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Sarma BB, Neukum D, Doronkin DE, Lakshmi Nilayam AR, Baumgarten L, Krause B, Grunwaldt JD. Understanding the role of supported Rh atoms and clusters during hydroformylation and CO hydrogenation reactions with in situ/ operando XAS and DRIFT spectroscopy. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12369-12379. [PMID: 39118611 PMCID: PMC11304778 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02907k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Supported Rh single-atoms and clusters on CeO2, MgO, and ZrO2 were investigated as catalysts for hydroformylation of ethylene to propionaldehyde and CO hydrogenation to methanol/ethanol with in situ/operando diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Under hydroformylation reaction conditions, operando spectroscopic investigations unravel the presence of both single atoms and clusters and detected at first propanal and then methanol. We find that the formation of methanol is associated with CO hydrogenation over Rh clusters which was further confirmed under CO hydrogenation conditions at elevated pressure. The activity of catalysts synthesized via a precipitation (PP) method over various supports towards the hydroformylation reaction follows the order: Rh/ZrO2 > Rh/CeO2 > Rh/MgO. Comparing Rh/CeO2 catalysts synthesized via different methods, catalysts prepared by flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) showed catalytic activity for the hydroformylation reaction at lower temperatures (413 K), whereas catalysts prepared by wet impregnation (WI) showed the highest stability. These results not only provide fundamental insights into the atomistic level of industrially relevant reactions but also pave the way for a rational design of new catalysts in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidyut Bikash Sarma
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 20 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, KIT Hermann-von Helmholtz Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC), CNRS, Université de Toulouse, INPT, 205 route de Narbonne 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Dominik Neukum
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, KIT Hermann-von Helmholtz Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Dmitry E Doronkin
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 20 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, KIT Hermann-von Helmholtz Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Ajai Raj Lakshmi Nilayam
- Institute of Nanotechnology, KIT Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Lorena Baumgarten
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 20 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, KIT Hermann-von Helmholtz Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Bärbel Krause
- Institut für Photonenforschung und Synchrotronstrahlung (IPS), KIT Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1 D-76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 20 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, KIT Hermann-von Helmholtz Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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2
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Tusini E, Casapu M, Zimina A, Doronkin DE, Störmer H, Barthe L, Belin S, Grunwaldt JD. Structural Changes of Ni and Ni-Pt Methane Steam Reforming Catalysts During Activation, Reaction, and Deactivation Under Dynamic Reaction Conditions. ACS Catal 2024; 14:7463-7477. [PMID: 38779186 PMCID: PMC11110164 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c05847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Ni-based catalysts are the most widely used materials to produce H2 in large-scale methane steam reformers under stationary conditions. For domestic applications such as fuel cells, H2 production involves the exposure of the catalysts to more dynamic conditions due to the daily startup and shutdown operation mode, making Ni-based catalysts susceptible to oxidation and deactivation. In this context, we report a systematic investigation of the structural changes occurring for monometallic Ni/MgAlOx and bimetallic NiPt/MgAlOx catalysts during methane steam reforming under transient conditions, comprising catalyst activation, operation, and deactivation processes. Besides extensive catalytic tests, the samples prepared by incipient wetness impregnation were characterized by complementary methods, including N2-physisorption, X-ray diffraction, H2-temperature-programmed reduction, and electron microscopy. Next, the structure of the Ni and Pt species was monitored under reaction conditions using time and spatially resolved in situ/operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The results obtained show that before catalyst activation by H2-reduction, nickel diffuses into the support lattice and forms mixed oxides with magnesium. In the activated catalysts, Ni is present in the metallic state or alloyed with Pt. A clear beneficial effect of the noble metal addition was identified on both the activity and stability of the bimetallic NiPt/MgAlOx catalyst. In contrast, the pronounced oxidation and reincorporation of Ni into the support lattice were observed for the monometallic sample, and these catalyst deactivation effects are hindered in the bimetallic Ni-Pt catalyst. Overall, the outcome of our study not only helps in understanding the catalyst activation/deactivation processes at an atomic level but also provides the basis for the rational development of improved methane steam reforming catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Tusini
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Maria Casapu
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anna Zimina
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute
of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
(KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz
1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dmitry E. Doronkin
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute
of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
(KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz
1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Heike Störmer
- Laboratory
for Electron Microscopy, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 7, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Laurent Barthe
- Synchrotron
SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers BP48 Saint Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur Yvette, France
| | - Stephanie Belin
- Synchrotron
SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers BP48 Saint Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur Yvette, France
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute
of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
(KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz
1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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3
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Ikemoto S, Muratsugu S, Koitaya T, Tsuji Y, Das M, Yoshizawa K, Glorius F, Tada M. Coordination-Induced Trigger for Activity: N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Decorated Ceria Catalysts Incorporating Cr and Rh with Activity Induction by Surface Adsorption Site Control. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1497-1504. [PMID: 36511728 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A coordination-induced trigger for catalytic activity is proposed on an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-decorated ceria catalyst incorporating Cr and Rh (ICy-r-Cr0.19Rh0.06CeOz). ICy-r-Cr0.19Rh0.06CeOz was prepared by grafting 1,3-dicyclohexylimidazol-2-ylidene (ICy) onto H2-reduced Cr0.19Rh0.06CeOz (r-Cr0.19Rh0.06CeOz) surfaces, which went on to exhibit substantial catalytic activity for the 1,4-arylation of cyclohexenone with phenylboronic acid, whereas r-Cr0.19Rh0.06CeOz without ICy was inactive. FT-IR, Rh K-edge XAFS, XPS, and photoluminescence spectroscopy showed that the ICy carbene-coordinated Rh nanoclusters were the key active species. The coordination-induced trigger for catalytic activity on the ICy-bearing Rh nanoclusters could not be attributed to electronic donation from ICy to the Rh nanoclusters. DFT calculations suggested that ICy controlled the adsorption sites of the phenyl group on the Rh nanocluster to promote the C-C bond formation of the phenyl group and cyclohexenone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Ikemoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Satoshi Muratsugu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Takanori Koitaya
- Department of Materials Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yuta Tsuji
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and International Research Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Mowpriya Das
