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Wang L, Lin X, Sheng Y, Zhu H, Li Z, Su Z, Yu R, Zhang S. Synthesis of a crystalline zeolitic imidazole framework-8 nano-coating on single environment-sensitive viral particles for enhanced immune responses. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:1433-1449. [PMID: 36866262 PMCID: PMC9972853 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00767c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulating antigens with zeolitic imidazole framework-8 (ZIF-8) exhibits many advantages in vaccine development. However, most viral antigens with complex particulate structures are sensitive to pH or ionic strength, which cannot tolerate harsh synthesis conditions of ZIF-8. Balancing the viral integrity and the growth of ZIF-8 crystals is crucial for the successful encapsulation of these environment-sensitive antigens in ZIF-8. Here, we explored the synthesis of ZIF-8 on inactivated foot and mouth disease virus (known as 146S), which is easily disassociated into no immunogenic subunits under the existing ZIF-8 synthesis conditions. Our results showed that intact 146S could be encapsulated into ZIF-8 with high embedding efficiency by lowering the pH of the 2-MIM solution to 9.0. The size and morphology of 146S@ZIF-8 could be further optimized by increasing the amount of Zn2+ or adding cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). 146S@ZIF-8 with a uniform diameter of about 49 nm could be synthesized by adding 0.01% CTAB, which was speculated to be composed of single 146S armored with nanometer-scale ZIF-8 crystal networks. Plenty of histidine on the 146S surface forms a unique His-Zn-MIM coordination in the near vicinity of 146S particles, which greatly increases the thermostability of 146S by about 5 °C, and the nano-scale ZIF-8 crystal coating exhibited extraordinary stability to resist EDTE-treatment. More importantly, the well-controlled size and morphology enabled 146S@ZIF-8(0.01% CTAB) to facilitate antigen uptake. The immunization of 146S@ZIF-8(4×Zn2+) or 146S@ZIF-8(0.01% CTAB) significantly enhanced the specific antibody titers and promoted the differentiation of memory T cells without adding another immunopotentiator. This study reported for the first time the strategy of the synthesis of crystalline ZIF-8 on an environment-sensitive antigen and demonstrated that the nano-size and appropriate morphology of ZIF-8 are crucial to exert adjuvant effects, thus expanding the application of MOFs in vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China +86-10-82544958
| | - Xuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China +86-10-82544958
| | - Yanan Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China +86-10-82544958
| | - Hongyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China +86-10-82544958
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University Kiryu 376-8515 Japan
| | - Zhengjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China +86-10-82544958
| | - Zhiguo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China +86-10-82544958
| | - Rong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Songping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China +86-10-82544958
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Murer L, Petkidis A, Vallet T, Vignuzzi M, Greber UF. Chemical Evolution of Rhinovirus Identifies Capsid-Destabilizing Mutations Driving Low-pH-Independent Genome Uncoating. J Virol 2022; 96:e0106021. [PMID: 34705560 PMCID: PMC8791267 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01060-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RVs) cause recurrent infections of the nasal and pulmonary tracts, life-threatening conditions in chronic respiratory illness patients, predisposition of children to asthmatic exacerbation, and large economic cost. RVs are difficult to treat. They rapidly evolve resistance and are genetically diverse. Here, we provide insight into RV drug resistance mechanisms against chemical compounds neutralizing low pH in endolysosomes. Serial passaging of RV-A16 in the presence of the vacuolar proton ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin A1 (BafA1) or the endolysosomotropic agent ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) promoted the emergence of resistant virus populations. We found two reproducible point mutations in viral proteins 1 and 3 (VP1 and VP3), A2526G (serine 66 to asparagine [S66N]), and G2274U (cysteine 220 to phenylalanine [C220F]), respectively. Both mutations conferred cross-resistance to BafA1, NH4Cl, and the protonophore niclosamide, as identified by massive parallel sequencing and reverse genetics, but not the double mutation, which we could not rescue. Both VP1-S66 and VP3-C220 locate at the interprotomeric face, and their mutations increase the sensitivity of virions to low pH, elevated temperature, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 receptor. These results indicate that the ability of RV to uncoat at low endosomal pH confers virion resistance to extracellular stress. The data endorse endosomal acidification inhibitors as a viable strategy against RVs, especially if inhibitors are directly applied to the airways. IMPORTANCE Rhinoviruses (RVs) are the predominant agents causing the common cold. Anti-RV drugs and vaccines are not available, largely due to rapid evolutionary adaptation of RVs giving rise to resistant mutants and an immense diversity of antigens in more than 160 different RV types. In this study, we obtained insight into the cell biology of RVs by harnessing the ability of RVs to evolve resistance against host-targeting small chemical compounds neutralizing endosomal pH, an important cue for uncoating of normal RVs. We show that RVs grown in cells treated with inhibitors of endolysosomal acidification evolved capsid mutations yielding reduced virion stability against elevated temperature, low pH, and incubation with recombinant soluble receptor fragments. This fitness cost makes it unlikely that RV mutants adapted to neutral pH become prevalent in nature. The data support the concept of host-directed drug development against respiratory viruses in general, notably at low risk of gain-of-function mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Murer
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Petkidis
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Vallet
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Marco Vignuzzi
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Urs F. Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Caridi F, Cañas-Arranz R, Vázquez-Calvo Á, de León P, Calderón KI, Domingo E, Sobrino F, Martín-Acebes MA. Adaptive value of foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid substitutions with opposite effects on particle acid stability. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23494. [PMID: 34873184 PMCID: PMC8648728 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02757-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a picornavirus that exhibits an extremely acid sensitive capsid. This acid lability is directly related to its mechanism of uncoating triggered by acidification inside cellular endosomes. Using a collection of FMDV mutants we have systematically analyzed the relationship between acid stability and the requirement for acidic endosomes using ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), an inhibitor of endosome acidification. A FMDV mutant carrying two substitutions with opposite effects on acid-stability (VP3 A116V that reduces acid stability, and VP1 N17D that increases acid stability) displayed a rapid shift towards acid lability that resulted in increased resistance to NH4Cl as well as to concanamicyn A, a different lysosomotropic agent. This resistance could be explained by a higher ability of the mutant populations to produce NH4Cl-resistant variants, as supported by their tendency to accumulate mutations related to NH4Cl-resistance that was higher than that of the WT populations. Competition experiments also indicated that the combination of both amino acid substitutions promoted an increase of viral fitness that likely contributed to NH4Cl resistance. This study provides novel evidences supporting that the combination of mutations in a viral capsid can result in compensatory effects that lead to fitness gain, and facilitate space to an inhibitor of acid-dependent uncoating. Thus, although drug-resistant variants usually exhibit a reduction in viral fitness, our results indicate that compensatory mutations that restore this reduction in fitness can promote emergence of resistance mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Caridi
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Patricia de León
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Esteban Domingo
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sobrino
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel A Martín-Acebes
