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Rani PS, Babajan B, Tulsian NK, Begum M, Kumar A, Ahmed N. Mycobacterial Hsp65 potentially cross-reacts with autoantibodies of diabetes sera and also induces (in vitro) cytokine responses relevant to diabetes mellitus. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 9:2932-41. [PMID: 24056978 DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70307j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial disease and its incidence is increasing worldwide. Among the two types of diabetes, type-2 accounts for about 90% of all diabetic cases, whereas type-1 or juvenile diabetes is less prevalent and presents with humoral immune responses against some of the autoantigens. We attempted to test whether the sera of type-1 diabetes patients cross-react with mycobacterial heat shock protein 65 (Hsp65) due to postulated epitope homologies between mycobacterial Hsp65 and an important autoantigen of type-1 diabetes, glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 (GAD65). In our study, we used either recombinant mycobacterial Hsp65 protein or synthetic peptides corresponding to some of the potential epitopes of mycobacterial Hsp65 that are shared with GAD65 or human Hsp60, and a control peptide sourced from mycobacterial Hsp65 which is not shared with GAD65, Hsp60 and other autoantigens of type-1 diabetes. The indirect ELISA results indicated that both type-1 diabetes and type-2 diabetes sera cross-react with conserved mycobacterial Hsp65 peptides and recombinant mycobacterial Hsp65 protein but do not do so with the control peptide. Our results suggest that cross-reactivity of mycobacterial Hsp65 with autoantibodies of diabetes sera could be due to the presence of significantly conserved peptides between mycobacterial Hsp65 and human Hsp60 rather than between mycobacterial Hsp65 and GAD65. The treatment of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with recombinant mycobacterial Hsp65 protein or the synthetic peptides resulted in a significant increase in the secretion of cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10. Taken together, these findings point towards a dual role for mycobacterial Hsp65: in inducing autoimmunity and in inflammation, the two cardinal features of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pittu Sandhya Rani
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India.
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Bolhassani A, Rafati S. Mini-chaperones: potential immuno-stimulators in vaccine design. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:153-61. [PMID: 23108356 PMCID: PMC3667931 DOI: 10.4161/hv.22248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunogenic properties of heat shock proteins (HSPs) have prompted investigations into their application as immuno-modulatory agents. HSPs have been used as potent adjuvants in immunotherapy of cancer and infectious diseases. Some studies showed that immune activities reside within N- or C-terminal fragments of HSPs. These small fragments are sufficient to link peptides, to bind and be taken up by the receptors CD91 and scavenger receptor type A on antigen presenting cells (APCs). Thus, these mini-chaperones can be used in immunotherapy of tumors and vaccine development. The data clearly demonstrated the potential of using HSP fragments as a possible adjuvant to augment CTL response against infectious diseases. Some HSP domains have been shown to inhibit endothelial cell growth, angiogenesis or tumor growth. In this review, we describe the immuno-stimulatory activities of various mini-chaperones in development of different vaccine strategies (DNA-based vaccine and protein/peptide-based vaccines).
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Bolhassani
- Molecular Immunology and Vaccine Research Lab., Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. azam_bolhassani@yahoo
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Unger WWJ, Pearson T, Abreu JRF, Laban S, van der Slik AR, der Kracht SMV, Kester MGD, Serreze DV, Shultz LD, Griffioen M, Drijfhout JW, Greiner DL, Roep BO. Islet-specific CTL cloned from a type 1 diabetes patient cause beta-cell destruction after engraftment into HLA-A2 transgenic NOD/scid/IL2RG null mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49213. [PMID: 23155466 PMCID: PMC3498321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite increasing evidence that autoreactive CD8 T-cells are involved in both the initiation of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and the destruction of beta-cells, direct evidence for their destructive role in-vivo is lacking. To address a destructive role for autoreactive CD8 T-cells in human disease, we assessed the pathogenicity of a CD8 T-cell clone derived from a T1D donor and specific for an HLA-A2-restricted epitope of islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic-subunit related protein (IGRP). HLA-A2/IGRP tetramer staining revealed a higher frequency of IGRP-specific CD8 T-cells in the peripheral blood of recent onset human individuals than of healthy donors. IGRP265–273-specific CD8 T-cells that were cloned from the peripheral blood of a recent onset T1D individual were shown to secrete IFNγ and Granzyme B after antigen-specific activation and lyse HLA-A2-expressing murine islets in-vitro. Lytic capacity was also demonstrated in-vivo by specific killing of peptide-pulsed target cells. Using the HLA-A2 NOD-scid IL2rγnull mouse model, HLA-A2-restricted IGRP-specific CD8 T-cells induced a destructive insulitis. Together, this is the first evidence that human HLA-restricted autoreactive CD8 T-cells target HLA-expressing beta-cells in-vivo, demonstrating the translational value of humanized mice to study mechanisms of disease and therapeutic intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy W. J. Unger
