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Böde K, Javornik U, Dlouhý O, Zsíros O, Biswas A, Domonkos I, Šket P, Karlický V, Ughy B, Lambrev PH, Špunda V, Plavec J, Garab G. Role of isotropic lipid phase in the fusion of photosystem II membranes. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2024:10.1007/s11120-024-01097-3. [PMID: 38662326 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-024-01097-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
It has been thoroughly documented, by using 31P-NMR spectroscopy, that plant thylakoid membranes (TMs), in addition to the bilayer (or lamellar, L) phase, contain at least two isotropic (I) lipid phases and an inverted hexagonal (HII) phase. However, our knowledge concerning the structural and functional roles of the non-bilayer phases is still rudimentary. The objective of the present study is to elucidate the origin of I phases which have been hypothesized to arise, in part, from the fusion of TMs (Garab et al. 2022 Progr Lipid Res 101,163). We take advantage of the selectivity of wheat germ lipase (WGL) in eliminating the I phases of TMs (Dlouhý et al. 2022 Cells 11: 2681), and the tendency of the so-called BBY particles, stacked photosystem II (PSII) enriched membrane pairs of 300-500 nm in diameter, to form large laterally fused sheets (Dunahay et al. 1984 BBA 764: 179). Our 31P-NMR spectroscopy data show that BBY membranes contain L and I phases. Similar to TMs, WGL selectively eliminated the I phases, which at the same time exerted no effect on the molecular organization and functional activity of PSII membranes. As revealed by sucrose-density centrifugation, magnetic linear dichroism spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, WGL disassembled the large laterally fused sheets. These data provide direct experimental evidence on the involvement of I phase(s) in the fusion of stacked PSII membrane pairs, and strongly suggest the role of non-bilayer lipids in the self-assembly of the TM system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Böde
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Uroš Javornik
- Slovenian NMR Center, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ondřej Dlouhý
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Ottó Zsíros
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Avratanu Biswas
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Domonkos
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Primož Šket
- Slovenian NMR Center, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Václav Karlický
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Bettina Ughy
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Petar H Lambrev
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Vladimír Špunda
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Janez Plavec
- Slovenian NMR Center, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- EN-FIST Center of Excellence, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Győző Garab
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary.
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
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2
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Kim E, Yokono M, Tsugane K, Ishii A, Noda C, Minagawa J. Formation of a Stable PSI-PSII Megacomplex in Rice That Conducts Energy Spillover. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:858-865. [PMID: 37130092 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In green plants, photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) bind to their respective light-harvesting complexes (LHCI and LHCII) to form the PSI-LHCI supercomplex and the PSII-LHCII supercomplex, respectively. These supercomplexes further form megacomplexes, like PSI-PSII and PSII-PSII in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and spinach to modulate their light-harvesting properties, but not in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Here, we fractionated and characterized the stable rice PSI-PSII megacomplex. The delayed fluorescence from PSI (lifetime ∼25 ns) indicated energy transfer capabilities between the two photosystems (energy spillover) in the rice PSI-PSII megacomplex. Fluorescence lifetime analysis revealed that the slow PSII to PSI energy transfer component was more dominant in the rice PSI-PSII supercomplexes than in Arabidopsis ones, suggesting that PSI and PSII in rice form a megacomplex not directly but through LHCII molecule(s), which was further confirmed by the negatively stained electron microscopy analysis. Our results suggest species diversity in the formation and stability of photosystem megacomplexes, and the stable PSI-PSII supercomplex in rice may reflect its structural adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunchul Kim
- Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
- Department of Basic Biology in the School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
| | - Makio Yokono
- Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
- Department of Basic Biology in the School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsugane
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
| | - Asako Ishii
- Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
| | - Chiyo Noda
- Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
| | - Jun Minagawa
- Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
- Department of Basic Biology in the School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
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3
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Ho J, Kwan W, Li V, Theg SM. Characterization of thylakoid division using chloroplast dividing mutants in Arabidopsis. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2023:10.1007/s11120-023-01002-4. [PMID: 36856939 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-023-01002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are double membrane bound organelles that are found in plants and algae. Their division requires a number of proteins to assemble into rings along the center of the organelle and to constrict in synchrony. Chloroplasts possess a third membrane system, the thylakoids, which house the majority of proteins responsible for the light-dependent reactions. The mechanism that allows chloroplasts to sort out and separate the intricate thylakoid membrane structures during organelle division remain unknown. By characterizing the sizes of thylakoids found in a number of different chloroplast division mutants in Arabidopsis, we show that thylakoids do not divide independently of the chloroplast division cycle. More specifically, we show that thylakoid division requires the formation of both the inner and the outer contractile rings of the chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Ho
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Warren Kwan
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Vivian Li
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Steven M Theg
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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4
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Devadasu E, Kanna SD, Neelam S, Yadav RM, Nama S, Akhtar P, Polgár TF, Ughy B, Garab G, Lambrev PH, Subramanyam R. Long- and short-term acclimation of the photosynthetic apparatus to salinity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The role of Stt7 protein kinase. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1051711. [PMID: 37089643 PMCID: PMC10113551 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1051711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress triggers an Stt7-mediated LHCII-phosphorylation signaling mechanism similar to light-induced state transitions. However, phosphorylated LHCII, after detaching from PSII, does not attach to PSI but self-aggregates instead. Salt is a major stress factor in the growth of algae and plants. Here, our study mainly focuses on the organization of the photosynthetic apparatus to the long-term responses of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to elevated NaCl concentrations. We analyzed the physiological effects of salt treatment at a cellular, membrane, and protein level by microscopy, protein profile analyses, transcripts, circular dichroism spectroscopy, chlorophyll fluorescence transients, and steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. We have ascertained that cells that were grown in high-salinity medium form palmelloids sphere-shaped colonies, where daughter cells with curtailed flagella are enclosed within the mother cell walls. Palmelloid formation depends on the presence of a cell wall, as it was not observed in a cell-wall-less mutant CC-503. Using the stt7 mutant cells, we show Stt7 kinase-dependent phosphorylation of light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) in both short- and long-term treatments of various NaCl concentrations-demonstrating NaCl-induced state transitions that are similar to light-induced state transitions. The grana thylakoids were less appressed (with higher repeat distances), and cells grown in 150 mM NaCl showed disordered structures that formed diffuse boundaries with the flanking stroma lamellae. PSII core proteins were more prone to damage than PSI. At high salt concentrations (100-150 mM), LHCII aggregates accumulated in the thylakoid membranes. Low-temperature and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that the stt7 mutant was more sensitive to salt stress, suggesting that LHCII phosphorylation has a role in the acclimation and protection of the photosynthetic apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsinraju Devadasu
