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Liu J, Pei C, Jia N, Han Y, Zhao S, Shen Z, Huang D, Chen Q, Wu Y, Shi S, Wang Y, He Y, Wang Z. Preconditioning with Ginsenoside Rg3 mitigates cardiac injury induced by high-altitude hypobaric hypoxia exposure in mice by suppressing ferroptosis through inhibition of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 337:118861. [PMID: 39326813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 09/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginseng has historically been utilized as a conventional herbal remedy and dietary supplement to enhance physical stamina and alleviate fatigue. The primary active component of Ginseng, Ginsenoside Rg3 (GS-Rg3), possesses diverse pharmacological properties including immune modulation and anti-inflammatory effects. Furthermore, GS-Rg3 has demonstrated efficacy in mitigating tissue and organ damage associated with metabolic disorders such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia. Nevertheless, its potential impact on high-altitude cardiac injury (HACI) remains insufficiently explored. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to examine the potential cardioprotective effects of Ginsenoside Rg3, and to investigate how Ginsenoside Rg3 preconditioning can enhance high-altitude cardiac injury by inhibiting the RhoA/ROCK pathway and ferroptosis in cardiac tissue. The findings of this study may contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies using traditional Chinese medicine for high-altitude cardiac injury, based on experimental evidence. MATERIALS AND METHODS A hypobaric hypoxia chamber was employed to simulate hypobaric hypoxia conditions equivalent to an altitude of 6000 m. Through a randomization process, groups of six male mice were assigned to receive either saline, Ginsenoside Rg3 at doses of 15 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg, or lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) at 1 mg/kg. The impact of Ginsenoside Rg3 on high altitude-induced arrhythmias was evaluated using electrocardiography. Cardiac pathology sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin were evaluated for damage, with the extent of cardiomyocyte damage observed via transmission electron microscopy. The impact of Ginsenoside Rg3 on high-altitude cardiac injury was investigated through analysis of serum biomarkers for cardiac injury (CK-MB, BNP), inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-6, IL-1β), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH). The expression levels of hypoxia and hypoxia-related proteins in myocardial tissues from each experimental group were assessed using Western blot analysis. Following a review of the existing literature, the traditional regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis were examined. Immunofluorescence staining of cardiac tissues and Western blotting techniques were utilized to investigate the impact of Ginsenoside Rg3 on cardiomyocyte ferroptosis through the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway under conditions of hypobaric hypoxia exposure. RESULTS Pre-treatment with Ginsenoside Rg3 improved high altitude-induced arrhythmias, reduced cardiomyocyte damage, decreased cardiac injury biomarkers and inflammatory cytokines, and lowered the expression of hypoxia-related proteins in myocardial tissues. Both Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining of cardiac tissues demonstrated that exposure to high-altitude hypobaric hypoxia results in elevated expression of ferroptosis and proteins related to the RhoA/ROCK pathway. Experimental validation corroborated that the role of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway in mediating ferroptosis. CONCLUSIONS The findings of our study suggest that preconditioning with Ginsenoside Rg3 may attenuate cardiac injury caused by high-altitude hypobaric hypoxia exposure in mice by inhibiting ferroptosis through the suppression of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway. These findings contribute to the current knowledge of Ginsenoside Rg3 and high-altitude cardiac injury, suggesting that Ginsenoside Rg3 shows potential as a therapeutic agent for high-altitude cardiac injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Liu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610075, China.
| | - Caixia Pei
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610075, China.
| | - Nan Jia
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610075, China.
| | - Yue Han
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1166 Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China.
| | - Sijing Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, No.82 Da-xue-cheng Road, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Zherui Shen
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610075, China.
| | - Demei Huang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610075, China.
| | - Qian Chen
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610075, China.
| | - Yongcan Wu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610075, China.
| | - Shihua Shi
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610075, China.
| | - Yilan Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610075, China.
| | - Yacong He
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1166 Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China.
| | - Zhenxing Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610075, China.
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Paoletti N, Supuran CT. Benzothiazole derivatives in the design of antitumor agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2400259. [PMID: 38873921 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202400259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Benzothiazoles are a class of heterocycles with multiple applications as anticancer, antibiotic, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory agents. Benzothiazole is a privileged scaffold in drug discovery programs for modulating a variety of biological functions. This review focuses on the design and synthesis of new benzothiazole derivatives targeting hypoxic tumors. Cancer is a major health problem, being among the leading causes of death. Tumor-hypoxic areas promote proliferation, malignancy, and resistance to drug treatment, leading to the dysregulation of key signaling pathways that involve drug targets such as vascular endothelial growth factor, epidermal growth factor receptor, hepatocyte growth factor receptor, dual-specificity protein kinase, cyclin-dependent protein kinases, casein kinase 2, Rho-related coil formation protein kinase, tunica interna endothelial cell kinase, cyclooxygenase-2, adenosine kinase, lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, thioredoxin, heat shock proteins, and carbonic anhydrase IX/XII. In turn, they regulate angiogenesis, proliferation, differentiation, and cell survival, controlling the cell cycle, inflammation, the immune system, and metabolic alterations. A wide diversity of benzothiazoles were reported over the last years to interfere with various proteins involved in tumorigenesis and, more specifically, in hypoxic tumors. Many hypoxic targets are overexpressed as a result of the hypoxia-inducible factor activation cascade and may not be present in normal tissues, providing a potential strategy for selectively targeting hypoxic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Paoletti
- Department of Neurofarba, Section of Pharmaceutical & Nutraceutical Sciences, Polo Scientifico, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of Neurofarba, Section of Pharmaceutical & Nutraceutical Sciences, Polo Scientifico, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
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3
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Moon SY, de Campos PS, Matte BF, Placone JK, Zanella VG, Martins MD, Lamers ML, Engler AJ. Cell contractility drives mechanical memory of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar89. [PMID: 37342880 PMCID: PMC10398896 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-07-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix stiffening is ubiquitous in solid tumors and can direct epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer cell migration. Stiffened niche can even cause poorly invasive oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines to acquire a less adherent, more migratory phenotype, but mechanisms and durability of this acquired "mechanical memory" are unclear. Here, we observed that contractility and its downstream signals could underlie memory acquisition; invasive SSC25 cells overexpress myosin II (vs. noninvasive Cal27 cells) consistent with OSCC. However, prolonged exposure of Cal27 cells to a stiff niche or contractile agonists up-regulated myosin and EMT markers and enabled them to migrate as fast as SCC25 cells, which persisted even when the niche softened and indicated "memory" of their prior niche. Stiffness-mediated mesenchymal phenotype acquisition required AKT signaling and was also observed in patient samples, whereas phenotype recall on soft substrates required focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activity. Phenotype durability was further observed in transcriptomic differences between preconditioned Cal27 cells cultured without or with FAK or AKT antagonists, and such transcriptional differences corresponded to discrepant patient outcomes. These data suggest that mechanical memory, mediated by contractility via distinct kinase signaling, may be necessary for OSCC to disseminate.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Youn Moon
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | | | | | - Jesse K. Placone
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Physics and Engineering, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, PA 19383
| | - Virgı´lio G. Zanella
- Department of Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Santa Rita Hospital, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto, Alegre
| | | | - Marcelo Lazzaron Lamers
- Department of Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul
- Deparment of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035, Brazil
| | - Adam J. Engler
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037
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4
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O'Regan A, O'Brien CJ, Eivers SB. The lysophosphatidic acid axis in fibrosis: Implications for glaucoma. Wound Repair Regen 2021; 29:613-626. [PMID: 34009724 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a common progressive optic neuropathy that results in visual field defects and can lead to irreversible blindness. The pathophysiology of glaucoma involves dysregulated extracellular matrix remodelling in both the trabecular meshwork in the anterior chamber and in the lamina cribrosa of the optic nerve head. Fibrosis in these regions leads to raised intraocular pressure and retinal ganglion cell degeneration, respectively. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid mediator which acts via six G-protein coupled receptors on the cell surface to activate intracellular pathways that promote cell proliferation, transcription and survival. LPA signalling has been implicated in both normal wound healing and pathological fibrosis. LPA enhances fibroblast proliferation, migration and contraction, and induces expression of pro-fibrotic mediators such as connective tissue growth factor. The LPA axis plays a major role in diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, where it has been identified as an important pharmacological target. In glaucoma, LPA is present in high levels in the aqueous humour, and its signalling has been found to increase resistance to aqueous humour outflow through altered trabecular meshwork cellular contraction and extracellular matrix deposition. LPA signalling may, therefore, also represent an attractive target for treatment of glaucoma. In this review we wish to describe the role of LPA and its related proteins in tissue fibrosis and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy O'Regan
- UCD Clinical Research Centre, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colm J O'Brien
- UCD Clinical Research Centre, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarah B Eivers