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and International Research Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Frank Glorius
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Mizuki Tada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan.,Research Center for Materials Science (RCMS), Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), and Institute for Advanced Study, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
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4
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Sarma BB, Maurer F, Doronkin DE, Grunwaldt JD. Design of Single-Atom Catalysts and Tracking Their Fate Using Operando and Advanced X-ray Spectroscopic Tools. Chem Rev 2023; 123:379-444. [PMID: 36418229 PMCID: PMC9837826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The potential of operando X-ray techniques for following the structure, fate, and active site of single-atom catalysts (SACs) is highlighted with emphasis on a synergetic approach of both topics. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and related X-ray techniques have become fascinating tools to characterize solids and they can be applied to almost all the transition metals deriving information about the symmetry, oxidation state, local coordination, and many more structural and electronic properties. SACs, a newly coined concept, recently gained much attention in the field of heterogeneous catalysis. In this way, one can achieve a minimum use of the metal, theoretically highest efficiency, and the design of only one active site-so-called single site catalysts. While single sites are not easy to characterize especially under operating conditions, XAS as local probe together with complementary methods (infrared spectroscopy, electron microscopy) is ideal in this research area to prove the structure of these sites and the dynamic changes during reaction. In this review, starting from their fundamentals, various techniques related to conventional XAS and X-ray photon in/out techniques applied to single sites are discussed with detailed mechanistic and in situ/operando studies. We systematically summarize the design strategies of SACs and outline their exploration with XAS supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and recent machine learning tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidyut Bikash Sarma
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute
of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Florian Maurer
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dmitry E. Doronkin
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute
of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute
of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany
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5
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Schumann M, Grunwaldt JD, Jensen AD, Christensen JM. Investigations of mechanism, surface species and support effects in CO hydrogenation over Rh. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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6
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Tang Y, Fung V, Zhang X, Li Y, Nguyen L, Sakata T, Higashi K, Jiang DE, Tao FF. Single-Atom High-Temperature Catalysis on a Rh 1O 5 Cluster for Production of Syngas from Methane. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16566-16579. [PMID: 34590856 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Single-atom catalysts are a relatively new type of catalyst active for numerous reactions but mainly for chemical transformations performed at low or intermediate temperatures. Here we report that singly dispersed Rh1O5 clusters on TiO2 can catalyze the partial oxidation of methane (POM) at high temperatures with a selectivity of 97% for producing syngas (CO + H2) and high activity with a long catalytic durability at 650 °C. The long durability results from the substitution of a Ti atom of the TiO2 surface lattice by Rh1, which forms a singly dispersed Rh1 atom coordinating with five oxygen atoms (Rh1O5) and an undercoordinated environment but with nearly saturated bonding with oxygen atoms. Computational studies show the back-donation of electrons from the dz2 orbital of the singly dispersed Rh1 atom to the unoccupied orbital of adsorbed CHn (n > 1) results in the charge depletion of the Rh1 atom and a strong binding of CHn to Rh1. This strong binding decreases the barrier for activating C-H, thus leading to high activity of Rh1/TiO2. A cationic Rh1 single atom anchored on TiO2 exhibits a weak binding to atomic carbon, in contrast to the strong binding of the metallic Rh surface to atomic carbon. The weak binding of atomic carbon to Rh1 atoms and the spatial isolation of Rh1 on TiO2 prevent atomic carbon from coupling on Rh1/TiO2 to form carbon layers, making Rh1/TiO2 resistant to carbon deposition than supported metal catalysts for POM. The highly active, selective, and durable high-temperature single-atom catalysis performed at 650 °C demonstrates an avenue of application of single-atom catalysis to chemical transformations at high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tang
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66049, United States
| | - Victor Fung
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66049, United States
| | - Yuting Li
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66049, United States
| | - Luan Nguyen
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66049, United States
| | - Tomohiro Sakata
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells and Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Kotaro Higashi
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells and Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - De-En Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Franklin Feng Tao
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66049, United States
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7
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Schumann M, Nielsen MR, Smitshuysen TEL, Hansen TW, Damsgaard CD, Yang ACA, Cargnello M, Grunwaldt JD, Jensen AD, Christensen JM. Rationalizing an Unexpected Structure Sensitivity in Heterogeneous Catalysis—CO Hydrogenation over Rh as a Case Study. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c05002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Max Schumann
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Monia R. Nielsen
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization (Nanolab), Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | | | - Thomas W. Hansen
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization (Nanolab), Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Christian D. Damsgaard
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization (Nanolab), Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - An-Chih A. Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Matteo Cargnello
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Anker D. Jensen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Jakob M. Christensen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
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8
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Florea OG, Stănoiu A, Gheorghe M, Cobianu C, Neaţu F, Trandafir MM, Neaţu Ş, Florea M, Simion CE. Methane Combustion Using Pd Deposited on CeO x-MnO x/La-Al 2O 3 Pellistors. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:ma13214888. [PMID: 33143340 PMCID: PMC7663723 DOI: 10.3390/ma13214888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pd deposited on CeOx-MnOx/La-Al2O3 has been prepared as a sensitive material for methane (CH4) detection. The effect of different amounts (1.25%, 2.5% and 5%) of Pd loading has been investigated. The as prepared materials were deposited on Pt microcoils using a drop-coating method, as a way of developing pellistors operated using a Wheatstone bridge configuration. By spanning the operating temperature range between 300 °C and 550 °C, we established the linearity region as well as the maximum sensitivity towards 4900 ppm of CH4. By making use of the sigmoid dependence of the output voltage signal from the Wheatstone bridge, the gas surface reaction and diffusion phenomena have been decoupled. The pellistor with 5% Pd deposited on CeOx-MnOx/La-Al2O3 exhibited the highest selective-sensitivity in the benefit of CH4 detection against threshold limits of carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Accordingly, adjusting the percent of Pd makes the preparation strategies of pellistors good candidates towards CH4 detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovidiu G. Florea
- Laboratory of Atomic Structures and Defects in Advanced Materials, National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor 405A, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (O.G.F.); (A.S.)
