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Dardouri M, Fellah A, Gmir F, Aloui A. Long-term viscoelastic behavior and evolution of the Schapery model for mirror epoxy. JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS 2024; 33. [DOI: 10.1515/jmbm-2024-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2025]
Abstract
Abstract
Mirror epoxy, used in its pure form with a resin-to-hardener ratio of 100:50, is emerging as an innovative material widely used in modern flooring. Its appeal lies in its smooth, shiny surface, offering a unique and contemporary aesthetic. However, understanding its long-term viscoelastic behavior is essential to ensure the durability and performance of floor coverings under various conditions of use. This study examines the evolution of the Schapery model for mirror epoxy, focusing on its long-term viscoelastic behavior. Creep tests at constant loads and ambient temperature are carried out in order to numerically determine the static nonlinearity factors g and g
0 formulated in the Schapery model. To validate this model, other relaxation tests at constant deformations are carried out under the same conditions, which allowed us to determine the nonlinearity factors h and h
0 formulated in this model using the same method. A remarkable consistency between the variations in the experimental and numerical values of the model programmed on MATLAB allows us to conclude that the Schapery model describes the real behavior of the mirror epoxy in a satisfactory manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Dardouri
- Advanced Materials, Applied Mechanics, Innovative Processes and Environment Research Unit (UR22ES04), ISSATG, University of Gabes , Gabes , Tunisia
| | - Ali Fellah
- Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics (18ES33), ENIG, University of Gabes , Gabes , Tunisia
| | - Fethi Gmir
- Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology Gabes, University of Gabes , Gabes , Tunisia
| | - Abdessattar Aloui
- Advanced Materials, Applied Mechanics, Innovative Processes and Environment Research Unit (UR22ES04), ISSATG, University of Gabes , Gabes , Tunisia
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2
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Baddour M, Garcia-Campà R, Reyes P, D’hooge DR, Cardon L, Edeleva M. Designing Prepregnation and Fused Filament Fabrication Parameters for Recycled PP- and PA-Based Continuous Carbon Fiber Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1788. [PMID: 38673143 PMCID: PMC11050926 DOI: 10.3390/ma17081788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Continuous carbon fiber (cCF)-based 3D-printed polymer composites are known for their excellent flexural properties; however, the optimization of the overall process is still desired, depending on the material types involved. Here, the improved manufacturing of cCF-based composites is reported, considering virgin polyamide (PA) and postindustrial waste polypropylene (PP), and the parameters affecting the material properties are evaluated. Firstly, the prepregnation technique was optimized to manufacture cCF polymer filaments with various fiber-to-polymer ratios. Secondly, the fused filament fabrication (FFF) technique was optimized. It was observed that the layer height needs to be sufficiently low for proper interlayer adhesion. The influence of the printing temperature is more complicated, with filaments characterized by a lower fiber-to-polymer ratio requiring a higher nozzle diameter and higher temperatures for efficient printing; and for lower diameters, the best flexural properties are observed for parts printed at lower temperatures, maintaining a high interspace distance. Plasma treatment of the cCF was also explored, as was annealing of the produced parts to enhance the flexural properties, the latter being specifically interesting for the PP-based composite due to a lower wetting caused by a higher viscosity, despite supportive interfacial interactions. Eventually, overall guidelines were formulated for the successful production of cCF-based composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marah Baddour
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 130, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; (M.B.); (P.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Ruth Garcia-Campà
- Applied Chemistry and Materials Department, Leitat Technological Center, C/Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain;
| | - Pablo Reyes
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 130, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; (M.B.); (P.R.); (L.C.)
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium;
| | - Dagmar R. D’hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium;
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 70a, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Ludwig Cardon
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 130, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; (M.B.); (P.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Mariya Edeleva
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 130, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; (M.B.); (P.R.); (L.C.)