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA, CSIC), 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Newman J, Rowlands DJ, Tuthill TJ. An Engineered Maturation Cleavage Provides a Recombinant Mimic of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Capsid Assembly-Disassembly. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11060500. [PMID: 34072387 PMCID: PMC8228156 DOI: 10.3390/life11060500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Picornavirus capsids are assembled from 60 copies of a capsid precursor via a pentameric assembly intermediate or ‘pentamer’. Upon completion of virion assembly, a maturation event induces a final cleavage of the capsid precursor to create the capsid protein VP4, which is essential for capsid stability and entry into new cells. For the picornavirus foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), intact capsids are temperature and acid-labile and can disassemble into pentamers. During disassembly, capsid protein VP4 is lost, presumably altering the structure and properties of the resulting pentamers. The purpose of this study was to compare the characteristics of recombinant “assembly” and “disassembly” pentamers. We generated recombinant versions of these different pentamers containing an engineered cleavage site to mimic the maturation cleavage. We compared the sedimentation and antigenic characteristics of these pentamers using sucrose density gradients and reactivity with an antibody panel. Pentamers mimicking the assembly pathway sedimented faster than those on the disassembly pathway suggesting that for FMDV, in common with other picornaviruses, assembly pentamers sediment at 14S whereas only pentamers on the disassembly pathway sediment at 12S. The reactivity with anti-VP4 antibodies was reduced for the 12S pentamers, consistent with the predicted loss of VP4. Reactivity with other antibodies was similar for both pentamers suggesting that major antigenic features may be preserved between the VP4 containing assembly pentamers and the disassembly pentamers lacking VP4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David J. Rowlands
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology & Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
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Li S, Yang Y, Lin X, Li Z, Ma G, Su Z, Zhang S. A Novel Particulate Delivery System Based on Antigen-Zn 2+ Coordination Interactions Enhances Stability and Cellular Immune Response of Inactivated Foot and Mouth Disease Virus. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:2952-2963. [PMID: 32539415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between antigen and adjuvant were among the most significant factors influencing the immunogenicity of vaccines, especially for unstable antigens like inactivated foot and mouth disease virus (iFMDV). Here we propose a novel antigen delivery pattern based on the coordination interaction between transition metal ions Zn2+ chelated to chitosan nanoparticles and iFMDV, which is known to be rich in histidine. The zinc chelated chitosan particles (CP-PEI-Zn) were prepared by cross-linking chitosan particles (CP) with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP), modifying with metal chelator polyethylenimine (PEI), and subsequent chelating of Zn2+. The coordination interaction was confirmed by analyzing the adsorption and desorption behavior of iFMDV on CP-PEI-Zn by high-performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), while the CP-PEI without chelating Zn2+ loads iFMDV mainly through electrostatic interactions. The iFMDV loaded on CP-PEI-Zn showed better thermal stability than that on CP-PEI, as revealed by a slightly higher transition temperature (Tm) related to iFMDV dissociation. After subcutaneous immunization in female Balb/C mice, antigens loaded on CP-PEI and CP-PEI-Zn all induced higher specific antibody titers, better activation of B lymphocytes, and more effector-memory T cells proliferation than the free antigen and iFMDV adjuvanted with ISA 206 emulsion did. Moreover, CP-PEI-Zn showed superior efficacy to CP-PEI in promoting the proliferation of effector-memory T cells and secretion of cytokines, indicating a more potent cellular immune response. In summary, the CP-PEI-Zn stabilized the iFMDV after loading and promoted both humoral and cellular immune responses, thus reflecting its potential to be a promising adjuvant for the iFMDV vaccine and other unstable viral antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhengjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhiguo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Songping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Upfold N, Ross C, Tastan Bishop Ö, Knox C. The In Silico Prediction of Hotspot Residues that Contribute to the Structural Stability of Subunit Interfaces of a Picornavirus Capsid. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040387. [PMID: 32244486 PMCID: PMC7232237 DOI: 10.3390/v12040387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly of picornavirus capsids proceeds through the stepwise oligomerization of capsid protein subunits and depends on interactions between critical residues known as hotspots. Few studies have described the identification of hotspot residues at the protein subunit interfaces of the picornavirus capsid, some of which could represent novel drug targets. Using a combination of accessible web servers for hotspot prediction, we performed a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of the hotspot residues at the intraprotomer, interprotomer and interpentamer interfaces of the Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) capsid. Significantly, many of the predicted hotspot residues were found to be conserved in representative viruses from different genera, suggesting that the molecular determinants of capsid assembly are conserved across the family. The analysis presented here can be applied to any icosahedral structure and provides a platform for in vitro mutagenesis studies to further investigate the significance of these hotspots in critical stages of the virus life cycle with a view to identify potential targets for antiviral drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Upfold
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa;
- Correspondence:
| | - Caroline Ross
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; (C.R.); (Ö.T.B.)
| | - Özlem Tastan Bishop
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; (C.R.); (Ö.T.B.)
| | - Caroline Knox
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa;
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7
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Li S, Yang Y, Lin X, Li Z, Ma G, Su Z, Zhang S. Biocompatible cationic solid lipid nanoparticles as adjuvants effectively improve humoral and T cell immune response of foot and mouth disease vaccines. Vaccine 2020; 38:2478-2486. [PMID: 32057580 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we explored the potential of cationic solid lipid nanoparticles (cSLN) as efficient adjuvants for inactivated foot and mouth disease virus (iFMDV) vaccine. The cSLN were prepared by O/W emulsion method with Compritol 888 ATO as lipid matrix, and were modified by cationic lipid Didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB). The content of cationic lipid was optimized to produce cSLN with appropriate particle size, surface morphology, zeta potential, and polydispersity. Loading iFMDV onto cSLN by electrostatic attraction did not destruct iFMDV particle structure as measured by high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). Differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) showed the transition temperature, Tm, related to iFMDV dissociation increased for 1.2 °C after loading on cSLN, indicating an enhanced stability of this unstable antigen. The cSLN loaded iFMDV enhanced in vitro antigen uptake and activation of bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) with augmented expression of CD86, CD40, and MHC I. In animal trials, BALB/c mice were immunized with free iFMDV, antigen adjuvanted with the cSLN, and antigen adjuvanted with Montanide ISA 206 emulsion. Specific antibody titers showed cSLN could stimulate similar FMDV-specific IgG and IgG subclasses antibody level compared with the widely used ISA 206. In addition, cSLN significantly enhanced memory immune response including effector-memory T cells and central-memory T cells compared to free iFMDV antigen and antigen adjuvanted with ISA 206. Taken together the enhanced humoral and T cell immune responses and the antigen structure friendly properties, cSLN can be a potential adjuvant for iFMDV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yanli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Xuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Zhengjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Zhiguo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.
| | - Songping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.
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Negatively charged amino acids at the foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid reduce the virion-destabilizing effect of viral RNA at acidic pH. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1657. [PMID: 32015411 PMCID: PMC6997383 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of the molecular basis of the stability of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) particles is relevant to understand key aspects of the virus cycle. Residue N17D in VP1, located at the capsid inner surface, modulates the resistance of FMDV virion to dissociation and inactivation at acidic pH. Here we have studied whether the virion-stabilizing effect of amino acid substitution VP1 N17D may be mediated by the alteration of electrostatic charge at this position and/or the presence of the viral RNA. Substitutions that either introduced a positive charge (R,K) or preserved neutrality (A) at position VP1 17 led to increased sensitivity of virions to inactivation at acidic pH, while replacement by negatively charged residues (D,E) increased the resistance of virions to acidic pH. The role in virion stability of viral RNA was addressed using FMDV empty capsids that have a virtually unchanged structure compared to the capsid in the RNA-filled virion, but that are considerably more resistant to acidic pH than WT virions, supporting a virion-destabilizing effect of the RNA. Remarkably, no differences were observed in the resistance to dissociation at acidic pH between the WT empty capsids and those harboring replacement N17D. Thus, the virion-destabilizing effect of viral RNA at acidic pH can be partially restored by introducing negatively charged residues at position VP1 N17.
