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Sun X, Yuan Q, Du B, Jin X, Huang X, Li Q, Zhong Y, Pan Z, Xu S, Sima Y. Relationship between Changes in Intestinal Microorganisms and Effect of High Temperature on the Growth and Development of Bombyx mori Larvae. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810289. [PMID: 36142203 PMCID: PMC9499401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature is an important environmental factor affecting the growth and development of silkworm (Bombyx mori). To analyze the effect of intestinal microbes on silkworm in response to a high-temperature environment, this study used a combination of high throughput sequencing and biochemical assays to detect silkworm intestinal microbes treated with high temperature for 72 h. The results show that high temperature affects the intestinal microbes of silkworm and that there are sex differences, specifically, females were more sensitive. The changes in the metabolism and transport ability of silkworm intestinal tissues under high temperature are related to the intestinal microbes. High temperatures may affect the intestinal microbes of silkworms, regulating the activity of related digestive enzymes and substance transport in the intestine, thereby affecting the silkworm’s digestion and absorption of nutrients, and ultimately affecting growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Sun
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qian Yuan
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Beibei Du
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xinye Jin
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiyun Huang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qiuying Li
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yueqiao Zhong
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhonghua Pan
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shiqing Xu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yanghu Sima
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-138-6201-8502
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Li H, Zhang J, Ma T, Li C, Ma Z, Zhang X. Acting target of toosendanin locates in the midgut epithelium cells of Mythimna separate Walker larvae (lepidoptera: Noctuidae). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 201:110828. [PMID: 32531576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Toosendanin (TSN), which is extracted from the root bark of Melia toosendan Siebold and Zuccarini, has multiple modes of action against insects. Especially, this compound has a potent stomach poisoning activity against several lepidoptera pests. In this paper, the signs of toxicity, digestive enzymes activity, the histopathological changes and immuno-electron microscopic localization of TSN in the midgut epithelium of Mythimna separate Walker larvae were investigated for better understanding its action mechanism against insects. The bioassay results indicated that TSN has strong stomach poisoning against the fifth-instar larvae of M. separata (LC50 = 252.23 μg/mL). The typical poisoned symptom were regurgitation and paralysis. Activities of digestive enzymes had no obvious changes after treatment with LC80 dose of TSN. The midgut epithelial cells of insect were damaged by TSN, showing the degeneration of microvilli, hyperplasia of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and condensation of chromatin. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the gold particles existed on the microvilli of columnar cells and goblet cells, and gradually accumulated with the exacerbation of poisoning symptoms, showing that TSN targets on the microvilli of the midgutcells. Therefore, TSN acts on digestive system and locates in the microvilli of midgutcells of M. separata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Li
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Haikou, 571010, China
| | - Ting Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chao Li
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiqing Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Provincial Center for Bio-Pesticide Engineering, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China.
| | - Xing Zhang
- Provincial Center for Bio-Pesticide Engineering, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China
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3
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Javed MA, Coutu C, Theilmann DA, Erlandson MA, Hegedus DD. Proteomics analysis of Trichoplusia ni midgut epithelial cell brush border membrane vesicles. INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 26:424-440. [PMID: 29064633 PMCID: PMC7379565 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The insect midgut epithelium is composed of columnar, goblet, and regenerative cells. Columnar epithelial cells are the most abundant and have membrane protrusions that form the brush border membrane (BBM) on their apical side. These increase surface area available for the transport of nutrients, but also provide opportunities for interaction with xenobiotics such as pathogens, toxins and host plant allelochemicals. Recent improvements in proteomic and bioinformatics tools provided an opportunity to determine the proteome of the T. ni BBM in unprecedented detail. This study reports the identification of proteins from BBM vesicles (BBMVs) using single dimension polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis coupled with multi-dimensional protein identification technology. More than 3000 proteins were associated with the BBMV, of which 697 were predicted to possess either a signal peptide, at least one transmembrane domain or a GPI-anchor signal. Of these, bioinformatics analysis and manual curation predicted that 185 may be associated with the BBMV or epithelial cell plasma membrane. These are discussed with respect to their predicted functions, namely digestion, nutrient uptake, cell signaling, development, cell-cell interactions, and other functions. We believe this to be the most detailed proteomic analysis of the lepidopteran midgut epithelium membrane to date, which will provide information to better understand the biochemical, physiological and pathological processes taking place in the larval midgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Afzal Javed