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sai Divya Kanna
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Satyabala Neelam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ranay Mohan Yadav
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Srilatha Nama
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Parveen Akhtar
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás F. Polgár
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
- Theoretical Medicine Doctoral School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bettina Ughy
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Győző Garab
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Petar H. Lambrev
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Rajagopal Subramanyam
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
- *Correspondence: Rajagopal Subramanyam,
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5
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Ilíková I, Ilík P, Opatíková M, Arshad R, Nosek L, Karlický V, Kučerová Z, Roudnický P, Pospíšil P, Lazár D, Bartoš J, Kouřil R. Towards spruce-type photosystem II: consequences of the loss of light-harvesting proteins LHCB3 and LHCB6 in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2691-2715. [PMID: 34618099 PMCID: PMC8644234 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The largest stable photosystem II (PSII) supercomplex in land plants (C2S2M2) consists of a core complex dimer (C2), two strongly (S2) and two moderately (M2) bound light-harvesting protein (LHCB) trimers attached to C2 via monomeric antenna proteins LHCB4-6. Recently, we have shown that LHCB3 and LHCB6, presumably essential for land plants, are missing in Norway spruce (Picea abies), which results in a unique structure of its C2S2M2 supercomplex. Here, we performed structure-function characterization of PSII supercomplexes in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants lhcb3, lhcb6, and lhcb3 lhcb6 to examine the possibility of the formation of the "spruce-type" PSII supercomplex in angiosperms. Unlike in spruce, in Arabidopsis both LHCB3 and LHCB6 are necessary for stable binding of the M trimer to PSII core. The "spruce-type" PSII supercomplex was observed with low abundance only in the lhcb3 plants and its formation did not require the presence of LHCB4.3, the only LHCB4-type protein in spruce. Electron microscopy analysis of grana membranes revealed that the majority of PSII in lhcb6 and namely in lhcb3 lhcb6 mutants were arranged into C2S2 semi-crystalline arrays, some of which appeared to structurally restrict plastoquinone diffusion. Mutants without LHCB6 were characterized by fast induction of non-photochemical quenching and, on the contrary to the previous lhcb6 study, by only transient slowdown of electron transport between PSII and PSI. We hypothesize that these functional changes, associated with the arrangement of PSII into C2S2 arrays in thylakoids, may be important for the photoprotection of both PSI and PSII upon abrupt high-light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Ilíková
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of
the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, 783 71
Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Ilík
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and
Agricultural Research, Palacký University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Opatíková
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and
Agricultural Research, Palacký University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Rameez Arshad
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and
Agricultural Research, Palacký University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Electron Microscopy Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology
Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen,
The Netherlands
| | - Lukáš Nosek
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and
Agricultural Research, Palacký University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Karlický
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava,
710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of
Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Kučerová
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and
Agricultural Research, Palacký University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Roudnický
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625
00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Pospíšil
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and
Agricultural Research, Palacký University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dušan Lazár
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and
Agricultural Research, Palacký University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Bartoš
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of
the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, 783 71
Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Kouřil
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and
Agricultural Research, Palacký University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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6
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Kim E, Watanabe A, Duffy CDP, Ruban AV, Minagawa J. Multimeric and monomeric photosystem II supercomplexes represent structural adaptations to low- and high-light conditions. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14537-14545. [PMID: 32561642 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An intriguing molecular architecture called the "semi-crystalline photosystem II (PSII) array" has been observed in the thylakoid membranes in vascular plants. It is an array of PSII-light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) supercomplexes that only appears in low light, but its functional role has not been clarified. Here, we identified PSII-LHCII supercomplexes in their monomeric and multimeric forms in low light-acclimated spinach leaves and prepared them using sucrose-density gradient ultracentrifugation in the presence of amphipol A8-35. When the leaves were acclimated to high light, only the monomeric forms were present, suggesting that the multimeric forms represent a structural adaptation to low light and that disaggregation of the PSII-LHCII supercomplex represents an adaptation to high light. Single-particle EM revealed that the multimeric PSII-LHCII supercomplexes are composed of two ("megacomplex") or three ("arraycomplex") units of PSII-LHCII supercomplexes, which likely constitute a fraction of the semi-crystalline PSII array. Further characterization with fluorescence analysis revealed that multimeric forms have a higher light-harvesting capability but a lower thermal dissipation capability than the monomeric form. These findings suggest that the configurational conversion of PSII-LHCII supercomplexes may serve as a structural basis for acclimation of plants to environmental light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunchul Kim
- Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan; Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akimasa Watanabe
- Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Christopher D P Duffy
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander V Ruban
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jun Minagawa
- Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan.
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7
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Lattice Models for Protein Organization throughout Thylakoid Membrane Stacks. Biophys J 2020; 118:2680-2693. [PMID: 32413311 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins in photosynthetic membranes can organize into patterned arrays that span the membrane's lateral size. Attractions between proteins in different layers of a membrane stack can play a key role in this ordering, as was suggested by microscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy and demonstrated by computer simulations of a coarse-grained model. The architecture of thylakoid membranes, however, also provides opportunities for interlayer interactions that instead disfavor the high protein densities of ordered arrangements. Here, we explore the interplay between these opposing driving forces and, in particular, the phase transitions that emerge in the periodic geometry of stacked thylakoid membrane disks. We propose a lattice model that roughly accounts for proteins' attraction within a layer and across the stromal gap, steric repulsion across the lumenal gap, and regulation of protein density by exchange with the stroma lamellae. Mean-field analysis and computer simulation reveal rich phase behavior for this simple model, featuring a broken-symmetry striped phase that is disrupted at both high and low extremes of chemical potential. The resulting sensitivity of microscopic protein arrangement to the thylakoid's mesoscale vertical structure raises intriguing possibilities for regulation of photosynthetic function.