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Yuan H, Li P, Bao H, Sun P, Bai X, Bai Q, Li N, Ma X, Cao Y, Fu Y, Li K, Zhang J, Li D, Chen Y, Zhang J, Lu Z, Liu Z. Engineering viable foot-and-mouth disease viruses with increased acid stability facilitate the development of improved vaccines. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:1683-1694. [PMID: 31900553 PMCID: PMC6985056 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), the most acid-unstable virus among picornaviruses, tends to disassemble into pentamers at pH values slightly below neutrality. However, the structural integrity of intact virion is one of the most important factors that influence the induction of a protective antibody response. Thus, improving the acid stability of FMDV is required for the efficacy of vaccine preparations. According to the previous studies, a single substitution or double amino acid substitutions (VP1 N17D, VP2 H145Y, VP2 D86H, VP3 H142D, VP3 H142G, and VP1 N17D + VP2 H145Y) in the capsid were introduced into the full-length infectious clone of type O FMDV vaccine strain O/HN/CHN/93 to develop seed FMDV with improved acid stability. After the transfection into BSR/T7 cells of constructed plasmids, substitution VP1 N17D or VP2 D86H resulted in viable and genetically stable FMDVs, respectively. However, substitution VP2 H145Y or VP1 N17D + VP2 H145Y showed reverse mutation and additional mutations, and substitution VP3 H141G or VP3 H141D prevented viral viability. We found that substitution VP1 N17D or VP2 D86H could confer increased acid resistance, alkali stability, and thermostability on FMDV O/HN/CHN/93, whereas substitution VP1 N17D was observed to lead to a decreased replication ability in BHK-21 cells and mildly impaired virulence in suckling mice. In contrast, substitution VP2 D86H had no negative effect on viral infectivity. These results indicated that the mutant rD86H carrying substitution VP2 D86H firstly reported by us could be more adequate for the development of inactivated FMD vaccines with enhanced acid stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, , No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Pinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, , No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifang Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, , No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Pu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, , No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingwen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, , No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qifeng Bai
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Xueqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, , No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, , No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, , No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, , No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, , No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, , No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, , No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengjun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, , No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zaixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, , No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
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López-Argüello S, Rincón V, Rodríguez-Huete A, Martínez-Salas E, Belsham GJ, Valbuena A, Mateu MG. Thermostability of the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Capsid Is Modulated by Lethal and Viability-Restoring Compensatory Amino Acid Substitutions. J Virol 2019; 93:e02293-18. [PMID: 30867300 PMCID: PMC6498042 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02293-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by viruses depends on a balance between capsid stability and dynamics. This study investigated biologically and biotechnologically relevant aspects of the relationship in foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) between capsid structure and thermostability and between thermostability and infectivity. In the FMDV capsid, a substantial number of amino acid side chains at the interfaces between pentameric subunits are charged at neutral pH. Here a mutational analysis revealed that the essential role for virus infection of most of the 8 tested charged groups is not related to substantial changes in capsid protein expression or processing or in capsid assembly or stability against a thermally induced dissociation into pentamers. However, the positively charged side chains of R2018 and H3141, located at the interpentamer interfaces close to the capsid 2-fold symmetry axes, were found to be critical both for virus infectivity and for keeping the capsid in a state of weak thermostability. A charge-restoring substitution (N2019H) that was repeatedly fixed during amplification of viral genomes carrying deleterious mutations reverted both the lethal and capsid-stabilizing effects of the substitution H3141A, leading to a double mutant virus with close to normal infectivity and thermolability. H3141A and other thermostabilizing substitutions had no detectable effect on capsid resistance to acid-induced dissociation into pentamers. The results suggest that FMDV infectivity requires limited local stability around the 2-fold axes at the interpentamer interfaces of the capsid. The implications for the mechanism of genome uncoating in FMDV and the development of thermostabilized vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease are discussed.IMPORTANCE This study provides novel insights into the little-known structural determinants of the balance between thermal stability and instability in the capsid of foot-and-mouth disease virus and into the relationship between capsid stability and virus infectivity. The results provide new guidelines for the development of thermostabilized empty capsid-based recombinant vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease, one of the economically most important animal diseases worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia López-Argüello
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Rincón
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Rodríguez-Huete
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Graham J Belsham
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Alejandro Valbuena
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mauricio G Mateu
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Bai XW, Bao HF, Li PH, Ma XQ, Sun P, Bai QF, Zhang M, Yuan H, Chen DD, Li K, Chen YL, Cao YM, Fu YF, Zhang J, Li D, Lu ZJ, Liu ZX, Luo JX. Engineering Responses to Amino Acid Substitutions in the VP0- and VP3-Coding Regions of PanAsia-1 Strains of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype O. J Virol 2019; 93:e02278-18. [PMID: 30700601 PMCID: PMC6430551 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02278-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of sequence divergence through adaptive mutations in the major capsid protein VP1, and also in VP0 (VP4 and VP2) and VP3, of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is relevant to a broad range of viral characteristics. To explore the potential role of isolate-specific residues in the VP0 and VP3 coding regions of PanAsia-1 strains in genetic and phenotypic properties of FMDV, a series of recombinant full-length genomic clones were constructed using Cathay topotype infectious cDNA as the original backbone. The deleterious and compensatory effects of individual amino acid substitutions at positions 4008 and 3060 and in several different domains of VP2 illustrated that the chain-based spatial interaction patterns of VP1, VP2, and VP3 (VP1-3), as well as between the internal VP4 and the three external capsid proteins of FMDV, might contribute to the assembly of eventually viable viruses. The Y2079H site-directed mutants dramatically induced a decrease in plaque size on BHK-21 cells and viral pathogenicity in suckling mice. Remarkably, the 2079H-encoding viruses displayed a moderate increase in acid sensitivity correlated with NH4Cl resistance compared to the Y2079-encoding viruses. Interestingly, none of all the 16 rescued viruses were able to infect heparan sulfate-expressing CHO-K1 cells. However, viral infection in BHK-21 cells was facilitated by utilizing non-integrin-dependent, heparin-sensitive receptor(s) and replacements of four uncharged amino acids at position 3174 in VP3 of FMDV had no apparent influence on heparin affinity. These results provide particular insights into the correlation of evolutionary biology with genetic diversity in adapting populations of FMDV.IMPORTANCE The sequence variation within the capsid proteins occurs frequently in the infection of susceptible tissue cultures, reflecting the high levels of genetic diversity of FMDV. A systematic study for the functional significance of isolate-specific residues in VP0 and VP3 of FMDV PanAsia-1 strains suggested that the interaction of amino acid side chains between the N terminus of VP4 and several potential domains of VP1-3 had cascading effects on the viability and developmental characteristics of progeny viruses. Y2079H in VP0 of the indicated FMDVs could affect plaque size and pathogenicity, as well as acid sensitivity correlated with NH4Cl resistance, whereas there was no inevitable correlation in viral plaque and acid-sensitive phenotypes. The high affinity of non-integrin-dependent FMDVs for heparin might be explained by the differences in structures of heparan sulfate proteoglycans on the surfaces of different cell lines. These results may contribute to our understanding of the distinct phenotypic properties of FMDV in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Wen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hui-Fang Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ping-Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xue-Qing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Pu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Qi-Feng Bai
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Dong-Dong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ying-Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yi-Mei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yuan-Fang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zeng-Jun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zai-Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jian-Xun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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12
