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Ni X, Shepherd R, Whitehead J, Liu T. Chiral symmetry breaking due to impeller size in cooling crystallization of sodium chlorate. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce01318g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We report, for the first time, that the size of impellers is the exception to Denk and Botsaris's work where a stirrer of the smallest surface area led to close to 100% deracemization, while the data from the largest impeller agreed with the results of Denk and Botsaris, displaying a racemic mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongwei Ni
- EPSRC Centre for Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallization (CMAC)
- Centre for Oscillatory Baffled Reactor Applications (COBRA)
- School of Engineering and Physical Science
- Heriot-Watt University
- Edinburgh
| | - Rachel Shepherd
- EPSRC Centre for Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallization (CMAC)
- Centre for Oscillatory Baffled Reactor Applications (COBRA)
- School of Engineering and Physical Science
- Heriot-Watt University
- Edinburgh
| | - Jennifer Whitehead
- EPSRC Centre for Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallization (CMAC)
- Centre for Oscillatory Baffled Reactor Applications (COBRA)
- School of Engineering and Physical Science
- Heriot-Watt University
- Edinburgh
| | - Tao Liu
- School of Control Science and Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- China
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2
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Chung K, Kwon MS, Leung B, Wong-Foy AG, Kim MS, Kim J, Takayama S, Gierschner J, Matzger AJ, Kim J. Shear-Triggered Crystallization and Light Emission of a Thermally Stable Organic Supercooled Liquid. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2015; 1:94-102. [PMID: 27162955 PMCID: PMC4827535 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.5b00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Thermodynamics drive crystalline organic molecules to be crystallized at temperatures below their melting point. Even though molecules can form supercooled liquids by rapid cooling, crystalline organic materials readily undergo a phase transformation to an energetically favorable crystalline phase upon subsequent heat treatment. Opposite to this general observation, here, we report molecular design of thermally stable supercooled liquid of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) derivatives and their intriguing shear-triggered crystallization with dramatic optical property changes. Molten DPP8, one of the DPP derivatives, remains as stable supercooled liquid without crystallization through subsequent thermal cycles. More interestingly, under shear conditions, this supercooled liquid DPP8 transforms to its crystal phase accompanied by a 25-fold increase in photoluminescence (PL) quantum efficiency and a color change. By systematic investigation on supercooled liquid formation of crystalline DPP derivatives and their correlation with chemical structures, we reveal that the origin of this thermally stable supercooled liquid is a subtle force balance between aromatic interactions among the core units and van der Waals interactions among the aliphatic side chains acting in opposite directions. Moreover, by applying shear force to a supercooled liquid DPP8 film at different temperatures, we demonstrated direct writing of fluorescent patterns and propagating fluorescence amplification, respectively. Shear-triggered crystallization of DPP8 is further achieved even by living cell attachment and spreading, demonstrating the high sensitivity of the shear-triggered crystallization which is about 6 orders of magnitude more sensitive than typical mechanochromism observed in organic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeongwoon Chung
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Materials
Science
and Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United
States
| | - Min Sang Kwon
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Materials
Science
and Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United
States
| | - Brendan
M. Leung
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Materials
Science
and Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United
States
| | - Antek G. Wong-Foy
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Materials
Science
and Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United
States
| | - Min Su Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure
Physics, Institute for Basic
Science (IBS), and Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan
University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongyong Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure
Physics, Institute for Basic
Science (IBS), and Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan
University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Shuichi Takayama
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Materials
Science
and Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United
States
| | - Johannes Gierschner
- Madrid
Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adam J. Matzger
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Materials
Science
and Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United
States
| | - Jinsang Kim
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Materials
Science
and Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United
States
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3
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Du X, Xu SH, Sun ZW, Liu L. Influence of Sedimentation on Crystallization of Charged Colloidal Particles. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1088/1674-0068/25/03/318-324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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4
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Okubo T, Suzuki D, Shibata K, Tsuchida A. Kinetic studies of colloidal crystallization of thermo-sensitive gel spheres of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). Colloid Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-012-2666-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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5