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Todd Pearson
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joana R. F. Abreu
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Laban
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arno R. van der Slik
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sacha Mulder-van der Kracht
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michel G. D. Kester
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dave V. Serreze
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | | | - Marieke Griffioen
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Wouter Drijfhout
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dale L. Greiner
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bart O. Roep
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Rosu V, Ahmed N, Paccagnini D, Gerlach G, Fadda G, Hasnain SE, Zanetti S, Sechi LA. Specific immunoassays confirm association of Mycobacterium avium Subsp. paratuberculosis with type-1 but not type-2 diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 2009. [PMID: 19204799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone0004386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is a versatile pathogen with a broad host range. Its association with type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has been recently proposed. Rapid identification of infectious agents such as MAP in diabetic patients at the level of clinics might be helpful in deciphering the role of chronic bacterial infection in the development of autoimmune diseases such as T1DM. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We describe use of an ELISA method to identify live circulating MAP through the detection of a cell envelope protein, MptD by a specific M13 phage--fMptD. We also used another ELISA format to detect immune response to MptD peptide. Both the methods were tested with blood plasma obtained from T1DM, type-2 diabetes (T2DM) patients and non-diabetic controls. Our results demonstrate MptD and fMptD ELISA assays to be accurate and sensitive to detect MAP bacilli in a large fraction (47.3%) of T1DM patients as compared to non-diabetic controls (12.6%) and those with confirmed T2DM (7.7%). Comparative analysis of ELISA assays performed here with 3 other MAP antigen preparations, namely HbHA, Gsd and whole cell MAP lysates confirmed comparable sensitivity of the MptD peptide and the fMptD based ELISA assays. Moreover, we were successful in demonstrating positive bacterial culture in two of the clinical specimen derived from T1DM patients. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE The MptD peptide/fMptD based ELISA or similar tests could be suggested as rapid and specific field level diagnostic tests for the identification of MAP in diabetic patients and for finding the explanations towards the occurrence of type-1 or type-2 diabetes in the light of an active infectious trigger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Rosu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Microbiologia, Università degli studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Rosu V, Ahmed N, Paccagnini D, Gerlach G, Fadda G, Hasnain SE, Zanetti S, Sechi LA. Specific immunoassays confirm association of Mycobacterium avium Subsp. paratuberculosis with type-1 but not type-2 diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4386. [PMID: 19204799 PMCID: PMC2636876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is a versatile pathogen with a broad host range. Its association with type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has been recently proposed. Rapid identification of infectious agents such as MAP in diabetic patients at the level of clinics might be helpful in deciphering the role of chronic bacterial infection in the development of autoimmune diseases such as T1DM. Methodology/Principal Findings We describe use of an ELISA method to identify live circulating MAP through the detection of a cell envelope protein, MptD by a specific M13 phage – fMptD. We also used another ELISA format to detect immune response to MptD peptide. Both the methods were tested with blood plasma obtained from T1DM, type-2 diabetes (T2DM) patients and non-diabetic controls. Our results demonstrate MptD and fMptD ELISA assays to be accurate and sensitive to detect MAP bacilli in a large fraction (47.3%) of T1DM patients as compared to non-diabetic controls (12.6%) and those with confirmed T2DM (7.7%). Comparative analysis of ELISA assays performed here with 3 other MAP antigen preparations, namely HbHA, Gsd and whole cell MAP lysates confirmed comparable sensitivity of the MptD peptide and the fMptD based ELISA assays. Moreover, we were successful in demonstrating positive bacterial culture in two of the clinical specimen derived from T1DM patients. Conclusions and Significance The MptD peptide/fMptD based ELISA or similar tests could be suggested as rapid and specific field level diagnostic tests for the identification of MAP in diabetic patients and for finding the explanations towards the occurrence of type-1 or type-2 diabetes in the light of an active infectious trigger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Rosu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Microbiologia, Università degli studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Niyaz Ahmed
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Daniela Paccagnini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Microbiologia, Università degli studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Fadda
- Istituto di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Seyed E. Hasnain
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, India
