD1 variants and 46,XX testicular DSD, gene-gene interactions in the development of MAMLD1-mediated DSD, and intracellular functions of MAMLD1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yoshida T, Matsumoto K, Miyado M, Miyashiro Y, Sago H, Horikawa R, Fukami M. Quantification of androgens and their precursors in full-term human placenta. Eur J Endocrinol 2021; 185:K7-K11. [PMID: 34379603 DOI: 10.1530/eje-21-0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The two major androgens in humans are testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). DHT is produced via the classical, backdoor, and alternative steroidogenic pathways. In addition, recent studies have identified C11-oxy C19 steroids as novel human androgens. Although the placenta is known to be involved in steroid metabolism, androgen levels in full-term placentas have poorly been investigated. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Ten placentas of healthy full-term neonates (five males and five females) were examined. We quantified progesterone, androstenedione (A4), T, allopregnanolone, androsterone, and estradiol, as well as four C11-oxy androgens (11β-hydroxyandrostenedione, 11β-hydroxytestosterone, 11-ketoandrostenedione (11KA4), and 11-ketotestosterone (11KT)), using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS In all samples, levels of the ten steroids were above the detection limit. Progesterone was by far most abundant, while levels of T and androsterone were relatively low. Levels of 11KT and 11KA4 were higher than those of T and A4, respectively. There were no differences in steroid levels between male and female samples. DISCUSSION This study demonstrates that full-term placentas contain several steroids in the classical, backdoor, and alternative pathways. Placentas are likely to function as the supplier of progesterone to other steroidogenic tissues. More importantly, we found that placentas comprise relatively large amounts of 11KA4 and 11KT, which may be produced through steroid transfer from the adrenal gland or from the maternal circulation. These results indicate that the placenta participates in a feto-maternal multi-organ network for androgen biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsumoto
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Haruhiko Sago
- Center for Maternal-Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Horikawa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Context Recent studies have revealed that every eukaryotic cell contains several membraneless organelles created via liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS). LLPS is a physical phenomenon that transiently compartmentalizes the subcellular space and thereby facilitates various biological reactions. LLPS is indispensable for cellular functions; however, dysregulated LLPS has the potential to cause irreversible protein aggregation leading to degenerative disorders. To date, there is no systematic review on the role of LLPS in endocrinology. Evidence acquisition We explored previous studies which addressed roles of LLPS in living cells, particularly from the viewpoint of endocrinology. To this end, we screened relevant literature in PubMed published between 2009 and 2021 using LLPS-associated keywords including “membraneless organelle,” “phase transition,” and “intrinsically disordered,” and endocrinological keywords such as “hormone,” “ovary,” “androgen,” and “diabetes.” We also referred to the articles in the reference lists of identified papers. Evidence synthesis Based on 67 articles selected from 449 papers, we provided a concise overview of the current understanding of LLPS in living cells. Then, we summarized recent articles documenting the physiological or pathological roles of LLPS in endocrine cells. Conclusions The discovery of LLPS in cells has resulted in a paradigm shift in molecular biology. Recent studies indicate that LLPS contributes to male sex development by providing a functional platform for SOX9 and CBX2 in testicular cells. In addition, dysregulated LLPS has been implicated in aberrant protein aggregation in pancreatic β-cells, leading to type 2 diabetes. Still, we are just beginning to understand the significance of LLPS in endocrine cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Akiba
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 157-8535 Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, 183-8561 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Katoh-Fukui
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 157-8535 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 157-8535 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Narumi
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 157-8535 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 157-8535 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Hasegawa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, 183-8561 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 157-8535 Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Shindo M, Tsumura H, Miyado K, Kang W, Kawano N, Yoshida T, Fukami M, Miyado M. Similar responsiveness between C57BL/6N and C57BL/6J mouse substrains to superovulation. MicroPubl Biol 2021; 2021. [PMID: 33655202 PMCID: PMC7907840 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Superovulation is a method for the drug-induced release of multiple eggs and useful for in vitro fertilization. Thus, its high efficiency largely reduces the number of mice used per experiment. We compared the responsivity to superovulation between C57BL/6N (B6N) and C57BL/6J (B6J) substrains. The average number of ovulated eggs was strikingly higher in both substrains treated with anti-inhibin serum (AIS) plus equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) than those treated with eCG alone. Our data indicate that hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis similarly responds to eCG treatment in B6N and B6J mice, and that this responsiveness is enhanced by the presence of AIS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Shindo
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Hideki Tsumura
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyado
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Woojin Kang
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kawano
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yoshida T, Saito K, Kawamura T, Ishikawa T, Kato T, Matsubara K, Miyasaka N, Miyado M, Fukami M. Circulating steroids and mood disorders in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Steroids 2021; 165:108748. [PMID: 33141064 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant androgen metabolism is a characteristic feature of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Various androgens as well as their precursors and metabolites can accumulate in the blood of PCOS patients. Although these steroids include neuroactive steroids, such as allopregnanolone and androstenedione (Δ4A), it remains unknown whether altered blood steroid levels contribute to the high risk of mood disorders in PCOS. In this study, we measured blood levels of 11 steroids in 25 PCOS patients using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay, and assessed the psychological status of these patients using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire. We also examined age and the degree of metabolic abnormalities of each patient. Steroid values of the patients were compared to our previous data from 31 eumenorrheic women. As a result, 20 patients exhibited aberrant blood levels of one or more of the 11 tested steroids. In most cases, Δ4A and allopregnanolone levels were within or close to the reference ranges. Levels of four steroids were negatively correlated with patients' age, while no correlation was observed between steroid values and metabolic conditions. Seven patients showed high HADS scores. HADS scores were correlated with blood Δ4A levels even after stratifying by body mass indexes, but not with the levels of other steroids or clinical data. These results indicate that the high frequency of anxiety and depression in PCOS patients cannot be ascribed to altered blood levels of a specific steroid, although there may be a weak association between circulating Δ4A levels and psychological conditions of the patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Advanced Pediatric Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal and Maternal Medicine (Ibaraki), Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Tomonori Ishikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal and Maternal Medicine (Ibaraki), Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuguhiko Kato
- Department of Social Medicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Matsubara
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Miyasaka
- Department of Comprehensive Reproductive Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kang W, Yamatoya K, Miyado K, Miyado M, Miyamoto Y. Neuronal expression of Ca 2+ oscillation initiator is linked to rapid neonatal growth in mice. MicroPubl Biol 2020; 2020. [PMID: 33274323 PMCID: PMC7704253 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Woojin Kang
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamatoya
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0021, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyado
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Miyamoto
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yoshida T, Miyado M, Mikami M, Suzuki E, Kinjo K, Matsubara K, Ogata T, Akutsu H, Kagami M, Fukami M. Aneuploid rescue precedes X-chromosome inactivation and increases the incidence of its skewness by reducing the size of the embryonic progenitor cell pool. Hum Reprod 2020; 34:1762-1769. [PMID: 31398259 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dez117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Do monosomy rescue (MR) and trisomy rescue (TR) in preimplantation human embryos affect other developmental processes, such as X-chromosome inactivation (XCI)? SUMMARY ANSWER Aneuploid rescue precedes XCI and increases the incidence of XCI skewness by reducing the size of the embryonic progenitor cell pools. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY More than half of preimplantation human embryos harbor aneuploid cells, some of which can be spontaneously corrected through MR or TR. XCI in females is an indispensable process, which is predicted to start at the early-blastocyst phase. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION We examined the frequency of XCI skewness in young females who carried full uniparental disomy (UPD) resulting from MR or TR/gamete complementation (GC). The results were statistically analyzed using a theoretical model in which XCI involves various numbers of embryonic progenitor cells. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS We studied 39 children and young adults ascertained by imprinting disorders. XCI ratios were determined by DNA methylation analysis of a polymorphic locus in the androgen receptor gene. We used Bayesian approach to assess the probability of the occurrence of extreme XCI skewness in the MR and TR/GC groups using a theoretical model of 1-12 cell pools. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE A total of 12 of 39 individuals (31%) showed skewed XCI. Extreme skewness was observed in 3 of 15 MR cases (20%) and 1 of 24 TR/GC cases (4.2%). Statistical analysis indicated that XCI in the MR group was likely to have occurred when the blastocyst contained three or four euploid embryonic progenitor cells. The estimated size of the embryonic progenitor cell pools was approximately one-third or one-fourth of the predicted size of normal embryos. The TR/GC group likely had a larger pool size at the onset of XCI, although the results remained inconclusive. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This is an observational study and needs to be validated by experimental analyses. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This study provides evidence that the onset of XCI is determined by an intrinsic clock, irrespectively of the number of embryonic progenitor cells. Our findings can also be applied to individuals without UPD or imprinting disorders. This study provides a clue to understand chromosomal and cellular dynamics in the first few days of human development, their effects on XCI skewing and the possible implications for the expression of X-linked diseases in females. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was supported by the Grants-in-aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (17H06428) and for Scientific Research (B) (17H03616) from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), and grants from Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) (18ek0109266h0002 and 18ek0109278h0002), National Center for Child Health and Development and Takeda Science Foundation. The authors declare no conflict of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Not applicable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 157-8535 Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Advanced Pediatric Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 157-8535 Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 157-8535 Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Mikami