- UCD Clinical Research Centre, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Gagné D, Benoit YD, Groulx JF, Vachon PH, Beaulieu JF. ILK supports RhoA/ROCK-mediated contractility of human intestinal epithelial crypt cells by inducing the fibrillogenesis of endogenous soluble fibronectin during the spreading process. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:14. [PMID: 32183701 PMCID: PMC7079544 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-020-00259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibronectin (FN) assembly into an insoluble fibrillar matrix is a crucial step in many cell responses to extracellular matrix (ECM) properties, especially with regards to the integrin-related mechanosensitive signaling pathway. We have previously reported that the silencing of expression of integrin-linked kinase (ILK) in human intestinal epithelial crypt (HIEC) cells causes significant reductions in proliferation and spreading through concomitantly acquired impairment of soluble FN deposition. These defects in ILK-depleted cells are rescued by growth on exogenous FN. In the present study we investigated the contribution of ILK in the fibrillogenesis of FN and its relation to integrin-actin axis signaling and organization. RESULTS We show that de novo fibrillogenesis of endogenous soluble FN is ILK-dependent. This function seemingly induces the assembly of an ECM that supports increased cytoskeletal tension and the development of a fully spread contractile cell phenotype. We observed that HIEC cell adhesion to exogenous FN or collagen-I (Col-I) is sufficient to restore fibrillogenesis of endogenous FN in ILK-depleted cells. We also found that optimal engagement of the Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA) GTPase/Rho-associated kinase (ROCK-1, ROCK-2)/myosin light chain (MLC) pathway, actin ventral stress fiber formation, and integrin adhesion complex (IAC) maturation rely primarily upon the cell's capacity to execute FN fibrillogenesis, independent of any significant ILK input. Lastly, we confirm the integrin α5β1 as the main integrin responsible for FN assembly, although in ILK-depleted cells αV-class integrins expression is needed to allow the rescue of FN fibrillogenesis on exogenous substrate. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that ILK specifically induces the initiation of FN fibrillogenesis during cell spreading, which promotes RhoA/ROCK-dependent cell contractility and maturation of the integrin-actin axis structures. However, the fibrillogenesis process and its downstream effect on RhoA signaling, cell contractility and spreading are ILK-independent in human intestinal epithelial crypt cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gagné
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, and Research Center of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Yannick D. Benoit
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5 Canada
| | - Jean-François Groulx
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093 USA
| | - Pierre H. Vachon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Jean-François Beaulieu
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, and Research Center of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4 Canada
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6
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Tilve S, Iweka CA, Bao J, Hawken N, Mencio CP, Geller HM. Phospholipid phosphatase related 1 (PLPPR1) increases cell adhesion through modulation of Rac1 activity. Exp Cell Res 2020; 389:111911. [PMID: 32061832 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid Phosphatase-Related Protein Type 1 (PLPPR1) is a six-transmembrane protein that belongs to the family of plasticity-related gene proteins, which is a novel brain-specific subclass of the lipid phosphate phosphatase superfamily. PLPPR1-5 have prominent roles in synapse formation and axonal pathfinding. We found that PLPPR1 overexpression in the mouse neuroblastoma cell line (Neuro2a) results in increase in cell adhesion and reduced cell migration. During migration, these cells leave behind long fibrous looking extensions of the plasma membrane causing a peculiar phenotype. Cells expressing PLPPR1 showed decreased actin turnover and decreased disassembly of focal adhesions. PLPPR1 also reduced active Rac1, and expressing dominant negative Rac1 produced a similar phenotype to overexpression of PLPPR1. The PLPPR1-induced phenotype of long fibers was reversed by introducing constitutively active Rac1. In summary, we show that PLPPR1 decreases active Rac1 levels that leads to cascade of events which increases cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharada Tilve
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Chinyere Agbaegbu Iweka
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jonathan Bao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Natalie Hawken
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Caitlin P Mencio
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Herbert M Geller
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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7
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Ovarian Cancer Dissemination-A Cell Biologist's Perspective. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121957. [PMID: 31817625 PMCID: PMC6966436 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) comprises multiple disease states representing a variety of distinct tumors that, irrespective of tissue of origin, genetic aberrations and pathological features, share common patterns of dissemination to the peritoneal cavity. EOC peritoneal dissemination is a stepwise process that includes the formation of malignant outgrowths that detach and establish widespread peritoneal metastases through adhesion to serosal membranes. The cell biology associated with outgrowth formation, detachment, and de novo adhesion is at the nexus of diverse genetic backgrounds that characterize the disease. Development of treatment for metastatic disease will require detailed characterization of cellular processes involved in each step of EOC peritoneal dissemination. This article offers a review of the literature that relates to the current stage of knowledge about distinct steps of EOC peritoneal dissemination, with emphasis on the cell biology aspects of the process.
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Wang W, Zhao F, Zhao Y, Pan W, Cao P, Wu L, Wang Z, Zhao X, Zhao Y, Wang H. Design, Synthesis, and Preliminary Bioactivity Evaluation of 2,7-Substituted Carbazole Derivatives as Potent Autotaxin Inhibitors and Antitumor Agents†. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:256-264. [PMID: 30173652 DOI: 10.2174/1871520618666180830161821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autotaxin-LPA signaling has been implicated in cancer progression, and targeted for the discovery of cancer therapeutic agents. OBJECTIVE Potential ATX inhibitors were synthesized to develop novel leading compounds and effective anticancer agents. METHODS The present work designs and synthesizes a series of 2,7-subsitituted carbazole derivatives with different terminal groups R [R = -Cl (I), -COOH (II), -B(OH)2 (III), or -PO(OH)2 (I-IV)]. The inhibition of these compounds on the enzymatic activity of ATX was measured using FS-3 and Bis-pNpp as substrates, and the cytotoxicity of these compounds was evaluated using SW620, SW480, PANC-1, and SKOV-3 human carcinoma cells. Furthermore, the binding of leading compound with ATX was analyzed by molecular docking. RESULTS Compound III was shown to be a promising antitumor candidate by demonstrating both good inhibition of ATX enzymatic activity and high cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines. Molecular docking study shows that compound III is located in a pocket, which mainly comprises amino acids 209 to 316 in domain 2 of ATX, and binds with these residues of ATX through van der Waals, conventional hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic interactions. CONCLUSION Compound III with the terminal group R = -B(OH)2 has the most potent inhibitory effect with the greatest cytotoxicity to cancer cells. Moreover, the docking model provides a structural basis for the future optimization of promising antitumor compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Wang
- Biology Institute of Shanxi, Shanxi, Taiyuan 030006, China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Shanxi, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Fengmei Zhao
- Biology Institute of Shanxi, Shanxi, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yarui Zhao
- Biology Institute of Shanxi, Shanxi, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Weiwei Pan
- Biology Institute of Shanxi, Shanxi, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Pengcheng Cao
- Biology Institute of Shanxi, Shanxi, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Lintao Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Changzhi University, Shanxi, Changzhi 046011, China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Changzhi University, Shanxi, Changzhi 046011, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, United States
| | - Yi Zhao
- Biology Institute of Shanxi, Shanxi, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Hongfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Shanxi, Taiyuan 030006, China
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Ibuki M, Horiguchi I, Sakai Y. A novel tool for suspension culture of human induced pluripotent stem cells: Lysophospholipids as a cell aggregation regulator. Regen Ther 2019; 12:74-82. [PMID: 31890769 PMCID: PMC6933451 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Suspension culture for the increase in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) has been one of the major challenges. Previously, we reported that albumin-associated lipids prevented aggregation of hiPSCs, whereas, lipids responsible for this function were unclear. Here, by using cell aggregation assay, we investigated principal lipids regulated aggregation size of hiPSCs. As a result, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), known as lysophospholipids acting as a signaling molecule, were identified. These lipids regulated the aggregation size in a dose-dependent manner. Aggregates formed with these lipids kept the high-expression rates of pluripotent marker genes and had the abilities of proliferation. These studies demonstrated that LPA and S1P were useful for suspension culture for hiPSCs without affecting the growth ability and pluripotency of hiPSCs. This knowledge will lead to the development of a simple and robust method for the mass culture of hiPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Ibuki
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Laboratories, Kaneka Corporation, 6-7-3, Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Ikki Horiguchi
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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10
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Mutant p53 regulates LPA signaling through lysophosphatidic acid phosphatase type 6. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5195. [PMID: 30914657 PMCID: PMC6435808 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41352-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has indicated that high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) originates in the fallopian tube, where the earliest known genetic lesion is the mutation of TP53. In addition to such genetic changes, HGSOC is characterized by altered metabolism, including the production of oncogenic lipids such as lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). To understand the crosstalk between TP53 mutations and LPA signaling, we utilized primary fallopian tube epithelial cells (FTEC) engineered to overexpress mutant p53. We found that gain-of-function (GOF) p53 mutations downregulated the LPA-degrading enzyme lysophosphatidic acid phosphatase type 6 (ACP6), leading to upregulation of focal adhesion signaling in an LPA-dependent manner. Although highly expressed in normal fallopian tube epithelium, ACP6 expression was significantly reduced in ovarian cancer tumors and early in situ lesions. Downregulation of ACP6 in ovarian cancer cells was necessary and sufficient to support HGSOC proliferation, adhesion, migration, and invasion. Using mouse models of metastasis, we established that attenuation of ACP6 expression was associated with increased tumor burden. Conversely, overexpression of ACP6 suppressed invasive behavior. These data identify an involvement of oncogenic p53 mutations in LPA signaling and HGSOC progression through regulation of ACP6 expression.
