1
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Nishikawa M, Matsuki T, Hamada N, Nakayama A, Ito H, Nagata KI. Expression analyses of WAC, a responsible gene for neurodevelopmental disorders, during mouse brain development. Med Mol Morphol 2023; 56:266-273. [PMID: 37402055 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-023-00364-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
WAC is an adaptor protein involved in gene transcription, protein ubiquitination, and autophagy. Accumulating evidence indicates that WAC gene abnormalities are responsible for neurodevelopmental disorders. In this study, we prepared anti-WAC antibody, and performed biochemical and morphological characterization focusing on mouse brain development. Western blotting analyses revealed that WAC is expressed in a developmental stage-dependent manner. In immunohistochemical analyses, while WAC was visualized mainly in the perinuclear region of cortical neurons at embryonic day 14, nuclear expression was detected in some cells. WAC then came to be enriched in the nucleus of cortical neurons after birth. When hippocampal sections were stained, nuclear localization of WAC was observed in Cornu ammonis 1 - 3 and dentate gyrus. In cerebellum, WAC was detected in the nucleus of Purkinje cells and granule cells, and possibly interneurons in the molecular layer. In primary cultured hippocampal neurons, WAC was distributed mainly in the nucleus throughout the developing process while it was also localized at perinuclear region at 3 and 7 days in vitro. Notably, WAC was visualized in Tau-1-positive axons and MAP2-positive dendrites in a time-dependent manner. Taken together, results obtained here suggest that WAC plays a crucial role during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Nishikawa
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, 713-8 Kamiya, Kasugai, 480-0392, Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Nagoya University Graduate School of Science, Furo-Cho, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tohru Matsuki
- Cellular Pathology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, 713-8 Kamiya, Kasugai, 480-0392, Japan
| | - Nanako Hamada
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, 713-8 Kamiya, Kasugai, 480-0392, Japan
| | - Atsuo Nakayama
- Cellular Pathology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, 713-8 Kamiya, Kasugai, 480-0392, Japan
- Department of Neurochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-Cho, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ito
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, 713-8 Kamiya, Kasugai, 480-0392, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichi Nagata
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, 713-8 Kamiya, Kasugai, 480-0392, Japan.
- Department of Neurochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-Cho, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
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2
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Rudolph HC, Stafford AM, Hwang HE, Kim CH, Prokop JW, Vogt D. Structure-Function of the Human WAC Protein in GABAergic Neurons: Towards an Understanding of Autosomal Dominant DeSanto-Shinawi Syndrome. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:589. [PMID: 37106788 PMCID: PMC10136313 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the WW domain-containing adaptor with coiled-coil, WAC, gene underlies a rare autosomal dominant disorder, DeSanto-Shinawi syndrome (DESSH). DESSH is associated with facial dysmorphia, hypotonia, and cognitive alterations, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism. How the WAC protein localizes and functions in neural cells is critical to understanding its role during development. To understand the genotype-phenotype role of WAC, we developed a knowledgebase of WAC expression, evolution, human genomics, and structural/motif analysis combined with human protein domain deletions to assess how conserved domains guide cellular distribution. Then, we assessed localization in a cell type implicated in DESSH, cortical GABAergic neurons. WAC contains conserved charged amino acids, phosphorylation signals, and enriched nuclear motifs, suggesting a role in cellular signaling and gene transcription. Human DESSH variants are found within these regions. We also discovered and tested a nuclear localization domain that impacts the cellular distribution of the protein. These data provide new insights into the potential roles of this critical developmental gene, establishing a platform to assess further translational studies, including the screening of missense genetic variants in WAC. Moreover, these studies are essential for understanding the role of human WAC variants in more diverse neurological phenotypes, including autism spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C. Rudolph
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - April M. Stafford
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Hye-Eun Hwang
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Hee Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeremy W. Prokop
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
- Office of Research, Corewell Health, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Daniel Vogt
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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3
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White BS, Sindiri S, Hill V, Gasmi B, Nah S, Gartner JJ, Prickett TD, Li Y, Gurusamy D, Robbins P, Rosenberg SA, Leko V. Specific recognition of an FGFR2 fusion by tumor infiltrating lymphocytes from a patient with metastatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e006303. [PMID: 37045473 PMCID: PMC10106037 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-006303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic cholangiocarcinoma (CC), a form of gastrointestinal cancer that originates from the bile ducts, cannot be cured by currently available therapies, and is associated with dismal prognosis. In a previous case report, adoptive transfer of autologous tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), the majority of which recognized a tumor-specific point mutation, led to a profound and durable cancer regression in a patient with metastatic CC. Thus, more effective treatment for patients with this disease may be developed by using TILs that target cancer-specific mutations, but also other genetic aberrations such as gene fusions. In this context, fusions that involve fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) and function as oncogenes in a subset of patients with intrahepatic CC (ICC) represent particularly