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8
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Onoa B, Fukuda S, Iwai M, Bustamante C, Niyogi KK. Atomic Force Microscopy Visualizes Mobility of Photosynthetic Proteins in Grana Thylakoid Membranes. Biophys J 2020; 118:1876-1886. [PMID: 32224302 PMCID: PMC7175462 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts contain photosynthetic protein complexes that convert light energy into chemical energy. Photosynthetic protein complexes are considered to undergo structural reorganization to maintain the efficiency of photochemical reactions. A detailed description of the mobility of photosynthetic complexes in real time is necessary to understand how macromolecular organization of the membrane is altered by environmental fluctuations. Here, we used high-speed atomic force microscopy to visualize and characterize the in situ mobility of individual protein complexes in grana thylakoid membranes isolated from Spinacia oleracea. Our observations reveal that these membranes can harbor complexes with at least two distinctive classes of mobility. A large fraction of grana membranes contained proteins with quasistatic mobility exhibiting molecular displacements smaller than 10 nm2. In the remaining fraction, the protein mobility is variable with molecular displacements of up to 100 nm2. This visualization at high spatiotemporal resolution enabled us to estimate an average diffusion coefficient of ∼1 nm2 s-1. Interestingly, both confined and Brownian diffusion models could describe the protein mobility of the second group of membranes. We also provide the first direct evidence, to our knowledge, of rotational diffusion of photosynthetic complexes. The rotational diffusion of photosynthetic complexes could be an adaptive response to the high protein density in the membrane to guarantee the efficiency of electron transfer reactions. This characterization of the mobility of individual photosynthetic complexes in grana membranes establishes a foundation that could be adapted to study the dynamics of the complexes inside intact and photosynthetically functional thylakoid membranes to be able to understand its structural responses to diverse environmental fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibiana Onoa
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California.
| | - Shingo Fukuda
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Masakazu Iwai
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California; Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Carlos Bustamante
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California; Jason L. Choy Laboratory of Single Molecule Biophysics, University of California, Berkeley, California; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California; Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California; Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Krishna K Niyogi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California; Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California.
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9
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Wietrzynski W, Schaffer M, Tegunov D, Albert S, Kanazawa A, Plitzko JM, Baumeister W, Engel BD. Charting the native architecture of Chlamydomonas thylakoid membranes with single-molecule precision. eLife 2020; 9:53740. [PMID: 32297859 PMCID: PMC7164959 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thylakoid membranes scaffold an assortment of large protein complexes that work together to harness the energy of light. It has been a longstanding challenge to visualize how the intricate thylakoid network organizes these protein complexes to finely tune the photosynthetic reactions. Previously, we used in situ cryo-electron tomography to reveal the native architecture of thylakoid membranes (Engel et al., 2015). Here, we leverage technical advances to resolve the individual protein complexes within these membranes. Combined with a new method to visualize membrane surface topology, we map the molecular landscapes of thylakoid membranes inside green algae cells. Our tomograms provide insights into the molecular forces that drive thylakoid stacking and reveal that photosystems I and II are strictly segregated at the borders between appressed and non-appressed membrane domains. This new approach to charting thylakoid topology lays the foundation for dissecting photosynthetic regulation at the level of single protein complexes within the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Wietrzynski
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Miroslava Schaffer
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dimitry Tegunov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sahradha Albert
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Atsuko Kanazawa
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Jürgen M Plitzko
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumeister
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Benjamin D Engel
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
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10
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Phosphorylation-guarded light-harvesting complex II contributes to broad-spectrum blast resistance in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:17572-17577. [PMID: 31405986 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1905123116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental conditions are key factors in the progression of plant disease epidemics. Light affects the outbreak of plant diseases, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we report that the light-harvesting complex II protein, LHCB5, from rice is subject to light-induced phosphorylation during infection by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae We demonstrate that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the LHCB5 promoter control the expression of LHCB5, which in turn correlates with the phosphorylation of LHCB5. LHCB5 phosphorylation enhances broad-spectrum resistance of rice to M. oryzae through the accumulation of reactive oxidative species (ROS) in the chloroplast. We also show that LHCB5 phosphorylation-induced resistance is inheritable. Our results uncover an immunity mechanism mediated by phosphorylation of light-harvesting complex II.
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11
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Johnson MP, Wientjes E. The relevance of dynamic thylakoid organisation to photosynthetic regulation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2019; 1861:148039. [PMID: 31228404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The higher plant chloroplast thylakoid membrane system performs the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. These provide the ATP and NADPH required for the fixation of CO2 into biomass by the Calvin-Benson cycle and a range of other metabolic reactions in the stroma. Land plants are frequently challenged by fluctuations in their environment, such as light, nutrient and water availability, which can create a mismatch between the amounts of ATP and NADPH produced and the amounts required by the downstream metabolism. Left unchecked, such imbalances can lead to the production of reactive oxygen species that damage the plant and harm productivity. Fortunately, plants have evolved a complex range of regulatory processes to avoid or minimize such deleterious effects by controlling the efficiency of light harvesting and electron transfer in the thylakoid membrane. Generally the regulation of the light reactions has been studied and conceptualised at the microscopic level of protein-protein and protein-ligand interactions, however in recent years dynamic changes in the thylakoid macrostructure itself have been recognised to play a significant role in regulating light harvesting and electron transfer. Here we review the evidence for the involvement of macrostructural changes in photosynthetic regulation and review the techniques that brought this evidence to light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom.