| | - Adelina Stănoiu
- Laboratory of Atomic Structures and Defects in Advanced Materials, National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor 405A, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (O.G.F.); (A.S.)
| | - Marin Gheorghe
- NANOM-MEMS SRL, G. Cosbuc 9, 505400 Rasnov, Romania; (M.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Cornel Cobianu
- NANOM-MEMS SRL, G. Cosbuc 9, 505400 Rasnov, Romania; (M.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Florentina Neaţu
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Condensed Matter, National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor 405A, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (F.N.); (M.M.T.); (Ş.N.)
| | - Mihaela M. Trandafir
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Condensed Matter, National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor 405A, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (F.N.); (M.M.T.); (Ş.N.)
| | - Ştefan Neaţu
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Condensed Matter, National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor 405A, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (F.N.); (M.M.T.); (Ş.N.)
| | - Mihaela Florea
- Laboratory of Multifunctional Materials and Structures, National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor 405A, 077125 Magurele, Romania;
| | - Cristian E. Simion
- Laboratory of Atomic Structures and Defects in Advanced Materials, National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor 405A, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (O.G.F.); (A.S.)
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9
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Müller S, Zimina A, Steininger R, Flessau S, Osswald J, Grunwaldt JD. High Stability of Rh Oxide-Based Thermoresistive Catalytic Combustion Sensors Proven by Operando X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and X-ray Diffraction. ACS Sens 2020; 5:2486-2496. [PMID: 32627540 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Thermoresistive catalytic combustion sensors based on noble metals are very stable stable and highly sensitive devices to monitor potentially explosive atmospheres. We studied and proved the high stability of rhodium oxide-based sensors under working conditions in different CH4/air mixtures (up to 3.5 vol % methane) with the help of operando X-ray-based characterization techniques, DC resistance measurements, and IR thermography using a specially designed in situ cell. Operando X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy showed that the active Rh species are in the oxidized state and their chemical state is preserved during operation under realistic conditions. The resistance correlated with the surface temperature of the pellistor and is related to the combustion of CH4, confirming the catalytic nature of the observed sensing process. Only under harsh operation conditions such as an oxygen-free atmosphere or enhanced working current, a reduction in the active Rh2O3 phase was observed. Finally, the effect of poisoning causing the lowered activity on the catalytic combustion of methane was investigated. While stable rhodium sulfate might form in a sulfur-poisoned pellistor, silicon dioxide seems to additionally physically block the pores in the alumina ceramics of the pellistor poisoned by hexamethyldisiloxane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Müller
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Anna Zimina
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Ralph Steininger
- Institute for Photon Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | | | | | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
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10
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Karoshi G, Kolar P, Shah SB, Gilleskie G. Recycled eggshells as precursors for iron-impregnated calcium oxide catalysts for partial oxidation of methane. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-020-00336-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThere is a significant interest in converting eggshells into value-added products. Therefore, the goal of this research is to synthesize and study iron-impregnated eggshells as a catalyst for partial oxidation of methane. The objectives of this research were to test the effects of iron loading, flow rate, oxygen concentration, and temperature on methane oxidation. The catalysts were synthesized using ferric chloride hexahydrate at various loadings and tested in a heated stainless-steel reactor under different experimental conditions. The reaction products included C2–C7 hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide depending on the reaction conditions. Results indicated that iron loading beyond 5 wt% caused a decrease in methane conversion. A decrease in oxygen concentration enhanced methane conversion with a substantial drop in the production of CO2. Besides, an increase in temperature resulted in a decrease in methane conversion with a simultaneous increase in the production of CO2 via overoxidation. The reusability experiments indicated that the catalyst was active for four reaction cycles. Our results indicate that eggshells can be used as catalyst support for methane partial oxidation and can simultaneously solve the waste disposal problems faced by the poultry industry.