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Data Management, Center for Clinical Research, National Center for Child Health and Development, 157-8535 Tokyo, Japan
| | - E Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 157-8535 Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Kinjo
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 157-8535 Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Matsubara
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 157-8535 Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Ogata
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 431-3125 Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - H Akutsu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 157-8535 Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Kagami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 157-8535 Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 157-8535 Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Saito K, Kuwahara A, Ishikawa T, Morisaki N, Miyado M, Miyado K, Fukami M, Miyasaka N, Ishihara O, Irahara M, Saito H. Endometrial preparation methods for frozen-thawed embryo transfer are associated with altered risks of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, placenta accreta, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Hum Reprod 2020; 34:1567-1575. [PMID: 31299081 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dez079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What were the risks with regard to the pregnancy outcomes of patients who conceived by frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) during a hormone replacement cycle (HRC-FET)? SUMMARY ANSWER The patients who conceived by HRC-FET had increased risks of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) and placenta accreta and a reduced risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in comparison to those who conceived by FET during a natural ovulatory cycle (NC-FET). WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Previous studies have shown that pregnancy and live-birth rates after HRC-FET and NC-FET are comparable. Little has been clarified regarding the association between endometrium preparation and other pregnancy outcomes. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A retrospective cohort study of patients who conceived after HRC-FET and those who conceived after NC-FET was performed based on the Japanese assisted reproductive technology registry in 2014. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The pregnancy outcomes were compared between NC-FET (n = 29 760) and HRC-FET (n = 75 474) cycles. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the potential confounding factors. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The pregnancy rate (32.1% vs 36.1%) and the live birth rate among pregnancies (67.1% vs 71.9%) in HRC-FET cycles were significantly lower than those in NC-FET cycles. A multiple logistic regression analysis showed that pregnancies after HRC-FET had increased odds of HDPs [adjusted odds ratio, 1.43; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.14-1.80] and placenta accreta (adjusted odds ratio, 6.91; 95% CI, 2.87-16.66) and decreased odds for GDM (adjusted odds ratio, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.40-0.68) in comparison to pregnancies after NC-FET. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Our study was retrospective in nature, and some cases were excluded due to missing data. The implication of bias and residual confounding factors such as body mass index, alcohol consumption, and smoking habits should be considered in other observational studies. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Pregnancies following HRC-FET are associated with higher risks of HDPs and placenta accreta and a lower risk of GDM. The association between the endometrium preparation method and obstetrical complication merits further attention. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) No funding was obtained for this work. The authors declare no conflicts of interest in association with the present study. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Not applicable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Saito
- Department of Perinatal Medicine and Maternal Care, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan.,Department of Comprehensive Reproductive Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.,Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Akira Kuwahara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Tomonori Ishikawa
- Department of Comprehensive Reproductive Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Naho Morisaki
- Department of Social Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyado
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Miyasaka
- Department of Comprehensive Reproductive Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Osamu Ishihara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Minoru Irahara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Saito
- Department of Perinatal Medicine and Maternal Care, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Suzuki E, Kobori Y, Katsumi M, Ushijima K, Uchiyama T, Okada H, Miyado M, Fukami M. Copy-number analysis of Y-linked loci in young men with non-obstructive azoospermia: Implications for the rarity of early onset mosaic loss of chromosome Y. Reprod Med Biol 2020; 19:178-181. [PMID: 32273824 PMCID: PMC7138941 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Mosaic loss of chromosome Y (mLOY) is a common feature in elderly men. If mLOY can also occur in young men, it may lead to spermatogenic failure due to loss of spermatogenic genes. Indeed, previous studies detected the 45,X/46,XY karyotype in a few young men with spermatogenic failure. The present study aimed to clarify the frequency of cryptic mLOY in reproductive-aged men with spermatogenic failure. METHODS We studied 198 men at ages 24-55 years who presented with etiology-unknown non-obstructive azoospermia. Prior this study, these patients underwent G-banding analysis for 20 leukocytes and were found to have 46,XY karyotype. We analyzed copy numbers of chromosome Y in blood cells by using semi-quantitative multiplex PCR for AMELY/AMELX, array-based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) for the AMELY locus, and droplet digital PCR for SRY, USP9Y, and UTY. RESULTS Multiplex PCR showed borderline low AMELY/AMELX ratios in three patients. However, for the three patients, CGH excluded deletion of the AMELY locus, and droplet digital PCR suggested preserved copy numbers of all tested loci. CONCLUSION This study highlights the rarity of leukocyte mLOY in reproductive-aged men with spermatogenic failure. In addition, our data imply that standard karyotyping is sufficient to screen early onset mLOY.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erina Suzuki
- Department of Molecular EndocrinologyNational Research Institute for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
| | - Yoshitomo Kobori
- Department of UrologyDokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical CenterKoshigayaJapan
| | - Momori Katsumi
- Department of Molecular EndocrinologyNational Research Institute for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
- Department of NCCHD Child Health and DevelopmentGraduate SchoolTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Kikumi Ushijima
- Department of Molecular EndocrinologyNational Research Institute for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
| | - Toru Uchiyama
- Department of Human GeneticsNational Research Institute for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
| | - Hiroshi Okada
- Department of UrologyDokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical CenterKoshigayaJapan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular EndocrinologyNational Research Institute for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular EndocrinologyNational Research Institute for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kinjo K, Yoshida T, Kobori Y, Okada H, Suzuki E, Ogata T, Miyado M, Fukami M. Random X chromosome inactivation in patients with Klinefelter syndrome. Mol Cell Pediatr 2020; 7:1. [PMID: 31974854 PMCID: PMC6979883 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-020-0093-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is an indispensable process in the development of human female embryos. Reportedly, XCI occurs when a blastocyst contains 10–12 embryonic progenitor cells. To date, it remains unclear whether XCI ratios are normally preserved in Klinefelter syndrome (KS) patients with 47,XXY karyotype. Methods We examined XCI ratios in 18 KS patients through DNA methylation analysis for the polymorphic trinucleotide locus in the AR gene. The results of the KS patients were compared to previous data from healthy young women. Results XCI ratios in KS patients followed a normal distribution. Skewed XCI was observed in two patients, one of whom exhibited extremely skewed XCI. The frequencies of skewed and extremely skewed XCI in the KS cohort were comparable to those in healthy women. Conclusion This study confirmed the rarity of skewed XCI in KS patients. These results indicate that the presence of a supernumerary X chromosome during the cleavage and early blastocyst stages does not affect the developmental tempo of embryos. Our data deserve further validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kinjo
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Advanced Pediatric Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Kobori
- Department of Urology, Saitama Medical Center, Dokkyo Medical University, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okada
- Department of Urology, Saitama Medical Center, Dokkyo Medical University, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Erina Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kang W, Harada Y, Yamatoya K, Kawano N, Kanai S, Miyamoto Y, Nakamura A, Miyado M, Hayashi Y, Kuroki Y, Saito H, Iwao Y, Umezawa A, Miyado K. Correction: Extra-mitochondrial citrate synthase initiates calcium oscillation and suppresses age-dependent sperm dysfunction. J Transl Med 2020; 100:665. [PMID: 31907369 PMCID: PMC7609271 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0369-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woojin Kang
- 0000 0004 0377 2305grid.63906.3aDepartment of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535 Japan ,0000 0004 0377 2305grid.63906.3aDepartment of Perinatal Medicine and Maternal Care, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535 Japan
| | - Yuichirou Harada
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan. .,Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan.