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Xie Y, Li H, Qi X, Ma Y, Yang B, Zhang S, Chang H, Yin X, Li Z. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a novel foot-and-mouth disease virus empty-capsid-like particle with improved acid stability. Vaccine 2019; 37:2016-2025. [PMID: 30808570 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the etiological agent of a highly contagious disease that affects cloven-hoofed animal species. The FMDV capsid is highly acid labile and viral particles lose their immunogenicity when they disassemble at mildly acidic pHs. The viral capsid of FMDV serotype O is more sensitive than those of other serotypes, making it more difficult to acquire enough empty-capsid-like particles in the acidic insect cell environment for research. In this study, novel FMDV mutants with increased acid resistance were isolated using BHK-21 cell cultured under low-pH conditions. Amino acid substitutions Q25R, K41E, and N85A in the VP1 capsid protein and K154Q in the VP3 capsid protein were detected in all six mutants. Based on these amino acid replacements, empty-capsid-like particles of FMDV serotype O, which were resistant to the acid-induced dissociation of the capsid into pentameric subunits, were produced in insect cells. We characterized the protective immunity induced by these acid-resistant empty capsid particles. Significant humoral and cellular immune responses were elicited in mice after immunization with the acid-resistant empty capsid particles. The acid-resistant empty-capsid-like particles also induced strong neutralizing antibodies in guinea pigs and protected all the guinea pigs from FMDV challenge. Our results suggest that these acid-resistant empty-capsid-like particles have potential utility as a vaccine against serotype O FMDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinli Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Grazing Animal Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haitao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xingcai Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Youji Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shumin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Grazing Animal Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Huiyun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Grazing Animal Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiangping Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Grazing Animal Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Grazing Animal Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
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13
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Yuan H, Li P, Ma X, Lu Z, Sun P, Bai X, Zhang J, Bao H, Cao Y, Li D, Fu Y, Chen Y, Bai Q, Zhang J, Liu Z. The pH stability of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Virol J 2017; 14:233. [PMID: 29183342 PMCID: PMC5706165 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0897-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
ᅟ This review summarized the molecular determinants of the acid stability of FMDV in order to explore the uncoating mechanism of FMDV and improve the acid stability of vaccines. Background The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) capsid is highly acid labile and tends to dissociate into pentameric subunits at acidic condition to release viral RNA for initiating virus replication. However, the acid stability of virus capsid is greatly required for the maintenance of intact virion during the process of virus culture and vaccine production. The conflict between the acid lability in vivo and acid stability in vitro of FMDV capsid promotes the selection of a series of amino acid substitutions which can confer resistance to acid-induced FMDV inactivation. In order to explore the uncoating activity of FMDV and enhance the acid stability of vaccines, we summarized the available works about the pH stability of FMDV. Main body of the abstract In this review, we analyzed the intrinsic reasons for the acid instability of FMDV from the structural and functional aspects. We also listed all substitutions obtained by different research methods and showed them in the partial capsid of FMDV. We found that a quadrangle region in the viral capsid was the place where a great many pH-sensitive residues were distributed. As the uncoating event of FMDV is dependent on the pH-sensitive amino acid residues in the capsid, this most pH-sensitive position indicates a potential candidate location for RNA delivery triggered by the acid-induced coat disassociation. Short conclusion This review provided an overview of the pH stability of FMDV. The study of pH stability of FMDV not only contributes to the exploration of molecule and mechanism information for FMDV uncoating, but also enlightens the development of FMDV vaccines, including the traditionally inactivated vaccines and the new VLP (virus-like particle) vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Pinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xueqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengjun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Pu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingwen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifang Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Qifeng Bai
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zaixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Scott KA, Kotecha A, Seago J, Ren J, Fry EE, Stuart DI, Charleston B, Maree FF. SAT2 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Structurally Modified for Increased Thermostability. J Virol 2017; 91:e02312-16. [PMID: 28298597 PMCID: PMC5411616 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02312-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), particularly strains of the O and SAT serotypes, is notoriously unstable. Consequently, vaccines derived from heat-labile SAT viruses have been linked to the induction of immunity with a poor duration and hence require more frequent vaccinations to ensure protection. In silico calculations predicted residue substitutions that would increase interactions at the interpentamer interface, supporting increased stability. We assessed the stability of the 18 recombinant mutant viruses in regard to their growth kinetics, antigenicity, plaque morphology, genetic stability, and temperature, ionic, and pH stability by using Thermofluor and inactivation assays in order to evaluate potential SAT2 vaccine candidates with improved stability. The most stable mutant for temperature and pH stability was the S2093Y single mutant, while other promising mutants were the E3198A, L2094V, and S2093H single mutants and the F2062Y-H2087M-H3143V triple mutant. Although the S2093Y mutant had the greatest stability, it exhibited smaller plaques, a reduced growth rate, a change in monoclonal antibody footprint, and poor genetic stability properties compared to those of the wild-type virus. However, these factors affecting production can be overcome. The addition of 1 M NaCl was found to further increase the stability of the SAT2 panel of viruses. The S2093Y and S2093H mutants were selected for future use in stabilizing SAT2 vaccines.IMPORTANCE Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a highly contagious acute vesicular disease in cloven-hoofed livestock and wildlife. The control of the disease by vaccination is essential, especially at livestock-wildlife interfaces. The instability of some serotypes, such as SAT2, affects the quality of vaccines and therefore the duration of immunity. We have shown that we can improve the stability of SAT2 viruses by mutating residues at the capsid interface through predictive modeling. This is an important finding for the potential use of such mutants in improving the stability of SAT2 vaccines in countries where FMD is endemic, which rely heavily on the maintenance of the cold chain, with potential improvement to the duration of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Scott
- Transboundary Animal Disease Programme, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Abhay Kotecha
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Seago
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Jingshan Ren
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth E Fry
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David I Stuart
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Life Science Division, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | | | - Francois F Maree
- Transboundary Animal Disease Programme, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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15
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Liu X, Fang Y, Zhou P, Lu Y, Zhang Q, Xiao S, Dong Z, Pan L, Lv J, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Wang Y. Chimeric virus-like particles elicit protective immunity against serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus in guinea pigs. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:4905-4914. [PMID: 28365796 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8246-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute and highly contagious disease caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) that can affect cloven-hoofed animal species, leading to severe economic losses worldwide. Therefore, the development of a safe and effective new vaccine to prevent and control FMD is both urgent and necessary. In this study, we developed a chimeric virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine candidate for serotype O FMDV and evaluated its protective immunity in guinea pigs. Chimeric VLPs were formed by the antigenic structural protein VP1 from serotype O and segments of the viral capsid proteins (VP2, VP3, and VP4) from serotype A. The chimeric VLPs elicited significant humoral and cellular immune responses with a higher level of anti-FMDV antibodies and cytokines than the control group. Furthermore, four of the five guinea pigs vaccinated with the chimeric VLPs were completely protected against challenge with 100 50% guinea pig infectious doses (GPID50) of the virulent FMDV strain O/MAY98. These data suggest that chimeric VLPs are potential candidates for the development of new vaccines against FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yuzhen Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yanzhen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Qiaoling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Shuai Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Zhaoliang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Li Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jianliang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhongwang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yongguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Yonglu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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16