| | - Stefania Zanetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Microbiologia, Università degli studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Leonardo A. Sechi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Microbiologia, Università degli studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Huurman VAL, van der Meide PE, Duinkerken G, Willemen S, Cohen IR, Elias D, Roep BO. Immunological efficacy of heat shock protein 60 peptide DiaPep277 therapy in clinical type I diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 152:488-97. [PMID: 18422727 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
An immunogenic peptide (p277) from the 60-kDa heat shock protein (hsp60) arrested beta-cell destruction in non-obese diabetic mice. A randomized, double-blind, phase Ib/II clinical trial of DiaPep277 peptide treatment was performed in recent-onset type 1 diabetes patients with remaining insulin production. We studied the immunological efficacy of this peptide therapy and correlated this with clinical outcome. Forty-eight C-peptide-positive patients were assigned subcutaneous injections of 0.2, 1.0 or 2.5 mg p277 (n = 12 per dosage) at entry, and 1, 6 and 12 months, or four placebo injections (n = 12). T cell autoimmunity to hsp60, DiaPep277, glutamic acid decarboxylase and tetanus toxoid (recall response control) were assayed by proliferation and cytokine secretion assays (enzyme-linked immunospot) at regular intervals until 18 months after the first injection. All treated patients at each dosage of peptide demonstrated an altered immune response to DiaPep277, while the majority of placebo-treated patients remained non-responsive to treatment (P = 0.00001), indicating a 100% efficacy of immunization. Cytokine production in response to therapy was dominated by interleukin (IL)-10. IL-10 production before therapy and decreasing autoantigen-specific T cell proliferation were associated with beta-cell preservation. Third-party control immune responses were unaffected by therapy. No potentially adverse immunological side effects were noted. DiaPep277 is immunogenic in type 1 diabetic subjects and has immune modulating properties. Immunological monitoring distinguished therapy from placebo treatment and could determine immunological efficacy. Declining or temporary proliferative responses to peptide DiaPep277 treatment may serve as an immunological biomarker for clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A L Huurman
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, and Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Humoral immune responses of type 1 diabetes patients to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis lend support to the infectious trigger hypothesis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 15:320-6. [PMID: 18077612 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00381-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is a zoonotic pathogen whose association with Crohn's disease in humans is under scrutiny. The objective of this work was to investigate its association with other chronic diseases such as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), where the involvement of a persistent pathogen such as M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis could be the trigger. For this purpose, 59 diabetic patients and 59 healthy controls were investigated for the presence of antibodies against two recombinant proteins of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and the whole-cell lysate. Extremely significant humoral immune responses to recombinant heparin binding hemagglutinin and glycosyl transferase proteins and the whole-cell lysates of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis bacilli were observed in T1DM patients and compared to those of healthy controls. Finding evidence of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis involvement in T1DM is perhaps a novel finding that might serve as a foundation stone in establishing an infectious etiology for T1DM.
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Berger S, Bannantine JP, Griffin JFT. Autoreactive antibodies are present in sheep with Johne's disease and cross-react with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigens. Microbes Infect 2007; 9:963-70. [PMID: 17544799 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Revised: 03/25/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterial infection has been linked to the generation of autoantibodies, including anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA), in clinical studies and small animal models. In an attempt to identify antibodies that react with both self and mycobacterial antigens in naturally infected ruminants, we generated a phage display library comprising single chain antibody fragments (scFv) from sheep with Johne's disease (JD). The library was screened simultaneously against ovine small intestinal tissue and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). A clone (termed AutoH1) reacted strongly with host tissue and MAP, recognizing a proteinase-susceptible 32 kDa determinant in ovine gut tissues and lymphatics, and in blood granulocytes but not mononuclear cells. In granulocytes, binding was to cytoplasmic granules and cell membranes; in MAP, AutoH1 bound bacterial cell wall determinants. We further identified a synthetic peptide sequence recognized by AutoH1, using this to generate a carrier:peptide fusion protein (paH1). Sera of normal and JD sheep were screened for AutoH1-like autoantibody activity; 7/11 JD animals showed autoreactivity that could be blocked by paH1, while 0/21 normal animals showed no such serological reactivity. It is possible that the severe pathology observed in ruminant JD may have an autoimmune component, possibly due to ANCA-type binding; this remains to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Berger
- Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin NZ 1, New Zealand
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