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11
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Highly Active Catalysts Based on the Rh4(CO)12 Cluster Supported on Ce0.5Zr0.5 and Zr Oxides for Low-Temperature Methane Steam Reforming. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9100800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Syngas and Hydrogen productions from methane are industrially carried out at high temperatures (900 °C). Nevertheless, low-temperature steam reforming can be an alternative for small-scale plants. In these conditions, the process can also be coupled with systems that increase the overall efficiency such as hydrogen purification with membranes, microreactors or enhanced reforming with CO2 capture. However, at low temperature, in order to get conversion values close to the equilibrium ones, very active catalysts are needed. For this purpose, the Rh4(CO)12 cluster was synthetized and deposited over Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 and ZrO2 supports, prepared by microemulsion, and tested in low-temperature steam methane reforming reactions under different conditions. The catalysts were active at 750 °C at low Rh loadings (0.05%) and outperformed an analogous Rh-impregnated catalyst. At higher Rh concentrations (0.6%), the Rh cluster deposited on Ce0.5Zr0.5 oxide reached conversions close to the equilibrium values and good stability over long reaction time, demonstrating that active phases derived from Rh carbonyl clusters can be used to catalyze steam reforming reactions. Conversely, the same catalyst suffered from a fast deactivation at 500 °C, likely related to the oxidation of the Rh phase due to the oxygen-mobility properties of Ce. Indeed, at 500 °C the Rh-based ZrO2-supported catalyst was able to provide stable results with higher conversions. The effects of different pretreatments were also investigated: at 500 °C, the catalysts subjected to thermal treatment, both under N2 and H2, proved to be more active than those without the H2 treatment. In general, this work highlights the possibility of using Rh carbonyl-cluster-derived supported catalysts in methane reforming reactions and, at low temperature, it showed deactivation phenomena related to the presence of reducible supports.
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12
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Yoshida H, Kakei R, Kuzuhara Y, Misumi S, Machida M. A comparative study on TWC reactions over Rh thin films and supported Rh nanoparticles under lean conditions. Catal Today 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Puspito Buwono H, Omori Y, Shioya N, Yoshida H, Hinokuma S, Nagao Y, Iwashina K, Endo Y, Nakahara Y, Machida M. Enhanced Rh-anchoring on the composite metal phosphate Y0.33Zr2(PO4)3 in three-way catalysis. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy01274e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rh/Y0.33Zr2(PO4)3 formed a more thermostable bidentate interfacial linkage compared to the monodentate linkage that formed in Rh/ZrP2O7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haris Puspito Buwono
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Politeknik Negeri Malang
- Malang
- Indonesia
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry
| | - Yasuhiro Omori
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Kumamoto 860-8555
- Japan
| | - Naoki Shioya
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Kumamoto 860-8555
- Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yoshida
- Division of Materials Science and Chemistry
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology
- Kumamoto University
- Kumamoto 860-8555
- Japan
| | - Satoshi Hinokuma
- Division of Materials Science and Chemistry
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology
- Kumamoto University
- Kumamoto 860-8555
- Japan
| | - Yuki Nagao
- Catalysts Division, Engineered Materials Sector
- Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd
- Saitama 362-0025
- Japan
| | - Katsuya Iwashina
- Catalysts Division, Engineered Materials Sector
- Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd
- Saitama 362-0025
- Japan
| | - Yoshinori Endo
- Catalysts Division, Engineered Materials Sector
- Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd
- Saitama 362-0025
- Japan
| | - Yunosuke Nakahara
- Catalysts Division, Engineered Materials Sector
- Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd
- Saitama 362-0025
- Japan
| | - Masato Machida
- Division of Materials Science and Chemistry
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology
- Kumamoto University
- Kumamoto 860-8555
- Japan
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14
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Yoshida H, Misumi S, Matsumoto A, Kuzuhara Y, Sato T, Ohyama J, Machida M. Thermal stabilisation effects of Zr buffer layer on nanometric Rh overlayer catalyst formed on metal foil substrate. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy00348g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A nanometric Rh overlayer formed on a metal foil substrate enables much higher turnover frequencies in NO reduction than the Rh nanoparticles used in conventional three-way catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yoshida
- Division of Materials Science and Chemistry
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology
- Kumamoto University
- Kumamoto 860-8555
- Japan
| | - Satoshi Misumi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Kumamoto University
- Kumamoto 860-8555
- Japan
| | - Akinori Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Kumamoto University
- Kumamoto 860-8555
- Japan
| | - Yusuke Kuzuhara
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Kumamoto University
- Kumamoto 860-8555
- Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sato
- Technical Division
- Faculty of Engineering
- Kumamoto University
- Kumamoto 860-8555
- Japan
| | - Junya Ohyama
- Division of Materials Science and Chemistry
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology
- Kumamoto University
- Kumamoto 860-8555
- Japan
| | - Masato Machida
- Division of Materials Science and Chemistry
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology
- Kumamoto University
- Kumamoto 860-8555
- Japan
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15
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Rhodium Oxide Surface-Loaded Gas Sensors. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8110892. [PMID: 30388804 PMCID: PMC6266552 DOI: 10.3390/nano8110892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to increase their stability and tune-sensing characteristics, metal oxides are often surface-loaded with noble metals. Although a great deal of empirical work shows that surface-loading with noble metals drastically changes sensing characteristics, little information exists on the mechanism. Here, a systematic study of sensors based on rhodium-loaded WO₃, SnO₂, and In₂O₃-examined using X-ray diffraction, high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy, direct current (DC) resistance measurements, operando diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy, and operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy-is presented. Under normal sensing conditions, the rhodium clusters were oxidized. Significant evidence is provided that, in this case, the sensing is dominated by a Fermi-level pinning mechanism, i.e., the reaction with the target gas takes place on the noble-metal cluster, changing its oxidation state. As a result, the heterojunction between the oxidized rhodium clusters and the base metal oxide was altered and a change in the resistance was detected. Through measurements done in low-oxygen background, it was possible to induce a mechanism switch by reducing the clusters to their metallic state. At this point, there was a significant drop in the overall resistance, and the reaction between the target gas and the base material was again visible. For decades, noble metal loading was used to change the characteristics of metal-oxide-based sensors. The study presented here is an attempt to clarify the mechanism responsible for the change. Generalities are shown between the sensing mechanisms of different supporting materials loaded with rhodium, and sample-specific aspects that must be considered are identified.