| | - Emilie Wientjes
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
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12
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Koochak H, Puthiyaveetil S, Mullendore DL, Li M, Kirchhoff H. The structural and functional domains of plant thylakoid membranes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:412-429. [PMID: 30312499 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the stacking of part of the photosynthetic thylakoid membrane generates two main subcompartments: the stacked grana core and unstacked stroma lamellae. However, a third distinct domain, the grana margin, has been postulated but its structural and functional identity remains elusive. Here, an optimized thylakoid fragmentation procedure combined with detailed ultrastructural, biochemical, and functional analyses reveals the distinct composition of grana margins. It is enriched with lipids, cytochrome b6 f complex, and ATPase while depleted in photosystems and light-harvesting complexes. A quantitative method is introduced that is based on Blue Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) and dot immunoblotting for quantifying various photosystem II (PSII) assembly forms in different thylakoid subcompartments. The results indicate that the grana margin functions as a degradation and disassembly zone for photodamaged PSII. In contrast, the stacked grana core region contains fully assembled and functional PSII holocomplexes. The stroma lamellae, finally, contain monomeric PSII as well as a significant fraction of dimeric holocomplexes that identify this membrane area as the PSII repair zone. This structural organization and the heterogeneous PSII distribution support the idea that the stacking of thylakoid membranes leads to a division of labor that establishes distinct membrane areas with specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haniyeh Koochak
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, PO Box 646340, Pullman, WA, 99164-6340, USA
| | - Sujith Puthiyaveetil
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, PO Box 646340, Pullman, WA, 99164-6340, USA
| | - Daniel L Mullendore
- Franceschi Microscopy and Imaging Center, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Meng Li
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, PO Box 646340, Pullman, WA, 99164-6340, USA
| | - Helmut Kirchhoff
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, PO Box 646340, Pullman, WA, 99164-6340, USA
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13
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Kouřil R, Nosek L, Semchonok D, Boekema EJ, Ilík P. Organization of Plant Photosystem II and Photosystem I Supercomplexes. Subcell Biochem 2018; 87:259-286. [PMID: 29464563 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7757-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
In nature, plants are continuously exposed to varying environmental conditions. They have developed a wide range of adaptive mechanisms, which ensure their survival and maintenance of stable photosynthetic performance. Photosynthesis is delicately regulated at the level of the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts and the regulatory mechanisms include a reversible formation of a large variety of specific protein-protein complexes, supercomplexes or even larger assemblies known as megacomplexes. Revealing their structures is crucial for better understanding of their function and relevance in photosynthesis. Here we focus our attention on the isolation and a structural characterization of various large protein supercomplexes and megacomplexes, which involve Photosystem II and Photosystem I, the key constituents of photosynthetic apparatus. The photosystems are often attached to other protein complexes in thylakoid membranes such as light harvesting complexes, cytochrome b 6 f complex, and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase. Structural models of individual supercomplexes and megacomplexes provide essential details of their architecture, which allow us to discuss their function as well as physiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Kouřil
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Lukáš Nosek
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dmitry Semchonok
- Electron Microscopy Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Egbert J Boekema
- Electron Microscopy Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Petr Ilík
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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14
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Santabarbara S, Tibiletti T, Remelli W, Caffarri S. Kinetics and heterogeneity of energy transfer from light harvesting complex II to photosystem I in the supercomplex isolated from Arabidopsis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:9210-9222. [PMID: 28319223 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp00554g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
State transitions are a phenomenon that maintains the excitation balance between photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI-LHCI) by controlling their relative absorption cross-sections. Under light conditions exciting PSII preferentially, a trimeric LHCII antenna moves from PSII to PSI-LHCI to form the PSI-LHCI-LHCII supercomplex. In this work, the excited state dynamics in the PSI-LHCI and PSI-LHCI-LHCII supercomplexes isolated from Arabidopsis have been investigated by picosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. The excited state decays were analysed using two approaches based on either (i) a sum of discrete exponentials or (ii) a continuous distribution of lifetimes. The results indicate that the energy transfer from LHCII to the bulk of the PSI antenna occurs with an average macroscopic transfer rate in the 35-65 ns-1 interval. Yet, the most satisfactory description of the data is obtained when considering a heterogeneous population containing two PSI-LHCI-LHCII supercomplexes characterised by a transfer time of ∼15 and ∼60 ns-1, likely due to the differences in the strength and orientation of LHCII harboured to PSI. Both these values are of the same order of magnitude of those estimated for the average energy transfer rates from the low energy spectral forms of LHCI to the bulk of the PSI antenna (15-40 ns-1), but they are slower than the transfer from the bulk antenna of PSI to the reaction centre (>150 ns-1), implying a relatively small kinetics bottleneck for the energy transfer from LHCII. Nevertheless, the kinetic limitation imposed by excited state diffusion has a negligible impact on the photochemical quantum efficiency of the supercomplex, which remains about 98% in the case of PSI-LHCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Santabarbara
- Photosynthesis Research Unit, Centro di Studio per la Biologia Cellulare e Molecolare delle Piante, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Tania Tibiletti
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS UMR7265 BVME, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, Marseille 13009, France
| | - William Remelli
- Photosynthesis Research Unit, Centro di Studio per la Biologia Cellulare e Molecolare delle Piante, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Stefano Caffarri
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS UMR7265 BVME, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, Marseille 13009, France
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15
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Connectivity among Photosystem II centers in phytoplankters: Patterns and responses. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2017; 1858:459-474. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Nematov S, Casazza AP, Remelli W, Khuvondikov V, Santabarbara S. Spectral dependence of irreversible light-induced fluorescence quenching: Chlorophyll forms with maximal emission at 700-702 and 705-710nm as spectroscopic markers of conformational changes in the core complex. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2017; 1858:529-543. [PMID: 28499881 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The spectral dependence of the irreversible non-photochemical fluorescence quenching associated with photoinhibition in vitro has been comparatively investigated in thylakoid membranes, PSII enriched particles and PSII core complexes isolated from spinach. The analysis of the fluorescence emission spectra of dark-adapted and quenched samples as a function of the detection temperature in the 280-80K interval, indicates that Chlorophyll spectral forms having maximal emission in the 700-702nm and 705-710nm ranges gain relative intensity in concomitance with the establishment of irreversible light-induced quenching, acting thereby as spectroscopic markers. The relative enhancement of the 700-702nm and 705-710nm forms emission could be due either to an increase of their stoichiometric abundance or to their intrinsically low fluorescence quantum yields. These two factors, that can also coexist, need to be promoted by light-induced alterations in chromophore-protein as well as chromophore-chromophore interactions. The bands centred at about 701 and 706nm are also observed in the PSII core complex, suggesting their, at least partial, localisation in proximity to the reaction centre, and the occurrence of light-induced conformational changes in the core subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherzod Nematov
