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Baigorria E, Cano L, Sapag K, Alvarez V. Removal efficiency of As(III) from aqueous solutions using natural and Fe(III) modified bentonites. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 43:3728-3741. [PMID: 34034622 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.1934559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of water with arsenic is a major global health problem. The use of adsorbent materials for the removal of As from aqueous systems is a plausible solution to this problem. In this work, the use of commercial bentonites (purified and modified with iron (III)) for the removal of As from water was studied. The samples were characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier Transformed Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms to determine their physicochemical properties. The arsenic removal capacities of adsorbent materials were studied from 1 mg/L solutions of As (III) using the colorimetric technique of molybdenum blue. High adsorption capacity (0.33 mg/g) of As (III) was obtained in aqueous systems after 1 h of treatment with unmodified bentonite. The incorporation of iron improved the removal performance in short times. The obtained results could be the starting point for the development of a low-cost filtration system that contributes to solve the problem of arsenic in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Baigorria
- Grupo de Materiales Compuestos Termoplásticos (CoMP) - Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA), CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Cano
- Grupo de Materiales Compuestos Termoplásticos (CoMP) - Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA), CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Karim Sapag
- Laboratorio de Sólidos Porosos (LabSoP), Instituto de Física Aplicada (INFAP), CONICET - Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Vera Alvarez
- Grupo de Materiales Compuestos Termoplásticos (CoMP) - Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA), CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
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Almasri DA, Essehli R, Tong Y, Lawler J. Layered zinc hydroxide as an adsorbent for phosphate removal and recovery from wastewater. RSC Adv 2021; 11:30172-30182. [PMID: 35480281 PMCID: PMC9040826 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04279c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, phosphate removal and recovery from wastewater is gaining wide attention due to the dual issues of eutrophication, caused by the increased production of algae, and universal phosphorus scarcity. In this study, a layered zinc hydroxide (LZH) was synthesized by a simple precipitation method and characterized via various techniques. Experiments investigating the effect of contact time, pH, LZH dose, initial phosphate concentration, and co-existing ions on phosphate adsorption were conducted. LZH exhibited a high phosphate adsorption capacity (135.4 mg g−1) at a neutral pH. More than 50% of phosphate was removed within the first 60 s of contact time at an initial phosphate concentration of 5 mg L−1. Phosphate removal using the as-prepared LZH adsorbent was also tested in real treated sewage effluent reducing the residual phosphate amount to levels inhibiting to the growth of algae. Furthermore, phosphate desorption from LZH was investigated using acetic acid and sodium hydroxide regenerants which showed to be very effective for phosphate recovery. This study demonstrates a novel LZH adsorbent synthesized, characterized and applied for high phosphate removal and recovery from wastewater. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dema A Almasri
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation P. O. Box 34110 Doha Qatar
| | - Rachid Essehli
- Energy and Transportation Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37932 USA
| | - Yongfeng Tong
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation P. O. Box 34110 Doha Qatar
| | - Jenny Lawler
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation P. O. Box 34110 Doha Qatar
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Ünlü CH, İşçi Turutoğlu S, Galioğlu Atıcı O, Ece ÖI, Güngör N. PVA Nanocomposites Of Organoclays Obtained Using Different Cationic Surfactants. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.307602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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4
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Wang J, Han B, Dai M, Yan H, Li Z, Thomas R. The Role of Chain Length and Structure in Surfactant Adsorption at Na-Kaolinite. ADSORPT SCI TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/026361749801600706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The adsorption of a series of cationic surfactants with different chain lengths and structures on a non-swelling clay surface (sodium kaolinite) has been studied by microelectrophoresis and adsorption isotherms. It was found that an increase in the number of CH2 groups in the shorter alkyl chain of the double-chain surfactant has much less effect on the adsorption behaviour than changing the length of the alkyl chain in the single-chain surfactants. It is inferred that the effective hydrophobicity of the shorter chains in these double-chain surfactants is reduced by their intramolecular association with the longer chain. A comparison of adsorption and micellization leads to an empirical, quantitative description of the effects of alkyl chain length and structure on adsorption. The adsorption mechanism of cationic surfactants on to Na-kaolinite was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinben Wang