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Stabilization study of inactivated foot and mouth disease virus vaccine by size-exclusion HPLC and differential scanning calorimetry. Vaccine 2017; 35:2413-2419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Biswal JK, Das B, Sharma GK, Khulape SA, Pattnaik B. Role of a single amino acid substitution of VP3 H142D for increased acid resistance of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A. Virus Genes 2016; 52:235-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1294-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Li H, Li Z, Xie Y, Qin X, Qi X, Sun P, Bai X, Ma Y, Zhang Z. Novel chimeric foot-and-mouth disease virus-like particles harboring serotype O VP1 protect guinea pigs against challenge. Vet Microbiol 2015; 183:92-6. [PMID: 26790940 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious, acute viral disease of cloven-hoofed animal species causing severe economic losses worldwide. Among the seven serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), serotype O is predominant, but its viral capsid is more acid sensitive than other serotypes, making it more difficult to produce empty serotype O VLPs in the low pH insect hemolymph. Therefore, a novel chimeric virus-like particle (VLP)-based candidate vaccine for serotype O FMDV was developed and characterized in the present study. The chimeric VLPs were composed of antigenic VP1 from serotype O and segments of viral capsid proteins from serotype Asia1. These VLPs elicited significantly higher FMDV-specific antibody levels in immunized mice than did the inactivated vaccine. Furthermore, the chimeric VLPs protected guinea pigs from FMDV challenge with an efficacy similar to that of the inactivated vaccine. These results suggest that chimeric VLPs have the potential for use in vaccines against serotype O FMDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Grazing Animal Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Grazing Animal Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
| | - Yinli Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Grazing Animal Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaodong Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Grazing Animal Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xingcai Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Grazing Animal Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Grazing Animal Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xingwen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Grazing Animal Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Youji Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Grazing Animal Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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19
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Rincón V, Rodríguez-Huete A, Mateu MG. Different functional sensitivity to mutation at intersubunit interfaces involved in consecutive stages of foot-and-mouth disease virus assembly. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2595-2606. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Rincón
- Centro de Biología Molecular ‘Severo Ochoa’ (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Rodríguez-Huete
- Centro de Biología Molecular ‘Severo Ochoa’ (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mauricio G. Mateu
- Centro de Biología Molecular ‘Severo Ochoa’ (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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20
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A hydrophobic interaction chromatography strategy for purification of inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 113:23-9. [PMID: 25957800 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A purification scheme based on hydrophobic interaction chromatography was developed to separate inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) from crude supernatant. About 92% recovery and 8.8-fold purification were achieved on Butyl Sepharose 4 FF. Further purification on Superdex 200 resulted in another 29-fold purification, with 92% recovery. The columns were coupled through an intermediate ultrafiltration unit to concentrate the virus. The entire process was completed in about 3.5h, with 75% final FMDV recovery, and 247-fold purification. The final product had purity above 98%, with over 99.5% of host cell DNA removed. High-performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), Western blot, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that the purified virus contained the required antigen, and was structurally intact with a spherical shape and a particle size of 28 nm.
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21
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The pH Stability of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Particles Is Modulated by Residues Located at the Pentameric Interface and in the N Terminus of VP1. J Virol 2015; 89:5633-42. [PMID: 25762735 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03358-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The picornavirus foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the etiological agent of a highly contagious disease that affects important livestock species. The FMDV capsid is highly acid labile, and viral particles lose infectivity due to their disassembly at pH values slightly below neutrality. This acid sensitivity is related to the mechanism of viral uncoating and genome penetration from endosomes. In this study, we have analyzed the molecular basis of FMDV acid-induced disassembly by isolating and characterizing a panel of novel FMDV mutants differing in acid sensitivity. Amino acid replacements altering virion stability were preferentially distributed in two different regions of the capsid: the N terminus of VP1 and the pentameric interface. Even more, the acid labile phenotype induced by a mutation located at the pentameric interface in VP3 could be compensated by introduction of an amino acid substitution in the N terminus of VP1. These results indicate that the acid sensitivity of FMDV can be considered a multifactorial trait and that virion stability is the fine-tuned product of the interaction between residues from different capsid proteins, in particular those located within the N terminus of VP1 or close to the pentameric interface. IMPORTANCE The viral capsid protects the viral genome from environmental factors and contributes to virus dissemination and infection. Thus, understanding of the molecular mechanisms that modulate capsid stability is of interest for the basic knowledge of the biology of viruses and as a tool to improve the stability of conventional vaccines based on inactivated virions or empty capsids. Using foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), which displays a capsid with extreme acid sensitivity, we have performed a genetic study to identify the molecular determinants involved in capsid stability. A panel of FMDV mutants with differential sensitivity to acidic pH was generated and characterized, and the results showed that two different regions of FMDV capsid contribute to modulating viral particle stability. These results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of acid-mediated FMDV uncoating.
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22
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Han SC, Guo HC, Sun SQ. Three-dimensional structure of foot-and-mouth disease virus and its biological functions. Arch Virol 2014; 160:1-16. [PMID: 25377637 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2278-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), an acute, violent, infectious disease of cloven-hoofed animals, remains widespread in most parts of the world. It can lead to a major plague of livestock and an economical catastrophe. Structural studies of FMD virus (FMDV) have greatly contributed to our understanding of the virus life cycle and provided new horizons for the control and eradication of FMDV. To examine host-FMDV interactions and viral pathogenesis from a structural perspective, the structures of viral structural and non-structural proteins are reviewed in the context of their relevance for virus assembly and dissociation, formation of capsid-like particles and virus-receptor complexes, and viral penetration and uncoating. Moreover, possibilities for devising novel antiviral treatments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Chong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
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23
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Rincón V, Rodríguez-Huete A, López-Argüello S, Ibarra-Molero B, Sanchez-Ruiz J, Harmsen M, Mateu M. Identification of the Structural Basis of Thermal Lability of a Virus Provides a Rationale for Improved Vaccines. Structure 2014; 22:1560-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2014.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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24
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Karshikoff A, Jelesarov I. Salt Bridges and Conformational Flexibility: Effect on Protein Stability. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2008.10817520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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25
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Single amino acid substitution of VP1 N17D or VP2 H145Y confers acid-resistant phenotype of type Asia1 foot-and-mouth disease virus. Virol Sin 2014; 29:103-11. [PMID: 24752763 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-014-3426-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is triggered by the acidic pH in endosomes after virus uptake by receptor-mediated endocytosis. However, dissociation of the FMDV 146S particle in mildly acidic conditions renders inactivated foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines much less effective. Type Asia1 FMDV mutants with increased resistance to acid inactivation were selected to study the molecular basis of viral resistance to acid-induced disassembly and improve the acid stability of FMDV. Sequencing of capsid-coding regions revealed four amino acid replacements (VP1 N17D, VP2 H145Y, VP2 G192D, and VP3 K153E) in the viral population of the acid-selected 10th passage. We performed single or combined mutagenesis using a reverse genetic system, and our results provide direct experimental evidence that VP2 H145Y or VP1 N17D substitution confers an acid-resistant phenotype to type Asia1 FMDV.
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26
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An increase in acid resistance of foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid is mediated by a tyrosine replacement of the VP2 histidine previously associated with VP0 cleavage. J Virol 2013; 88:3039-42. [PMID: 24352460 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03222-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) capsid is highly acid labile, but introduction of amino acid replacements, including an N17D change in VP1, can increase its acid resistance. Using mutant VP1 N17D as a starting point, we isolated a virus with higher acid resistance carrying an additional replacement, VP2 H145Y, in a residue highly conserved among picornaviruses, which has been proposed to be responsible for VP0 cleavage. This mutant provides an example of the multifunctionality of picornavirus capsid residues.