- Tashkent State Technical University, University str. 2, 100095 Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Anna Paola Casazza
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Bassini 15a, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - William Remelli
- Centro Studi sulla Biologia Cellulare e Molecolare delle Piante, CNR, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Santabarbara
- Centro Studi sulla Biologia Cellulare e Molecolare delle Piante, CNR, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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17
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Nosek L, Semchonok D, Boekema EJ, Ilík P, Kouřil R. Structural variability of plant photosystem II megacomplexes in thylakoid membranes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:104-111. [PMID: 27598242 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant photosystem II (PSII) is organized into large supercomplexes with variable levels of membrane-bound light-harvesting proteins (LHCIIs). The largest stable form of the PSII supercomplex involves four LHCII trimers, which are specifically connected to the PSII core dimer via monomeric antenna proteins. The PSII supercomplexes can further interact in the thylakoid membrane, forming PSII megacomplexes. So far, only megacomplexes consisting of two PSII supercomplexes associated in parallel have been observed. Here we show that the forms of PSII megacomplexes can be much more variable. We performed single particle electron microscopy (EM) analysis of PSII megacomplexes isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana using clear-native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Extensive image analysis of a large data set revealed that besides the known PSII megacomplexes, there are distinct groups of megacomplexes with non-parallel association of supercomplexes. In some of them, we have found additional LHCII trimers, which appear to stabilize the non-parallel assemblies. We also performed EM analysis of the PSII supercomplexes on the level of whole grana membranes and successfully identified several types of megacomplexes, including those with non-parallel supercomplexes, which strongly supports their natural origin. Our data demonstrate a remarkable ability of plant PSII to form various larger assemblies, which may control photochemical usage of absorbed light energy in plants in a changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Nosek
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dmitry Semchonok
- Electron Microscopy Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Egbert J Boekema
- Electron Microscopy Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Petr Ilík
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Kouřil
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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18
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Barabash YM, Lyamets AK. A Method for Decomposition of the Basic Reaction of Biological Macromolecules into Exponential Components. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2016; 11:544. [PMID: 27928782 PMCID: PMC5143336 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-016-1758-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The structural and dynamical properties of biological macromolecules under non-equilibrium conditions determine the kinetics of their basic reaction to external stimuli. This kinetics is multiexponential in nature. This is due to the operation of various subsystems in the structure of macromolecules, as well as the effect of the basic reaction on the structure of macromolecules. The situation can be interpreted as a manifestation of the stationary states of macromolecules, which are represented by monoexponential components of the basic reaction (Monod-Wyman-Changeux model) Monod et al. (J Mol Cell Biol 12:88-118, 1965). The representation of multiexponential kinetics of the basic reaction in the form of a sum of exponential functions [Formula: see text] is a multidimensional optimization problem. To solve this problem, a gradient method of optimization with software determination of the amount of exponents and reasonable calculation time is developed. This method is used to analyze the kinetics of photoinduced electron transport in the reaction centers (RC) of purple bacteria and the fluorescence induction in the granum thylakoid membranes which share a common function of converting light energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu M Barabash
- Institute of Physics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 46, Nauky Ave, Kyiv, 03039, Ukraine.
| | - A K Lyamets
- Institute of Physics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 46, Nauky Ave, Kyiv, 03039, Ukraine
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19
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Live-cell visualization of excitation energy dynamics in chloroplast thylakoid structures. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29940. [PMID: 27416900 PMCID: PMC4945916 DOI: 10.1038/srep29940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The intricate molecular processes underlying photosynthesis have long been studied using various analytic approaches. However, the three-dimensional (3D) dynamics of such photosynthetic processes remain unexplored due to technological limitations related to investigating intraorganellar mechanisms in vivo. By developing a system for high-speed 3D laser scanning confocal microscopy combined with high-sensitivity multiple-channel detection, we visualized excitation energy dynamics in thylakoid structures within chloroplasts of live Physcomitrella patens cells. Two distinct thylakoid structures in the chloroplast, namely the grana and stroma lamellae, were visualized three-dimensionally in live cells. The simultaneous detection of the shorter (than ~670 nm) and longer (than ~680 nm) wavelength regions of chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence reveals different spatial characteristics-irregular and vertical structures, respectively. Spectroscopic analyses showed that the shorter and longer wavelength regions of Chl fluorescence are affected more by free light-harvesting antenna proteins and photosystem II supercomplexes, respectively. The high-speed 3D time-lapse imaging of the shorter and longer wavelength regions also reveals different structural dynamics-rapid and slow movements within 1.5 seconds, respectively. Such structural dynamics of the two wavelength regions of Chl fluorescence would indicate excitation energy dynamics between light-harvesting antenna proteins and photosystems, reflecting the energetically active nature of photosynthetic proteins in thylakoid membranes.
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20
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Fingerprinting the macro-organisation of pigment-protein complexes in plant thylakoid membranes in vivo by circular-dichroism spectroscopy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2016; 1857:1479-1489. [PMID: 27154055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.04.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Macro-organisation of the protein complexes in plant thylakoid membranes plays important roles in the regulation and fine-tuning of photosynthetic activity. These delicate structures might, however, undergo substantial changes during isolating the thylakoid membranes or during sample preparations, e.g., for electron microscopy. Circular-dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is a non-invasive technique which can thus be used on intact samples. Via excitonic and psi-type CD bands, respectively, it carries information on short-range excitonic pigment-pigment interactions and the macro-organisation (chiral macrodomains) of pigment-protein complexes (psi, polymer or salt-induced). In order to obtain more specific information on the origin of the major psi-type CD bands, at around (+)506, (-)674 and (+)690nm, we fingerprinted detached leaves and isolated thylakoid membranes of wild-type and mutant plants and also tested the effects of different environmental conditions in vivo. We show that (i) the chiral macrodomains disassemble upon mild detergent treatments, but not after crosslinking the protein complexes; (ii) in different wild-type leaves of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous angiosperms the CD features are quite robust, displaying very similar excitonic and psi-type bands, suggesting similar protein composition and (macro-) organisation of photosystem II (PSII) supercomplexes in the grana; (iii) the main positive psi-type bands depend on light-harvesting protein II contents of the membranes; (iv) the (+)506nm band appears only in the presence of PSII-LHCII supercomplexes and does not depend on the xanthophyll composition of the membranes. Hence, CD spectroscopy can be used to detect different macro-domains in the thylakoid membranes with different outer antenna compositions in vivo.