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16
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Cheula R, Soon A, Maestri M. Prediction of morphological changes of catalyst materials under reaction conditions by combined ab initio thermodynamics and microkinetic modelling. Catal Sci Technol 2018; 8:3493-3503. [PMID: 30713655 PMCID: PMC6333263 DOI: 10.1039/c8cy00583d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we couple microkinetic modelling, ab initio thermodynamics and Wulff-Kaishew construction to describe the structural variation of catalyst materials as a function of the chemical potential in the reactor. We focus specifically on experiments of catalytic partial oxidation (CPO) of methane on Rh/α-Al2O3. We employ a detailed structureless microkinetic model to calculate the profiles of the gaseous species molar fractions along the reactor coordinate and to select the most abundant reaction intermediates (MARIs) populating the catalyst surfaces in different zones of the reactor. Then, we calculate the most stable bulk and surface structures of the catalyst under different conditions of the reaction environment with density functional theory (DFT) calculations and ab initio thermodynamics, considering the presence of the MARIs on the catalyst surface in thermodynamic equilibrium with the partial pressures of their reservoirs in the gas phase surrounding the catalyst. Finally, we exploit the Wulff-Kaishew construction method to estimate the three-dimensional shape of the catalyst nanoparticles and the distribution of the active sites along the reactor coordinate. We find that the catalyst drastically modifies its morphology during CPO reaction by undergoing phase transition, in agreement with spectroscopy studies reported in the literature. The framework is also successfully applied for the analysis and interpretation of chemisorption experiments for catalyst characterization. These results demonstrate the crucial importance of rigorously accounting for the structural effect in microkinetic modeling simulations and pave the way towards the development of structure-dependent microkinetic analysis of catalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Cheula
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Catalytic Processes , Dipartimento di Energia , Politecnico di Milano , via La Masa 34 , 20156 Milano , Italy .
| | - Aloysius Soon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Yonsei University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Matteo Maestri
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Catalytic Processes , Dipartimento di Energia , Politecnico di Milano , via La Masa 34 , 20156 Milano , Italy .
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17
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Gossler H, Maier L, Angeli S, Tischer S, Deutschmann O. CaRMeN: a tool for analysing and deriving kinetics in the real world. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018. [PMID: 29517780 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07777g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the concepts of an open software tool (CaRMeN) that can be used to rapidly analyse and derive models, in particular chemical kinetics. The software automates the workflow of comparing model vs. experiment, which must currently be done manually and is thus a time-consuming and error-prone task. The capabilities of the software are illustrated through a case study. Experimental data for the conversion of methane over rhodium catalysts in a wide range of conditions and experimental setups are numerically simulated using five different mechanisms from the literature. The applicability of the mechanisms as well as differences between flow and diffusion models are evaluated. The results show that no single mechanism reliably predicts the chemical conversions of all of the experiments. Although the software was initially developed for chemical kinetics applications, it can also be extended to run any simulation code, and can therefore be applied in other scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gossler
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany.
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18
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Kalz KF, Kraehnert R, Dvoyashkin M, Dittmeyer R, Gläser R, Krewer U, Reuter K, Grunwaldt J. Future Challenges in Heterogeneous Catalysis: Understanding Catalysts under Dynamic Reaction Conditions. ChemCatChem 2017; 9:17-29. [PMID: 28239429 PMCID: PMC5299475 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201600996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In the future, (electro-)chemical catalysts will have to be more tolerant towards a varying supply of energy and raw materials. This is mainly due to the fluctuating nature of renewable energies. For example, power-to-chemical processes require a shift from steady-state operation towards operation under dynamic reaction conditions. This brings along a number of demands for the design of both catalysts and reactors, because it is well-known that the structure of catalysts is very dynamic. However, in-depth studies of catalysts and catalytic reactors under such transient conditions have only started recently. This requires studies and advances in the fields of 1) operando spectroscopy including time-resolved methods, 2) theory with predictive quality, 3) kinetic modelling, 4) design of catalysts by appropriate preparation concepts, and 5) novel/modular reactor designs. An intensive exchange between these scientific disciplines will enable a substantial gain of fundamental knowledge which is urgently required. This concept article highlights recent developments, challenges, and future directions for understanding catalysts under dynamic reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai F. Kalz
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)D-76344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Ralph Kraehnert
- Department of ChemistryTechnische Universität BerlinD-10623BerlinGermany
| | - Muslim Dvoyashkin
- Institute of Chemical TechnologyUniversität LeipzigD-04103LeipzigGermany
| | - Roland Dittmeyer
- Institute for Micro Process Engineering (IMVT)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)D-76344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Roger Gläser
- Institute of Chemical TechnologyUniversität LeipzigD-04103LeipzigGermany
| | - Ulrike Krewer
- Institute of Energy and Process Systems EngineeringTU BraunschweigD-38106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Karsten Reuter
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterTechnische Universität MünchenD-85747GarchingGermany
| | - Jan‐Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)D-76344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)D-76131KarlsruheGermany
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19