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27
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Selection and characterization of an acid-resistant mutant of serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus. Arch Virol 2013; 159:657-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1872-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Maree FF, Blignaut B, de Beer TAP, Rieder E. Analysis of SAT type foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid proteins and the identification of putative amino acid residues affecting virus stability. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61612. [PMID: 23717387 PMCID: PMC3661562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) initiates infection by adhering to integrin receptors on target cells, followed by cell entry and disassembly of the virion through acidification within endosomes. Mild heating of the virions also leads to irreversible dissociation into pentamers, a characteristic linked to reduced vaccine efficacy. In this study, the structural stability of intra- and inter-serotype chimeric SAT2 and SAT3 virus particles to various conditions including low pH, mild temperatures or high ionic strength, was compared. Our results demonstrated that while both the SAT2 and SAT3 infectious capsids displayed different sensitivities in a series of low pH buffers, their stability profiles were comparable at high temperatures or high ionic strength conditions. Recombinant vSAT2 and intra-serotype chimeric viruses were used to map the amino acid differences in the capsid proteins of viruses with disparate low pH stabilities. Four His residues at the inter-pentamer interface were identified that change protonation states at pH 6.0. Of these, the H145 of VP3 appears to be involved in interactions with A141 in VP3 and K63 in VP2, and may be involved in orientating H142 of VP3 for interaction at the inter-pentamer interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois F Maree
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa.
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29
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Vázquez-Calvo A, Saiz JC, McCullough KC, Sobrino F, Martín-Acebes MA. Acid-dependent viral entry. Virus Res 2012; 167:125-37. [PMID: 22683298 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Virus infection of host cells requires that entry into the cell results in efficient genome release leading to translation and replication. These initial steps revolving around the entry and genomic release processes are crucial for viral progeny generation. Despite the variety of receptors used by viruses to initiate entry, evidence from both enveloped and non-enveloped viral infections is highlighting the important role played by intracellular acidic compartments in the entry of many viruses. These compartments provide connecting nodes within the endocytic network, presenting multiple viral internalization pathways. Endosomal compartments employing an internal acidic pH can trigger molecular mechanisms leading to disassembly of viral particles, thus providing appropriate genome delivery. Accordingly, viruses have evolved to select optimal intracellular conditions for promoting efficient genome release, leading to propagation of the infectious agent. This review will address the implications of cellular compartment involvement in virus infectious processes, and the roles played by the viruses' own machinery, including pH sensing mechanisms and the methodologies applied for studying acid-dependent viral entry into host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Vázquez-Calvo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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30
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Lee KH, Miller CR, Nagel AC, Wichman HA, Joyce P, Ytreberg FM. First-step mutations for adaptation at elevated temperature increase capsid stability in a virus. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25640. [PMID: 21980515 PMCID: PMC3183071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between mutation, protein stability and protein function plays a central role in molecular evolution. Mutations tend to be destabilizing, including those that would confer novel functions such as host-switching or antibiotic resistance. Elevated temperature may play an important role in preadapting a protein for such novel functions by selecting for stabilizing mutations. In this study, we test the stability change conferred by single mutations that arise in a G4-like bacteriophage adapting to elevated temperature. The vast majority of these mutations map to interfaces between viral coat proteins, suggesting they affect protein-protein interactions. We assess their effects by estimating thermodynamic stability using molecular dynamic simulations and measuring kinetic stability using experimental decay assays. The results indicate that most, though not all, of the observed mutations are stabilizing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Hao Lee
- Department of Physics, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Craig R. Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Anna C. Nagel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Holly A. Wichman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Paul Joyce
- Department of Mathematics, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - F. Marty Ytreberg
- Department of Physics, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Li Z, Liu J. The current state of vaccines used in the field for foot and mouth disease virus in China. Expert Rev Vaccines 2011; 10:13-5. [PMID: 21162615 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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A single amino acid substitution in the capsid of foot-and-mouth disease virus can increase acid resistance. J Virol 2010; 85:2733-40. [PMID: 21177816 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02245-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) particles lose infectivity due to their disassembly at pH values slightly below neutrality. This acid-dependent disassembly process is required for viral RNA release inside endosomes. To study the molecular determinants of viral resistance to acid-induced disassembly, six FMDV variants with increased resistance to acid inactivation were isolated. Infection by these mutants was more sensitive to drugs that raise the endosomal pH (NH(4)Cl and concanamycin A) than was infection by the parental C-S8c1 virus, confirming that the increase in acid resistance is related to a lower pH requirement for productive uncoating. Amino acid replacement N17D at the N terminus of VP1 capsid protein was found in all six mutants. This single substitution was shown to be responsible for increased acid resistance when introduced into an infectious FMDV clone. The increased resistance of this mutant against acid-induced inactivation was shown to be due to its increased resistance against capsid dissociation into pentameric subunits. Interestingly, the N17D mutation was located close to but not at the interpentamer interfaces. The mutants described here extend the panel of FMDV variants exhibiting different pH sensitivities and illustrate the adaptive flexibility of viral quasispecies to pH variations.
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33
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A single amino acid substitution in the capsid of foot-and-mouth disease virus can increase acid lability and confer resistance to acid-dependent uncoating inhibition. J Virol 2010; 84:2902-12. [PMID: 20053737 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02311-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The acid-dependent disassembly of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is required for viral RNA release from endosomes to initiate replication. Although the FMDV capsid disassembles at acid pH, mutants escaping inhibition by NH(4)Cl of endosomal acidification were found to constitute about 10% of the viruses recovered from BHK-21 cells infected with FMDV C-S8c1. For three of these mutants, the degree of NH(4)Cl resistance correlated with the sensitivity of the virion to acid-induced inactivation of its infectivity. Capsid sequencing revealed the presence in each of these mutants of a different amino acid substitution (VP3 A123T, VP3 A118V, and VP2 D106G) that affected a highly conserved residue among FMDVs located close to the capsid interpentameric interfaces. These residues may be involved in the modulation of the acid-induced dissociation of the FMDV capsid. The substitution VP3 A118V present in mutant c2 was sufficient to confer full resistance to NH(4)Cl and concanamycin A (a V-ATPase inhibitor that blocks endosomal acidification) as well as to increase the acid sensitivity of the virion to an extent similar to that exhibited by mutant c2 relative to the sensitivity of the parental virus C-S8c1. In addition, the increased propensity to dissociation into pentameric subunits of virions bearing substitution VP3 A118V indicates that this replacement also facilitates the dissociation of the FMDV capsid.