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Arun ND, Yang H, Yao L, Feinberg AW. Nonplanar 3D Printing of Epoxy Using Freeform Reversible Embedding. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2023; 8:2201542. [PMID: 37732106 PMCID: PMC10508874 DOI: 10.1002/admt.202201542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Thermally cured thermoset polymers such as epoxies are widely used in industry and manufacturing due to their thermal, chemical, and electrical resistance, and mechanical strength and toughness. However, it can be challenging to 3D print thermally cured thermosets without rheological modification because they tend to flow and not hold their shape when extruded due to cure times of minutes to hours. 3D printing inside a support bath addresses this by allowing the liquid polymer to be held in place until the thermoset is fully cured and expands the structures that can be printed as extrusion is not limited to layer-by-layer. Here we report the use of Freeform Reversible Embedding (FRE) to 3D print off-the-shelf thermoset epoxy into lattice structures using non-planar extrusion. To do this we investigate how extrusion direction in 3D space impacts epoxy filament morphology and fusion at filament intersections. Further, we show the advantages of this approach by using non-planar printing to produce lattice geometries that show ~4 times greater specific modulus compared to lattice structures printed using other materials and printing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lining Yao
- Carnegie Mellon University, PA 15213, USA
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Wang S, Qiu Y. Synthesis of SiO 2 Nanoparticle Epoxy Resin Composite and Silicone-Containing Epoxy Resin for Coatings. Appl Bionics Biomech 2022; 2022:8227529. [PMID: 36060557 PMCID: PMC9436623 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8227529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its unique properties, including strong adhesion force, high heat resistivity, high insulation properties, and strong mechanical properties, epoxy resin is the most commonly used material for a variety of applications, including adhesives, electronic devices for coatings, and somewhere as a matrix for reinforcement of composites as a fiber network. To boost their properties, different other materials are also inserted in their structure and made its composites; silicon is one of them. Corrosion is serious for marine equipment and causes economic loss. To overcome such issues, different types of coating materials are developed. In this review, current methods for coatings of different materials using a silicon dioxide epoxy nanocomposite are discussed in diversity with the currently followed synthetic routes for the preparation of nanosilica epoxy composites and enhanced properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwen Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou Vocational and Technical College of Industry, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Yinxiang Qiu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou Vocational and Technical College of Industry, Yangzhou 225127, China
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5
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Growth of polypropylene crystals in the vicinity of carbon fibers and improvement of their interfacial shear strength. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00622-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Chen J, Dong YJ, Jin FL, Park SJ. Flexural Properties and Electrical Conductivity of Epoxy Resin/Carbon Fiber Cloth/Metallic Powder Composites. Macromol Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-019-7006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Elnaggar MY, Fathy ES, Hassan MM. Effect of carbon fiber and gamma irradiation on acrylonitrile butadiene styrene/high density polyethylene composites. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090417040054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Demir B, Henderson LC, Walsh TR. Design Rules for Enhanced Interfacial Shear Response in Functionalized Carbon Fiber Epoxy Composites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:11846-11857. [PMID: 28317383 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b16041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-fiber reinforced composites are ideal light-weighting candidates to replace traditional engineering materials. The mechanical performance of these composites results from a complex interplay of influences operating over several length and time scales. The mechanical performance may therefore be limited by many factors, one of which being the modest interfacial adhesion between the carbon fiber and the polymer. Chemical modification of the fiber, via surface grafting of molecules, is one possible strategy to enhance interactions across the fiber-polymer interface. To achieve systematic improvements in these modified materials, the ability to manipulate and monitor the molecular structure of the polymer interphase and the surface grafted molecules in the composite is essential, but challenging to accomplish from a purely experimental perspective. Alternatively, molecular simulations can bridge this knowledge gap by providing molecular-scale insights into the optimal design of these surface-grafted molecules to deliver superior mechanical properties. Here we use molecular dynamics simulations to predict the interfacial shear response of a typical epoxy/carbon-fiber composite for both pristine fiber and a range of surface graftings. We allow for the dynamic curing of the epoxy in the presence of the functionalized surface, including cross-link formation between the grafted molecules and the polymer matrix. Our predictions agree with recently reported experimental data for these systems and reveal the molecular-scale origins of the enhanced interfacial shear response arising from functionalization. In addition to the presence of interfacial covalent bonds, we find that the interfacial structural complexity, resulting from the presence of the grafted molecules, and a concomitant spatial homogeneity of the interphase polymer density are beneficial factors in conferring high interfacial shear stress. Our approach paves the way for computational screening processes to design, test, and rapidly identify viable surface modifications in silico, which would enable rapid systematic progress in optimizing the match between the carbon fiber treatment and the desired thermoset polymer matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Demir
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University , Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Luke C Henderson
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University , Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Tiffany R Walsh
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University , Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
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Zhang Y, Park M, Kim HY, Ding B, Park SJ. A facile ultrasonic-assisted fabrication of nitrogen-doped carbon dots/BiOBr up-conversion nanocomposites for visible light photocatalytic enhancements. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45086. [PMID: 28327652 PMCID: PMC5361154 DOI: 10.1038/srep45086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly efficient novel photocatalyst consisting of nitrogen-carbon dots (N-CDs) and three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical BiOBr was synthesized via a simple ultrasonic-assisted method and used for the degradation of hazardous dyes. Deposition of N-CDs onto the surface of BiOBr was confirmed through structure and composition characterizations. The N-CDs/BiOBr composites exhibited superior activity for organic contaminant degradation under visible light and the 1 wt% N-CDs/BiOBr composite showed the highest degradation rate, indicating that N-CDs/BiOBr composites have great potential for application in mitigating hazardous contaminants. The N-CDs played an important role in improving the photocatalytic performance, owing to the enhancement of up-converted photoluminescence behavior as well as the efficient separation of photogenerated charge carriers originating from the intimately contacted interface. A possible photocatalytic mechanism was proposed based on the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inharo, Incheon 402-751, South Korea
| | - Mira Park
- Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea
| | - Hak Yong Kim
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea
| | - Bin Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, China
| | - Soo-Jin Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inharo, Incheon 402-751, South Korea
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Study on preparation and properties of carbon nanotubes/hollow glass microspheres/epoxy syntactic foam. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2016-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Hollow glass microspheres (HGMs)/epoxy syntactic foam reinforced by multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was prepared in this study. The effect of MWCNTs on the density, mechanical properties and water absorption of HGMs/epoxy syntactic foam was investigated. Because of the low density and low content of MWCNTs, the density of HGMs/epoxy syntactic foam does not change much with adding MWCNTs. In addition, the compression strength of HGMs/epoxy is enhanced by 17–25% when adding 0.3 wt% MWCNTs. The fracture surfaces of specimens were examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and results indicated that the bridging effect of MWCNTs is the reinforcement mechanism. Analyzing the water absorption testing results, it is concluded that MWCNTs may decrease the water absorption content due to the hydrophobicity. Bigger inorganic ions in salt water could prevent the water diffusion, which results in a decrease of water absorption. In addition, the water absorption rate decreases with the extension of testing time.