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Machida M. Rh Nanoparticle Anchoring on Metal Phosphates: Fundamental Aspects and Practical Impacts on Catalysis. CHEM REC 2016; 16:2219-2231. [PMID: 27249372 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Metal phosphates stabilize Rh nanoparticles on their surface via Rh-O-P bonds, in contrast to the Rh-O-M bonds formed on metal oxides (MOx ). The local structure, electronic structure, and redox properties of Rh nanoparticles anchored on metal phosphates, and their practical impacts on catalysis, are reviewed based on recent publications from the author's research group. Because of the covalency of the Rh-O-P bond, Rh oxide is readily reduced to metallic Rh having a higher catalytic activity, whereas Rh oxide on metal oxide supports is more difficult to reduce with an increase of the anchoring strength. Furthermore, Rh metal shows a higher tolerance to reoxidation when supported on metal phosphates because the Rh-O-P bond is preserved under reducing atmospheres. The electron deficiency of Rh metal is another feature that affects its catalytic properties, and the extent of the electron deficiency can be tuned by replacing the metal in the metal phosphate with one of higher basicity. Further impacts on practical performance (thermal stability, poisoning stability, and lean NOx purification) in automobile catalyst applications are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Machida
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan.,Unit of Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries Kyoto University, 1-30 Goryo-Ohara, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8245, Japan
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20
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Ghoneim SA, El-Salamony RA, El-Temtamy SA. Review on Innovative Catalytic Reforming of Natural Gas to Syngas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/wjet.2016.41011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Gänzler AM, Casapu M, Boubnov A, Müller O, Conrad S, Lichtenberg H, Frahm R, Grunwaldt JD. Operando spatially and time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy and infrared thermography during oscillatory CO oxidation. J Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Nagao Y, Nakahara Y, Sato T, Iwakura H, Takeshita S, Minami S, Yoshida H, Machida M. Rh/ZrP2O7 as an Efficient Automotive Catalyst for NOx Reduction under Slightly Lean Conditions. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/cs5020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nagao
- Catalysts Strategic Division, Engineered Materials Sector, Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd., 1013-1 Ageoshimo, Ageo, Saitama 362-0025, Japan
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science
and Technology, Kumamoto University 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Yunosuke Nakahara
- Catalysts Strategic Division, Engineered Materials Sector, Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd., 1013-1 Ageoshimo, Ageo, Saitama 362-0025, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sato
- Catalysts Strategic Division, Engineered Materials Sector, Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd., 1013-1 Ageoshimo, Ageo, Saitama 362-0025, Japan
| | - Hironori Iwakura
- Catalysts Strategic Division, Engineered Materials Sector, Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd., 1013-1 Ageoshimo, Ageo, Saitama 362-0025, Japan
| | - Shoya Takeshita
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science
and Technology, Kumamoto University 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Saki Minami
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science
and Technology, Kumamoto University 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yoshida
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science
and Technology, Kumamoto University 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
- Unit of Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku Katsura, Saikyo, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
| | - Masato Machida
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science
and Technology, Kumamoto University 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
- Unit of Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku Katsura, Saikyo, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
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23
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Duarte RB, Safonova OV, Krumeich F, van Bokhoven JA. Atomically dispersed rhodium on a support: the influence of a metal precursor and a support. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:26553-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02596b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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24
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25
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Basini LE, Guarinoni A. Short Contact Time Catalytic Partial Oxidation (SCT-CPO) for Synthesis Gas Processes and Olefins Production. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie402463m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Beretta A, Donazzi A, Groppi G, Maestri M, Tronconi E, Forzatti P. Gaining insight into the kinetics of partial oxidation of light hydrocarbons on Rh, through a multiscale methodology based on advanced experimental and modeling techniques. CATALYSIS 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849737203-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This chapter updates previous reviews on the catalytic partial oxidation of methane and light hydrocarbons over noble metals; specifically, it focuses on the development of experimental and modeling tools that in recent years allowed to measure with accuracy and formalize the kinetics of the surface process, thus setting the basis for the engineering of short contact time CPO reformers. Such advanced tools include special micro-reactor designs for the kinetic investigation under isothermal conditions, first-principle microkinetic schemes, techniques for the spatially resolved measurement of temperature and concentration profiles inside working adiabatic reactors, detailed reactor models accounting for the role of transport phenomena in structured catalysts as well as that of homogeneous reactions. These contributions pave a multi-scale path, that runs from the fundamentals of surface kinetics to the reactor optimal design.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Beretta
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Catalytic Processes Dipartimento di Energia, Politecnico di Milano, piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano
| | - A. Donazzi
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Catalytic Processes Dipartimento di Energia, Politecnico di Milano, piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano
| | - G. Groppi
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Catalytic Processes Dipartimento di Energia, Politecnico di Milano, piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano
| | - M. Maestri
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Catalytic Processes Dipartimento di Energia, Politecnico di Milano, piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano
| | - E. Tronconi
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Catalytic Processes Dipartimento di Energia, Politecnico di Milano, piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano
| | - P. Forzatti
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Catalytic Processes Dipartimento di Energia, Politecnico di Milano, piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano
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27