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Abstract
The picornavirus family consists of a large number of small RNA viruses, many of which are significant pathogens of humans and livestock. They are amongst the simplest of vertebrate viruses comprising a single stranded positive sense RNA genome within a T = 1 (quasi T = 3) icosahedral protein capsid of approximately 30 nm diameter. The structures of a number of picornaviruses have been determined at close to atomic resolution by X-ray crystallography. The structures of cell entry intermediate particles and complexes of virus particles with receptor molecules or antibodies have also been obtained by X-ray crystallography or at a lower resolution by cryo-electron microscopy. Many of the receptors used by different picornaviruses have been identified, and it is becoming increasingly apparent that many use co-receptors and alternative receptors to bind to and infect cells. However, the mechanisms by which these viruses release their genomes and transport them across a cellular membrane to gain access to the cytoplasm are still poorly understood. Indeed, detailed studies of cell entry mechanisms have been made only on a few members of the family, and it is yet to be established how broadly the results of these are applicable across the full spectrum of picornaviruses. Working models of the cell entry process are being developed for the best studied picornaviruses, the enteroviruses. These viruses maintain particle integrity throughout the infection process and function as genome delivery modules. However, there is currently no model to explain how viruses such as cardio- and aphthoviruses that appear to simply dissociate into subunits during uncoating deliver their genomes into the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias J. Tuthill
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, UK, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 ONF, UK,
| | - Elisabetta Groppelli
- Faculty of Biological Sciences Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT UK
| | - James M. Hogle
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,
| | - David J. Rowlands
- Faculty of Biological Sciences Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT UK
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35
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Ahadi A, Colomo J, Evilevitch A. Three-Dimensional Simulation of Nanoindentation Response of Viral Capsids. Shape and Size Effects. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:3370-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8089352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Ahadi
- Division of Mechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden, and Department of Biochemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Josep Colomo
- Division of Mechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden, and Department of Biochemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Alex Evilevitch
- Division of Mechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden, and Department of Biochemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
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36
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Martín-Acebes MA, González-Magaldi M, Sandvig K, Sobrino F, Armas-Portela R. Productive entry of type C foot-and-mouth disease virus into susceptible cultured cells requires clathrin and is dependent on the presence of plasma membrane cholesterol. Virology 2007; 369:105-18. [PMID: 17714753 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Revised: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 07/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We have characterized the entry leading to productive infection of a type C FMDV in two cell lines widely used for virus growth, BHK-21 and IBRS-2. Inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis by sucrose treatment decreased both cell entry and virus multiplication. Evidence of a direct requirement of clathrin for productive viral entry was obtained using BHK21-tTA/anti-CHC cells, which showed a significant reduction of viral entry and infection when the synthesis and functionality of clathrin heavy chain was inhibited (Tet- cells). This was also observed for vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) productive entry. The effect of NH(4)Cl and concanamycin A on FMDV entry and infection was consistent with the requirement of acidic compartments for decapsidation and virus replication. As expected from its higher stability at acidic pH, this requirement was higher for VSV. Since BHK-21 and IBRS-2 cells expressed caveolin-1, we explored the effect on productive virus entry of drugs that interfere with caveolae-mediated endocytosis. Treatment with nystatin did not reduce entry and infection of FMDV or VSV, while cholesterol depletion with MbetaCD significantly inhibited both steps of the FMDV cycle, indicating that plasma membrane cholesterol is required for virus productive entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Martín-Acebes
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
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37
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Abstract
Structural studies of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) have largely focused on the mature viral particle, providing atomic resolution images of the spherical protein capsid for a number of sero- and sub-types, structures of the highly immunogenic surface loop, Fab and GAG receptor complexes. Additionally, structures are available for a few non-structural proteins. The chapter reviews our current structural knowledge and its impact on our understanding of the virus life cycle proceeding from the mature virus through immune evasion/inactivation, cell-receptor binding and replication and alludes to future structural targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Fry
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
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38
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Archontis G, Simonson T. Proton binding to proteins: a free-energy component analysis using a dielectric continuum model. Biophys J 2005; 88:3888-904. [PMID: 15821163 PMCID: PMC1305621 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.104.055996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton binding plays a critical role in protein structure and function. We report pK(a) calculations for three aspartates in two proteins, using a linear response approach, as well as a "standard" Poisson-Boltzmann approach. Averaging over conformations from the two endpoints of the proton-binding reaction, the protein's atomic degrees of freedom are explicitly modeled. Treating macroscopically the protein's electronic polarizability and the solvent, a meaningful model is obtained, without adjustable parameters. It reproduces qualitatively the electrostatic potentials, proton-binding free energies, Marcus reorganization free energies, and pK(a) shifts from explicit solvent molecular dynamics simulations, and the pK(a) shifts from experiment. For thioredoxin Asp-26, which has a large pK(a) upshift, we correctly capture the balance between unfavorable carboxylate desolvation and favorable interactions with a nearby lysine; similarly for RNase A Asp-14, which has a large pK(a) downshift. For the unshifted thioredoxin Asp-20, desolvation by the protein cavity is overestimated by 2.9 pK(a) units; several effects could explain this. "Standard" Poisson-Boltzmann methods sidestep this problem by using a large, ad hoc protein dielectric; but protein charge-charge interactions are then incorrectly downscaled, giving an unbalanced description of the reaction and a large error for the shifted pK(a) values of Asp-26 and Asp-14.
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39
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Kegel WK, Schoot Pv PVD. Competing hydrophobic and screened-coulomb interactions in hepatitis B virus capsid assembly. Biophys J 2004; 86:3905-13. [PMID: 15189887 PMCID: PMC1304292 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.104.040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2004] [Accepted: 03/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent experiments show that, in the range from approximately 15 to 45 degrees C, an increase in the temperature promotes the spontaneous assembly into capsids of the Escherichia coli-expressed coat proteins of hepatitis B virus. Within that temperature interval, an increase in ionic strength up to five times that of standard physiological conditions also acts to promote capsid assembly. To explain both observations we propose an interaction of mean force between the protein subunits that is the sum of an attractive hydrophobic interaction, driving the self-assembly, and a repulsive electrostatic interaction, opposing the self-assembly. We find that the binding strength of the capsid subunits increases with temperature virtually independently of the ionic strength, and that, at fixed temperature, the binding strength increases with the square root of ionic strength. Both predictions are in quantitative agreement with experiment. We point out the similarities of capsid assembly in general and the micellization of surfactants. Finally we make plausible that electrostatic repulsion between the native core subunits of a large class of virus suppresses the formation in vivo of empty virus capsids, that is, without the presence of the charge-neutralizing nucleic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem K Kegel
- Van't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Research Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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40
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Anobom CD, Albuquerque SC, Albernaz FP, Oliveira AC, Silva JL, Peabody DS, Valente AP, Almeida FCL. Structural studies of MS2 bacteriophage virus particle disassembly by nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation measurements. Biophys J 2003; 84:3894-903. [PMID: 12770895 PMCID: PMC1302971 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(03)75117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article we studied, by nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation measurements, the disassembly of a virus particle-the MS2 bacteriophage. MS2 is one of the single-stranded RNA bacteriophages that infect Escherichia coli. At pH 4.5, the phage turns to a metastable state, as is indicated by an increase in the observed nuclear magnetic resonance signal intensity upon decreasing the pH from 7.0 to 4.5. Steady-state fluorescence and circular dichroism spectra at pH 4.5 show that the difference in conformation and secondary structure is not pronounced if compared with the phage at pH 7.0. At pH 4.5, two-dimensional (15)N-(1)H heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence (HMQC) spectrum shows approximately 40 crosspeaks, corresponding to the most mobile residues of MS2 coat protein at pH 4.5. The (15)N linewidth is approximately 30 Hz, which is consistent with an intermediate with a rotational relaxation time of 100 ns. The average spin lattice relaxation time (T(1)) of the mobile residues was measured at different temperatures, clearly distinguishing between the dimer and the equilibrium intermediate. The results show, for the first time, the presence of intermediates in the process of dissociation of the MS2 bacteriophage.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Anobom
- Centro Nacional de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear, Departamento de Bioquímica Médica, ICB, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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41
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Skoulakis S, Goodfellow JM. The pH-dependent stability of wild-type and mutant transthyretin oligomers. Biophys J 2003; 84:2795-804. [PMID: 12719214 PMCID: PMC1302845 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(03)70009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A reduction in pH is known to induce the disassociation of the tetrameric form of transthyretin and favor the formation of amyloid fibers. Using continuum electrostatic techniques, we calculate the titration curves and the stability of dimer and tetramer formation of transthyretin as a function of pH. We find that the tetramer and the dimer become less stable than the monomer as the pH is lowered. The free energy difference is 13.8 kcal/mol for dimer formation and 27 kcal/mol for tetramer formation, from the monomers, when the pH is lowered from 7 to 3.9. Similar behavior is observed for both the wild-type and the mutant protein. Certain residues (namely Glu-72, His-88, His-90, Glu-92, and Tyr-116), play an important role in the binding process, as seen by the considerable pK(1/2) change of these residues upon dimer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Skoulakis
- Department of Crystallography, Birkbeck College, University of London, UK.