- Group III, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100080, People's Republic of China
| | - Buxing Han
- Group III, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100080, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Dai
- Group III, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100080, People's Republic of China
| | - Haike Yan
- Group III, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100080, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixin Li
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - R.K. Thomas
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
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Atta AM, Al-Lohedan HA, ALOthman Z, Abdel-Khalek AA, Tawfeek AM. Characterization of reactive amphiphilic montmorillonite nanogels and its application for removal of toxic cationic dye and heavy metals water pollutants. J IND ENG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Ghosal PS, Gupta AK. An insight into thermodynamics of adsorptive removal of fluoride by calcined Ca–Al–(NO3) layered double hydroxide. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra20538g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A framework for determination of thermodynamic equilibrium constant and Gibbs free surface energy change was presented. The interactive effect of temperature on adsorption process was addressed by RSM. Endothermic, spontaneous reaction was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha S. Ghosal
- Environmental Engineering Division
- Department of Civil Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kharagpur
- India
| | - Ashok K. Gupta
- Environmental Engineering Division
- Department of Civil Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kharagpur
- India
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Droge STJ, Goss KU. Sorption of organic cations to phyllosilicate clay minerals: CEC-normalization, salt dependency, and the role of electrostatic and hydrophobic effects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:14224-32. [PMID: 24266737 DOI: 10.1021/es403187w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Sorption to the phyllosilicate clay minerals Illite, kaolinite, and bentonite has been studied for a wide variety of organic cations using a flow-through method with fully aqueous medium as the eluent. Linear isotherms were observed at concentrations below 10% of the cation-exchange capacity (CEC) for Illite and kaolinite and below 1 mmol/kg (<1% CEC) for bentonite. Sorption to clays was strongly influenced by the electrolyte composition of the eluent but with a consistent trend for a diverse set of compounds on all clays, thus allowing for empirical correction factors. When sorption affinities for a given compound to a given clay are normalized to the CEC of the clay, the differences in sorption affinities between clays are reduced to less than 0.5 log units for most compounds. Although CEC-normalized sorption of quaternary ammonium compounds to clay was up to 10-fold higher than CEC-normalized sorption to soil organic matter, CEC-normalized sorption for most compounds was comparable between clays and soil organic matter. The clay fraction is thus a potentially relevant sorption phase for organic cations in many soils. The sorption data for organic cations to clay showed several regular trends with molecular structure but also showed quite a few systematic effects that we cannot explain. A model on the basis of the molecular size and charge density at the ionized nitrogen is used here as a tool to obtain benchmark values that elucidate the effect of specific polar moieties on the sorption affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T J Droge
- Department of Analytical Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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8
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Zanini GP, Ovesen RG, Hansen HCB, Strobel BW. Adsorption of the disinfectant benzalkonium chloride on montmorillonite. Synergistic effect in mixture of molecules with different chain lengths. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2013; 128:100-105. [PMID: 23722179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The biocide benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is a mix of cationic alkylbenzyldimethylammonium surfactants having different alkyl chain lengths. A comparative study of adsorption on the phyllosilicate clay montmorillonite of two of these surfactants, with alkyl chains having respectively 12 C atoms (BAC-12) and 14 C atoms (BAC-14), and a mixture of both surfactants is presented in this work. Adsorption isotherms were performed for individual surfactants and for a 1:1 mixture BAC-12+BAC-14. The adsorption was investigated in an ample concentration range that covers almost seven orders of magnitude in concentrations (from 1 nM to 10 mM), range that includes environmentally relevant concentrations. Quantification of BAC was performed by HPLC-UV and LC-MS and the results were completed with powder X-Ray diffraction. The adsorption of both surfactants leads to adsorption isotherms with two well differentiated steps. The first step corresponds almost exclusively to a cation exchange process, and the binding constant is very similar for both surfactants. The second step of the isotherms is observed at higher concentrations and adsorption is mainly driven by lateral interactions between surfactant molecules. The binding constant of this step is larger for BAC-14 than for BAC-12. Adsorption from a BAC-12+BAC-14 mixture shows a synergistic behaviour, possibly due to a better packing arrangement in the interlayer. Calculations show that in natural systems silicate clays are major sorbents of BAC at low concentrations whereas binding to humic acid is predominant at high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela P Zanini