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11
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Wang Y, Li J, Xu C, Zhang X. MicroRNA-139-5p Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Invasion by Targeting RHO-Associated Coiled-Coil-Containing Protein Kinase 2 in Ovarian Cancer. Oncol Res 2018; 26:411-420. [PMID: 28653604 PMCID: PMC7844637 DOI: 10.3727/096504017x14974343584989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that the dysregulation of microRNAs is associated with the development and progression of various cancers. MicroRNA-139-5p (miR-139-5p) has been reported to have a tumor suppressive role in many types of cancers. The role of miR-139-5p in ovarian cancer (OC) is poorly understood. The purpose of the present study was to explore the expression of miR-139-5p and its function in OC. The results showed that miR-139-5p expression was markedly downregulated in OC tissues and cell lines. In addition, underexpression of miR-139-5p was significantly associated with FIGO stage, lymph mode metastasis, and poor overall survival of OC patients. Functional analyses indicated that overexpression of miR-139-5p significantly inhibited proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion of OC cells. Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 2 (ROCK2) was identified as a direct target of miR-139-5p using luciferase reporter assays, qualitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR), and Western blot. In addition, ROCK2 expression was upregulated and was inversely correlated with miR-139-5p levels in OC tissues. Rescue experiments showed that overexpression of ROCK2 effectively reversed the inhibitory effect of OC cells induced by miR-139-5p. Most interestingly, in vivo studies indicated that miR-139-5p markedly suppressed the growth of tumors by repressing ROCK2 expression in nude mice. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that miR-139-5p plays an important tumor suppressor role in OC by directly binding to ROCK2, providing a novel target for the molecular treatment of OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Wang
- *Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Jia Li
- †Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Chunling Xu
- †Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- †Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
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12
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Zhang G, Cheng Y, Zhang Q, Li X, Zhou J, Wang J, Wei L. ATX‑LPA axis facilitates estrogen‑induced endometrial cancer cell proliferation via MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:4245-4252. [PMID: 29328374 PMCID: PMC5802196 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a key enzyme that converts lysophosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). ATX is a crucial factor that facilitates cancer progression; however, the effect of ATX on endometrial cancer has not been explored. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of ATX in the progression of endometrial cancer. The immunohistochemical results revealed higher protein expression levels of ATX and LPA receptors (LPA 1, 2 and 3) in human endometrial cancer tissue than in non-carcinoma tissue. In addition, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting analysis demonstrated that ATX and LPA receptor mRNA and protein expression was greater in Ishikawa cells, which are positive for estrogen receptor (ER), than in Hec-1A cells that exhibit low ER expression. Short interfering RNA knockdown of ATX in Ishikawa cells led to decreased cell proliferation and cell colony number, as determined by Cell Counting kit-8 and colony formation assays. Estrogen stimulated ATX mRNA expression. Inhibition of ATX decreased estrogen and LPA-induced cell proliferation. High LPA levels markedly elevated the phosphorylation levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). ATX downregulation moderately decreased estrogen- and LPA-induced phosphorylation of ERK. In addition, the ERK inhibitor, PD98059, reduced cell proliferation with estrogen, ATX and LPA treatment. The present study suggested that the ATX-LPA axis may facilitate estrogen-induced cell proliferation in endometrial cancer via the mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK signaling pathway. The present study may provide ideas and an experimental basis for clinicians to identify new molecular targeted drugs for the treatment of endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Jingwei Zhou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Jianliu Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Lihui Wei
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
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13
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Lopane C, Agosti P, Gigante I, Sabbà C, Mazzocca A. Implications of the lysophosphatidic acid signaling axis in liver cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:277-282. [PMID: 28591560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death in western countries. The major risk factors for HCC are hepatitis C or B viruses, alcohol and metabolic disorders. The increasing risk of HCC in patients with metabolic disorders (i.e. obesity, diabetes and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis/NASH) regardless of the presence of liver cirrhosis is becoming relevant. Nevertheless, molecular mechanisms linking these risk factors to liver oncogenesis are unclear. This review focuses on the pathogenic role of the lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) pathway in HCC, highlighting the implications of this bioactive phospholipid in liver cancer biology and metabolism and as potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Lopane
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Pasquale Agosti
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Isabella Gigante
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Sabbà
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Mazzocca
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
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14
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Shimizu Y, Nakayama M. Discovery of Novel Gq-Biased LPA1 Negative Allosteric Modulators. SLAS DISCOVERY 2017; 22:859-866. [PMID: 28346103 DOI: 10.1177/2472555217691719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) activates the G-protein-coupled receptor LPA1, which regulates various cellular processes, including cell proliferation and migration. Although LPA1 transduces cellular responses via Gq, Gi, and G12/13, associations between these signaling molecules and cellular phenotypes remain poorly characterized due to the lack of signal-specific pharmacological tools. Here, we characterized novel signal-biased modulators using multiple assays, including label-free impedance assays. LPA caused dramatic changes in cellular impedance in LPA1-expressing recombinant cells, which were susceptible to G-protein and protein kinase inhibitors. Subsequently, Gq-biased LPA1 negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) were identified using high-throughput screening, and a nonbiased antagonist differently affected the LPA-induced cellular impedance. These NAMs provide pharmacological tools for further investigations of the biology of LPA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Shimizu
- 1 Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Masaharu Nakayama
- 1 Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
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15
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Expression of Wnt11 and Rock2 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by activation of the WNT/PCP pathway and its clinical significance. Pathol Res Pract 2016; 212:880-885. [PMID: 27628667 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between expression of Wnt11, Rho-associated protein kinase 2 (Rock2), and its clinical characteristics in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Expression of Wnt11 and Rock2 protein was examined by using immunohistochemistry that contained 260 paraffin-embedded specimens of ESCC and its adjacent normal tissues; expression of Wnt11 and Rock2 protein was verified by Western-blotting that contained 20 specimens of ESCC and its adjacent normal tissues. The positive rates of Wnt11 protein in normal esophageal epithelium tissue was 29.8% and in esophageal carcinomas tissue was 31.9%; there was no significant difference between the two groups(P>0.05); The positive rates of Rock2 protein in normal esophageal epithelium tissue was 12.3% and in esophageal carcinomas tissues was 56.5%, there was a significant difference between the two groups (p<0.05). The expression of Rock2 protein was significantly related with the invasion of vascular and there was no significantly difference between the expression of Rock2 protein and ESCC patients' tumor location, differentiation, T stage, and lymph node metastases. The abnormal expression of Rock2 protein may promote tumor cell invasion.
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16
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Zeng Y, Xie H, Qiao Y, Wang J, Zhu X, He G, Li Y, Ren X, Wang F, Liang L, Ding Y. Formin-like2 regulates Rho/ROCK pathway to promote actin assembly and cell invasion of colorectal cancer. Cancer Sci 2016; 106:1385-93. [PMID: 26258642 PMCID: PMC4638017 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Formin-like2 (FMNL2) is a member of the diaphanous-related formins family, which act as effectors and upstream modulators of Rho GTPases signaling and control the actin-dependent processes, such as cell motility or invasion. FMNL2 has been identified as promoting the motility and metastasis in colorectal carcinoma (CRC). However, whether FMNL2 regulates Rho signaling to promote cancer cell invasion remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated an essential role for FMNL2 in the activations of Rho/ROCK pathway, SRF transcription or actin assembly, and subsequent CRC cell invasion. FMNL2 could activate Rho/ROCK pathway, and required ROCK to promote CRC cell invasion. Moreover, FMNL2 promoted the formation of filopodia and stress fiber, and activated the SRF transcription in a Rho-dependent manner. We also demonstrated that FMNL2 was necessary for LPA-induced invasion, RhoA/ROCK activation, actin assembly and SRF activation. FMNL2 was an essential component of LPA signal transduction toward RhoA by directly interacting with LARG. LARG silence inhibited RhoA/ROCK pathway and CRC cell invasion. Collectively, these data indicate that FMNL2, acting as upstream of RhoA by interacting with LARG, can promote actin assembly and CRC cell invasion through a Rho/ROCK-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfeng Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, the People's Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Huijun Xie
- Department of Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yudan Qiao
- Department of Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianmei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiling Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Armed Police Forces, Beijing, China
| | - Guoyang He
- Department of Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuling Li
- Department of Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Ren
- Department of Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Liang
- Department of Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanqing Ding
- Department of Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Zhou X, Wang S, Wang Z, Feng X, Liu P, Lv XB, Li F, Yu FX, Sun Y, Yuan H, Zhu H, Xiong Y, Lei QY, Guan KL. Estrogen regulates Hippo signaling via GPER in breast cancer. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:2123-35. [PMID: 25893606 DOI: 10.1172/jci79573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) mediates both the genomic and nongenomic effects of estrogen and has been implicated in breast cancer development. Here, we compared GPER expression in cancerous tissue and adjacent normal tissue in patients with invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the breast and determined that GPER is highly upregulated in cancerous cells. Additionally, our studies revealed that GPER stimulation activates yes-associated protein 1 (YAP) and transcriptional coactivator with a PDZ-binding domain (TAZ), 2 homologous transcription coactivators and key effectors of the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway, via the Gαq-11, PLCβ/PKC, and Rho/ROCK signaling pathways. TAZ was required for GPER-induced gene transcription, breast cancer cell proliferation and migration, and tumor growth. Moreover, TAZ expression positively correlated with GPER expression in human IDC specimens. Together, our results suggest that the Hippo/YAP/TAZ pathway is a key downstream signaling branch of GPER and plays a critical role in breast tumorigenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Acyltransferases
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/physiology
- Animals
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/physiopathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/physiopathology
- Cell Division
- Cell Movement
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Estrogens/pharmacology
- Estrogens/physiology
- Female
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11/antagonists & inhibitors
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11/genetics
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Hippo Signaling Pathway
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/genetics
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/physiopathology
- Phospholipase C beta/physiology
- Phosphoproteins/physiology
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Kinase C/physiology
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/analysis
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/physiology
- RNA Interference
- Receptors, Estrogen/drug effects
- Receptors, Estrogen/physiology
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/drug effects
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/physiology
- Serine-Threonine Kinase 3
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/analysis
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/physiology
- YAP-Signaling Proteins
- rho-Associated Kinases/physiology
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18
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Suzuki M, Matsushima-Nishiwaki R, Kuroyanagi G, Suzuki N, Takamatsu R, Furui T, Yoshimi N, Kozawa O, Morishige KI. Regulation by heat shock protein 22 (HSPB8) of transforming growth factor-α-induced ovary cancer cell migration. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 571:40-9. [PMID: 25731856 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that heat shock proteins (HSPs) are implicated in progression of cancer. HSP22 (HSPB8), a small HSP, is recognized to be ubiquitously expressed in various tissues. However, the expression and the role of HSP22 in ovarian cancer remain to be clarified. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of HSP22 in transforming growth factor (TGF)-α-induced migration of ovarian cancer cells. The expression of HSP22 was detected in a serous ovarian cancer cell line, SKOV3.ip1. The migration was reduced by down-regulation of HSP22 expression. The TGF-α-induced migration was reduced by SB203580 (a p38 MAP kinase inhibitor), SP600125 (a SAPK/JNK inhibitor) and Y27632 (a Rho-kinase inhibitor). However, down-regulation of HSP22 had little effect on the TGF-α-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase, SAPK/JNK and MYPT, a target protein of Rho-kinase. The HSP22 expression was further analyzed in 20 resected specimens of human ovarian serous carcinoma. The expression of HSP22 was detected in all the twenty tissues (8.24-109.22 pg/mg protein), and the cases with highly expression of HSP22 showed a tendency to acquire the progressive ability. Our results strongly suggest that HSP22 acts as a positive regulator in TGF-α-induced migration of ovarian cancer cells, subsequently directing ovarian cancer toward progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Suzuki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | | | - Gen Kuroyanagi
- Department of Pharmacology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Noriko Suzuki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Reika Takamatsu
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Furui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Naoki Yoshimi
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Osamu Kozawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.