| | - Kenji Yamatoya
- 0000 0004 1762 2738grid.258269.2Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu-City, Chiba 279-0021 Japan
| | - Natsuko Kawano
- 0000 0004 0377 2305grid.63906.3aDepartment of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535 Japan ,0000 0001 2106 7990grid.411764.1Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasakishi, Kanagawa 214-8571 Japan
| | - Seiya Kanai
- 0000 0001 2106 7990grid.411764.1Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasakishi, Kanagawa 214-8571 Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Miyamoto
- 0000 0004 0377 2305grid.63906.3aDepartment of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535 Japan
| | - Akihiro Nakamura
- 0000 0004 0377 2305grid.63906.3aDepartment of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535 Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- 0000 0004 0377 2305grid.63906.3aDepartment of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535 Japan
| | - Yoshiki Hayashi
- 0000 0001 2369 4728grid.20515.33Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572 Japan
| | - Yoko Kuroki
- 0000 0004 0377 2305grid.63906.3aDepartment of Genome Medicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535 Japan
| | - Hidekazu Saito
- 0000 0004 0377 2305grid.63906.3aDepartment of Perinatal Medicine and Maternal Care, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Iwao
- 0000 0001 0660 7960grid.268397.1Division of Earth Science, Biology, and Chemistry, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi City, Yamaguchi 753-8511 Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- 0000 0004 0377 2305grid.63906.3aDepartment of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535 Japan
| | - Kenji Miyado
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Saito K, Kuwahara A, Ishikawa T, Morisaki N, Miyado M, Miyado K, Fukami M, Miyasaka N, Ishihara O, Irahara M, Saito H. Reply: Artificial cycle 'per se' or the specific protocol of endometrial preparation as responsible for obstetric complications of frozen cycle? Hum Reprod 2019; 34:2554-2555. [PMID: 31822902 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dez221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Saito
- Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal and Maternal Medicine (Ibaraki), Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.,Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Akira Kuwahara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Tomonori Ishikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal and Maternal Medicine (Ibaraki), Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Naho Morisaki
- Department of Social Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyado
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Miyasaka
- Department of Comprehensive Reproductive Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Osamu Ishihara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Minoru Irahara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Saito
- Department of Perinatal Medicine and Maternal Care, National Center for Child Health and Development.,Umegaoka Women's Clinic, Tokyo 154-0022, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sasaki K, Shiba K, Nakamura A, Kawano N, Satouh Y, Yamaguchi H, Morikawa M, Shibata D, Yanase R, Jokura K, Nomura M, Miyado M, Takada S, Ueno H, Nonaka S, Baba T, Ikawa M, Kikkawa M, Miyado K, Inaba K. Erratum: Publisher Correction: Calaxin is required for cilia-driven determination of vertebrate laterality. Commun Biol 2019; 2:254. [PMID: 31286071 PMCID: PMC6609717 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0512-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Keita Sasaki
- 1Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, 415-0025 Japan
| | - Kogiku Shiba
- 1Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, 415-0025 Japan
| | - Akihiro Nakamura
- 1Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, 415-0025 Japan.,2Department of Reproductive Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535 Japan
| | - Natsuko Kawano
- 3Department of Life Science, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, 214-8574 Japan
| | - Yuhkoh Satouh
- 4Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamaguchi
- 5Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Motohiro Morikawa
- 5Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Daisuke Shibata
- 1Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, 415-0025 Japan
| | - Ryuji Yanase
- 1Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, 415-0025 Japan
| | - Kei Jokura
- 1Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, 415-0025 Japan
| | - Mami Nomura
- 1Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, 415-0025 Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- 6Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535 Japan
| | - Shuji Takada
- 7Department of Systems BioMedicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535 Japan
| | - Hironori Ueno
- 8Molecular Function & Life Sciences, Aichi University of Education, Aichi, 448-8542 Japan
| | - Shigenori Nonaka
- Spatiotemporal Regulations Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), Okazaki, 444-8585 Japan.,10Laboratory for Spatiotemporal Regulations, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585 Japan
| | - Tadashi Baba
- 11Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, and Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8577 Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- 4Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Masahide Kikkawa
- 5Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Kenji Miyado
- 2Department of Reproductive Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535 Japan
| | - Kazuo Inaba
- 1Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, 415-0025 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ogushi K, Muroya K, Shima H, Jinno T, Miyado M, Fukami M. SHOX far-downstream copy-number variations involving cis-regulatory nucleotide variants in two sisters with Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:1778-1782. [PMID: 31228230 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
SHOX haploinsufficiency leading to Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD) and idiopathic short stature typically results from intragenic mutations or copy-number variations (CNVs) involving SHOX and/or its putative enhancer regions that are distributed in the genomic interval between 400 kb and 840 kb from Xpter/Ypter. Here, we report two sisters with LWD, who carried a deletion in the far-downstream region of SHOX. The 0.62 Mb deletion contained 50 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and short insertions and deletions (indels), whose genotypes were linked to SHOX expression levels in the Genotype-Tissue Expression portal. Notably, most of these SNPs/indels accumulated within a ~20 kb interval that was positioned ~900 kb away from Xpter/Ypter. These SNPs/indels showed similar minor allele frequencies, indicating that they reside within a haplotype block. The ~20 kb interval was not evolutionarily conserved; however, it was associated with the previously determined peak of chromosome conformation capture profiling (4C)-seq. Importantly, the deletion in the present cases partially overlapped with CNVs of three previous cases with skeletal deformity and/or short stature. The results indicate that far-downstream CNVs constitute rare genetic causes of SHOX haploinsufficiency. These CNVs possibly impair SHOX expression through copy-number changes of a human-specific cis-regulatory haplotype block. This notion awaits further validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Ogushi
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Koji Muroya
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hirohito Shima
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Jinno
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sasaki K, Shiba K, Nakamura A, Kawano N, Satouh Y, Yamaguchi H, Morikawa M, Shibata D, Yanase R, Jokura K, Nomura M, Miyado M, Takada S, Ueno H, Nonaka S, Baba T, Ikawa M, Kikkawa M, Miyado K, Inaba K. Calaxin is required for cilia-driven determination of vertebrate laterality. Commun Biol 2019; 2:226. [PMID: 31240264 PMCID: PMC6586612 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0462-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Calaxin is a Ca2+-binding dynein-associated protein that regulates flagellar and ciliary movement. In ascidians, calaxin plays essential roles in chemotaxis of sperm. However, nothing has been known for the function of calaxin in vertebrates. Here we show that the mice with a null mutation in Efcab1, which encodes calaxin, display typical phenotypes of primary ciliary dyskinesia, including hydrocephalus, situs inversus, and abnormal motility of trachea cilia and sperm flagella. Strikingly, both males and females are viable and fertile, indicating that calaxin is not essential for fertilization in mice. The 9 + 2 axonemal structures of epithelial multicilia and sperm flagella are normal, but the formation of 9 + 0 nodal cilia is significantly disrupted. Knockout of calaxin in zebrafish also causes situs inversus due to the irregular ciliary beating of Kupffer's vesicle cilia, although the 9 + 2 axonemal structure appears to remain normal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keita Sasaki
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, 415-0025 Japan
| | - Kogiku Shiba