attractive targets for adoptive cell therapy. However, no study to date has explored whether FGFR2 fusions can be recognized by patients' T cells. METHOD To address whether FGFR2 fusions can be recognized by patients' T cells, we tested TILs from four patients with FGFR2 fusion-positive ICC for recognition of peptides and minigenes that represented the breakpoint regions of these fusions, which were unique to each of the four patients. RESULTS We found that CD4+ TILs from one patient specifically recognized the breakpoint region of a unique FGFR2-TDRD1 (tudor domain-containing 1) fusion, and we isolated a T-cell receptor responsible for its recognition. CONCLUSIONS This finding suggests that FGFR2 fusion-reactive TILs can be isolated from some patients with metastatic ICC, and thus provides a rationale for future exploration of T cell-based therapy targeting FGFR2 fusions in patients with cancer. Furthermore, it augments the rationale for extending such efforts to other types of solid tumors hallmarked by oncogenic gene fusions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sivasish Sindiri
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Victoria Hill
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Billel Gasmi
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shirley Nah
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jared J Gartner
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Todd D Prickett
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yong Li
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Paul Robbins
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Vid Leko
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Immune Deficiency Cellular Therapy Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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4
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Pasquali D, Torella A, Grandone A, Luongo C, Morleo M, Peduto C, di Fraia R, Selvaggio LD, Allosso F, Accardo G, Zanobio MT, Maitz S, Mariani M, Selicorni A, Banfi S, Nigro V. Patients with DeSanto-Shinawi syndrome: Further extension of phenotype from Italy. Am J Med Genet A 2023; 191:823-830. [PMID: 36420948 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe three patients with neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by mild-to-moderate intellectual disability, mildly dysmorphic features, and hirsutism, all of which carry de novo sequence variants in the WW domain-containing adaptor of the coiled-coil (WAC) gene; two of these-c.167delA, p.(Asn56I1efs*136) and c.1746G>C, p.(Gln582His)-are novel pathogenic variants, and the third-c.1837C>T, p(Arg613*)-has been previously described. Diseases associated with WAC include DeSanto-Shinawi syndrome; to date, de novo heterozygous constitutional pathogenic WAC variants have caused a syndromic form of intellectual disability and mild dysmorphic features in 33 patients, yet potential associations with other clinical manifestations, such as oligomenorrhea and hyperandrogenism, remain unknown, because the phenotypic spectrum of the condition has not yet been delineated. The patient bearing the novel c.167delA WAC gene variant presented a normal psychomotor development, oligomenorrhea, hyperandrogenism, and hirsutism, and hirsutism was also observed in the patient with the c.1746G>C WAC gene variant. Hypertrichosis and hirsutism have been described in nine DeSanto-Shinawi patients, only in 17 of the 33 aforementioned patients thus far reported this aspect, and no hormonal-pattern data are available. In conclusion, we note that the pathogenic c.167delA WAC variant may be associated with a mild phenotype; and in addition to the neurodevelopmental problems nearly all DeSanto-Shinawi patients experience (i.e., intellectual disability and/or developmental delay), we recommend the addition of mild dysmorphic features, hirsutism, and hypertrichosis to this clinical presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pasquali
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Annalaura Torella
- Genetica Medica, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Anna Grandone
- Department of Women's and Children's Health and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Caterina Luongo
- Department of Women's and Children's Health and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Manuela Morleo
- Genetica Medica, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Cristina Peduto
- Genetica Medica, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa di Fraia
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Digitale Selvaggio
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Allosso
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giacomo Accardo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Zanobio
- Genetica Medica, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Maitz
- Pediatric Genetics Unit, MBBM Foundation, S. Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.,Service of Medical Genetics, Oncologic Institute of Southern Switzerland, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Milena Mariani
- Department of Pediatrics, S. Fermo Hospital, ASST Lariana, Como, Italy
| | - Angelo Selicorni
- Department of Pediatrics, S. Fermo Hospital, ASST Lariana, Como, Italy
| | - Sandro Banfi
- Genetica Medica, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Nigro
- Genetica Medica, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
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5
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Morales JA, Valenzuela I, Cuscó I, Cogné B, Isidor B, Matalon DR, Gomez-Ospina N. Clinical and molecular characterization of five new individuals with WAC-related intellectual disability: Evidence of pathogenicity for a novel splicing variant. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:1396-1406. [PMID: 35018708 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
WAC-related intellectual disability (ID) is a rare genetic condition characterized by a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders of varying severity, including global developmental delay (GDD), ID, and autism spectrum disorder. Here, we describe five affected individuals, age range 9-20 years, and provide proof of pathogenicity of a novel splicing variant. All individuals presented with GDD, some degree of ID, and variable dysmorphism. Except for feeding difficulties, all patients were healthy without major congenital malformations or medical comorbidities. All individuals were heterozygous for de novo, previously unreported, loss of function variants in WAC. Three unrelated patients from different ethnic backgrounds shared the intronic variant c.381+4_381+7delAGTA, which was predicted to alter splicing and was initially classified as a variant of uncertain significance. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis from one patient's cells confirmed aberrant splicing of the WAC transcript resulting in premature termination and a truncated protein p.(Gly92Alafs*2). These functional studies and the identification of several nonrelated individuals provide sufficient evidence to classify this variant as pathogenic. The clinical description of these five individuals and the three novel variants expand the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of this ultrarare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Andres Morales