| | - Ken-ichirou Morishige
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
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19
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RhoGTPases - A novel link between cytoskeleton organization and cisplatin resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2015; 19:22-32. [PMID: 25660168 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For more than three decades, platinum compounds have been the first line treatment for a wide spectrum of solid tumors. Yet, cisplatin resistance is a major impediment in cancer therapy, and deciphering the mechanisms underlying chemoresistance is crucial for the development of novel therapies with enhanced efficacy. The Rho subfamily of small GTPases plays a significant role in cancer progression, and a growing body of evidence points toward the involvement of these proteins in anticancer drug resistance, including cisplatin resistance. The cycling between active and inactive states, governed by the balance between their GEFs, GAPs and GDIs, RhoGTPases, acts as molecular switches with a pivotal role in actin cytoskeleton organization. The Rho subfamily of proteins is involved in many key cellular processes including adhesion, vesicular trafficking, proliferation, survival, cell morphology and cell-matrix interactions. Although RhoA, RhoB and RhoC are highly homologous and share some upstream regulators and downstream effectors, they each have different roles in cancer progression and chemoresistance. While RhoA and RhoC are upregulated in many tumors and can stimulate transformation, RhoB appears to exhibit tumor suppressor characteristics with proapoptotic effects. In the current review, we discuss the role of Rho subfamily of proteins in cancer, and focus on their involvement in intrinsic and acquired drug resistance.
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20
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Diagnostic Value of Total Plasma Lysophosphatidic Acid in Ovarian Cancer: A Meta-analysis. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2015; 25:18-23. [DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000000319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the diagnostic value of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in ovarian cancer.MethodsA systematic review of related studies was performed; sensitivity, specificity, and other measures about the accuracy of serum LPA in the diagnosis of ovarian cancer were pooled using random-effects models. Summary receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to summarize the overall test performance.ResultsSix studies involving 363 patients with ovarian cancer and 273 healthy control women met the inclusion criteria. The summary estimates for LPA in diagnosing ovarian cancer in the included studies were as follows: sensitivity, 0.94 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.91–0.96]; specificity, 0.88 (95% CI, 0.83–0.91); and diagnostic odds ratio, 141.59 (95% CI, 52.1–384.63). The area under the curve and Q value for summary receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.97 and 0.92, respectively.ConclusionsThe LPA assay showed high accuracy and sensitivity for the diagnosis of ovarian cancer. The present study was limited by the small number of available studies and sample size; therefore, additional studies with a better design and larger samples are needed to further assess the diagnostic accuracy of LPA.
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21
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Dong Z, Fu S, Xu X, Yang Y, Du L, Li W, Kan S, Li Z, Zhang X, Wang L, Li J, Liu H, Qu X, Wang C. Leptin-mediated regulation of ICAM-1 is Rho/ROCK dependent and enhances gastric cancer cell migration. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:1801-10. [PMID: 24548863 PMCID: PMC3974087 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Our previous study indicates that leptin enhances gastric cancer (GC) invasion. However, the exact effect of leptin on GC metastasis and its underlying mechanism remain unclear. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a major molecule in stabilising cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix interactions, is overexpressed and has crucial roles in tumour metastasis. Methods: Here, we investigated leptin and ICAM-1 expression in GC tissues. Furthermore, we characterised the influence of leptin on ICAM-1 expression in GC cells and elucidated the underlying mechanism. Results: Leptin and ICAM-1 were overexpressed in GC tissues, and a strong positive correlation was observed. They were also related with clinical stage or lymph node metastasis. Furthermore, leptin induced GC cell (AGS and MKN-45) migration by upregulating ICAM-1, and knockdown of ICAM-1 by small interference RNA (siRNA) blocked this process. Cell surface ICAM-1, as well as soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1), was also enhanced by leptin. Moreover, leptin increased ICAM-1 expression through Rho/ROCK pathway, which was attenuated by pharmacological inhibition of Rho (C3 transferase) or its downstream effector kinase Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) (Y-27632). Conclusions: Our findings indicate that leptin enhances GC cell migration by increasing ICAM-1 through Rho/ROCK pathway, which might provide new insight into the significance of leptin in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - S Fu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - X Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Y Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - L Du
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - W Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - S Kan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Z Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - X Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - L Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - J Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - H Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - X Qu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - C Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
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22
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Hwang H, Kim EK, Park J, Suh PG, Cho YK. RhoA and Rac1 play independent roles in lysophosphatidic acid-induced ovarian cancer chemotaxis. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 6:267-76. [PMID: 24469268 DOI: 10.1039/c3ib40183a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), which is a bioactive phospholipid existing at high level in ascites and plasma of ovarian cancer patients, is known to be involved in cell survival, proliferation, adhesion, and migration. Small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) such as RhoA and Rac1 are intracellular signaling molecules which affect morphology and chemotactic behavior of cells. In this research, we first investigated roles of RhoA and Rac1 in the LPA-induced chemotaxis of SKOV3 human ovarian cancer cells using a multilevel microfluidic platform. The multilevel microfluidic device was fabricated by a rapid prototyping method based on soft lithography using multi-layered adhesive tapes. This platform allows us to conduct the on-chip chemotaxis assays in conventional biology laboratories without any huge and expensive equipment for fabrication and fluidic manipulation. Based on image-based analysis of single cell trajectories in the microfluidic device, the chemotaxis of SKOV3 cells could be quantitatively analyzed in two independent parameters-migration speed and directional persistence. Inhibition of the RhoA/ROCK pathways reduced the directional persistence, not the migration speed, of the cells, while only the migration speed was decreased when the activity of Rac1/PAK pathways was suppressed. These results suggest that RhoA and Rac1 signaling pathways potentially play independent roles in the chemotactic migration of SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells in the linear and stable LPA concentration gradient. Our microfluidic platform would provide a rapid, low cost, easy-to-use, and versatile way for research of cancer cell migration which is crucial for tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyundoo Hwang
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea.