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, 415-0025 Japan
| | - Akihiro Nakamura
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, 415-0025 Japan
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535 Japan
| | - Natsuko Kawano
- Department of Life Science, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, 214-8574 Japan
| | - Yuhkoh Satouh
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Motohiro Morikawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Daisuke Shibata
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, 415-0025 Japan
| | - Ryuji Yanase
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, 415-0025 Japan
| | - Kei Jokura
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, 415-0025 Japan
| | - Mami Nomura
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, 415-0025 Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535 Japan
| | - Shuji Takada
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535 Japan
| | - Hironori Ueno
- Molecular Function & Life Sciences, Aichi University of Education, Aichi, 448-8542 Japan
| | - Shigenori Nonaka
- Spatiotemporal Regulations Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), Okazaki, 444-8585 Japan
- Laboratory for Spatiotemporal Regulations, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585 Japan
| | - Tadashi Baba
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, and Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8577 Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Masahide Kikkawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Kenji Miyado
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535 Japan
| | - Kazuo Inaba
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, 415-0025 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ogushi K, Hattori A, Suzuki E, Shima H, Izawa M, Yagasaki H, Horikawa R, Uetake K, Umezawa A, Ishii T, Muroya K, Namba N, Tanaka T, Hirano Y, Yamamoto H, Soneda S, Matsubara K, Kagami M, Miyado M, Fukami M. DNA Methylation Status of SHOX-Flanking CpG Islands in Healthy Individuals and Short Stature Patients with Pseudoautosomal Copy Number Variations. Cytogenet Genome Res 2019; 158:56-62. [PMID: 31158835 DOI: 10.1159/000500468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
SHOX resides in the short arm pseudoautosomal region (PAR1) of the sex chromosomes and escapes X inactivation. SHOX haploinsufficiency underlies idiopathic short stature (ISS) and Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD). A substantial percentage of cases with SHOX haploinsufficiency arise from pseudoautosomal copy number variations (CNVs) involving putative enhancer regions of SHOX. Our previous study using peripheral blood samples showed that some CpG dinucleotides adjacent to SHOX exon 1 were hypomethylated in a healthy woman and methylated in a woman with gross X chromosomal rearrangements. However, it remains unknown whether submicroscopic pseudoautosomal CNVs cause aberrant DNA methylation of SHOX-flanking CpG islands. In this study, we examined the DNA methylation status of SHOX-flanking CpG islands in 50 healthy individuals and 10 ISS/LWD patients with pseudoautosomal CNVs. In silico analysis detected 3 CpG islands within the 20-kb region from the translation start site of SHOX. Pyrosequencing and bisulfite sequencing of genomic DNA samples revealed that these CpG islands were barely methylated in peripheral blood cells and cultured chondrocytes of healthy individuals, as well as in peripheral blood cells of ISS/LWD patients with pseudoautosomal CNVs. These results, in conjunction with our previous findings, indicate that the DNA methylation status of SHOX-flanking CpG islands can be affected by gross X-chromosomal abnormalities, but not by submicroscopic CNVs in PAR1. Such CNVs likely disturb SHOX expression through DNA methylation-independent mechanisms, which need to be determined in future studies.
Collapse
|
32
|
Miyado M, Fukami M. Losing maleness: Somatic Y chromosome loss at every stage of a man's life. FASEB Bioadv 2019; 1:350-352. [PMID: 32123838 PMCID: PMC6996334 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2019-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosaic loss of Y chromosome (LOY) is assumed to be among the most common acquired genetic variations in elderly people. Recent studies have linked aging-related mosaic LOY to the risk of Alzheimer's disease, cancer, and early death. Here, we propose that mosaic LOY can present in men at any age. Mosaic LOY appears to be associated with disorders of sex development and Turner syndrome at birth, short stature from childhood, and spermatogenic failure at reproductive age, in addition to shortened survival after 60 years of age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular EndocrinologyNational Research Institute for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular EndocrinologyNational Research Institute for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Miyado M, Kang W, Kawano N, Miyado K. Microexosomes versus exosomes: Shared components but distinct structures. Regen Ther 2019; 11:31-33. [PMID: 31193153 PMCID: PMC6517843 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Woojin Kang
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8353, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kawano
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyado
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8353, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tanase-Nakao K, Mizuno K, Hayashi Y, Kojima Y, Hara M, Matsumoto K, Matsubara Y, Igarashi M, Miyado M, Fukami M. Dihydrotestosterone induces minor transcriptional alterations in genital skin fibroblasts of children with and without androgen insensitivity. Endocr J 2019; 66:387-393. [PMID: 30787207 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej18-0494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous and exogenous androgens induce masculinization of external genitalia through binding to the androgen receptor (AR). The target genes of androgens in external genitalia remain to be determined, although previous studies have shown that the apolipoprotein D gene (APOD) was significantly upregulated by dihydrotestosterone (DHT), the most potent androgen in humans. In the present study, we performed microarray analysis for genital skin fibroblasts obtained from four boys with buried penis (the control individuals) and a patient with partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS) due to a hypomorphic mutation in AR (the PAIS patient). We identified 24 transcripts that were upregulated or downregulated by DHT in all samples of control individuals and, to a lesser extent, in the sample of the PAIS patient. Differences between DHT-treated and -untreated samples were small; the results of 24 transcripts did not reach statistical significance. The 24 transcripts included CYP1B1, a gene possibly involved in the development of genital tubercle in mice, and APOD, as well as several genes that have been reported as androgen targets in prostate or other tissues. The results of this study indicate that androgen-mediated masculinization of external genitalia is unlikely to depend on massive transcriptional changes in specific AR target genes. Rather, minor transcriptional changes of several genes, and/or a complex molecular network may play a major role in penile development. Importantly, our data suggest the possible involvement of CYP1B1 in human genital development and confirm the clinical importance of APOD as a biomarker for AR function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Tanase-Nakao
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
- Department of Advanced Pediatric Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Kentaro Mizuno
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yutaro Hayashi
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kojima
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Mariko Hara
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsumoto
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsubara
- Department of Advanced Pediatric Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
- Institute director, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Maki Igarashi