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21
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Roose JL, Frankel LK, Mummadisetti MP, Bricker TM. The extrinsic proteins of photosystem II: update. PLANTA 2016; 243:889-908. [PMID: 26759350 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2462-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent investigations have provided important new insights into the structures and functions of the extrinsic proteins of Photosystem II. This review is an update of the last major review on the extrinsic proteins of Photosystem II (Bricker et al., Biochemistry 31:4623-4628 2012). In this report, we will examine advances in our understanding of the structure and function of these components. These proteins include PsbO, which is uniformly present in all oxygenic organisms, the PsbU, PsbV, CyanoQ, and CyanoP proteins, found in the cyanobacteria, and the PsbP, PsbQ and PsbR proteins, found in the green plant lineage. These proteins serve to stabilize the Mn4CaO5 cluster and optimize oxygen evolution at physiological calcium and chloride concentrations. The mechanisms used to perform these functions, however, remain poorly understood. Recently, important new findings have significantly advanced our understanding of the structures, locations and functions of these important subunits. We will discuss the biochemical, structural and genetic studies that have been used to elucidate the roles played by these proteins within the photosystem and their locations within the photosynthetic complex. Additionally, we will examine open questions needing to be addressed to provide a coherent picture of the role of these components within the photosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnna L Roose
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Laurie K Frankel
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Manjula P Mummadisetti
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Terry M Bricker
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
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22
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Ruban AV, Johnson MP. Visualizing the dynamic structure of the plant photosynthetic membrane. NATURE PLANTS 2015; 1:15161. [PMID: 27251532 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2015.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast thylakoid membrane is the site for the initial steps of photosynthesis that convert solar energy into chemical energy, ultimately powering almost all life on earth. The heterogeneous distribution of protein complexes within the membrane gives rise to an intricate three-dimensional structure that is nonetheless extremely dynamic on a timescale of seconds to minutes. These dynamics form the basis for the regulation of photosynthesis, and therefore the adaptability of plants to different environments. High-resolution microscopy has in recent years begun to provide new insights into the structural dynamics underlying a number of regulatory processes such as membrane stacking, photosystem II repair, photoprotective energy dissipation, state transitions and alternative electron transfer. Here we provide an overview of the essentials of thylakoid membrane structure in plants, and consider how recent advances, using a range of microscopies, have substantially increased our knowledge of the thylakoid dynamic structure. We discuss both the successes and limitations of the currently available techniques and highlight newly emerging microscopic methods that promise to move the field beyond the current 'static' view of membrane organization based on frozen snapshots to a 'live' view of functional membranes imaged under native aqueous conditions at ambient temperature and responding dynamically to external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Ruban
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Matthew P Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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23
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Duffy CD, Ruban AV. Dissipative pathways in the photosystem-II antenna in plants. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 152:215-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Lee CK, Pao CW, Smit B. PSII-LHCII supercomplex organizations in photosynthetic membrane by coarse-grained simulation. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:3999-4008. [PMID: 25679518 DOI: 10.1021/jp511277c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Green plant photosystem II (PSII) and light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) in the stacked grana regions of thylakoid membranes can self-organize into various PSII-LHCII supercomplexes with crystalline or fluid-like supramolecular structures to adjust themselves with external stimuli such as high/low light and temperatures, rendering tunable solar light absorption spectrum and photosynthesis efficiencies. However, the mechanisms controlling the PSII-LHCII supercomplex organizations remain elusive. In this work, we constructed a coarse-grained (CG) model of the thylakoid membrane including lipid molecules and a PSII-LHCII supercomplex considering association/dissociation of moderately bound-LHCIIs. The CG interaction between CG beads were constructed based on electron microscope (EM) experimental results, and we were able to simulate the PSII-LHCII supramolecular organization of a 500 × 500 nm(2) thylakoid membrane, which is compatible with experiments. Our CGMD simulations can successfully reproduce order structures of PSII-LHCII supercomplexes under various protein packing fractions, free-LHCII:PSII ratios, and temperatures, thereby providing insights into mechanisms leading to PSII-LHCII supercomplex organizations in photosynthetic membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Kuang Lee
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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25
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Caffarri S, Tibiletti T, Jennings RC, Santabarbara S. A comparison between plant photosystem I and photosystem II architecture and functioning. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2015; 15:296-331. [PMID: 24678674 PMCID: PMC4030627 DOI: 10.2174/1389203715666140327102218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenic photosynthesis is indispensable both for the development and maintenance of life on earth by converting
light energy into chemical energy and by producing molecular oxygen and consuming carbon dioxide. This latter
process has been responsible for reducing the CO2 from its very high levels in the primitive atmosphere to the present low
levels and thus reducing global temperatures to levels conducive to the development of life. Photosystem I and photosystem
II are the two multi-protein complexes that contain the pigments necessary to harvest photons and use light energy to
catalyse the primary photosynthetic endergonic reactions producing high energy compounds. Both photosystems are
highly organised membrane supercomplexes composed of a core complex, containing the reaction centre where electron
transport is initiated, and of a peripheral antenna system, which is important for light harvesting and photosynthetic activity
regulation. If on the one hand both the chemical reactions catalysed by the two photosystems and their detailed structure
are different, on the other hand they share many similarities. In this review we discuss and compare various aspects of
the organisation, functioning and regulation of plant photosystems by comparing them for similarities and differences as
obtained by structural, biochemical and spectroscopic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stefano Santabarbara
- Laboratoire de Génétique et de Biophysique des Plantes (LGBP), Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13009, Marseille, France.
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Stoichev S, Krumova SB, Andreeva T, Busto JV, Todinova S, Balashev K, Busheva M, Goñi FM, Taneva SG. Low pH modulates the macroorganization and thermal stability of PSII supercomplexes in grana membranes. Biophys J 2015; 108:844-853. [PMID: 25692589 PMCID: PMC4336371 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protonation of the lumen-exposed residues of some photosynthetic complexes in the grana membranes occurs under conditions of high light intensity and triggers a major photoprotection mechanism known as energy dependent nonphotochemical quenching. We have studied the role of protonation in the structural reorganization and thermal stability of isolated grana membranes. The macroorganization of granal membrane fragments in protonated and partly deprotonated state has been mapped by means of atomic force microscopy. The protonation of the photosynthetic complexes has been found to induce large-scale structural remodeling of grana membranes-formation of extensive domains of the major light-harvesting complex of photosystem II and clustering of trimmed photosystem II supercomplexes, thinning of the membrane, and reduction of its size. These events are accompanied by pronounced thermal destabilization of the photosynthetic complexes, as evidenced by circular dichroism spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Our data reveal a detailed nanoscopic picture of the initial steps of nonphotochemical quenching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetozar Stoichev
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Sashka B Krumova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tonya Andreeva
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jon V Busto
- Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC, UPV-EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa, Spain
| | - Svetla Todinova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Konstantin Balashev
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski," Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mira Busheva
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Félix M Goñi
- Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC, UPV-EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa, Spain
| | - Stefka G Taneva
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria; Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC, UPV-EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa, Spain.