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23
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Yu Y, Qin J, Liu M, Ruan Q, Li Y, Zhang Z. Role of Rho kinase in lysophosphatidic acid-induced altering of blood-brain barrier permeability. Int J Mol Med 2014; 33:661-9. [PMID: 24398620 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) the simplest of the water-soluble phospholipids, is produced by activated platelets, macrophage and endothelial cells. It also evokes various biological responses. When LPA concentrations reach high levels, brain injury, including stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), occurs. Previous studies have shown that LPA is crucial in increasing blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and the Rho/Rho kinase (ROCK) signaling pathway is involved in the regulation of endothelial permeability. However, the exact mechanism by which the Rho/ROCK pathway mediates BBB disruption induced by LPA remains to be determined. In the present study, we observed that LPA induced the increase of BBB permeability in the right striatum after 10 µl LPA (100 µM) was injected into the ipsilateral caudate nucleus of rats. The ROCK was involved in the expression of proteolytic enzymes, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), leading to LPA-induced BBB disruption. ROCK inhibitor (Y27632) markedly inhibited the expression of proteolytic enzymes induced by LPA as well as the BBB disruption after it was co-injected with LPA. Thus, results of the present study suggest that LPA increases BBB permeability, which may be due to the Rho/ROCK signaling pathway and the subsequent production of proteolytic enzymes MMP-9 and uPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Jun Qin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Meizhen Liu
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Qingyuan Ruan
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yiliang Li
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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Lysophosphatidic acid stimulates activation of focal adhesion kinase and paxillin and promotes cell motility, via LPA1-3, in human pancreatic cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:3524-33. [PMID: 24061591 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2878-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is highly metastatic and with poor prognosis. In previous studies, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) was shown to be a critical component of ascites which promoted the invasion and metastasis of pancreatic cancer. Two focal adhesion proteins, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and paxillin, were crucially involved in cell migration, cytoskeleton reorganization, and the dynamics of focal adhesion. OBJECTIVES This study examined the involvement of LPA1-3 in LPA-induced activation of FAK and paxillin, and in cell motility, in pancreatic cancer PANC-1 cells. METHODS Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to examine mRNA expression of LPA receptors in PANC-1. Cellular protein expression of FAK and paxillin was analyzed by western blotting. The subcellular location of FAK and paxillin was visualized by immunofluorescence. Cell migration was measured by use of a transwell migration chamber. RESULTS Three LPA receptors (LPA1, LPA2, and LPA3) were significantly expressed in PANC-1 cells. Treatment with LPA induced both time and dose-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK and paxillin. LPA also affected translocation of FAK and paxillin from cytoplasm to focal adhesions at the cell periphery and enhanced cell motility of PANC-1. Pretreatment with 3-(4-(4-((1-(2-chlorophenyl)ethoxy)carbonyl amino)-3-methyl-5-isoxazolyl)benzylsulfanyl)propanoic acid (Ki16425), an antagonist of LPA1 and LPA3, before LPA attenuated the LPA-induced tyrosine phosphorylation and redistribution of FAK and paxillin and abrogated LPA-induced cellular migration activity. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest LPA induces activation of FAK and paxillin via LPA1-3, which may contribute to the increased cell motility in human pancreatic cancer PANC-1 cells. Thus, an understanding of the regulation by LPA of cell motility in pancreatic cancer could identify novel targets for therapy.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tumor microenvironment, defined by a variety of growth factors including lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), whose levels are increased in pancreatic cancer patients, plays a major role in the genesis and progression of pancreatic cancer. Because the gep proto-oncogenes, Gα12 and Gα13, are implicated in LPA-stimulated oncogenic signaling, this study is focused on evaluating the role of these proto-oncogenes in LPA-stimulated invasive migration of pancreatic cancer cells. METHODS Effect of LPA on the migration and proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells was assessed using BxPC3, Dan-G, MDAPanc-28, Panc-1, and PaCa-2 cell lines. The role of Gα13 in the migration of pancreatic cancer cells was interrogated by disrupting lysophosphatidic acid receptor-Gα13 interaction using CT13, a dominant negative mutant of Gα13, and by silencing the expression of Gα13. RESULTS Results indicate that LPA stimulates the migration of pancreatic cancer cells and such LPA-stimulated migratory response is mediated by Gα13. Furthermore, the results establish that the silencing of Gα13, but not Gα12, abrogates LPA-stimulated invasive migration of pancreatic cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS These results report for the first time a critical role for Gα13 in LPA-stimulated invasive migration of pancreatic cancer cells. These findings identify LPA-lysophosphatidic acid receptor-Gα13 signaling node as a novel therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer treatment and control.
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Aberrant lipid metabolism: an emerging diagnostic and therapeutic target in ovarian cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:7742-56. [PMID: 23574936 PMCID: PMC3645713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14047742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer remains the most lethal gynaecological cancer. A better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of ovarian cancer is of critical importance to develop early detection tests and identify new therapeutic targets that would increase survival. Cancer cells depend on de novo lipid synthesis for the generation of fatty acids to meet the energy requirements for increased tumour growth. There is increasing evidence that lipid metabolism is deregulated in cancers, including ovarian cancer. The increased expression and activity of lipogenic enzymes is largely responsible for increased lipid synthesis, which is regulated by metabolic and oncogenic signalling pathways. This article reviews the latest knowledge on lipid metabolism and the alterations in the expression of lipogenic enzymes and downstream signalling pathways in ovarian cancer. Current developments for exploiting lipids as biomarkers for the detection of early stage ovarian cancer and therapeutic targets are discussed. Current research targeting lipogenic enzymes and lipids to increase the cytotoxicity of chemotherapy drugs is also highlighted.
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Abstract
Cancer-associated changes in cellular behavior, such as modified cell-cell contact, increased migratory potential, and generation of cellular force, all require alteration of the cytoskeleton. Two homologous mammalian serine/threonine kinases, Rho-associated protein kinases (ROCK I and II), are key regulators of the actin cytoskeleton acting downstream of the small GTPase Rho. ROCK is associated with cancer progression, and ROCK protein expression is elevated in several types of cancer. ROCKs exist in a closed, inactive conformation under quiescent conditions, which is changed to an open, active conformation by the direct binding of guanosine triphosphate (GTP)–loaded Rho. In recent years, a number of ROCK isoform-specific binding partners have been found to modulate the kinase activity through direct interactions with the catalytic domain or via altered cellular localization of the kinases. Thus, these findings demonstrate additional modes to regulate ROCK activity. This review describes the molecular mechanisms of ROCK activity regulation in cancer, with emphasis on ROCK isoform-specific regulation and interaction partners, and discusses the potential of ROCKs as therapeutic targets in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Morgan-Fisher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ohta T, Takahashi T, Shibuya T, Amita M, Henmi N, Takahashi K, Kurachi H. Inhibition of the Rho/ROCK pathway enhances the efficacy of cisplatin through the blockage of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in human ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2012; 13:25-33. [PMID: 22336585 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.13.1.18440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho, a Ras-related small GTPase, and Rho-associated coiled coil-containing protein kinase (Rho kinase, ROCK1 and ROCK2) are key regulators of focal adhesion, actomyosin contraction, and thus cell motility. Rho/ROCK kinases also play roles in proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and oncogenic transformation. In the present study, we have shown that Rho/ROCK pathway inhibition by fasudil, an orally administered inhibitor of Rho kinases, enhanced cisplatin-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in human ovarian cancer cell lines. Fasudil inhibited hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α protein expression. Knockdown of RhoA, ROCK1 or ROCK2 also attenuated the expression of HIF-1α. Furthermore, knockdown of HIF-1α using small interfering RNA enhanced cisplatin-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis as did inhibition of the Rho/ROCK pathway by fasudil, the Rho/ROCK inhibitor Y27632, or by Rho/ROCK knockdown. Therefore, the Rho/ROCK pathway may modulate HIF-1α signal transduction and blockade of Rho/ROCK enhances the efficacy of cisplatin by inhibiting HIF-1α in ovarian cancer cells. Our findings suggested that the Rho/ROCK pathway may be a new target for molecular targeting therapies against ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Ohta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan.
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Marshall JCA, Collins JW, Nakayama J, Horak CE, Liewehr DJ, Steinberg SM, Albaugh M, Vidal-Vanaclocha F, Palmieri D, Barbier M, Murone M, Steeg PS. Effect of inhibition of the lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 on metastasis and metastatic dormancy in breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2012; 104:1306-19. [PMID: 22911670 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djs319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies identified the human nonmetastatic gene 23 (NME1, hereafter Nm23-H1) as the first metastasis suppressor gene. An inverse relationship between Nm23-H1 and expression of lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 gene (LPAR1, also known as EDG2 or hereafter LPA1) has also been reported. However, the effects of LPA1 inhibition on primary tumor size, metastasis, and metastatic dormancy have not been investigated. METHODS The LPA1 inhibitor Debio-0719 or LPA1 short hairpinned RNA (shRNA) was used. Primary tumor size and metastasis were investigated using the 4T1 spontaneous metastasis mouse model and the MDA-MB-231T experimental metastasis mouse model (n = 13 mice per group). Proliferation and p38 intracellular signaling in tumors and cell lines were determined by immunohistochemistry and western blot to investigate the effects of LPA1 inhibition on metastatic dormancy. An analysis of variance-based two-tailed t test was used to determine a statistically significant difference between treatment groups. RESULTS In the 4T1 spontaneous metastasis mouse model, Debio-0719 inhibited the metastasis of 4T1 cells to the liver (mean = 25.2 liver metastases per histologic section for vehicle-treated mice vs 6.8 for Debio-0719-treated mice, 73.0% reduction, P < .001) and lungs (mean = 6.37 lesions per histologic section for vehicle-treated mice vs 0.73 for Debio-0719-treated mice, 88.5% reduction, P < .001), with no effect on primary tumor size. Similar results were observed using the MDA-MB-231T experimental pulmonary metastasis mouse model. LPA1 shRNA also inhibited metastasis but did not affect primary tumor size. In 4T1 metastases, but not primary tumors, expression of the proliferative markers Ki67 and pErk was reduced by Debio-0719, and phosphorylation of the p38 stress kinase was increased, indicative of metastatic dormancy. CONCLUSION The data identify Debio-0719 as a drug candidate with metastasis suppressor activity, inducing dormancy at secondary tumor sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude A Marshall