- Saskatoon Research and Development CentreAgriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Cathy Coutu
- Saskatoon Research and Development CentreAgriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - David A. Theilmann
- Summerland Research and Development CentreAgriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaSummerlandBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Martin A. Erlandson
- Saskatoon Research and Development CentreAgriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Dwayne D. Hegedus
- Saskatoon Research and Development CentreAgriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
- Department of Food & Bio‐Product SciencesUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
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4
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Microscopic investigation of AcMNPV infection in the Trichoplusia ni midgut. J Invertebr Pathol 2016; 141:24-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rubio-Infante N, Moreno-Fierros L. An overview of the safety and biological effects of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins in mammals. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:630-48. [PMID: 26537666 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Crystal proteins (Cry) produced during the growth and sporulation phases of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) bacterium are known as delta endotoxins. These toxins are being used worldwide as bioinsecticides to control pests in agriculture, and some Cry toxins are used against mosquitoes to control vector transmission. This review summarizes the relevant information currently available regarding the biosafety and biological effects that Bt and its insecticidal Cry proteins elicit in mammals. This work was performed because of concerns regarding the possible health impact of Cry toxins on vertebrates, particularly because Bt toxins might be associated with immune-activating or allergic responses. The controversial data published to date are discussed in this review considering earlier toxicological studies of B. thuringiensis, spores, toxins and Bt crops. We discussed the experimental studies performed in humans, mice, rats and sheep as well as in diverse mammalian cell lines. Although the term 'toxic' is not appropriate for defining the effects these toxins have on mammals, they cannot be considered innocuous, as they have some physiological effects that may become pathological; thus, trials that are more comprehensive are necessary to determine their effects on mammals because knowledge in this field remains limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor Rubio-Infante
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad en Mucosas, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, 54090, Estado de México, México
| | - Leticia Moreno-Fierros
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad en Mucosas, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, 54090, Estado de México, México
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6
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Jin T, Chang X, Gatehouse AMR, Wang Z, Edwards MG, He K. Downregulation and mutation of a Cadherin gene associated with Cry1Ac resistance in the Asian Corn Borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée). Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:2676-93. [PMID: 25216082 PMCID: PMC4179154 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6092676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of resistance in target pests is a major threat to long-term use of transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry toxins. To manage and/or delay the evolution of resistance in target insects through the implementation of effective strategies, it is essential to understand the basis of resistance. One of the most important mechanisms of insect resistance to Bt crops is the alteration of the interactions between Cry toxins and their receptors in the midgut. A Cry1Ac-selected strain of Asian corn borer (ACB), Ostrinia furnacalis, a key pest of maize in China, evolved three mutant alleles of a cadherin-like protein (OfCAD) (MPR-r1, MPR-r2 and MPR-r3), which mapped within the toxin-binding region (TBR). Each of the three mutant alleles possessed two or three amino acid substitutions in this region, especially Thr1457→Ser. In highly resistant larvae (ACB-Ac200), MPR-r2 had a 26-amino acid residue deletion in the TBR, which resulted in reduced binding of Cry1Ac compared to the MPR from the susceptible strain, suggesting that the number of amino acid deletions influences the level of resistance. Furthermore, downregulation of OfCAD gene (ofcad) transcription was observed in the Cry1Ac resistant strain, ACB-Ac24, suggesting that Cry1Ac resistance in ACB is associated with the downregulation of the transcript levels of the cadherin-like protein gene. The OfCAD identified from ACB exhibited a high degree of similarity to other members of the cadherin super-family in lepidopteran species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Jin
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xue Chang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Angharad M R Gatehouse