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27
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Onoa B, Schneider AR, Brooks MD, Grob P, Nogales E, Geissler PL, Niyogi KK, Bustamante C. Atomic force microscopy of photosystem II and its unit cell clustering quantitatively delineate the mesoscale variability in Arabidopsis thylakoids. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101470. [PMID: 25007326 PMCID: PMC4090009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoautotrophic organisms efficiently regulate absorption of light energy to sustain photochemistry while promoting photoprotection. Photoprotection is achieved in part by triggering a series of dissipative processes termed non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), which depend on the re-organization of photosystem (PS) II supercomplexes in thylakoid membranes. Using atomic force microscopy, we characterized the structural attributes of grana thylakoids from Arabidopsis thaliana to correlate differences in PSII organization with the role of SOQ1, a recently discovered thylakoid protein that prevents formation of a slowly reversible NPQ state. We developed a statistical image analysis suite to discriminate disordered from crystalline particles and classify crystalline arrays according to their unit cell properties. Through detailed analysis of the local organization of PSII supercomplexes in ordered and disordered phases, we found evidence that interactions among light-harvesting antenna complexes are weakened in the absence of SOQ1, inducing protein rearrangements that favor larger separations between PSII complexes in the majority (disordered) phase and reshaping the PSII crystallization landscape. The features we observe are distinct from known protein rearrangements associated with NPQ, providing further support for a role of SOQ1 in a novel NPQ pathway. The particle clustering and unit cell methodology developed here is generalizable to multiple types of microscopy and will enable unbiased analysis and comparison of large data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibiana Onoa
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Anna R. Schneider
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew D. Brooks
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Patricia Grob
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Eva Nogales
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Phillip L. Geissler
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Krishna K. Niyogi
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Carlos Bustamante
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California, Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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28
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Yamamoto Y, Kai S, Ohnishi A, Tsumura N, Ishikawa T, Hori H, Morita N, Ishikawa Y. Quality control of PSII: behavior of PSII in the highly crowded grana thylakoids under excessive light. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:1206-15. [PMID: 24610582 PMCID: PMC4080270 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The grana thylakoids of higher plant chloroplasts are crowded with PSII and the associated light-harvesting complexes (LHCIIs). They constitute supercomplexes, and often form semi-crystalline arrays in the grana. The crowded condition of the grana may be necessary for efficient trapping of excitation energy by LHCII under weak light, but it might hinder proper movement of LHCII necessary for reversible aggregation of LHCII in the energy-dependent quenching of Chl fluorescence under moderate high light. When the thylakoids are illuminated with extreme high light, the reaction center-binding D1 protein of PSII is photodamaged, and the damaged protein migrates to the grana margins for degradation and subsequent repair. In both moderate and extreme high-light conditions, fluidity of the thylakoid membrane is crucial. In this review, we first provide an overview of photoprotective processes, then discuss changes in membrane fluidity and mobility of the protein complexes in the grana under excessive light, which are closely associated with photoprotection of PSII. We hypothesize that reversible aggregation of LHCII, which is necessary to avoid light stress under moderate high light, and swift turnover of the photodamaged D1 protein under extreme high light are threatened by irreversible protein aggregation induced by reactive oxygen species in photochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasusi Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Suguru Kai
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Atsuki Ohnishi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Nodoka Tsumura
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Tomomi Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Haruka Hori
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Noriko Morita
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Yasuo Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
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Hind G, Wall JS, Várkonyi Z, Istokovics A, Lambrev PH, Garab G. Membrane crystals of plant light-harvesting complex II disassemble reversibly in light. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:1296-303. [PMID: 24793749 PMCID: PMC4184361 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Using the mass-measuring capability of scanning transmission electron microscopy, we demonstrate that membrane crystals of the main light-harvesting complex of plants possess the ability to undergo light-induced dark-reversible disassociations, independently of the photochemical apparatus. This is the first direct visualization of light-driven reversible reorganizations in an isolated photosynthetic antenna. These reorganizations, identified earlier by circular dichroism (CD), can be accounted for by a biological thermo-optic transition: structural changes are induced by fast heat transients and thermal instabilities near the dissipation, and self-association of the complexes in the lipid matrix. A comparable process in native membranes is indicated by earlier findings of essentially identical kinetics, and intensity and temperature dependences of the ΔCD in granal thylakoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Hind
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Joseph S Wall
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Zsuzsanna Várkonyi
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, PO Box 521, H-6701, Hungary
| | - Anita Istokovics
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, PO Box 521, H-6701, Hungary
| | - Petar H Lambrev
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, PO Box 521, H-6701, Hungary
| | - Győző Garab
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, PO Box 521, H-6701, Hungary
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30
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Krumova SB, Várkonyi Z, Lambrev PH, Kovács L, Todinova SJ, Busheva MC, Taneva SG, Garab G. Heat- and light-induced detachment of the light-harvesting antenna complexes of photosystem I in isolated stroma thylakoid membranes. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 137:4-12. [PMID: 24912404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The multisubunit pigment-protein complex of photosystem I (PSI) consists of a core and peripheral light-harvesting antenna (LHCI). PSI is thought to be a rather rigid system and very little is known about its structural and functional flexibility. Recent data, however, suggest LHCI detachment from the PSI supercomplex upon heat and light treatments. Furthermore, it was suggested that the splitting off of LHCI acts as a safety valve for PSI core upon photoinhibition (Alboresi et al., 2009). In this work we analyzed the heat- and light-induced reorganizations in isolated PSI vesicles (stroma membrane vesicles enriched in PSI). Using differential scanning calorimetry we revealed a stepwise disassembly of PSI supercomplex above 50°C. Circular dichroism, sucrose gradient centrifugation and 77K fluorescence experiments identified the sequence of events of PSI destabilization: 3min heating at 60°C or 40min white light illumination at 25°C resulted in pronounced Lhca1/4 detachment from the PSI supercomplex, which is then followed by the degradation of Lhca2/3. The similarity of the main structural effects due to heat and light treatments supports the notion that thermo-optic mechanism, structural changes induced by ultrafast local thermal transients, which has earlier been shown to be responsible for structural changes in the antenna system of photosystem II, can also regulate the assembly and functioning of PSI antenna.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Krumova
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zs Várkonyi
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - P H Lambrev
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - L Kovács