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Miyado M, Fukami M, Takada S, Terao M, Nakabayashi K, Hata K, Matsubara Y, Tanaka Y, Sasaki G, Nagasaki K, Shiina M, Ogata K, Masunaga Y, Saitsu H, Ogata T. Germline-Derived Gain-of-Function Variants of Gs α-Coding GNAS Gene Identified in Nephrogenic Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30:877-889. [PMID: 30962325 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018121268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The stimulatory G-protein α-subunit encoded by GNAS exons 1-13 (GNAS-Gsα) mediates signal transduction of multiple G protein-coupled receptors, including arginine vasopressin receptor 2 (AVPR2). Various germline-derived loss-of-function GNAS-Gsα variants of maternal and paternal origin have been found in pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ia and pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism, respectively. Specific somatic gain-of-function GNAS-Gsα variants have been detected in McCune-Albright syndrome and may result in phosphate wasting. However, no germline-derived gain-of-function variant has been identified, implying that such a variant causes embryonic lethality. METHODS We performed whole-exome sequencing in two families with dominantly inherited nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (NSIAD) as a salient phenotype after excluding a gain-of-function variant of AVPR2 and functional studies for identified variants. RESULTS Whole-exome sequencing revealed two GNAS-Gsα candidate variants for NSIAD: GNAS-Gsα p.(F68_G70del) in one family and GNAS-Gsα p.(M255V) in one family. Both variants were absent from public and in-house databases. Of genes with rare variants, GNAS-Gsα alone was involved in AVPR2 signaling and shared by the families. Protein structural analyses revealed a gain-of-function-compatible conformational property for p.M255V-Gsα, although such assessment was not possible for p.F68_G70del-Gsα. Both variants had gain-of-function effects that were significantly milder than those of McCune-Albright syndrome-specific somatic Gsα variants. Model mice for p.F68_G70del-Gsα showed normal survivability and NSIAD-compatible phenotype, whereas those for p.M255V-Gsα exhibited severe failure to thrive. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that germline-derived gain-of-function rare variants of GNAS-Gsα exist and cause NSIAD as a novel Gsα-mediated genetic disease. It is likely that AVPR2 signaling is most sensitive to GNAS-Gsα's gain-of-function effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yoichi Matsubara
- Head Office, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Dental College, Ichikawa General Hospital, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Goro Sasaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Dental College, Ichikawa General Hospital, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nagasaki
- Department of Homeostatic Regulation and Development, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masaaki Shiina
- Department of Biochemistry, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; and
| | - Kazuhiro Ogata
- Department of Biochemistry, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; and
| | | | - Hirotomo Saitsu
- Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Departments of Molecular Endocrinology, .,Departments of Pediatrics and
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Iwai M, Hamatani T, Nakamura A, Kawano N, Kanai S, Kang W, Yoshii N, Odawara Y, Yamada M, Miyamoto Y, Saito T, Saito H, Miyado M, Umezawa A, Miyado K, Tanaka M. Membrane protein CD9 is repositioned and released to enhance uterine function. J Transl Med 2019; 99:200-209. [PMID: 30401958 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanin CD9 is essential for sperm-egg fusion and also contributes to uterine repair through microexosome formation. Microexosomes share CD9 with exosomes and are released from eggs and uterine epithelial cells. However, the mechanism for the formation of microexosomes remains unknown. To address this issue, we examined membrane localization and extracellular release of CD9 proteins using uterine epithelial cells and secretions in mice and humans. In mice, CD9 localized predominantly on the basal region of the plasma membrane and relocated to the apical region upon embryo implantation. Furthermore, extracellular CD9 proteins were detected in uterine secretions of mice and women undergoing infertility treatment, but were below detectable levels in supernatants of pluripotent stem cells. Ultrastructural analysis demonstrated that membrane projections were shortened and the number of mitochondria was reduced in uterine epithelial cells lacking Cd9 genes. Our results suggest that CD9 repositioning and release affect both membrane structures and mitochondrial state in the uterus, and contribute to female fertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maki Iwai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Toshio Hamatani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kawano
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.,Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Seiya Kanai
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Woojin Kang
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.,Department of Perinatal Medicine and Maternal Care, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Noriko Yoshii
- Tokyo Adventist Hospital Megumi Clinic, 3-5-2 Amanuma, Suginami, Tokyo, 167-0032, Japan
| | - Yasushi Odawara
- Fertility Clinic Tokyo, 3-13-11 Higashi, Shibuya, Tokyo, 150-0011, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Yamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Miyamoto
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Takakazu Saito
- Department of Perinatal Medicine and Maternal Care, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Saito
- Department of Perinatal Medicine and Maternal Care, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyado
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.
| | - Mamoru Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Iwai M, Harada Y, Miyabayashi R, Kang W, Nakamura A, Kawano N, Miyamoto Y, Yamada M, Hamatani T, Miyado M, Yoshida K, Saito H, Tanaka M, Umezawa A, Miyado K. Chemotactic behavior of egg mitochondria in response to sperm fusion in mice. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00944. [PMID: 30480160 PMCID: PMC6240845 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of eukaryotic cells and their positioning contributes to fertilization and early developmental processes. We report that sperm fusion triggers Ca2+ oscillations and mitochondrial movement toward fused sperm (mitochondrial chemotaxis) in mouse eggs. Mitochondria functioned in Ca2+ storage and were colocalized with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) during Ca2+ oscillations. Mitochondria then moved toward the fused sperm. Sperm extracts lacking nuclei induced Ca2+ oscillations, but did not promote mitochondrial chemotaxis. Our results suggest that sperm fusion motivates Ca2+ oscillation-independent mitochondrial chemotaxis. This phenomenon indicates that egg mitochondria interact with sperm materials, presumably nuclear substances, and their network tethers egg and sperm nuclei at the early stage of zygote formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maki Iwai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Yuichirou Harada
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | | | - Woojin Kang
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan.,Department of Perinatal Medicine and Oocyte Care, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kawano
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan.,Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Miyamoto
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Yamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Toshio Hamatani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Keiichi Yoshida
- Advanced Medicine, Innovation and Clinical Research Center, Tottori University Hospital, 36-1 Nishicho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Saito
- Department of Perinatal Medicine and Oocyte Care, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyado
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Yoshida T, Matsuzaki T, Miyado M, Saito K, Iwasa T, Matsubara Y, Ogata T, Irahara M, Fukami M. 11-oxygenated C19 steroids as circulating androgens in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocr J 2018; 65:979-990. [PMID: 30012903 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej18-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
11-oxygenated C19 steroids (11oxC19s) are newly specified human androgens. Although median serum levels of 11oxC19 were reported to be higher in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) than in unaffected women, inter-individual variations in androgen levels among PCOS patients have poorly been investigated. Here, we quantified four 11oxC19s, i.e., 11-ketotestosterone (11KT), 11β-hydroxytestosterone (11OHT), 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione (11OHΔ4A), and 11-ketoandrostenedione (11KΔ4A), in blood samples of 28 PCOS patients and 31 eumenorrheic women using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We referred to our previous data of classic androgens in these individuals. We found that 11OHT levels were higher in the PCOS group than in the eumenorrheic group. Moreover, although the median values of 11KT, 11KΔ4A, and 11OHΔ4A were comparable between the two groups, these steroids were markedly increased in some patients. Of the 28 patients, 8 had high levels of both 11oxC19s and classic androgens, whereas 4 had an increase only in 11oxC19 levels, and 12 had an increase only in classic androgen levels. Intragroup variations in androgen levels were relatively large in the PCOS group. Levels of 11OHT and 11KT were significantly higher in overweight/obese patients than in normal weight patients and correlated with body mass indexes. These results highlight the clinical significance of 11oxC19s as circulating androgens in PCOS patients and indicate that the accumulation of 11oxC19s and/or classic androgens is an essential feature of PCOS. The profiles of circulating androgens appear to vary among patients. In particular, overweight/obesity likely enhances the 11oxC19s accumulation in PCOS, although this notion awaits further validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
- Department of Advanced Pediatric Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Toshiya Matsuzaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal and Maternal Medicine (Ibaraki), Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwasa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsubara