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Genetics Division, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Irene Valenzuela
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Medicine Genetics Group, Valle Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivon Cuscó
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Medicine Genetics Group, Valle Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benjamin Cogné
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Bertrand Isidor
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Dena R Matalon
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Genetics Division, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Natalia Gomez-Ospina
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Genetics Division, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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6
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Wang Y, Zhang S, Sun Q, Yuan F, Zhao L, Ye Z, Li Y, Wang R, Jiang H, Hu P, Tian D, Liu B. WAC, a novel GBM tumor suppressor, induces GBM cell apoptosis and promotes autophagy. Med Oncol 2021; 38:132. [PMID: 34581882 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01580-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
WAC is closely related to the occurrence and development of tumors. However, its role in human glioblastoma (GBM) and its potential regulatory mechanisms have not been investigated. This study demonstrated that WAC is downregulated in GBM, and its low expression predicts a poor prognosis. We investigated the effect of WAC on the proliferation of glioma cells through a CCK-8 assay, EdU incorporation, and cell formation. The effects of WAC on apoptosis and autophagy in glioma were determined by flow cytometry, TUNEL detection, immunofluorescence, q-PCR, WB, and scanning electron microscopy. We found that overexpression of WAC inhibited the proliferation of glioma cells, promoted apoptosis, and induced autophagy. Therefore, WAC is likely to play a role as a new regulatory molecule in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Street, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Si Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Street, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Street, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Fan'en Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Street, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Linyao Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Street, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Zhang Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Street, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Street, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Ronggui Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Street, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Hongxiang Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Street, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Ping Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Street, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Daofeng Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Street, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China. .,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
| | - Baohui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Street, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China. .,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
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7
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A Case of DeSanto-Shinawi Syndrome in Bahrain with a Novel Mutation. Case Rep Pediatr 2020; 2020:8820966. [PMID: 33123400 PMCID: PMC7585648 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8820966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
DeSanto-Shinawi syndrome is a rare genetic condition caused by loss-of-function mutation in WAC. It is characterized by dysmorphic features, intellectual disability, and behavioral abnormalities. In this case report, we describe the clinical features and genotype of a patient with a novel mutation 1346C > A in WAC. This patient's dysmorphic features include a prominent forehead, bulbous nasal tip, macroglossia, deep-set eyes, and malar hypoplasia. This patient also showed signs of intellectual disability and behavioral abnormalities such as night terrors. These findings are consistent with those described in earlier reports. Here, we report new findings of epilepsy and recurrent skin infections which had not been reported in prior studies.
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8
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Qi F, Chen Q, Chen H, Yan H, Chen B, Xiang X, Liang C, Yi Q, Zhang M, Cheng H, Zhang Z, Huang J, Wang F. WAC Promotes Polo-like Kinase 1 Activation for Timely Mitotic Entry. Cell Rep 2018; 24:546-556. [PMID: 30021153 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The key mitotic regulator Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is activated during G2 phase by Aurora A kinase (AurkA)-mediated phosphorylation of its activation loop, which is important for timely mitotic entry. The mechanism for Plk1 activation remains incompletely understood. Here, we report that the activation of Plk1 requires WAC, a WW domain-containing adaptor protein with a coiled-coil region that predominantly localizes to the nucleus in interphase. Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) phosphorylates WAC, priming its direct interaction with the polo-box domain of Plk1. Knockdown of WAC compromises Plk1 activity and delays mitotic entry. These defects are rescued by exogenous expression of wild-type WAC, but not the Plk1-binding-deficient mutant. WAC also binds AurkA and can enhance Plk1 phosphorylation by AurkA in vitro. Taken together, these results indicate an important role for WAC in promoting Plk1 activation and the timely entry into mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Qi
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qinfu Chen