- Newcastle Institute for Research on Sustainability, School of Biology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Zhenying Wang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Martin G Edwards
- Newcastle Institute for Research on Sustainability, School of Biology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Kanglai He
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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Li SN, Wang JY, Yuan MJ, Yang K. Disruption of the baculovirus core gene ac78 results in decreased production of multiple nucleocapsid-enveloped occlusion-derived virions and the failure of primary infection in vivo. Virus Res 2014; 191:70-82. [PMID: 25087880 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) ac78 gene is one of the baculovirus core genes. Recent studies showed that ac78 is essential for budded virion (BV) production and the embedding of occlusion-derived virion (ODV) into occlusion body during the AcMNPV life cycle. Here, we report that an ac78-knockout AcMNPV (vAc78KO) constructed in this study had different phenotypes than those described in the previous studies. A few infectious BVs were detected using titer assays, immunoblot analyses and plaque assays, indicating that ac78 is not essential for BV formation. Electron microscopy confirmed that the ac78 deletion did not affect nucleocapsid assembly and ODV formation. However, the numbers of multiple nucleocapsid-enveloped ODVs and ODV-embedded occlusion bodies were significantly decreased. Subsequently, the highly conserved amino acid residues 2-25 and 64-88 of Ac78, which are homologous to an oxidoreductase and cytochrome c oxidase, respectively, were demonstrated to play a crucial role in the morphogenesis of multiple nucleocapsid-enveloped ODV. Immunoblot analysis found that Ac78 was an ODV envelope-associated protein. Consistently, amino acid residues 56-93 of Ac78 were identified as an inner nuclear membrane sorting motif, which may direct the localization of Ac78 to the ODV envelope. In vivo infectivity assays showed that the occlusion bodies of vAc78KO were unable to establish primary infection in the midgut of Trichoplusia ni larvae. Taken together, our results suggest that ac78 plays an important role in BV production and proper multiple nucleocapsid-enveloped ODV formation, as well as AcMNPV primary infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Department of Biology, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China
| | - Jin-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Mei-Jin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Kai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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8
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Gut Transcription in Helicoverpa zea is Dynamically Altered in Response to Baculovirus Infection. INSECTS 2013; 4:506-20. [PMID: 26462433 PMCID: PMC4553479 DOI: 10.3390/insects4030506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Helicoverpa zea transcriptome was analyzed 24 h after H. zea larvae fed on artificial diet laced with Helicoverpa zea single nucleopolyhedrovirus (HzSNPV). Significant differential regulation of 1,139 putative genes (p < 0.05 T-test with Benjamini and Hochberg False Discovery Rate) was detected in the gut epithelial tissue; where 63% of these genes were down-regulated and 37% of genes were up-regulated compared to the mock-infected control. Genes that play important roles in digestive physiology were noted as being generally down-regulated. Among these were aminopeptidases, trypsin-like serine proteases, lipases, esterases and serine proteases. Genes related to the immune response reacted in a complex nature having peptidoglycan binding and viral antigen recognition proteins and antiviral pathway systems down-regulated, whereas antimicrobial peptides and prophenoloxidase were up-regulated. In general, detoxification genes, specifically cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase were down-regulated as a result of infection. This report offers the first comparative transcriptomic study of H. zea compared to HzSNPV infected H. zea and provides further groundwork that will lead to a larger understanding of transcriptional perturbations associated with viral infection and the host response to the viral insult in what is likely the most heavily infected tissue in the insect.
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9
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Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus core gene ac96 encodes a per Os infectivity factor (PIF-4). J Virol 2009; 83:12569-78. [PMID: 19759145 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01141-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) ac96 is a core gene, but its role in virus replication is still unknown. To determine its role in the baculovirus life cycle, we used the AcMNPV bacmid system to generate an ac96-null virus (vAc(96)(null)). Our analyses showed that the absence of ac96 does not affect budded virus (BV) production or viral DNA replication in infected Sf9 cells. Western blotting and confocal immunofluorescence analysis showed that AC96 is expressed in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus throughout infection. In addition, AC96 was detected in the envelope fractions of both BV and occlusion-derived virus. Injection of vAc(96)(null) BV into the hemocoel killed Trichoplusia ni larvae as efficiently as repaired and control viruses; however, vAc(96)(null) was unable to infect the midgut tissue of Trichoplusia ni larvae when inoculated per os. Therefore, the results of this study show that ac96 encodes a new per os infectivity factor (PIF-4).