- Department of Advanced Pediatric Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
- Institute director, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Minoru Irahara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Nakamura A, Kawano N, Motomura K, Kuroda A, Sekiguchi K, Miyado M, Kang W, Miyamoto Y, Hanai M, Iwai M, Yamada M, Hamatani T, Saito T, Saito H, Tanaka M, Umezawa A, Miyado K. Degradation of phosphate polymer polyP enhances lactic fermentation in mice. Genes Cells 2018; 23:904-914. [PMID: 30144248 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In bacteria, a polymer of inorganic phosphate (Pi) (inorganic polyphosphate; polyP) is enzymatically produced and consumed as an alternative phosphate donor for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production to protect against nutrient starvation. In vertebrates, polyP has been dismissed as a "molecular fossil" due to the lack of any known physiological function. Here, we have explored its possible role by producing transgenic (TG) mice widely expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae exopolyphosphatase 1 (ScPPX1), which catalyzes hydrolytic polyP degradation. TG mice were produced and displayed reduced mitochondrial respiration in muscles. In female TG mice, the blood concentration of lactic acid was enhanced, whereas ATP storage in liver and brain tissues was reduced significantly. Thus, we suggested that the elongation of polyP reduces the intracellular Pi concentration, suppresses anaerobic lactic acid production, and sustains mitochondrial respiration. Our results provide an insight into the physiological role of polyP in mammals, particularly in females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kawano
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Tama, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kei Motomura
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akio Kuroda
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Woojin Kang
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Miyamoto
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maito Hanai
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Tama, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Maki Iwai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Yamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Hamatani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takakazu Saito
- Department of Perinatal Medicine and Maternal Care, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Saito
- Department of Perinatal Medicine and Maternal Care, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyado
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kang W, Ishida E, Yamatoya K, Nakamura A, Miyado M, Miyamoto Y, Iwai M, Tatsumi K, Saito T, Saito K, Kawano N, Hamatani T, Umezawa A, Miyado K, Saito H. Autophagy-disrupted LC3 abundance leads to death of supporting cells of human oocytes. Biochem Biophys Rep 2018; 15:107-114. [PMID: 30140750 PMCID: PMC6104557 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagic recycling of cell parts is generally termed as the opposite of cell death. Here, we explored the relation between cell death and autophagy by examining granulosa cell layers that control oocyte quality, which is important for the success of fertilization. Granulosa cell layers were collected from infertile women and morphologically divided into four types, viz., mature (MCCs), immature (ICCs), and dysmature cumulus cells (DCCs), and mural granulosa cells (MGCs). Microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3), which is involved in autophagosome formation, was expressed excessively in DCCs and MGCs, and their chromosomal DNA was highly fragmented. However, autophagy initiation was limited to MGCs, as indicated by the expression of membrane-bound LC3-II and autophagy-related protein 7 (ATG7), an enzyme that converts LC3-I to LC3-II. Although pro-LC3 was accumulated, autophagy was disabled in DCCs, resulting in cell death. Our results suggest the possibility that autophagy-independent accumulation of pro-LC3 proteins leads to the death of human granulosa cells surrounding the oocytes and presumably reduces oocyte quality and female fertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woojin Kang
- Department of Perinatal Medicine and Maternal Care, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Eri Ishida
- Department of Perinatal Medicine and Maternal Care, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamatoya
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nakamura
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Miyamoto
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Maki Iwai
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kuniko Tatsumi
- Department of Perinatal Medicine and Maternal Care, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Takakazu Saito
- Department of Perinatal Medicine and Maternal Care, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- Department of Perinatal Medicine and Maternal Care, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kawano
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Toshio Hamatani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyado
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Hidekazu Saito
- Department of Perinatal Medicine and Maternal Care, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
- Corresponding authors.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Nakamura S, Kobori Y, Ueda Y, Tanaka Y, Ishikawa H, Yoshida A, Katsumi M, Saito K, Nakamura A, Ogata T, Okada H, Nakai H, Miyado M, Fukami M. Cover Image, Volume 39, Issue 6. Hum Mutat 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.23544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
42
|
Nakamura S, Kobori Y, Ueda Y, Tanaka Y, Ishikawa H, Yoshida A, Katsumi M, Saito K, Nakamura A, Ogata T, Okada H, Nakai H, Miyado M, Fukami M. STX2 is a causative gene for nonobstructive azoospermia. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:830-833. [PMID: 29570232 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
STX2 encodes a sulfoglycolipid transporter. Although Stx2 nullizygosity is known to cause spermatogenic failure in mice, STX2 mutations have not been identified in humans. Here, we performed STX2 mutation analysis for 131 Japanese men clinically diagnosed with nonobstructive azoospermia. As a result, we identified a homozygous frameshift mutation [c.8_12delACCGG, p.(Asp3Alafs*8)] in one patient. The mutation-positive patient exhibited loss-of-heterozygosity for 58.4 Mb genomic regions involving STX2, suggesting possible parental consanguinity. The patient showed azoospermia, relatively small testes, and a mildly elevated follicle stimulating hormone level, but no additional clinical features. Testicular histology of the patient showed universal maturation arrest and multinucleated spermatocytes, which have also been observed in mice lacking Stx2. PCR-based cDNA screening revealed wildtype STX2 expression in various tissues including the testis. Our results indicate that STX2 nullizygosity results in nonsyndromic maturation arrest with multinucleated spermatocytes, and accounts for a small fraction of cases with nonobstructive azoospermia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatric Urology, Jichi Medical University, Children's Medical Center Tochigi, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Kobori
- Department of Urology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Ueda
- Department of Pathology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Yoko Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Ishikawa
- Reproduction Center, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, Ichikawa, Japan
| | | | - Momori Katsumi
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akie Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okada
- Department of Urology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Hideo Nakai
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Jichi Medical University, Children's Medical Center Tochigi, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Miyado M, Muroya K, Katsumi M, Saito K, Kon M, Fukami M. Somatically Acquired Isodicentric Y and Mosaic Loss of Chromosome Y in a Boy with Hypospadias. Cytogenet Genome Res 2018; 154:122-125. [DOI: 10.1159/000488162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Isodicentric Y chromosome [idic(Y)] represents a relatively common subtype of Y chromosomal rearrangements in the germline; however, limited evidence supports the postzygotic occurrence of idic(Y). Here, we report a boy with hypospadias and somatically acquired idic(Y). The 3.5-year-old boy has been identified in our previous study for patients with hypospadias. In the present study, cytogenetic analysis including FISH revealed a 45,X[5]/46,X,idic(Y)[7]/46,XY[8] karyotype. MLPA showed a mosaic deletion involving PPP1R12BP1 and RBMY2DP. The idic(Y) was likely to have been formed through aberrant recombination between P1 palindromes and subsequently underwent mosaic loss. The patient's phenotype was attributable to deletion of some Y chromosomal genes and/or mosaic loss of chromosome Y (mLOY). The results suggest that idic(Y) can originate in postzygotic cells via palindrome-mediated crossovers. Moreover, our data indicate that somatically acquired idic(Y) can trigger mLOY, which usually appears as an aging-related phenomenon in elderly men.