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Yang L, Zhang Y, Luo J, Luo Y, Gao K, Li D, Meng Q. Real-time studies of evaporation-induced colloidal self-assembly by optical microspectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2011; 84:031605. [PMID: 22060383 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.84.031605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of the whole growth process of evaporation-induced colloidal self-assembly has been conducted using an optical microspectroscopy setup. Our observations suggest that the assembly process can be divided into three different growth stages as evidenced by the variations detected in the reflectance spectra. The thickness variation of the growing colloidal crystal was monitored by examining the Fabry-Perot fringes in the reflectance spectra. Furthermore, the scalar wave approximation was utilized to analyze the evolution of optical properties with growth. More detailed information, including the time dependence of number of layers and volume fraction of water, has been revealed by comparing the experimental and calculated reflectance spectra. The present work demonstrates that in situ real-time microspectroscopy is a promising technique for monitoring and investigating the dynamic process of colloidal self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box, 603, Beijing 100190, China
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6
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Okamoto J, Tsuchida A, Okubo T. Colloidal crystals formed by aqueous suspensions of monodispersed silica, polystyrene, and poly(methyl methacrylate) colloidal spheres. Colloid Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-011-2485-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Zhou H, Xu S, Sun Z, Du X, Liu L. Kinetics study of crystallization with the disorder-bcc-fcc phase transition of charged colloidal dispersions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:7439-7445. [PMID: 21598952 DOI: 10.1021/la200407h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Structure transformation (disorder-bcc-fcc) in charged colloidal dispersions, as a manifestation of the Ostwald's step rule, was confirmed by means of reflection spectrum (RS) measurements in our previous study. By taking advantage of a reflection spectrum containing plenty of information about the crystallization behaviors, time-dependent changes of parameters associated with the crystal structure and composition during the disorder-bcc-fcc transition are reported by treating the data from RS in this article. In addition, Avrami's model is adopted to analyze the transition process and investigate the transition rate. On the basis of the above investigations, associated kinetic features of crystallization with the disorder-bcc-fcc transition are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 15 Beisihuanxi Road, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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Zhou H, Xu S, Sun Z, Du X, Xie J. Rapid determination of colloidal crystal's structure by reflection spectrum. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Xu S, Zhou H, Sun Z, Xie J. Formation of an fcc phase through a bcc metastable state in crystallization of charged colloidal particles. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2010; 82:010401. [PMID: 20866555 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.82.010401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
By in situ monitoring structural changes with the reflection spectrometer during the colloidal crystallization, we present direct experimental evidence of liquid-bcc-fcc phase transition in crystallization of charged colloidal particles, as a manifestation of the Ostwald's step rule. In addition, the lifetime of the bcc metastable structure in this system decreases significantly with increasing particle volume fraction, offering a possible explanation for "exceptions" to the step rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, People's Republic of China
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10
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Liu L, Wang J, Xu SH, Sun ZW, Wang JT. Influence of Gravity on Structure of Colloidal Crystal Using Simulated Microgravity. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2009. [DOI: 10.1088/1674-0068/22/01/41-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Liu L, Xu S, Liu J, Sun Z. Characterization of crystal structure in binary mixtures of latex globules. J Colloid Interface Sci 2008; 326:261-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2008.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Revised: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Okamoto J, Kimura H, Tsuchida A, Okubo T, Ito K. Colloidal crystals of core–shell type spheres with poly(styrene) core and poly(ethylene oxide) shell. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2007; 56:231-5. [PMID: 17254758 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2006.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Revised: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 12/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Elastic modulus and crystal growth kinetics have been studied for colloidal crystals of core-shell type colloidal spheres (diameter=160-200 nm) in aqueous suspension. Crystallization properties of three kinds of spheres, which have poly(styrene) core and poly(ethylene oxide) shell with different oxyethylene chain length (n=50, 80 and 150), were examined by reflection spectroscopy. The suspensions were deionized exhaustively for more than 1 year using mixed bed of ion-exchange resins. The rigidities of the crystals range from 0.11 to 120 Pa and from 0.56 to 76 Pa for the spheres of n=50 and 80, respectively, and increase sharply as the sphere volume fraction increase. The g factor, parameter for crystal stability, range from 0.029 to 0.13 and from 0.040 to 0.11 for the spheres of n=50 and 80, respectively. These g values indicate the formation of stable crystals, and the values were decreased as the sphere volume fraction increased. Two