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongxia Chen
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Haiyan Yan
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Binbin Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingfeng Xiang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Cai Liang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qi Yi
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hankun Cheng
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhenlei Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fangwei Wang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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9
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Uehara T, Ishige T, Hattori S, Yoshihashi H, Funato M, Yamaguchi Y, Takenouchi T, Kosaki K. Three patients with DeSanto-Shinawi syndrome: Further phenotypic delineation. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:1335-1340. [PMID: 29663678 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Somatic truncating variants of the WAC gene have been observed in patients with hematologic malignancies. Furthermore, de novo heterozygous constitutional pathogenic variants of WAC have recently been shown to cause a syndromic form of intellectual disability, DeSanto-Shinawi syndrome. It is unknown whether the constitutional pathogenic variants observed in the intellectual disability syndrome overlap with the somatic pathogenic variants observed in hematologic abnormalities. Herein, we report three patients with constitutional truncating variants of WAC in an attempt to address the above questions. All three of the patients had mild to moderate intellectual disability and dysmorphic features. We then reviewed the phenotypic features of 19 patients with DeSanto-Shinawi syndrome, including the three currently reported ones: eight and seven patients showed a bulbous nasal tip and short fingers, respectively. As for the pathogenetic mechanism, we demonstrated that the expression level of the mRNA derived from the wildtype allele was higher than that derived from the mutated allele, demonstrating nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. This observation makes a haploinsufficiency mechanism likely. Reviews of the constitutional and somatic pathogenic variants observed in patients with hematologic malignancies showed a significant overlap of the two. To date, no patients with DeSanto-Shinawi syndrome have been reported to have developed hematologic abnormalities, except for one of the three patients reported herein who developed leukopenia and thrombocytopenia at the age of 19 years. Larger data sets are required to determine hematologic prognosis of patients with constitutional WAC variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Uehara
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishige
- Department of Pediatrics, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Shigeto Hattori
- Department of Pediatrics, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yoshihashi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michinori Funato
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yu Yamaguchi
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Takenouchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Kosaki
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Matsubara K, Nishida C, Matsuda Y, Kumazawa Y. Sex chromosome evolution in snakes inferred from divergence patterns of two gametologous genes and chromosome distribution of sex chromosome-linked repetitive sequences. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2016; 2:19. [PMID: 27570632 PMCID: PMC5002183 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-016-0056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery of differentially organized sex chromosome systems suggests that heteromorphic sex chromosomes evolved from a pair of homologous chromosomes. Whereas karyotypes are highly conserved in alethinophidian snakes, the degeneration status of the W chromosomes varies among species. The Z and W chromosomes are morphologically homomorphic in henophidian species, whereas in snakes belonging to caenophidian families the W chromosomes are highly degenerated. Snakes therefore are excellent animal models in which to study sex chromosome evolution. Herein, we investigated the differentiation processes for snake sex chromosomes using both coding and repetitive sequences. We analyzed phylogenetic relationships of CTNNB1 and WAC genes, localized to the centromeric and telomeric regions, respectively, of the long arms on snake sex chromosomes, and chromosome distribution of sex chromosome-linked repetitive sequences in several henophidian and caenophidian species. RESULTS Partial or full-length coding sequences of CTNNB1 and WAC were identified for Z homologs of henophidian species from Tropidophiidae, Boidae, Cylindrophiidae, Xenopeltidae, and Pythonidae, and for Z and W homologs of caenophidian species from Acrochordidae, Viperidae, Elapidae, and Colubridae. Female-specific sequences for the two genes were not found in the henophidian (boid and pythonid) species examined. Phylogenetic trees constructed using each gene showed that the Z and W homologs of the caenophidian species cluster separately. The repetitive sequence isolated from the W chromosome heterochromatin of the colubrid Elaphe quadrivirgata and a microsatellite motif (AGAT)8 were strongly hybridized with W chromosomes of the viperid and colubrid species examined. CONCLUSION Our phylogenetic analyses suggest that the cessation of recombination between the Z and W homologs of CTNNB1 and WAC predated the diversification of the caenophidian families. As the repetitive sequences on the W chromosomes were shared among viperid and colubrid species, heterochromatinization of the proto-W chromosome appears to have occurred before the splitting of these two groups. These results collectively suggest that differentiation of the proto-Z and proto-W chromosomes extended to wide regions on the sex chromosomes in the common ancestor of caenophidian families during a relatively short period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Matsubara
- Department of Information and Basic Science and Research Center for Biological Diversity, Graduate School of Natural Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Yamanohata, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8501 Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601 Japan
- Current affiliation: Research Center for Bioinformatics and Biosciences, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648 Japan
| | - Chizuko Nishida