Collapse
|
44
|
Fukami M, Suzuki E, Igarashi M, Miyado M, Ogata T. Gain-of-function mutations in G-protein-coupled receptor genes associated with human endocrine disorders. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2018; 88:351-359. [PMID: 29029377 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The human genome encodes more than 700 G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), many of which are involved in hormone secretion. To date, more than 100 gain-of-function (activating) mutations in at least ten genes for GPCRs, in addition to several loss-of-function mutations, have been implicated in human endocrine disorders. Previously reported gain-of-function GPCR mutations comprise various missense substitutions, frameshift mutations, intragenic inframe deletions and copy-number gains. Such mutations appear in both germline and somatic tumour cells, and lead to various hormonal abnormalities reflecting excessive receptor activity. Phenotypic consequences of these mutations include distinctive endocrine syndromes, as well as relatively common hormonal abnormalities. Such mutations encode hyperfunctioning receptors with increased constitutive activity, broadened ligand specificity, increased ligand sensitivity and/or delayed receptor desensitization. Furthermore, recent studies proposed a paradoxical gain-of-function mechanism caused by inactive GPCR mutants. Molecular diagnosis of GPCR activating mutations serves to improve the clinical management of mutation-positive patients. This review aims to introduce new aspects regarding gain-of-function mutations in GPCR genes associated with endocrine disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Erina Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Igarashi
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ohsako S, Aiba T, Miyado M, Fukami M, Ogata T, Hayashi Y, Mizuno K, Kojima Y. Expression of Xenobiotic Biomarkers CYP1 Family in Preputial Tissue of Patients with Hypospadias and Phimosis and Its Association with DNA Methylation Level of SRD5A2 Minimal Promoter. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2018; 74:240-247. [PMID: 29080015 PMCID: PMC5807475 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0466-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Several epidemiological studies have suggested that the incidence of male reproductive organ malformations, including hypospadias or cryptorchidism, has increased due to fetal-stage exposure to environmental pollutants. However, the association of chemical exposure with the expression of target regulatory genes in the tissues of patients has not yet been reported. Because experimental approaches or clinical trials in human studies are limited, especially those using fetal and/or infants, it is difficult to obtain clear physiological evidence of mechanisms underlying male reproductive malformations. Thus, the lack of physiological evidence makes this issue controversial. We analyzed preputial tissues from patients with hypospadias (n = 23) and phimosis (n = 16). The atypical CYP1 family genes, CYP1A1 and CYP1B1, are potential biomarkers of environmental chemical exposure. We then compared the expression levels of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 between hypospadias and phimosis samples by quantitative RT-PCR analysis. The mRNA expression levels of SRD5A2 and AR also were measured, because the androgen-related genes involved in the onset of disorders of male reproductive system. A significantly higher CYP1B1 expression level and a lower AR expression level were observed in the hypospadias groups than in the phimosis group. Positive correlations (P < 0.001) between the mRNA expression levels of the CYP1 family and SRD5A2 were found in patients with hypospadias but not in those with phimosis. Moreover, the methylation levels of the four genes were determined by bisulfite genomic sequencing. Although the SRD5A2 promoter region showed moderate methylation, no methylation was detected in CYP1A1, CYP1B1, or AR. There was no significant difference in SRD5A2 promoter methylation level between hypospadias and phimosis patients. Negative correlations were found between the methylation level of SRD5A2, especially at the - 221 Sp1 site, and the CYP1 family mRNA expression levels (CYP1A1, p = 0.002; CYP1B1, p = 0.007) in hypospadias patients, but not in phimosis patients. The significant positive association of mRNA expression level and the negative association of methylation level of the SRD5A2 gene with the mRNA expression levels of CYP1 family genes in the preputial tissue seem to indicate the chemical exposure of patients with hypospadias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seiichiroh Ohsako
- Laboratory of Environmental Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Toshiki Aiba
- Laboratory of Environmental Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yutaro Hayashi
- Department of Nephro-Urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Kentaro Mizuno
- Department of Nephro-Urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kojima
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Nakamura S, Miyado M, Saito K, Katsumi M, Nakamura A, Kobori Y, Tanaka Y, Ishikawa H, Yoshida A, Okada H, Hata K, Nakabayashi K, Okamura K, Ogata H, Matsubara Y, Ogata T, Nakai H, Fukami M. Next-generation sequencing for patients with non-obstructive azoospermia: implications for significant roles of monogenic/oligogenic mutations. Andrology 2018; 5:824-831. [PMID: 28718531 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Azoospermia affects up to 1% of adult men. Non-obstructive azoospermia is a multifactorial disorder whose molecular basis remains largely unknown. To date, mutations in several genes and multiple submicroscopic copy-number variations (CNVs) have been identified in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia. The aim of this study was to clarify the contribution of nucleotide substitutions in known causative genes and submicroscopic CNVs in the genome to the development of non-obstructive azoospermia. To this end, we conducted sequence analysis of 25 known disease-associated genes using next-generation sequencing and genome-wide copy-number analysis using array-based comparative genomic hybridization. We studied 40 Japanese patients with idiopathic non-obstructive azoospermia. Functional significance of molecular alterations was assessed by in silico analyses. As a result, we identified four putative pathogenic mutations, four rare polymorphisms possibly associated with disease risk, and four probable neutral variants in 10 patients. These sequence alterations included a heterozygous splice site mutation in SOHLH1 and a hemizygous missense substitution in TEX11, which have been reported as causes of non-obstructive azoospermia. Copy-number analysis detected five X chromosomal or autosomal CNVs of unknown clinical significance, in addition to one known pathogenic Y chromosomal microduplication. Five patients carried multiple molecular alterations. The results indicate that monogenic and oligogenic mutations, including those in SOHLH1 and TEX11, account for more than 10% of cases of idiopathic non-obstructive azoospermia. Furthermore, this study suggests possible contributions of substitutions in various genes as well as submicroscopic CNVs on the X chromosome and autosomes to non-obstructive azoospermia, which require further validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatric Urology, Jichi Medical University, Children's Medical Center Tochigi, Tochigi, Japan
| | - M Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Saito
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Comprehensive Reproductive Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Katsumi
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of NCCHD Child Health and Development, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Kobori
- Department of Urology, Dokkyo Medical University Koshigaya Hospital, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Y Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - H Ishikawa
- Reproduction Center, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - A Yoshida
- Reproduction Center, Kiba Park Clinic, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Okada
- Department of Urology, Dokkyo Medical University Koshigaya Hospital, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - K Hata
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Nakabayashi
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Okamura
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Ogata
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Matsubara
- National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Ogata
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - H Nakai
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Jichi Medical University, Children's Medical Center Tochigi, Tochigi, Japan
| | - M Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Yoshida K, Kang W, Nakamura A, Kawano N, Hanai M, Miyado M, Miyamoto Y, Iwai M, Hamatani T, Saito H, Miyado K, Umezawa A. Ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1 inhibitor PYR-41 retards sperm enlargement after fusion to the egg. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 76:71-77. [PMID: 29355596 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system, which is initiated by a single ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1 (UBE1), is involved in male reproduction via spermatogenesis and function in mammals. Here we explored the influence of UBE1-specific inhibitor, 4[4-(5-nitro-furan-2-ylmethylene)-3,5-dioxo-pyrazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid ethyl ester (pyrazone-41 or PYR-41) in female reproduction. UBE-1 was detected by immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry in mouse eggs and was localized mainly under the egg plasma membrane. PYR-41 pretreatment suppresses the development of eggs into two-cell embryos. Specifically, pretreatment retarded sperm enlargement and meiotic chromosomal division after sperm-egg fusion. PYR-41 pretreatment disturbed β-catenin, a well-known target protein for ubiquitination, localization under the egg plasma membrane and on spindle microtubules in wild-type eggs. Otherwise, PYR-41 treatment had no effect on the two-cell development of eggs lacking β-catenin. Our results raise the possibility that inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome system suppresses sperm enlargement through impaired β-catenin-mediated mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Yoshida
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.