components of crystal growth rate coefficients, fast and slow, were observed in the order from 10(-3) to 10(1)s(-1). This is due to the secondary process in the colloidal crystallization mechanism, corresponding to reorientation from metastable crystals formed in the primary process and/or Ostwald-ripening process. There are no distinct differences in the structural, kinetic and elastic properties among the colloidal crystals of the different core-shell size spheres, nor difference between those of core-shell spheres and silica or poly(styrene) spheres. The results are very reasonably interpreted by the fact that colloidal crystals are formed in a closed container owing to long-range repulsive forces and the Brownian movement of colloidal spheres surrounded by extended electrical double layers, and their formation is not influenced by the rigidity and internal structure of the spheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Okamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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14
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Thermo-sensitive colloidal crystals of silica spheres in the presence of large spheres with poly (N-isopropyl acrylamide) shells. Colloid Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-006-1578-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Okubo T, Okubo T. Video-tape observation of the crystal growth and morphology of colloidal single crystals. Colloid Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-006-1557-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Koh YK, Wong CC. In situ monitoring of structural changes during colloidal self-assembly. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:897-900. [PMID: 16430245 DOI: 10.1021/la052762j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Reflectance spectroscopy is utilized to monitor structural changes during the self-assembly of a monodisperse colloidal system at the meniscus of a sessile drop on an inert substrate. Treating the ordered colloidal structure as a photonic crystal is equivalent to monitoring the changes in the photonic band gap (PBG) as the colloidal system self-assembles heterogeneously into a crystal through solvent evaporation in ambient conditions. Using a modified Bragg's law model of the photonic crystal, we can trace the structural evolution of the self-assembling colloidal system. After a certain induction period, a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure emerges, albeit with a lattice parameter larger than that of a true close-packed structure. This FCC structure is maintained while the lattice parameter shrinks continuously with further increase in the colloidal concentration due to drying. When the structure reaches a lattice parameter 1.09 times the size of that of a true close-packed structure, it undergoes an abrupt decrease in lattice spacing, apparently similar to those reported for lattice-distortive martensitic transformations. This abrupt final lattice shrinkage agrees well with the estimated Debye screening length of the electric double layer of charged colloids and could be the fundamental reason behind the cracking commonly seen in colloidal crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaw Koon Koh
- Singapore-MIT Alliance, N2-B2C-15, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798.
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Holmqvist P, Lettinga MP, Buitenhuis J, Dhont JKG. Crystallization kinetics of colloidal spheres under stationary shear flow. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:10976-82. [PMID: 16285761 DOI: 10.1021/la051490h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A systematic experimental study of dispersions of charged colloidal spheres is presented on the effect of steady shear flow on nucleation and crystal growth rates. In addition, the nonequilibrium phase diagram as it relates to the melting line is measured. Shear flow is found to strongly affect induction times, crystal growth rates, and the location of the melting line. The main findings are that (1) the crystal growth rate for a given concentration exhibits a maximum as a function of the shear rate; (2) contrary to the monotonic increase in the growth rate with increasing concentration in the absence of flow, a maximum of the crystal growth rate as a function of concentration is observed for sheared systems; and (3) the induction time for a given concentration exhibits a maximum as a function of the shear rate. These findings are partly explained on a qualitative level.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Holmqvist
- Institut für Festkörperforschung, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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Wette P, Schöpe HJ, Palberg T. Crystallization in charged two-component suspensions. J Chem Phys 2005; 122:144901. [PMID: 15847559 DOI: 10.1063/1.1872752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the crystallization of colloidal crystals comprising of charged particles with different size ratio dispersed in thoroughly deionized water. Single components were characterized carefully and their nucleation behavior was investigated before the preparation of mixtures. Mixtures investigated at constant particle number densities showed body centred cubic structure, conductivity, and shear moduli comply with the assumption of a randomly substituted crystal. Most importantly, for the first time we obtain the dependence of the nucleation rate densities in dependence on the composition and (for one fixed composition) the particle number density. The process of nucleation in random substitutional crystals is found to be similar to the one-component case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Wette
- Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, KOMET 336, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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Tsuchida A, Takyo E, Taguchi K, Okubo T. Kinetic analyses of colloidal crystallization in shear flow. Colloid Polym Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-003-1043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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