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Ghosh TK, Nair NN. Rh1/γ-Al2O3Single-Atom Catalysis of O2Activation and CO Oxidation: Mechanism, Effects of Hydration, Oxidation State, and Cluster Size. ChemCatChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201200799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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28
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Chiesa P, Romano MC, Spallina V, Turi DM, Mancuso L. Efficient low CO2 emissions power generation by mixed conducting membranes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2013.05.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Duarte R, Nachtegaal M, Bueno J, van Bokhoven J. Understanding the effect of Sm2O3 and CeO2 promoters on the structure and activity of Rh/Al2O3 catalysts in methane steam reforming. J Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Grunwaldt JD, Wagner JB, Dunin-Borkowski RE. Imaging Catalysts at Work: A Hierarchical Approach from the Macro- to the Meso- and Nano-scale. ChemCatChem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201200356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Stötzel J, Lützenkirchen-Hecht D, Grunwaldt JD, Frahm R. T-REX: new software for advanced QEXAFS data analysis. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2012; 19:920-929. [PMID: 23093750 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049512038599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
New approaches to analyze the data generated by modern time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy instrumentation are presented as part of a new analysis software to handle files containing typically a few thousand EXAFS spectra. Various filter techniques to remove high-frequency noise and run-away values are discussed as well as advanced analysis tools like linear combination fitting, EXAFS fitting, principal component analysis and phase-sensitive detection. These techniques were implemented in a user-friendly graphical user interface to analyse huge data files where it is not possible to treat each spectrum separately. New ideas to exploit existent tools more efficiently for time-resolved EXAFS data analysis are discussed theoretically as well as applied to real measurements, especially in situ catalytic experiments and surface-sensitive reflection-mode X-ray absorption studies of thin film growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Stötzel
- Fachbereich C-Physik, Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany.
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32
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Kartusch C, Krumeich F, Safonova O, Hartfelder U, Makosch M, Sá J, van Bokhoven JA. Redispersion of Gold Multiple-Twinned Particles during Liquid-Phase Hydrogenation. ACS Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/cs300075k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Kartusch
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli
Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frank Krumeich
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli
Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olga Safonova
- Laboratory for Catalysis and
Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Urs Hartfelder
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli
Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Makosch
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli
Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jacinto Sá
- Laboratory for Catalysis and
Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jeroen A. van Bokhoven
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli
Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Catalysis and
Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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33
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Shimizu KI, Kamiya Y, Osaki K, Yoshida H, Satsuma A. The average Pd oxidation state in Pd/SiO2 quantified by L3-edge XANES analysis and its effects on catalytic activity for CO oxidation. Catal Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cy00422d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Boullosa-Eiras S, Zhao T, Vanhaecke E, Chen D, Holmen A. Partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas on Rh/ZrxCe1−xO2–Al2O3. Catal Today 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2011.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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35
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A Fixed-Bed Reactor Study of Catalytic Partial Oxidation over Rh/Al2O3: An Indication of a Direct Pathway to CO. Top Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-011-9693-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Influence of particle size on the activity and stability in steam methane reforming of supported Rh nanoparticles. J Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2011.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Barrai F, Castaldi MJ. Experimental Investigation of a JP8 Fuel Processor: Autothermal Reformer and CO-Cleanup Train. Ind Eng Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ie901735x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Barrai
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Henry Krumb School of Mines, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Marco J. Castaldi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Henry Krumb School of Mines, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
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Grunwaldt JD, Beier M, Kimmerle B, Baiker A, Nachtegaal M, Griesebock B, Lützenkirchen-Hecht D, Stötzel J, Frahm R. Structural changes of noble metal catalysts during ignition and extinction of the partial oxidation of methane studied by advanced QEXAFS techniques. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:8779-89. [PMID: 20449023 DOI: 10.1039/b909872k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of the ignition and extinction of the catalytic partial oxidation (CPO) of methane to hydrogen and carbon monoxide over Pt-Rh/Al(2)O(3) and Pt/Al(2)O(3) were studied in the subsecond timescale using quick-EXAFS with a novel cam-driven X-ray monochromator employing Si(111) and Si(311) crystals. The experiments were performed under reaction conditions in a small fixed-bed capillary reactor. For the first time XAS data were taken with this QEXAFS technique with a Si(311) crystal that opens the energy range up to 35 keV. In addition, both XANES and EXAFS data are shown at the Pt L(3)-edge, allowing to discuss the potential and limitation of this technique in catalysis and related areas. With respect to the noble metal catalysed partial oxidation of methane, several interesting observations were made: structural changes during ignition were-independent of the chosen reaction conditions-significantly faster than during the extinction of the reaction. The dynamic behavior of the catalysts was dependent on the flow conditions and the respective noble metal component(s). Higher reaction gas flow led to a faster ignition process. While the ignition over Pt-Rh/Al(2)O(3) occurred at lower temperature than over Pt/Al(2)O(3), the structural changes during ignition were significantly faster in the latter case. The rate of reduction of the catalyst during ignition was also dependent on the axial position in the fixed-bed. The spectroscopic results provide important insight into the ignition and extinction behavior of the CPO of methane and are complementing results from time-resolved infrared thermography and full field X-ray microscopy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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Grunwaldt JD, Kimmerle B, Baiker A, Boye P, Schroer CG, Glatzel P, Borca CN, Beckmann F. Catalysts at work: From integral to spatially resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Catal Today 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hannemann S, Grunwaldt JD, Kimmerle B, Baiker A, Boye P, Schroer C. Axial Changes of Catalyst Structure and Temperature in a Fixed-Bed Microreactor During Noble Metal Catalysed Partial Oxidation of Methane. Top Catal 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-009-9315-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Li JM, Huang FY, Weng WZ, Pei XQ, Luo CR, Lin HQ, Huang CJ, Wan HL. Effect of Rh loading on the performance of Rh/Al2O3 for methane partial oxidation to synthesis gas. Catal Today 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2007.