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10
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Zhang X, Liang Z, Siddiqui ZA, Gong Y, Yu Z, Chen S. Efficient screening and breeding of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki for high toxicity against Spodoptera exigua and Heliothis armigera. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 36:815-20. [PMID: 19337765 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-009-0556-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Spodoptera exigua is one of the most renowned agricultural pest insects and relatively insensitive to Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strains which are widely used commercial products to control lepidopterans such as Heliothis armigera. In the current study, we have developed a new and efficient approach to screen and breed a B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain exhibiting high toxicity against S. exigua while retaining its high toxicity against H. armigera. UV and diethyl sulfate methods were used for mutagenesis, followed by an agar plug plate diffusion assay for preliminary screening of Zwittermicin A over-producing mutants, from which we obtained a mutant strain, designated here as B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki D1-23, with high toxicity against S. exigua. The toxicity of D1-23 against S. exigua and H. armigera was improved by 115.4 and 25.9%, respectively, compared to its parental commercial strain BMB005.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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11
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Pigott CR, Ellar DJ. Role of receptors in Bacillus thuringiensis crystal toxin activity. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2007; 71:255-81. [PMID: 17554045 PMCID: PMC1899880 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00034-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis produces crystalline protein inclusions with insecticidal or nematocidal properties. These crystal (Cry) proteins determine a particular strain's toxicity profile. Transgenic crops expressing one or more recombinant Cry toxins have become agriculturally important. Individual Cry toxins are usually toxic to only a few species within an order, and receptors on midgut epithelial cells have been shown to be critical determinants of Cry specificity. The best characterized of these receptors have been identified for lepidopterans, and two major receptor classes have emerged: the aminopeptidase N (APN) receptors and the cadherin-like receptors. Currently, 38 different APNs have been reported for 12 different lepidopterans. Each APN belongs to one of five groups that have unique structural features and Cry-binding properties. While 17 different APNs have been reported to bind to Cry toxins, only 2 have been shown to mediate toxin susceptibly in vivo. In contrast, several cadherin-like proteins bind to Cry toxins and confer toxin susceptibility in vitro, and disruption of the cadherin gene has been associated with toxin resistance. Nonetheless, only a small subset of the lepidopteran-specific Cry toxins has been shown to interact with cadherin-like proteins. This review analyzes the interactions between Cry toxins and their receptors, focusing on the identification and validation of receptors, the molecular basis for receptor recognition, the role of the receptor in resistant insects, and proposed models to explain the sequence of events at the cell surface by which receptor binding leads to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R Pigott
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
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12
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Aimanova KG, Zhuang M, Gill SS. Expression of Cry1Ac cadherin receptors in insect midgut and cell lines. J Invertebr Pathol 2006; 92:178-87. [PMID: 16797582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2006.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2005] [Accepted: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cadherin-like proteins have been identified as putative receptors for the Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1A proteins in Heliothis virescens and Manduca sexta. Immunohistochemistry showed the cadherin-like proteins are present in the insect midgut apical membrane, which is the target site of Cry toxins. This subcellular localization is distinct from that of classical cadherins, which are usually present in cell-cell junctions. Immunoreactivity of the cadherin-like protein in the insect midgut was enhanced by Cry1Ac ingestion. We also generated a stable cell line Flp-InT-REX-293/Full-CAD (CAD/293) that expressed the H. virescens cadherin. As expected, the cadherin-like protein was mainly localized in the cell membrane. Interestingly, toxin treatment of CAD/293 cells caused this protein to relocalize to cell membrane subdomains. In addition, expression of H. virescens cadherin-like protein affects cell-cell contact and cell membrane integrity when the cells are exposed to activated Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlygash G Aimanova
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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13
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Erlandson M, Braun L, Bradfisch G, Muller-Cohn J. Screening Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxins for activity against the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Invertebr Pathol 2002; 80:191-3. [PMID: 12384086 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2011(02)00108-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Erlandson
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, S7N 0X2, Sask, Canada
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Garcia JJ, Li G, Wang P, Zhong J, Granados RR. Primary and continuous midgut cell cultures from Pseudaletia unipuncta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2001; 37:353-9. [PMID: 11515967 DOI: 10.1007/bf02577570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Midgut epithelial cells were isolated from fifth-instar Pseudaletia unipuncta larvae by collagenase treatment of midgut tissue, and cultured in TNM-FH medium. Long-term continuous culture and maintenance of midgut cells were achieved with P. unipuncta armyworm intestinal cells. Several cells lines were obtained from these P. unipuncta primary cultures, and they have been subcultured and maintained for over 24 mo. The three major midgut cell types were present in the cultures, including stem (regenerative), columnar, and goblet cells. In vitro morphogenesis and differentiation of columnar and goblet cells from stem cells were observed. There appeared to be a cycle of cell death of goblet and columnar cells followed by their replacement from stem cells every 7-8 wk. After approximately six passages, the cell density in T-flasks appeared to be somewhat constant, reaching 10(3)-10(4) cells per milliliter of medium. The columnar cells are round to rectangular in shape and possess a brush border, while the goblet cells have a classic flask-like shape with a central cavity. Peritrophic membrane-like secretions were observed in all the culture flasks. Infection of these cells with multiply embedded nucleopolyhedrovirus was confirmed, and we conclude that these midgut cells can be used as an in vitro model system to study early events in baculovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Garcia
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University. Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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