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North 10 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810 Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601 Japan
- Avian Bioscience Research Center, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601 Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kumazawa
- Department of Information and Basic Science and Research Center for Biological Diversity, Graduate School of Natural Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Yamanohata, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8501 Japan
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11
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David-Morrison G, Xu Z, Rui YN, Charng WL, Jaiswal M, Yamamoto S, Xiong B, Zhang K, Sandoval H, Duraine L, Zuo Z, Zhang S, Bellen HJ. WAC Regulates mTOR Activity by Acting as an Adaptor for the TTT and Pontin/Reptin Complexes. Dev Cell 2016; 36:139-51. [PMID: 26812014 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability to sense energy status is crucial in the regulation of metabolism via the mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1). The assembly of the TTT-Pontin/Reptin complex is responsive to changes in energy status. Under energy-sufficient conditions, the TTT-Pontin/Reptin complex promotes mTORC1 dimerization and mTORC1-Rag interaction, which are critical for mTORC1 activation. We show that WAC is a regulator of energy-mediated mTORC1 activity. In a Drosophila screen designed to isolate mutations that cause neuronal dysfunction, we identified wacky, the homolog of WAC. Loss of Wacky leads to neurodegeneration, defective mTOR activity, and increased autophagy. Wacky and WAC have conserved physical interactions with mTOR and its regulators, including Pontin and Reptin, which bind to the TTT complex to regulate energy-dependent activation of mTORC1. WAC promotes the interaction between TTT and Pontin/Reptin in an energy-dependent manner, thereby promoting mTORC1 activity by facilitating mTORC1 dimerization and mTORC1-Rag interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhen Xu
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yan-Ning Rui
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wu-Lin Charng
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Manish Jaiswal
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bo Xiong
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ke Zhang
- Program in Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hector Sandoval
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lita Duraine
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhongyuan Zuo
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Programs in Human and Molecular Genetics and Neuroscience, The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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12
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De novo loss-of-function mutations in WAC cause a recognizable intellectual disability syndrome and learning deficits in Drosophila. Eur J Hum Genet 2016; 24:1145-53. [PMID: 26757981 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently WAC was reported as a candidate gene for intellectual disability (ID) based on the identification of a de novo mutation in an individual with severe ID. WAC regulates transcription-coupled histone H2B ubiquitination and has previously been implicated in the 10p12p11 contiguous gene deletion syndrome. In this study, we report on 10 individuals with de novo WAC mutations which we identified through routine (diagnostic) exome sequencing and targeted resequencing of WAC in 2326 individuals with unexplained ID. All but one mutation was expected to lead to a loss-of-function of WAC. Clinical evaluation of all individuals revealed phenotypic overlap for mild ID, hypotonia, behavioral problems and distinctive facial dysmorphisms, including a square-shaped face, deep set eyes, long palpebral fissures, and a broad mouth and chin. These clinical features were also previously reported in individuals with 10p12p11 microdeletion syndrome. To investigate the role of WAC in ID, we studied the importance of the Drosophila WAC orthologue (CG8949) in habituation, a non-associative learning paradigm. Neuronal knockdown of Drosophila CG8949 resulted in impaired learning, suggesting that WAC is required in neurons for normal cognitive performance. In conclusion, we defined a clinically recognizable ID syndrome, caused by de novo loss-of-function mutations in WAC. Independent functional evidence in Drosophila further supported the role of WAC in ID. On the basis of our data WAC can be added to the list of ID genes with a role in transcription regulation through histone modification.
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Joachim J, Jefferies HBJ, Razi M, Frith D, Snijders AP, Chakravarty P, Judith D, Tooze SA. Activation of ULK Kinase and Autophagy by GABARAP Trafficking from the Centrosome Is Regulated by WAC and GM130. Mol Cell 2015; 60:899-913. [PMID: 26687599 PMCID: PMC4691241 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Starvation-induced autophagy requires activation of the ULK complex at the phagophore. Two Golgi proteins, WAC and GM130, regulate autophagy, however their mechanism of regulation is unknown. In search of novel interaction partners of WAC, we found that GM130 directly interacts with WAC, and this interaction is required for autophagy. WAC is bound to the Golgi by GM130. WAC and GM130 interact with the Atg8 homolog GABARAP and regulate its subcellular localization. GABARAP is on the pericentriolar matrix, and this dynamic pool contributes to autophagosome formation. Tethering of GABARAP to the Golgi by GM130 inhibits autophagy, demonstrating an unexpected role for a golgin. WAC suppresses GM130 binding to GABARAP, regulating starvation-induced centrosomal GABARAP delivery to the phagophore. GABARAP, unlipidated and lipidated, but not LC3B, GABARAPL1, and GATE-16, specifically promotes ULK kinase activation dependent on the ULK1 LIR motif, elucidating a unique non-hierarchical role for GABARAP in starvation-induced activation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Joachim
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Harold B J Jefferies
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Minoo Razi
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - David Frith
- Mass Spectrometry, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Ambrosius P Snijders
- Mass Spectrometry, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Probir Chakravarty
- Bioinformatics Core, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Delphine Judith
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Sharon A Tooze
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK.