- The Women's Cancers Section, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Härmä V, Knuuttila M, Virtanen J, Mirtti T, Kohonen P, Kovanen P, Happonen A, Kaewphan S, Ahonen I, Kallioniemi O, Grafström R, Lötjönen J, Nees M. Lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine-1-phosphate promote morphogenesis and block invasion of prostate cancer cells in three-dimensional organotypic models. Oncogene 2012; 31:2075-89. [PMID: 21996742 PMCID: PMC3330266 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Revised: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Normal prostate and some malignant prostate cancer (PrCa) cell lines undergo acinar differentiation and form spheroids in three-dimensional (3-D) organotypic culture. Acini formed by PC-3 and PC-3M, less pronounced also in other PrCa cell lines, spontaneously undergo an invasive switch, leading to the disintegration of epithelial structures and the basal lamina, and formation of invadopodia. This demonstrates the highly dynamic nature of epithelial plasticity, balancing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition against metastable acinar differentiation. This study assessed the role of lipid metabolites on epithelial maturation. PC-3 cells completely failed to form acinar structures in delipidated serum. Adding back lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) rescued acinar morphogenesis and repressed invasion effectively. Blocking LPA receptor 1 (LPAR1) functions by siRNA (small interference RNA) or the specific LPAR1 inhibitor Ki16425 promoted invasion, while silencing of other G-protein-coupled receptors responsive to LPA or S1P mainly caused growth arrest or had no effects. The G-proteins Gα(12/13) and Gα(i) were identified as key mediators of LPA signalling via stimulation of RhoA and Rho kinases ROCK1 and 2, activating Rac1, while inhibition of adenylate cyclase and accumulation of cAMP may be secondary. Interfering with these pathways specifically impeded epithelial polarization in transformed cells. In contrast, blocking the same pathways in non-transformed, normal cells promoted differentiation. We conclude that LPA and LPAR1 effectively promote epithelial maturation and block invasion of PrCa cells in 3-D culture. The analysis of clinical transcriptome data confirmed reduced expression of LPAR1 in a subset of PrCa's. Our study demonstrates a metastasis-suppressor function for LPAR1 and Gα(12/13) signalling, regulating cell motility and invasion versus epithelial maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Härmä
- Medical Biotechnology Knowledge Centre, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Turku, Finland
| | - M Knuuttila
- Biotechnology Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - J Virtanen
- Medical Biotechnology Knowledge Centre, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Turku, Finland
- Biotechnology Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - T Mirtti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Kohonen
- Biotechnology Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - P Kovanen
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Happonen
- Department of Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - S Kaewphan
- Department of Information Technology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - I Ahonen
- Biotechnology Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - O Kallioniemi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R Grafström
- Medical Biotechnology Knowledge Centre, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Turku, Finland
- Laboratory for Toxicology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Lötjönen
- Knowledge Intensive Services, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tampere, Finland
| | - M Nees
- Medical Biotechnology Knowledge Centre, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Turku, Finland
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The Rho/ROCK pathway for lysophosphatidic acid-induced proteolytic enzyme expression and ovarian cancer cell invasion. Oncogene 2012; 31:4279-89. [PMID: 22249252 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a biolipid that has diverse biological activities implicated in ovarian cancer initiation and progression. Previous studies have shown the critical role of the Rho/Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) pathway in LPA-induced ovarian cancer progression. However, detailed underlying mechanism by which the Rho/ROCK pathway induces ovarian cancer cell invasion is still incompletely understood. In the present study, we observed that the Rho/ROCK pathway is implicated in the production of proteolytic enzymes, leading to LPA-induced ovarian cancer cell invasion. LPA induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 expression in CAOV-3 and PA-1 cells and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) expression in SKOV-3 cells. LPA-induced proteolytic enzyme expression was required for the invasion of ovarian cancer cells expressing corresponding enzymes. Pretreatment of cells with a pharmacological inhibitor of Rho/ROCK (Y-27632) or overexpression of a dominant-negative mutant of Rho (Rho N19) profoundly inhibited LPA-induced proteolytic enzyme expression as well as the invasive potential of ovarian cancer cells. In addition, transfection with dominant-negative Ras (Ras N17) significantly inhibited LPA-induced Rho activation as well as MMP-9 and uPA expression. Consistently, Y-27632 reduced LPA-induced nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation that is critical for proteolytic enzyme expression and cellular invasion. Collectively, we demonstrate a mechanism by which LPA promotes ovarian cancer progression through coordinate activation of a Ras/Rho/ROCK/NF-κB signaling pathway and the proteolytic enzyme secretion, providing novel biomarkers and promising therapeutic targets for ovarian cancer cell progression.
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Herr DR. Potential use of G protein-coupled receptor-blocking monoclonal antibodies as therapeutic agents for cancers. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 297:45-81. [PMID: 22608557 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394308-8.00002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is the fastest growing area of pharmaceutical development and has enjoyed significant clinical success since approval of the first mAb drug in1984. However, despite significant effort, there are still no approved therapeutic mAbs directed against the largest and most attractive family of drug targets: G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). GPCRs regulate essentially all cellular processes, including those that are fundamental to cancer pathology, such as proliferation, survival/drug resistance, migration, differentiation, tissue invasion, and angiogenesis. Many different GPCR isoforms are enhanced or dysregulated in multiple tumor types, and several GPCRs have known oncogenic activity. With approximately 350 distinct GPCRs in the genome, these receptors provide a rich landscape for the design of effective, targeted therapies for cancer, a uniquely heterogeneous disease family. While the generation of selective, efficacious mAbs has been problematic for these structurally complex integral membrane proteins, progress in the development of immunotherapeutics has been made by several independent groups. This chapter provides an overview of the roles of GPCRs in cancer and describes the current state of the art of GPCR-targeted mAb drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deron R Herr
- Expression Drug Designs, LLC, San Marcos, California, USA
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Kim EK, Park JM, Lim S, Choi JW, Kim HS, Seok H, Seo JK, Oh K, Lee DS, Kim KT, Ryu SH, Suh PG. Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase is essential for lysophosphatidic acid-induced cell migration in ovarian cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:24036-45. [PMID: 21602274 PMCID: PMC3129185 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.209908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive phospholipid that affects various biological functions, such as cell proliferation, migration, and survival, through LPA receptors. Among them, the motility of cancer cells is an especially important activity for invasion and metastasis. Recently, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy-sensing kinase, was shown to regulate cell migration. However, the specific role of AMPK in cancer cell migration is unknown. The present study investigated whether LPA could induce AMPK activation and whether this process was associated with cell migration in ovarian cancer cells. We found that LPA led to a striking increase in AMPK phosphorylation in pathways involving the phospholipase C-β3 (PLC-β3) and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β (CaMKKβ) in SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells. siRNA-mediated knockdown of AMPKα1, PLC-β3, or (CaMKKβ) impaired the stimulatory effects of LPA on cell migration. Furthermore, we found that knockdown of AMPKα1 abrogated LPA-induced activation of the small GTPase RhoA and ezrin/radixin/moesin proteins regulating membrane dynamics as membrane-cytoskeleton linkers. In ovarian cancer xenograft models, knockdown of AMPK significantly decreased peritoneal dissemination and lung metastasis. Taken together, our results suggest that activation of AMPK by LPA induces cell migration through the signaling pathway to cytoskeletal dynamics and increases tumor metastasis in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eung-Kyun Kim
- From the Division of Molecular and Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784
- the School of Nano-Bioscience and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 689-798
| | - Ji-Man Park
- the School of Nano-Bioscience and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 689-798
| | - Seyoung Lim
- the School of Nano-Bioscience and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 689-798
| | - Jung Woong Choi
- From the Division of Molecular and Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784
| | - Hyeon Soo Kim
- the Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, 5-ga, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701
| | - Heon Seok
- the School of Nano-Bioscience and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 689-798
- the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jungwon University, Goesan, Chungcheongbukdo 367-805, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Kon Seo
- the School of Nano-Bioscience and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 689-798
| | - Keunhee Oh
- the Department of Biomedical Sciences/Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, and
| | - Dong-Sup Lee
- the Department of Biomedical Sciences/Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, and
| | - Kyong Tai Kim
- From the Division of Molecular and Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784
| | - Sung Ho Ryu
- From the Division of Molecular and Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784
| | - Pann-Ghill Suh
- From the Division of Molecular and Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784
- the School of Nano-Bioscience and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 689-798