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Fernández M, Alba M, Torres Sánchez R. Effects of thermal and mechanical treatments on montmorillonite homoionized with mono- and polyvalent cations: Insight into the surface and structural changes. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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11
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Oladoja NA, Aboluwoye CO, Ololade IA, Adebayo OL, Olaseni SE, Adelagun ROA. Intercalation of Gastropod Shell Derived Calcium Oxide in Clay and Application in Phosphate Removal from Aqua Medium. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie301520v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. A. Oladoja
- Department
of Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria
| | - C. O. Aboluwoye
- Department
of Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria
| | - I. A. Ololade
- Department
of Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria
| | - O. L Adebayo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Education, Ikere-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - S. E. Olaseni
- Department
of Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria
| | - R. O. A. Adelagun
- Department of Chemistry, Wesley University of Science and Technology, Ondo,
Nigeria
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Sekrane F, Bouberka Z, Benabbou AK, Rabiller-Baudry M, Derriche Z. ADSORPTION OF TOLUENE ON BENTONITES MODIFIED BY DODECYLTRIMETHYLAMMONIUM BROMIDE. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2011.552032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Luengo C, Puccia V, Avena M. Arsenate adsorption and desorption kinetics on a Fe(III)-modified montmorillonite. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 186:1713-1719. [PMID: 21242027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.12.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption-desorption kinetics of arsenate on a Fe(III)-modified montmorillonite (Fe-M) was studied at different arsenate concentrations, pH and stirring rates. The synthesized solid was a porous sample with Fe(III) present as a mix of monomeric and polymeric Fe(III) species in the interlayer and on the external surface. Adsorption took place in a two-step mechanism, with an initial fast binding of arsenate to Fe(III) species at the external surface (half-lives of 1 min or shorter) followed by a slower binding to less accessible Fe(III) species in pores and the interlayer (half-lives of around 1 h). Desorption kinetics also reflected the presence of externally and internally adsorbed arsenate. At pH 6 the maximum adsorbed arsenate was 52 μmol/g, a value that is low as compared to adsorption on ferrihydrite (700 μmol/g) and goethite (192-220 μmol/g). However, since the Fe(III) content of Fe-M is much lower than that of ferrihydrite and goethite, Fe(III) species in Fe-M are more efficient in binding arsenate than in ferrihydrite or goethite (one As atom is attached every 8.95 iron atoms). This high binding efficiency indicates that Fe(III) species are well spread on montmorillonite, forming small oligomeric species or surface clusters containing just a few iron atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Luengo
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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14
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Krishna SV, Pugazhenthi G. Influence of Processing Conditions on the Properties of Polystyrene (PS)/organomontmorillonite (OMMT) Nanocomposites Prepared via Solvent Blending Method. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2010.504167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Farías T, de Ménorval LC, Zajac J, Rivera A. Adsolubilization of drugs onto natural clinoptilolite modified by adsorption of cationic surfactants. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2010; 76:421-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Synthesis and characterization of Fe(III)-montmorillonites for phosphate adsorption. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Plachá D, Martynková GS, Rümmeli MH. Preparation of organovermiculites using HDTMA: Structure and sorptive properties using naphthalene. J Colloid Interface Sci 2008; 327:341-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2008.