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Finocchio E, Busca G, Forzatti P, Groppi G, Beretta A. State of supported rhodium nanoparticles for methane catalytic partial oxidation (CPO): FT-IR studies. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:10419-28. [PMID: 17718528 DOI: 10.1021/la7014622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The effect of pretreatments as well as of rhodium precursor and of the support over the morphology of Rh nanoparticles were investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy of adsorbed CO. Over a Rh/alumina catalyst, both metallic Rh particles, characterized by IR bands in the range 2070-2060 cm-1 and 1820-1850 cm-1, and highly dispersed rhodium species, characterized by symmetric and asymmetric stretching bands of RhI(CO)2 gem-dicarbonyl species, are present. Their relative amount changes following pretreatments with gaseous mixtures, representative of the catalytic partial oxidation (CPO) reaction process. The Rh metal particle fraction decreases with respect to the Rh highly dispersed fraction in the order CO approximately CO/H2 > CH4/H2O, CH4/O2 > CH4 > H2. The metal particle dimensions decrease in the order CH4/O2 > H2 > CH4/H2O > CO > CO/H2. Grafting from a carbonyl rhodium complex also increases the amount and the dimensions of Rh0 particles at the catalyst surface. Increasing the ratio (extended rhodium metal particles/highly dispersed Rh species) allows a shorter conditioning process. The surface reconstruction phenomena going on during catalytic activity are related to this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Finocchio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica e di Processo, Università di Genova, P.le Kennedy 1, 16129 Genova, Italy.
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Grunwaldt JD, Vegten NV, Baiker A. Insight into the structure of supported palladium catalysts during the total oxidation of methane. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:4635-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b710222d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Fuel rich catalytic combustion: Principles and technological developments in short contact time (SCT) catalytic processes. Catal Today 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2006.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Grunwaldt JD, Hannemann S, Schroer CG, Baiker A. 2D-Mapping of the Catalyst Structure Inside a Catalytic Microreactor at Work: Partial Oxidation of Methane over Rh/Al2O3. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:8674-80. [PMID: 16640423 DOI: 10.1021/jp060371n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tremendous changes of the structure of Rh particles occurred during partial methane oxidation to hydrogen and carbon monoxide over a 2.5 wt % Rh/Al(2)O(3) catalyst upon ignition of the catalytic reaction. Furthermore, near the ignition temperature a variation in the Rh-valence state along the catalyst bed was observed. By combining hard X-ray absorption spectroscopy (X-ray absorption near edge structure, XANES) with a charged coupled device (CCD) camera and using a suitable spectroscopic cell with gas supply and on-line mass spectrometry, we demonstrate that 2D-mapping of the Rh-oxidation state in a catalyst bed can be achieved during the catalytic reaction. For this purpose, X-ray images were recorded with the CCD camera at each energy around the Rh K-edge with and without the spectroscopic cell. This resulted effectively in the transmitted and incident intensity at each energy and at each pixel of the spectroscopic cell. Reconstruction of the full Rh K-edge XANES spectra at each pixel revealed the local distribution of oxidized and metallic Rh-species in the catalyst bed. Along the catalyst bed, structural changes were found with a steep gradient within less than 100 microm. Furthermore, a characteristic cone toward the inlet of the spectroscopic cell was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Issues in H2 and synthesis gas technologies for refinery, GTL and small and distributed industrial needs. Catal Today 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2005.07.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Grunwaldt JD, Baiker A. Axial variation of the oxidation state of Pt-Rh/Al2O3 during partial methane oxidation in a fixed-bed reactor: An in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy study. Catal Letters 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-005-0770-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Grunwaldt JD, Baiker A. In situ spectroscopic investigation of heterogeneous catalysts and reaction media at high pressure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2005; 7:3526-39. [PMID: 16294227 DOI: 10.1039/b509667g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In situ characterization of catalysts by means of complementary spectroscopic techniques can be regarded as the first step towards rational catalyst design. Spurred by the growing interest of catalytic reactions in supercritical fluids and by several industrial reactions traditionally performed at high pressure (>10 bar), new demands and challenges are put to in situ spectroscopic characterization of heterogeneous catalytic reactions. In this article, we discuss the development and the use of spectroscopic and related techniques suitable for elucidating such high-pressure reactions. Selected examples from phase behaviour studies with a view cell, investigations with transmission and attenuated total reflection (ATR) infrared spectroscopy as well as X-ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS, XANES), are presented to show the strategies, opportunities and limitations of such high pressure in situ studies. Different facets appear to be important to gain insight into catalytic reactions in supercritical fluids: the identification of the phase behaviour of the reaction mixture, the behaviour of the fluid inside the porous catalyst, the processes occurring at the solid-fluid interface, the possible dissolution of active species and, similar as in gas-solid reactions, the establishment of structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Hönggerberg HCI, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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