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Ogata S, Morishige KI, Sawada K, Hashimoto K, Mabuchi S, Kawase C, Ooyagi C, Sakata M, Kimura T. Fasudil inhibits lysophosphatidic acid-induced invasiveness of human ovarian cancer cells. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2010; 19:1473-80. [PMID: 19955921 DOI: 10.1111/igc.0b013e3181c03909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is known to be highly invasive. The poor prognosis of advanced ovarian cancer comes from increased invasiveness of human ovarian cancer cells. The lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)/Rho/Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) pathway is intimately involved in the course of ovarian cancer progression, and the inhibition of this pathway attenuates ovarian cancer invasiveness. Fasudil (1-[5-isoquinolinesulfonyl]-homopiperazine; HA-1077) is a drug that has been in clinical use in Japan for the prevention of vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage and is known to be a potent ROCK-specific inhibitor. In this study, we examined the effect of fasudil on LPA-induced invasiveness of human ovarian cancer cells to explore the potential of fasudil as an anticancer agent against ovarian cancer. Fasudil induced changes in cell morphology but not in cell viability. Fasudil significantly inhibited LPA-induced invasion and motility of human ovarian cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, fasudil caused the loss of intracellular cytoskeletal rearrangement, which is necessary for cell motility, such as stress fiber formation and focal adhesion assembly. Fasudil suppressed LPA-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin, a representative focal adhesion protein, and serine phosphorylation of myosin light chain, which are essential for the process for cell migration. These findings showed that fasudil attenuated the invasiveness of human ovarian cancer cells via inhibition of the LPA/Rho/ROCK pathway. In SKOV-3ip1 ovarian cancer xenografts, intraperitoneal treatment with fasudil significantly reduced tumor burden and ascites formation. Our findings suggest that fasudil might be useful to prevent the progression of ovarian cancer in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Ogata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Vidot S, Witham J, Agarwal R, Greenhough S, Bamrah HS, Tigyi GJ, Kaye SB, Richardson A. Autotaxin delays apoptosis induced by carboplatin in ovarian cancer cells. Cell Signal 2010; 22:926-35. [PMID: 20100569 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance remains a barrier to the effective long term treatment of ovarian cancer. We have established an RNAi-based screen to identify genes which confer resistance to carboplatin or paclitaxel. To validate the screen we showed that siRNA interfering with the apoptosis regulators FLIP and Bcl-X(L) conferred sensitivity to paclitaxel and carboplatin respectively. The expression of 90 genes which have previously been shown to be over-expressed in drug-resistant ovarian cancer was inhibited using siRNA and the impact on sensitivity to carboplatin and paclitaxel was assessed. ENPP2 was identified as a candidate gene causing drug resistance. ENPP2 encodes autotaxin, a phospholipase involved in the synthesis of the survival factor lysophosphatidic acid. siRNA directed to ENPP2 resulted in earlier apoptosis following treatment with carboplatin. 2-carbacyclic phosphatidic acid (ccPA 16:1), a small molecule inhibitor of autotaxin, also accelerated apoptosis induced by carboplatin. Stable ectopic expression of autotaxin in OVCAR-3 cells led to a delay in apoptosis. When serum was withdrawn to remove exogenous LPA, ccPA caused a pronounced potentiation of apoptosis induced by carboplatin in cells expressing autotaxin. These results indicate that autotaxin delays apoptosis induced by carboplatin in ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Vidot
- Section of Medicine, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
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Lin ME, Herr DR, Chun J. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptors: signaling properties and disease relevance. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2009; 91:130-8. [PMID: 20331961 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2009] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a water-soluble phospholipid, has gained significant attention in recent years since the discovery that it acts as a potent signaling molecule with wide-ranging effects on many different target tissues. There are currently five identified G protein-coupled receptors for LPA and more are undergoing validation. The complexity of the expression pattern and signaling properties of LPA receptors results in multiple influences on developmental, physiological, and pathological processes. This review provides a summary of LPA receptor signaling and current views on the potential involvement of this pathway in human diseases that include cardiovascular, cancer, neuropathic pain, neuropsychiatric disorders, reproductive disorders, and fibrosis. The involvement of LPA signaling in these processes implicates multiple, potential drug targets including LPA receptor subtypes and LPA metabolizing enzymes. Modulation of LPA signaling may thus provide therapeutic inroads for the treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-En Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Helen L. Dorris Institute for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqiang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York University, 1176 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Ye X. Lysophospholipid signaling in the function and pathology of the reproductive system. Hum Reprod Update 2008; 14:519-36. [PMID: 18562325 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmn023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) are two prominent signaling lysophospholipids (LPs) exerting their functions through a group of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). This review covers current knowledge of the LP signaling in the function and pathology of the reproductive system. METHODS PubMed was searched up to May 2008 for papers on lysophospholipids/LPA/S1P/LPC/SPC in combination with each part of the reproductive system, such as testis/ovary/uterus. RESULTS LPA and SIP are found in significant amounts in serum and other biological fluids. To date, 10 LP receptors have been identified, including LPA(1-5) and S1P(1-5). In vitro and in vivo studies from the past three decades have demonstrated or suggested the physiological functions of LP signaling in reproduction, such as spermatogenesis, male sexual function, ovarian function, fertilization, early embryo development, embryo spacing, implantation, decidualization, pregnancy maintenance and parturition, as well as pathological roles in ovary, cervix, mammary gland and prostate cancers. CONCLUSIONS Receptor knock-out and other studies indicate tissue-specific and receptor-specific functions of LP signaling in reproduction. More comprehensive studies are required to define mechanisms of LP signaling and explore the potential use as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Ye
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Huang RYJ, Wang SM, Hsieh CY, Wu JC. Lysophosphatidic acid induces ovarian cancer cell dispersal by activating Fyn kinase associated with p120-catenin. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:801-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Haga A, Hashimoto K, Tanaka N, Nakamura KT, Deyashiki Y. Scalable purification and characterization of the extracellular domain of human autotaxin from prokaryotic cells. Protein Expr Purif 2008; 59:9-17. [PMID: 18249559 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2007.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is an approximately 125kDa transmembrane protein known as a tumor progression factor based on its lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) activity. There are many reports of the biological and biochemical properties of ATX, but crystallographic or structural studies have not been reported because a large-scale production process using prokaryotic cells has not been established. Here we report a bulk purification process and soluble expression of the recombinant human ATX (rhATX S48) from prokaryotic cells. The extracellular domain of human ATX cDNA was cloned into a pET101/D-TOPO vector and transformed to an Escherichia coliBL21 strain which was co-transformed with a pTF16 chaperone plasmid. The rhATX S48 was purified with chaperone and it was removed by Mg(2+)-ATP treatment. The final yield of purified rhATX S48 was approximately 3.5mg/l culture of recombinant strain. The rhATX S48 shows lysoPLD enzymatic activity and effectively stimulates the growth and motile activity of the human tumor cells as well as native ATX. This is a first report for scalable purification of the ATX molecule and the rhATX S48 should be a good tool for immunization of anti-ATX or crystallographic analysis of ATX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arayo Haga
- Research Institute for Health and Environmental Science, Gifu Prefectural Government, 1-1, Naka-Fudougaoka, Kakamigahara 504-0838, Japan.
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In Vitro and In Vivo Assays to Analyze the Contribution of Rho Kinase in Angiogenesis. Methods Enzymol 2008; 439:395-412. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(07)00428-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Ying H, Biroc SL, Li WW, Alicke B, Xuan JA, Pagila R, Ohashi Y, Okada T, Kamata Y, Dinter H. The Rho kinase inhibitor fasudil inhibits tumor progression in human and rat tumor models. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:2158-64. [PMID: 16985048 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The ability of cancer cells to undergo invasion and migration is a prerequisite for tumor metastasis. Rho, a Ras-related small GTPase, and the Rho-associated coiled coil-containing protein kinases (Rho kinases, ROCK1 and ROCK2) are key regulators of focal adhesion, actomyosin contraction, and thus cell motility. Inhibitors of this pathway have been shown to inhibit tumor cell motility and metastasis. Here, we show that fasudil [1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-homopiperazine], an orally available inhibitor of Rho kinases, and its metabolite 1-(hydroxy-5-isoquinoline sulfonyl-homopiperazine) (fasudil-OH) modify tumor cell morphology and inhibit tumor cell migration and anchorage-independent growth. In addition, we show that fasudil inhibited tumor progression in three independent animal models. In the MM1 peritoneal dissemination model, tumor burden and ascites production were reduced by > 50% (P < 0.05). In the HT1080 experimental lung metastasis model, fasudil decreased lung nodules by approximately 40% (P < 0.05). In the orthotopic breast cancer model with MDA-MB-231, there were 3-fold more tumor-free mice in the fasudil-treated group versus saline control group (P < 0.01). Fasudil has been approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and associated cerebral ischemic symptoms. In patients, fasudil is well tolerated without any serious adverse reactions. Therefore, the concept of Rho kinase inhibition as an antimetastatic therapy for cancer can now be clinically explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Ying
- RBA Oncology, Berlex Biosciences, Richmond, CA 94803, USA.
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Sengupta S, Kim KS, Berk MP, Oates R, Escobar P, Belinson J, Li W, Lindner DJ, Williams B, Xu Y. Lysophosphatidic acid downregulates tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases, which are negatively involved in lysophosphatidic acid-induced cell invasion. Oncogene 2006; 26:2894-901. [PMID: 17130843 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a highly metastatic disease. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) levels are elevated in ascites from ovarian cancer patients, but its potential role in ovarian cancer metastasis has just begun to be revealed. In this work, we show that LPA stimulates invasion of primary ovarian cancer cells, but not ovarian epithelial or borderline ovarian tumor cells, although these benign cells indeed respond to LPA in cell migration. We have found that LPA downregulates tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). TIMP2 and TIMP3 play functional role in LPA-induced invasion as negative regulators. G(i) protein, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), cytosolic phospholipase A(2) and urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA) are required for LPA-induced cells invasion. TIMP3 may affect two independent downstream targets, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and p38 MAPK. In vivo, LPA stimulates tumor metastasis in an orthotopic ovarian tumor model, which can be inhibited by a PI3K inhibitor, LY294002. In summary, LPA is likely a key component for promoting ovarian metastasis in vivo. LPA downregulates TIMP3, which may have targets other than metalloproteinases. Our in vivo metastasis mouse model is useful for studying the efficacy of therapeutic regimes of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sengupta
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Masiello LM, Fotos JS, Galileo DS, Karin NJ. Lysophosphatidic acid induces chemotaxis in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. Bone 2006; 39:72-82. [PMID: 16487757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2005.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2005] [Revised: 12/16/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid that has pleiotropic effects on a variety of cell types and enhances the migration of endothelial and cancer cells, but it is not known if this lipid can alter osteoblast motility. We performed transwell migration assays using MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells and found LPA to be a potent chemotactic agent. Quantitative time-lapse video analysis of osteoblast migration after wounds were introduced into cell monolayers indicated that LPA stimulated both migration velocity and the average migration distance per cell. LPA also elicited substantial changes in cell shape and actin cytoskeletal structure; lipid-treated cells contained fewer stress fibers and displayed long membrane processes that were enriched in F-actin. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that MC3T3-E1 cells express all four known LPA-specific G-protein-coupled receptors (LPA1-LPA4) with a relative mRNA abundance of LPA1>LPA4>LPA2>>LPA3. LPA-induced changes in osteoblast motility and morphology were antagonized by both pertussis toxin and Ki16425, a subtype-specific blocker of LPA1 and LPA3 receptor function. Cell migration in many cell types is linked to changes in intracellular Ca2+. Ki16425 also inhibited LPA-induced Ca2+ signaling in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting a link between LPA-induced Ca2+ transients and osteoblast chemotaxis. Our data show that LPA stimulates MC3T3-E1 osteoblast motility via a mechanism that is linked primarily to the G-protein-coupled receptor LPA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Masiello