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14
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Hess JE, Caudill CC, Keefer ML, McIlraith BJ, Moser ML, Narum SR. Genes predict long distance migration and large body size in a migratory fish, Pacific lamprey. Evol Appl 2014; 7:1192-208. [PMID: 25558280 PMCID: PMC4275091 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of genetic mechanisms underpinning migratory behavior could help predict how changes in genetic diversity may affect future spatiotemporal distribution of a migratory species. This ability would benefit conservation of one such declining species, anadromous Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus). Nonphilopatric migration of adult Pacific lamprey has homogenized population-level neutral variation but has maintained adaptive variation that differentiates groups based on geography, run-timing and adult body form. To investigate causes for this adaptive divergence, we examined 647 adult lamprey sampled at a fixed location on the Columbia River and radiotracked during their subsequent upstream migration. We tested whether genetic variation [94 neutral and adaptive single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously identified from a genomewide association study] was associated with phenotypes of migration distance, migration timing, or morphology. Three adaptive markers were strongly associated with morphology, and one marker also correlated with upstream migration distance and timing. Genes physically linked with these markers plausibly influence differences in body size, which is also consistently associated with migration distance in Pacific lamprey. Pacific lamprey conservation implications include the potential to predict an individual's upstream destination based on its genotype. More broadly, the results suggest a genetic basis for intrapopulation variation in migration distance in migratory species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon E Hess
- Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission Hagerman, ID, USA
| | - Christopher C Caudill
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Matthew L Keefer
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho Moscow, ID, USA
| | | | - Mary L Moser
- Fish Ecology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shawn R Narum
- Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission Hagerman, ID, USA
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15
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McKnight NC, Jefferies HBJ, Alemu EA, Saunders RE, Howell M, Johansen T, Tooze SA. Genome-wide siRNA screen reveals amino acid starvation-induced autophagy requires SCOC and WAC. EMBO J 2012; 31:1931-46. [PMID: 22354037 PMCID: PMC3343327 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2012.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process by which cytoplasmic components are sequestered and transported by autophagosomes to lysosomes for degradation, enabling recycling of these components and providing cells with amino acids during starvation. It is a highly regulated process and its deregulation contributes to multiple diseases. Despite its importance in cell homeostasis, autophagy is not fully understood. To find new proteins that modulate starvation-induced autophagy, we performed a genome-wide siRNA screen in a stable human cell line expressing GFP-LC3, the marker-protein for autophagosomes. Using stringent validation criteria, our screen identified nine novel autophagy regulators. Among the hits required for autophagosome formation are SCOC (short coiled-coil protein), a Golgi protein, which interacts with fasciculation and elongation protein zeta 1 (FEZ1), an ULK1-binding protein. SCOC forms a starvation-sensitive trimeric complex with UVRAG (UV radiation resistance associated gene) and FEZ1 and may regulate ULK1 and Beclin 1 complex activities. A second candidate WAC is required for starvation-induced autophagy but also acts as a potential negative regulator of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. The identification of these novel regulatory proteins with diverse functions in autophagy contributes towards a fuller understanding of autophagosome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C McKnight
- Secretory Pathways Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, UK
| | - Harold B J Jefferies
- Secretory Pathways Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, UK
| | - Endalkachew A Alemu
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Rebecca E Saunders
- High-Throughput Screening Lab, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, UK
| | - Michael Howell
- High-Throughput Screening Lab, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, UK
| | - Terje Johansen
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sharon A Tooze
- Secretory Pathways Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, UK
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16
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Nagai K, Saitoh Y, Saito S, Tsutsumi KI. Structure and Hibernation-Associated Expression of the Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 Channel (TRPV4) mRNA in the Japanese Grass Lizard (Takydromus tachydromoides). Zoolog Sci 2012; 29:185-90. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.29.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Wright DE, Wang CY, Kao CF. Flickin' the ubiquitin switch: the role of H2B ubiquitylation in development. Epigenetics 2011; 6:1165-75. [PMID: 21937884 DOI: 10.4161/epi.6.10.17745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The reversible ubiquitylation of histone H2B has long been implicated in transcriptional activation and gene silencing. However, many questions regarding its regulation and effects on chromatin structure remain unanswered. In addition, while several studies have uncovered an involvement of this modification in the control of certain developmental processes, a more general understanding of its requirement is lacking. Herein, we present a broad overview of the pathways known to be regulated by H2B ubiquitylation, while drawing parallels between findings in disparate organisms, in order to facilitate continued delineation of its spatiotemporal role in development. Finally, we integrate the findings of recent studies into how H2B ubiquitylation affects chromatin, and cast an eye over emerging areas for future research.