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11
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Kim MS, Rhee KY, Park SJ. Pitch coating of SiC and its effects on the thermal stability and oxidation resistance of SiC/epoxy composites. COMPOSITES PART B: ENGINEERING 2016; 94:218-223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2025]
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13
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Bahramian N, Atai M, Naimi-Jamal MR. Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene fiber reinforced dental composites: Effect of fiber surface treatment on mechanical properties of the composites. Dent Mater 2015; 31:1022-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Hu C, Wang F, Yang H, Ai J, Wang L, Jing D, Shao L, Zhou X. Preparation and characterisation of poly p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole fibre-reinforced resin matrix composite for endodontic post material: A preliminary study. J Dent 2014; 42:1560-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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15
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Liu WB, Zhang S, Hao LF, Jiao WC, Yang F, Li XF, Wang RG. Properties of carbon fiber sized with poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Jung G, Nah CW, Seo MK, Byun JH, Lee KH, Park SJ. Influence of Acid and Base Surface Treatment of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Mechanical Interfacial Properties of Carbon Fibers-Reinforced Composites. POLYMER KOREA 2012. [DOI: 10.7317/pk.2012.36.5.612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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18
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Li W, Chen Z, Li J, Chen X. Flexible towpreg preparing carbon fiber-reinforced phenolic resin composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.27813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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20
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McNally T, Boyd P, McClory C, Bien D, Moore I, Millar B, Davidson J, Carroll T. Recycled carbon fiber filled polyethylene composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.27253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Rasheed A, Dadmun MD, Britt PF. Polymer-nanofiber composites: Enhancing composite properties by nanofiber oxidation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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Wazzan AA, Al-Turaif HA, Daous MA. Influence of KOH solution on the tensile strength and chemical stability of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy resin composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/app.21634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Park SJ, Jang YS. X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies of Ni-P deposited onto carbon fiber surfaces: impact properties of a carbon-fiber-reinforced matrix. J Colloid Interface Sci 2003; 263:170-6. [PMID: 12804899 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9797(03)00290-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the Ni-P coating on carbon fiber surfaces was carried out in order to improve the impact resistance of carbon fibers-reinforced epoxy matrix composites. The fiber surfaces and the fracture behaviors of composites were measured in terms of X-ray diffraction spectrometry (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and falling weight impact testing. From the XRD and XPS measurements, it was observed that Ni-P coating of carbon fibers led to an increase in two phases, i.e., microcrystalline and amorphous, mainly due to the increase of NiP(2), Ni(3)P, and Ni metal. Energy adsorbed by composites through the various fracture mechanisms was seen to be the characteristic distinguishing between nontreated and treated fiber-reinforced composite systems. The Ni-P alloy technique to improve the impact resistance of the composites was shown to be the modification of fiber-epoxy resin interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Park
- Advanced Materials Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 107, Yusong, Taejon 305-600, South Korea.
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Park SJ, Jin JS. Effect of silane coupling agent on mechanical interfacial properties of glass fiber-reinforced unsaturated polyester composites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.10359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Park SJ, Jang YS, Rhee KY. Interlaminar and Ductile Characteristics of Carbon Fibers-Reinforced Plastics Produced by Nanoscaled Electroless Nickel Plating on Carbon Fiber Surfaces. J Colloid Interface Sci 2002; 245:383-90. [PMID: 16290372 DOI: 10.1006/jcis.2001.8040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2001] [Accepted: 10/15/2001] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a new method based on nanoscaled Ni-P alloy coating on carbon fiber surfaces is proposed for the improvement of interfacial properties between fibers and epoxy matrix in a composite system. Fiber surfaces and the mechanical interfacial properties of composites were characterized by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), and impact strength. Experimental results showed that the O(1s)/C(1s) ratio or Ni and P amounts had been increased as the electroless nickel plating proceeded; the ILSS had also been slightly improved. The impact properties were significantly improved in the presence of Ni-P alloy on carbon fiber surfaces, increasing the ductility of the composites. This was probably due to the effect of substituted Ni-P alloy, leading to an increase of the resistance to the deformation and the crack initiation of the epoxy system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Park
- Advanced Materials Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 107, Yusong, Taejon, 305-600, Korea
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Effect of Silane Coupling Agent on Interphase and Performance of Glass Fibers/Unsaturated Polyester Composites. J Colloid Interface Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1006/jcis.2001.7788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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