- Cell Biology and Biochemistry Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MS P7-56, Richland, WA 99352, USA
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Bian D, Mahanivong C, Yu J, Frisch SM, Pan ZK, Ye RD, Huang S. The G12/13-RhoA signaling pathway contributes to efficient lysophosphatidic acid-stimulated cell migration. Oncogene 2006; 25:2234-44. [PMID: 16301993 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The membrane redistribution and phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) have been reported to be important for cell migration. We previously showed that Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) induced FAK membrane redistribution and autophosphorylation in ovarian cancer SK-OV3 cells and the signaling pathway consisting of Gi-Ras-MEKK1 mediated LPA-induced FAK membrane redistribution but not FAK autophosphorylation. We also showed that the disruption of the Gi-Ras-MEKK1 pathway led to a significant reduction in LPA-stimulated cell migration. These findings raised the question of whether LPA-induced FAK autophosphorylation was required for LPA-stimulated cell migration and what signaling mechanism was involved in LPA-induced FAK autophosphorylation. In this study, we expressed the membrane anchored wild-type FAK (CD2-FAK) in SK-OV3 cells and found that the expression of CD2-FAK greatly rescued LPA-stimulated cell migration in Gi or Ras-inhibited cells. However, Gi inhibitor pertussis toxin or dominant-negative H-Ras still significantly inhibited LPA-stimulated cell migration in cells expressing the membrane anchored FAK containing a mutation in the autophosphorylation site [CD2-FAK(Y397A)]. These results suggest that FAK autophosphorylation plays a role in LPA-stimulated cell migration. With the aid of p115RhoGEF-RGS, G12 and G13 minigenes to inhibit G12/13, we found that the G12/13 pathway was required for LPA-induced FAK autophosphorylation and efficient cell migration. Moreover, LPA activated RhoA and Rho kinase (ROCK) in a G12/13-dependent manner and their activities were required for LPA-induced FAK autophosphorylation. However, Rho or ROCK inhibitors displayed no effect on LPA-induced FAK membrane redistribution although they abolished LPA-induced cytoskeleton reorganization. Our studies show that the G12/13-RhoA-ROCK signaling pathway mediates LPA-induced FAK autophosphorylation and contributes to LPA-stimulated cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bian
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Dawes-Hoang RE, Parmar KM, Christiansen AE, Phelps CB, Brand AH, Wieschaus EF. folded gastrulation, cell shape change and the control of myosin localization. Development 2006; 132:4165-78. [PMID: 16123312 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The global cell movements that shape an embryo are driven by intricate changes to the cytoarchitecture of individual cells. In a developing embryo, these changes are controlled by patterning genes that confer cell identity. However, little is known about how patterning genes influence cytoarchitecture to drive changes in cell shape. In this paper, we analyze the function of the folded gastrulation gene (fog), a known target of the patterning gene twist. Our analysis of fog function therefore illuminates a molecular pathway spanning all the way from patterning gene to physical change in cell shape. We show that secretion of Fog protein is apically polarized, making this the earliest polarized component of a pathway that ultimately drives myosin to the apical side of the cell. We demonstrate that fog is both necessary and sufficient to drive apical myosin localization through a mechanism involving activation of myosin contractility with actin. We determine that this contractility driven form of localization involves RhoGEF2 and the downstream effector Rho kinase. This distinguishes apical myosin localization from basal myosin localization, which we find not to require actinomyosin contractility or FOG/RhoGEF2/Rho-kinase signaling. Furthermore, we demonstrate that once localized apically, myosin continues to contract. The force generated by continued myosin contraction is translated into a flattening and constriction of the cell surface through a tethering of the actinomyosin cytoskeleton to the apical adherens junctions. Our analysis of fog function therefore provides a direct link from patterning to cell shape change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Dawes-Hoang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA.
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Tahimic CGT, Tomimatsu N, Nishigaki R, Fukuhara A, Toda T, Kaibuchi K, Shiota G, Oshimura M, Kurimasa A. Evidence for a role of Collapsin response mediator protein-2 in signaling pathways that regulate the proliferation of non-neuronal cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 340:1244-50. [PMID: 16414354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.12.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Accepted: 12/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Collapsin response mediator protein-2 or Crmp-2 plays a critical role in the establishment of neuronal polarity. In this study, we present evidence that apart from its functions in neurodevelopment, Crmp-2 is also involved in pathways that regulate the proliferation of non-neuronal cells through its phosphorylation by regulatory proteins. We show that Crmp-2 undergoes dynamic phosphorylation changes in response to contact inhibition-induced quiescence and that hyperphosphorylation of Crmp-2 occurs in a tumor. We further suggest that de-regulation of Crmp-2 phosphorylation levels at certain amino acid residues may lead to aberrant cell proliferation and consequently, tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Ginn T Tahimic
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Regenerative Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
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Salhia B, Rutten F, Nakada M, Beaudry C, Berens M, Kwan A, Rutka JT. Inhibition of Rho-kinase affects astrocytoma morphology, motility, and invasion through activation of Rac1. Cancer Res 2005; 65:8792-800. [PMID: 16204049 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Malignant astrocytomas are highly invasive neoplasms infiltrating diffusely into regions of normal brain. Whereas the molecular and cellular mechanisms governing astrocytoma invasion remain poorly understood, evidence in other cell systems has implicated a role for the Rho-GTPases in cell motility and invasion. Here, we examine how the inhibition or activation of Rho-kinase (ROCK) affects astrocytoma morphology, motility, and invasion. ROCK was inhibited in astrocytoma cells by using 5 to 100 mumol/L of Y27632 or by expressing the dominant-negative ROCK mutant, RB/PH TT. ROCK activation was achieved by expressing a constitutively active mutant, CAT. ROCK inhibition led to morphologic and cytoskeletal alterations characterized by an increase in the number and length of cell processes, increased membrane ruffling, and collapse of actin stress fibers. Using two-dimensional radial migration and Boyden chamber assays, we show that astrocytoma migration and invasion were increased at least 2-fold by ROCK inhibition. On the contrary, ROCK activation significantly inhibited migration and invasion of astrocytoma cells. Furthermore, using a Rac-GTP pull-down assay, we show that Rac1 is activated as a consequence of ROCK inhibition. Finally, we show that treatment of astrocytoma cells with small interfering RNA duplexes specific for Rac1-reversed stellation, prevented membrane ruffling formation and abrogated the increased motility observed following treatment with Y27632. Our data show that Rac1 plays a major role in astrocytoma morphology, motility, and invasion. These findings warrant further investigation to determine precisely how the modulation of Rac1 and ROCK can be exploited to inhibit glioma invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodour Salhia
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Center and Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Maghazachi AA. Insights into seven and single transmembrane-spanning domain receptors and their signaling pathways in human natural killer cells. Pharmacol Rev 2005; 57:339-57. [PMID: 16109839 DOI: 10.1124/pr.57.3.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human natural killer (NK) cells are important cells of the innate immune system. These cells perform two prominent functions: the first is recognizing and destroying virally infected cells and transformed cells; the second is secreting various cytokines that shape up the innate and adaptive immune re-sponses. For these cells to perform these activities, they express different sets of receptors. The receptors used by NK cells to extravasate into sites of injury belong to the seven transmembrane (7TM) family of receptors, which characteristically bind heterotrimeric G proteins. These receptors allow NK cells to sense the chemotactic gradients and activate second messengers, which aid NK cells in polarizing and migrating toward the sites of injured tissues. In addition, these receptors determine how and why human resting NK cells are mainly found in the bloodstream, whereas activated NK cells extravasate into inflammatory sites. Receptors for chemokines and lysophospholipids belong to the 7TM family. On the other hand, NK cells recognize invading or transformed cells through another set of receptors that belong to the single transmembrane-spanning domain family. These receptors are either inhibitory or activating. Inhibitory receptors contain the immune receptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif, and activating receptors belong to either those that associate with adaptor molecules containing the immune receptor tyrosine-based activating motif (ITAM) or those that associate with adaptor molecules containing motifs other than ITAM. This article will describe the nature of these receptors and examine the intracellular signaling pathways induced in NK cells after ligating both types of receptors. These pathways are crucial for NK cell biology, development, and functions.
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Rudolf E, Cervinka M, Cerman J, Schroterova L. Hexavalent chromium disrupts the actin cytoskeleton and induces mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in human dermal fibroblasts. Toxicol In Vitro 2005; 19:713-23. [PMID: 15908174 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2005.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2004] [Revised: 01/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to hexavalent chromium causes various adverse effects including deep skin ulcerations and allergic dermatitis. Because of many potential intracellular targets for hexavalent chromium toxicity, its mechanisms of action are not entirely understood. To investigate the role of the cytoskeleton and mitochondria in this process, primary human dermal fibroblasts were exposed to various concentrations of potassium chromate for 24 h. The followed markers included cell motility, cytoskeletal organization, oxidative stress, mitochondrial activity and activation of the apoptotic cascade. Potassium chromate (1.5-45 microM) induced time- and concentration-dependent cell shrinkage, reorganization of cytoskeleton and loss of motile activity in fibroblasts. In some cells this was followed by membrane blebbing. Dynamic changes in cell morphology were accompanied with the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, increased oxidative stress and release of cytochrome c. Apoptosis was confirmed by detection of activated caspase-3 and nuclear fragmentation. The results indicate that in fibroblasts hexavalent chromium-induced damage to cytoskeleton and mitochondria might occur concurrently at relatively early stages of exposure. Furthermore, alterations of these targets seem to activate mitochondria-dependent and- independent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Rudolf
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Simkova 870, 500 38 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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