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Han Z, Zhang F, Lin D, Xing B. Clay minerals affect the stability of surfactant-facilitated carbon nanotube suspensions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:6869-6875. [PMID: 18853802 DOI: 10.1021/es801150j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), because of their wide application, will inevitably enter aquatic systems, but the fate and transport of their suspensions in the environment are largely unknown. Clay minerals are expected to interact with CNT suspensions, affecting their fate and bioavailability. This study investigated the influence of clay minerals (kaolinite and montmorillonite) on the stability of surfactant (SDBS, CTAB, and TX100) facilitated multiwalled CNT (MWCNT) suspensions. Adsorption of the surfactants by MWCNTs and clay minerals was also examined. This is a first study on the interaction between clay minerals and surfactant-CNT suspensions. Sorption of SDBS by clay minerals and MWCNTs followed the order MWCNTs >> montmorillonite approximately kaolinite; but sorption of CTAB and TX100 followed the order montmorillonite > MWCNTs > kaolinite. For SDBS suspended MWCNTs, introduction of montmorillonite and kaolinite could not change their stability; for CTAB suspended MWCNTs, both montmorillonite and kaolinite greatly deposited the suspended MWCNTs; for TX100 suspended MWCNTs, montmorillonite could partially deposit the suspended MWCNTs, whereas kaolinite showed minimal effect. Two mechanisms of clay minerals affecting MWCNT suspensions are (1) removal of surfactants by clay minerals from solution and MWCNT surface and (2) bridging between clay mineral and MWCNTs by surfactant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhantao Han
- Department of Plant, Soil and Insect Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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Kooli F, Khimyak YZ, Alshahateet SF, Chen F. Effect of the acid activation levels of montmorillonite clay on the cetyltrimethylammonium cations adsorption. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:8717-23. [PMID: 16142953 DOI: 10.1021/la050774z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, the intercalation properties of acid-activated montmorillonites treated at different acid/clay (w/w) ratios with a cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium (C16TMA) hydroxide are reported. The acid activation causes a reduction in the number of cation exchange sides and, hence improves the exfoliation of the silicate sheets at higher pH values. The basal spacing increases significantly from 1.54 to 3.80 nm, and is related to the acid activation extent. The acid activated clays with acid/clay ratios above 0.2 intercalated significant amounts of C16TMA cations with a basal spacing of 3.8 nm compared to the non acid activated montmorillonite with a basal spacing of 2.10 nm. The 13C CP/MAS NMR indicates that the intercalated surfactants exhibit a significant degree of gauche conformation in the acid-activated clays. According to in-situ powder XRD, an increase of the basal spacing to 4.08 nm is observed at intermediate temperatures of 50-150 degrees C for organoclay with basal spacing of 3.80 nm, at higher temperatures above 300 degrees C, the decomposition of the surfactant occurs and the basal spacing decreases to a value of about 1.4 nm, with the persistence of a reflection at 3.8 nm for clay at a higher acid/clay ratio of 0.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fethi Kooli
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833.
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20
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Joó P. Electrochemical permeability measurements of hydrophilic and hydrophobized montmorillonite films. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2003.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Capková P, Pospísil M, Weiss Z. Combination of modeling and experiment in structure analysis of intercalated layer silicates. J Mol Model 2003; 9:195-205. [PMID: 12698324 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-002-0106-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2002] [Accepted: 10/18/2002] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A strategy for the structure analysis of intercalated layer silicates based on a combination of modeling (i.e. force field calculations) and experiment is presented. Modeling in conjunction with experiment enables us to analyze the disordered intercalated structures of layer silicates where conventional diffraction analysis fails. Experiment plays a key role in the modeling strategy and in corroboration of the modeling results. X-ray powder diffraction and IR spectroscopy were found to be very useful complementary experiments to molecular modeling. Molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics simulations were carried out in the Cerius2 and Materials Studio modeling environments. An overview is given of the structures of layer silicates, especially smectites intercalated with various inorganic and organic guest species. Special attention is paid to the ordering of guests in the interlayer space, as it is important for the practical applications of these intercalates, where the interlayer porosity, photofunctions, etc. must be controlled. Figure Structure of montmorillonite intercalated with octadecylamine via ion-dipole interaction with the maximum concentration of guests corresponding to the monolayer arrangement of guests with basal spacing 33.3 A. The Na cations remaining in the interlayer are visualized as pink balls
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Capková
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University Prague, Ke Karlovu 3, 12116, Prague, Czech Republic.
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