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Jackson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 ONF, UK
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43
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Vagedes P, Saenger W, Knapp EW. Driving forces of protein association: the dimer-octamer equilibrium in arylsulfatase A. Biophys J 2002; 83:3066-78. [PMID: 12496078 PMCID: PMC1302386 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(02)75311-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme arylsulfatase A (ASA) occurs in solution as dimer (alpha(2)) above pH 6 and associates to octamers (alpha(2))(4) below pH 6. The crystal structure of ASA suggests that the (alpha(2))-(alpha(2))(4) equilibrium is regulated by protonation/deprotonation of Glu-424 located at the interface between (alpha(2)) dimers in the octamer. The reason for this assumption is that Glu-424 can be in two different conformers where it forms an intra or intermolecular hydrogen bond, respectively. In the present study we investigate this protein association process theoretically. The electrostatic energies are evaluated by solving the Poisson-Boltzmann equation for the inhomogeneous dielectric of the protein-water system for the dimer and octamer configurations. If a conventional surface energy term is used for the nonelectrostatic interactions, the absolute value of free energy of association fails to agree with experiment. A more detailed treatment that explicitly accounts for hydrophilic and hydrophobic character of the amino acids in the dimer-dimer interface of the octamer can explain this discrepancy qualitatively. The pH dependence of the computed association energy clearly demonstrates that the octamer is more stable at low pH if Glu-424 becomes protonated and forms an intermolecular hydrogen bond. We found a slight preference of Glu-424 to be in a conformation where its acidic group is fully solvent-exposed in the dimer state to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. Application of the proton linkage model to calculate the association energy from the simulated data yielded results identical to the one obtained from the corresponding direct method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vagedes
- Institut für Chemie, Fachbereich Biologie, Pharmazie, Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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44
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Abstract
Molecular modelling is a powerful methodology for analysing the three dimensional structure of biological macromolecules. There are many ways in which molecular modelling methods have been used to address problems in structural biology. It is not widely appreciated that modelling methods are often an integral component of structure determination by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. In this review we consider some of the numerous ways in which modelling can be used to interpret and rationalise experimental data and in constructing hypotheses that can be tested by experiment. Genome sequencing projects are producing a vast wealth of data describing the protein coding regions of the genome under study. However, only a minority of the protein sequences thus identified will have a clear sequence homology to a known protein. In such cases valuable three-dimensional models of the protein coding sequence can be constructed by homology modelling methods. Threading methods, which used specialised schemes to relate protein sequences to a library of known structures, have been shown to be able to identify the likely protein fold even in cases where there is no clear sequence homology. The number of protein sequences that cannot be assigned to a structural class by homology or threading methods, simply because they belong to a previously unidentified protein folding class, will decrease in the future as collaborative efforts in systematic structure determination begin to develop. For this reason, modelling methods are likely to become increasingly useful in the near future. The role of the blind prediction contests, such as the Critical Assessment of techniques for protein Structure Prediction (CASP), will be briefly discussed. Methods for modelling protein-ligand and protein-protein complexes are also described and examples of their applications given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Forster
- Informatics Laboratory, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, UK.
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45
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A kinetic and statistical-thermodynamic model for baculovirus infection and virus-like particle assembly in suspended insect cells. Chem Eng Sci 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2509(99)00579-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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46
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Ellard FM, Drew J, Blakemore WE, Stuart DI, King AMQ. Evidence for the role of His-142 of protein 1C in the acid-induced disassembly of foot-and-mouth disease virus capsids. J Gen Virol 1999; 80 ( Pt 8):1911-1918. [PMID: 10466786 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-80-8-1911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) capsids are inherently labile under mildly acidic conditions, dissociating to pentamers at pH values in the region of 6.5, with the release of protein 1A and the viral RNA. This acid-induced disassembly is thought to be required for the entry of the virus genome into the host cell. Previous work has highlighted a histidine-alpha-helix charge-dipole interaction at the twofold axes of symmetry between pentamers and has suggested that this interaction plays a role in acid-induced disassembly. The validity of this theory has now been tested by converting the implicated residue, His-142 of protein 1C, to Arg, Phe and Asp. The effects of such changes were studied by using a previously described vaccinia virus expression system, in which synthesis and processing of FMDV capsid proteins results in the self-assembly of capsids. In agreement with the histidine-alpha-helix charge-dipole theory, assembly in the arginine mutant was found to be greatly reduced, while capsids of the aspartic acid mutant were considerably more stable under acidic conditions than the wild-type. Aberrant but acid-stable complexes were obtained in the phenylalanine mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Ellard
- Pirbright Laboratory, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK1
| | - Jeff Drew
- Pirbright Laboratory, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK1
| | - Wendy E Blakemore
- Pirbright Laboratory, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK1
| | - David I Stuart
- New Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford Centre for Molecular Sciences, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK3
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK2
| | - Andrew M Q King
- Pirbright Laboratory, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK1
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47
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Yoneda T, Yoneda S, Takayama N, Kitazawa M, Umeyama H. A homology modeling method of an icosahedral viral capsid: inclusion of surrounding protein structures. J Mol Graph Model 1999; 17:114-9, 137-42. [PMID: 10680117 DOI: 10.1016/s1093-3263(99)00024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A methodological development is presented for homology modeling of an icosahedrally symmetric assembly of proteins. In the method, a main-chain structure of an asymmetric unit of a protein assembly is constructed and structure refinement is performed, taking the surrounding symmetry-related proteins into consideration with rotational symmetry boundary conditions. To test the procedure, three models of a poliovirus capsid were constructed with different modeling conditions based on the X-ray structure of a rhinovirus capsid. Model S and model N were constructed with and without considering surrounding proteins, respectively. Model N2 was obtained by refinement in rotational symmetry boundary conditions of the structure of model N. The three models were compared with the X-ray structure of a poliovirus capsid. Root mean square deviations and C alpha distances indicate that model S is the most accurate. Examination of the intermolecular short contacts indicates that model S and model N2 are superior to model N, because they do not make severe intermolecular short contacts. Symmetric intermolecular interactions are important for both the structural fragment search and energy minimization to predict better loop structures. The programs developed in this study are thus valuable in homology modeling of an icosahedral viral capsid.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yoneda
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan.
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48
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Schaefer M, van Vlijmen HW, Karplus M. Electrostatic contributions to molecular free energies in solution. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 1998; 51:1-57. [PMID: 9615168 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3233(08)60650-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Schaefer
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biophysique, Institut le Bel, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
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