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18
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Zhang F, Yu X. WAC, a functional partner of RNF20/40, regulates histone H2B ubiquitination and gene transcription. Mol Cell 2011; 41:384-97. [PMID: 21329877 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Histone H2B ubiquitination plays an important role in regulating chromatin organization during gene transcription. It has been shown that RNF20/40 regulates H2B ubiquitination. Here, using protein affinity purification, we have identified WAC as a functional partner of RNF20/40. Depletion of WAC abolishes H2B ubiquitination. WAC interacts with RNF20/40 through its C-terminal coiled-coil region and promotes RNF20/40 s E3 ligase activity for H2B ubiquitination. The N-terminal WW domain of WAC recognizes RNA polymerase II. During gene transcription, WAC targets RNF20/40 to associate with RNA polymerase II complex for H2B ubiquitination at active transcription sites, which regulates transcription. Moreover, WAC-dependent transcription is important for cell-cycle checkpoint activation in response to genotoxic stress. Taken together, our results demonstrate an important regulator for transcription-coupled histone H2B ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, 5560 MSRBII, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Celić A, Petri ET, Demeler B, Ehrlich BE, Boggon TJ. Domain mapping of the polycystin-2 C-terminal tail using de novo molecular modeling and biophysical analysis. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:28305-12. [PMID: 18694932 PMCID: PMC2568934 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m802743200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Revised: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In polycystic kidney disease (PKD), polycystin-2 (PC2) is frequently mutated or truncated in the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail (PC2-C). The currently accepted model of PC2-C consists of an EF-hand motif overlapping with a short coiled coil; however, this model fails to explain the mechanisms by which PC2 truncations C-terminal to this region lead to PKD. Moreover, direct PC2 binding to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor, KIF3A, and TRPC1 requires residues in PC2-C outside this region. To address these discrepancies and investigate the role of PC2-C in PC2 function, we performed de novo molecular modeling and biophysical analysis. De novo molecular modeling of PC2-C using the ROBETTA server predicts two domains as follows: an EF-hand motif (PC2-EF) connected by a linker to a previously unidentified C-terminal coiled coil (PC2-CC). This model differs substantially from the current model and correlates with limited proteolysis, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectroscopy, N-terminal sequencing, and improved coiled coil prediction algorithms. PC2-C is elongated and oligomerizes through PC2-CC, as measured by analytical ultracentrifugation and size exclusion chromatography, whereas PC2-EF is globular and monomeric. We show that PC2-C and PC2-EF have micromolar affinity for calcium (Ca2+) by isothermal titration calorimetry and undergo Ca2+-induced conformational changes by circular dichroism. Mutation of predicted EF-hand loop residues in PC2 to alanine abolishes Ca2+ binding. Our results suggest that PC2-CC is involved in PC2 oligomerization, and PC2-EF is a Ca2+-sensitive switch. PKD-associated PC2 mutations are located in regions that may disrupt these functions, providing structural insight into how PC2 mutations lead to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andjelka Celić
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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Abstract
The transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are a large family of proteins with six main subfamilies termed the TRPC (canonical), TRPV (vanilloid), TRPM (melastatin), TRPP (polycystin), TRPML (mucolipin), and TRPA (ankyrin) groups. The sheer number of different TRPs with distinct functions supports the statement that these channels are involved in a wide range of processes ranging from sensing of thermal and chemical signals to reloading intracellular stores after responding to an extracellular stimulus. Mutations in TRPs are linked to pathophysiology and specific diseases. An understanding of the role of TRPs in normal physiology is just beginning; the progression from mutations in TRPs to pathophysiology and disease will follow. In this review, we focus on two distinct aspects of TRP channel physiology, the role of TRP channels in intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, and their role in the transduction of painful stimuli in sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Jordt
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA
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Sørensen TIA, Boutin P, Taylor MA, Larsen LH, Verdich C, Petersen L, Holst C, Echwald SM, Dina C, Toubro S, Petersen M, Polak J, Clément K, Martínez JA, Langin D, Oppert JM, Stich V, Macdonald I, Arner P, Saris WHM, Pedersen O, Astrup A, Froguel P. Genetic polymorphisms and weight loss in obesity: a randomised trial of hypo-energetic high- versus low-fat diets. PLOS CLINICAL TRIALS 2006; 1:e12. [PMID: 16871334 PMCID: PMC1488899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pctr.0010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Accepted: 05/08/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: To study if genes with common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with obesity-related phenotypes influence weight loss (WL) in obese individuals treated by a hypo-energetic low-fat or high-fat diet. Design: Randomised, parallel, two-arm, open-label multi-centre trial. Setting: Eight clinical centres in seven European countries. Participants: 771 obese adult individuals. Interventions: 10-wk dietary intervention to hypo-energetic (−600 kcal/d) diets with a targeted fat energy of 20%–25% or 40%–45%, completed in 648 participants. Outcome Measures: WL during the 10 wk in relation to genotypes of 42 SNPs in 26 candidate genes, probably associated with hypothalamic regulation of appetite, efficiency of energy expenditure, regulation of adipocyte differentiation and function, lipid and glucose metabolism, or production of adipocytokines, determined in 642 participants. Results: Compared with the noncarriers of each of the SNPs, and after adjusting for gender, age, baseline weight and centre, heterozygotes showed WL differences that ranged from −0.6 to 0.8 kg, and homozygotes, from −0.7 to 3.1 kg. Genotype-dependent additional WL on low-fat diet ranged from 1.9 to −1.6 kg in heterozygotes, and from 3.8 kg to −2.1 kg in homozygotes relative to the noncarriers. Considering the multiple testing conducted, none of the associations was statistically significant. Conclusions: Polymorphisms in a panel of obesity-related candidate genes play a minor