| | - Woojin Kang
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan; Department of Perinatal Medicine and Maternal Care, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nakamura
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan; Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kawano
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan; Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Maito Hanai
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan; Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Miyamoto
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Maki Iwai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Toshio Hamatani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Saito
- Department of Perinatal Medicine and Maternal Care, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyado
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Yamatoya K, Saito K, Saito T, Kang W, Nakamura A, Miyado M, Kawano N, Miyamoto Y, Umezawa A, Miyado K, Saito H. Birthweights and Down syndrome in neonates that were delivered after frozen-thawed embryo transfer: The 2007-2012 Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology National Registry data in Japan. Reprod Med Biol 2017; 16:228-234. [PMID: 29259472 PMCID: PMC5661821 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To evaluate the use of frozen embryos on the outcome of assisted reproductive technology (ART), a retrospective study of the Japanese Assisted Reproductive Technology Registry data during the years 2007‐2012 was conducted. Methods A total of 124 946 singleton neonates who reached term gestation following ART from 2007‐2012, with 80 660 achieved through frozen‐thawed embryo transfer (ET) and 44 286 being achieved through fresh ET, were analyzed for their birthweights and chromosomal abnormalities. Results The birthweight of the neonates from the frozen‐thawed ETs was significantly higher than that of those from the fresh ETs throughout all the study years. The frequency of Down syndrome was 0.17% for the fresh ETs and 0.13% for the frozen‐thawed ETs in the period 2007‐2012. This study showed that frozen‐thawed ETs result in a constant increase of the average birthweight between 37 and 41 weeks gestational age and lower frequencies of Down syndrome. Conclusion Frozen‐thawed ETs were comparable to the fresh ET method, with the exceptions of higher birthweights and a lower frequency of Down syndrome in the neonates that were born from frozen‐thawed ET. The increase in birthweights was not proportional to the gestational ages. This cannot be explained with any well‐known mechanism. The frequency of chromosomal abnormalities needs detailed data for analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yamatoya
- Department of Perinatal Medicine and Maternal Care National Center for Child Health and Development Tokyo Japan.,Department of Reproductive Biology National Research Institute for Child Health and Development Tokyo Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- Department of Perinatal Medicine and Maternal Care National Center for Child Health and Development Tokyo Japan.,Department of Molecular Endocrinology National Research Institute for Child Health and Development Tokyo Japan
| | - Takakazu Saito
- Department of Perinatal Medicine and Maternal Care National Center for Child Health and Development Tokyo Japan
| | - Woojin Kang
- Department of Perinatal Medicine and Maternal Care National Center for Child Health and Development Tokyo Japan.,Department of Reproductive Biology National Research Institute for Child Health and Development Tokyo Japan
| | - Akihiro Nakamura
- Department of Life Sciences School of Agriculture Meiji University Kawasaki Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology National Research Institute for Child Health and Development Tokyo Japan
| | - Natsuko Kawano
- Department of Reproductive Biology National Research Institute for Child Health and Development Tokyo Japan.,Department of Life Sciences School of Agriculture Meiji University Kawasaki Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Miyamoto
- Department of Reproductive Biology National Research Institute for Child Health and Development Tokyo Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Department of Reproductive Biology National Research Institute for Child Health and Development Tokyo Japan
| | - Kenji Miyado
- Department of Reproductive Biology National Research Institute for Child Health and Development Tokyo Japan
| | - Hidekazu Saito
- Department of Perinatal Medicine and Maternal Care National Center for Child Health and Development Tokyo Japan
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Saito K, Fukami M, Miyado M, Ono I, Sumori K. Case of heterotopic cervical pregnancy and total placenta accreta after artificial cycle frozen-thawed embryo transfer. Reprod Med Biol 2017; 17:89-92. [PMID: 29371827 PMCID: PMC5768976 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Case A 39‐year‐old woman presented with a genital hemorrhage at 5 weeks of gestation after an artificial cycle double frozen‐thawed embryo transfer. She was diagnosed with a cervical heterotopic pregnancy. Although hormone supplementation was discontinued to terminate the pregnancy at 5 weeks of gestation, the intrauterine and cervical gestational sacs continued to develop. Outcome The cervical gestational sac was surgically removed and the intrauterine pregnancy continued uneventfully, except for vasa previa. At 36 weeks of gestation, the patient underwent a cesarean section and gave birth to a healthy female infant. At the delivery, massive bleeding occurred and a hysterectomy was performed due to total placenta accreta. Conclusion This case provides a novel example of a near‐term delivery after a cervical heterotopic pregnancy and emphasizes the need for intensive care, even after the successful management of a cervical pregnancy. Most importantly, the present case implies a possible link between hormonal withdrawal and abnormal placentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Saito
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology National Research Institute for Child Health and Development Tokyo Japan.,Department of Comprehensive Reproductive Medicine Graduate School Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology National Research Institute for Child Health and Development Tokyo Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology National Research Institute for Child Health and Development Tokyo Japan
| | - Ichiro Ono
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Ome Municipal General Hospital Tokyo Japan
| | - Keijiro Sumori
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Ome Municipal General Hospital Tokyo Japan
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Miyado M, Yoshida K, Miyado K, Katsumi M, Saito K, Nakamura S, Ogata T, Fukami M. Knockout of Murine Mamld1 Impairs Testicular Growth and Daily Sperm Production but Permits Normal Postnatal Androgen Production and Fertility. Int J Mol Sci 2017. [PMID: 28629181 PMCID: PMC5486121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
MAMLD1 has been implicated in testicular function in both human and mouse fetuses. Although three patients with MAMLD1 mutations were reported to have hypergonadotropic hypogonadism in their teens, the functional significance of MAMLD1 in the postnatal testis remains unclear. Here, we analyzed the phenotype of Mamld1 knockout (KO) male mice at reproductive ages. The reproductive organs of KO male mice were morphologically unremarkable, except for relatively small testes. Seminiferous tubule size and number of proliferating spermatogonia/spermatocytes were reduced in the KO testis. Daily sperm production of KO mice was mildly attenuated, whereas total sperm counts in epididymal semen remained normal. Sperm motility and morphology, as well as androgen levels in serum and testicular tissues and the number of pups born from cross-mated wildtype (WT) female mice, were comparable between WT and KO male mice. These results indicate that MAMLD1 contributes to the maintenance of postnatal testicular growth and daily sperm production but is dispensable for androgen biosynthesis and fertility. MAMLD1 likely plays supporting roles in multiple and continuous steps of male reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan.
| | - Kaoru Yoshida
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Toin University of Yokohama, Yokohama 225-8502, Japan.
| | - Kenji Miyado
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan.
| | - Momori Katsumi
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan.
- Department of NCCHD Child Health and Development, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Saito
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan.
- Department of Comprehensive Reproductive Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Shigeru Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan.
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Jichi Medical University, Children's Medical Center Tochigi, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan.
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|