role, if any, in modulating weight changes induced by a moderate hypo-energetic low-fat or high-fat diet. Background: Obesity is an important cause of death and disease, particularly in the developed world. It is understood that both environmental and genetic factors contribute towards obesity. Numerous studies have associated particular gene variants with a tendency towards obesity, but it is not known whether such gene variants affect the degree to which obese individuals will lose weight when dieting. What this trial shows: As part of a randomised trial, 771 participants were assigned to one of two different low-energy diets for 10 weeks: one low in fat or one high in fat. The researchers then did a genetic analysis of 642 participants completing the intervention, to find out whether any of 42 distinct genetic variations in 26 genes were associated with weight loss in the trial. The genetic variants were chosen for study as they were known or already thought to be associated with appetite regulation or various aspects of metabolism and fat tissue development and function. The investigators found that none of the genetic variants studied had a significant association with weight loss in the trial. It was also seen that the majority of genetic variants were not associated with efficacy of one dietary intervention over another. Strengths and limitations: Although a large number of participants was recruited into the trial, the genetic analysis involved multiple comparisons—168 tests of 42 genetic variants. This increases the likelihood that any significant associations found could have resulted from chance alone. Significant associations from this study will require additional confirmation in larger studies. Contribution to the evidence: This study adds data indicating that variation in the genes studied did not have an important influence on weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorkild I A Sørensen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Danish Epidemiology Science Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Anyatonwu GI, Ehrlich BE. Calcium signaling and polycystin-2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 322:1364-73. [PMID: 15336985 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2004] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is caused by mutations in two genes, PKD1 and PKD2, which encode for the proteins, polycystin-1 (PC1) and polycystin-2 (PC2), respectively. Although disease-associated mutations have been identified in these two proteins, the sequence of molecular events leading up to clinical symptoms is still unknown. PC1 resides in the plasma membrane and it is thought to function in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, whereas PC2 is a calcium (Ca2+) permeable cation channel concentrated in the endoplasmic reticulum. Both proteins localize to the primary cilia where they function as a mechanosensitive receptor complex allowing the entry of Ca2+ into the cell. The downstream signaling pathway involves activation of intracellular Ca2+ release channels, especially the ryanodine receptor (RyR), but subsequent steps are still to be identified. Elucidation of the signaling pathway involved in normal PC1/PC2 function, the functional consequences of PC1/PC2 mutation, and the role of Ca2+ signaling will all help to unravel the molecular mechanisms of cystogenesis in PKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia I Anyatonwu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Kato Y, Nagata K, Takahashi M, Lian L, Herrero JJ, Sudol M, Tanokura M. Common mechanism of ligand recognition by group II/III WW domains: redefining their functional classification. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:31833-41. [PMID: 15133021 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m404719200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
WW domain is a well known protein module that mediates protein to protein interactions by binding to proline-containing ligands. Based on the ligand predilections, the WW domains have been classified into four major groups. Group II and III WW domains have been reported to bind the proline-leucine and proline-arginine motifs, respectively. In the present study, using surface plasmon resonance technique we have shown that these WW domains have almost indistinguishable ligand preferences and kinetic properties. Hence, we propose that Group II and III WW domains should be joined together as one group (Group II/III). Unlike Group I and IV WW domains, Group II/III WW domains can bind simple polyprolines as well as the proline-leucine and proline-arginine motifs, and they possess two Xaa-proline (where Xaa is any amino acid) binding grooves similar to SH3 domains. Our work assigns Group II and III WW domains to a larger family of polyproline-binding modules and proteins, which includes SH3 domains and profilin. Because polyprolines belong to the most frequently found peptide motifs in several genomes, our study implies the versatile importance of Group II/III WW domains in signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kato
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Iqbal MJ, Yaegashi S, Ahsan R, Lightfoot DA, Banz WJ. Differentially abundant mRNAs in rat liver in response to diets containing soy protein isolate. Physiol Genomics 2002; 11:219-26. [PMID: 12388795 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00078.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Soy diets influence cell growth, regulate lipid metabolism to lower blood cholesterol, and prevent bone losses. These biological effects are most likely due to effects of soy phytochemicals on the expression of genes. In this study, we fed 12 female obese Zucker rats (fa/fa) with a low- or a high-isoflavone soy protein diet and compared the gene expression with animals on a casein diet. Rat livers were compared by differential display of mRNA, and 62 unique sequences were identified. The change in mRNA abundance of these sequences was quantified by cDNA macroarray analysis. Thirty-three mRNAs showed more than twofold increase in abundance on soy diets compared with the control. The corresponding genes include carnitine palmitoyltransferase I, stromal cell-derived factor 1, a protein associated with MYC mRNA, basic transcription element binding protein, and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of unknown function. Twenty-nine mRNAs showed a less than twofold change in abundance in the two diet treatments. For majority of the genes identified, there was not significant difference between the low- and high-isoflavone diet treatments. Therefore, the contrast between soy protein and casein caused the changes observed in mRNA abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Iqbal
- Center of Excellence for Soybean Research, Teaching and Outreach, Dept. of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-4317, USA. ;
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