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - S J Todinova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bontchev Str., Bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - M C Busheva
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bontchev Str., Bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - S G Taneva
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bontchev Str., Bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - G Garab
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
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31
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How Protein Disorder Controls Non-Photochemical Fluorescence Quenching. ADVANCES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9032-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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32
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van Amerongen H, Croce R. Light harvesting in photosystem II. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2013; 116:251-63. [PMID: 23595278 PMCID: PMC3824292 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-013-9824-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Water oxidation in photosynthesis takes place in photosystem II (PSII). This photosystem is built around a reaction center (RC) where sunlight-induced charge separation occurs. This RC consists of various polypeptides that bind only a few chromophores or pigments, next to several other cofactors. It can handle far more photons than the ones absorbed by its own pigments and therefore, additional excitations are provided by the surrounding light-harvesting complexes or antennae. The RC is located in the PSII core that also contains the inner light-harvesting complexes CP43 and CP47, harboring 13 and 16 chlorophyll pigments, respectively. The core is surrounded by outer light-harvesting complexes (Lhcs), together forming the so-called supercomplexes, at least in plants. These PSII supercomplexes are complemented by some "extra" Lhcs, but their exact location in the thylakoid membrane is unknown. The whole system consists of many subunits and appears to be modular, i.e., both its composition and organization depend on environmental conditions, especially on the quality and intensity of the light. In this review, we will provide a short overview of the relation between the structure and organization of pigment-protein complexes in PSII, ranging from individual complexes to entire membranes and experimental and theoretical results on excitation energy transfer and charge separation. It will become clear that time-resolved fluorescence data can provide invaluable information about the organization and functioning of thylakoid membranes. At the end, an overview will be given of unanswered questions that should be addressed in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert van Amerongen
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, P. O. Box 8128, 6700 ET, Wageningen, The Netherlands,
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33
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Zaks J, Amarnath K, Sylak-Glassman EJ, Fleming GR. Models and measurements of energy-dependent quenching. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2013; 116:389-409. [PMID: 23793348 PMCID: PMC3824227 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-013-9857-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Energy-dependent quenching (qE) in photosystem II (PSII) is a pH-dependent response that enables plants to regulate light harvesting in response to rapid fluctuations in light intensity. In this review, we aim to provide a physical picture for understanding the interplay between the triggering of qE by a pH gradient across the thylakoid membrane and subsequent changes in PSII. We discuss how these changes alter the energy transfer network of chlorophyll in the grana membrane and allow it to switch between an unquenched and quenched state. Within this conceptual framework, we describe the biochemical and spectroscopic measurements and models that have been used to understand the mechanism of qE in plants with a focus on measurements of samples that perform qE in response to light. In addition, we address the outstanding questions and challenges in the field. One of the current challenges in gaining a full understanding of qE is the difficulty in simultaneously measuring both the photophysical mechanism of quenching and the physiological state of the thylakoid membrane. We suggest that new experimental and modeling efforts that can monitor the many processes that occur on multiple timescales and length scales will be important for elucidating the quantitative details of the mechanism of qE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Zaks
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Graduate Group in Applied Science and Technology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Kapil Amarnath
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Emily J. Sylak-Glassman
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Graham R. Fleming
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Graduate Group in Applied Science and Technology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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34
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Schneider A, Geissler P. Coexistence of fluid and crystalline phases of proteins in photosynthetic membranes. Biophys J 2013; 105:1161-70. [PMID: 24010659 PMCID: PMC3762348 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) and its associated light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) are highly concentrated in the stacked grana regions of photosynthetic thylakoid membranes. PSII-LHCII supercomplexes can be arranged in disordered packings, ordered arrays, or mixtures thereof. The physical driving forces underlying array formation are unknown, complicating attempts to determine a possible functional role for arrays in regulating light harvesting or energy conversion efficiency. Here, we introduce a coarse-grained model of protein interactions in coupled photosynthetic membranes, focusing on just two particle types that feature simple shapes and potential energies motivated by structural studies. Reporting on computer simulations of the model's equilibrium fluctuations, we demonstrate its success in reproducing diverse structural features observed in experiments, including extended PSII-LHCII arrays. Free energy calculations reveal that the appearance of arrays marks a phase transition from the disordered fluid state to a system-spanning crystal. The predicted region of fluid-crystal coexistence is broad, encompassing much of the physiologically relevant parameter regime; we propose experiments that could test this prediction. Our results suggest that grana membranes lie at or near phase coexistence, conferring significant structural and functional flexibility to this densely packed membrane protein system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R. Schneider
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Phillip L. Geissler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California and Chemical Sciences and Physical Biosciences Divisions, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California
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35
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Janik E, Szczepaniuk J, Maksymiec W. Organization and functionality of chlorophyll–protein complexes in thylakoid membranes isolated from Pb-treated Secale cereale. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2013; 125:98-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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de Marchin T, Ghysels B, Nicolay S, Franck F. Analysis of PSII antenna size heterogeneity of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii during state transitions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1837:121-30. [PMID: 23891659 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PSII antenna size heterogeneity has been intensively studied in the past. Based on DCMU fluorescence rise kinetics, multiple types of photosystems with different properties were described. However, due to the complexity of fluorescence signal analysis, multiple questions remain unanswered. The number of different types of PSII is still debated as well as their degree of connectivity. In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii we found that PSIIα possesses a high degree of connectivity and an antenna 2-3 times larger than PSIIβ, as described previously. We also found some connectivity for PSIIβ in contrast with the majority of previous studies. This is in agreement with biochemical studies which describe PSII mega-, super- and core-complexes in Chlamydomonas. In these studies, the smallest unit of PSII in vivo would be a dimer of two core complexes hence allowing connectivity. We discuss the possible relationships between PSIIα and PSIIβ and the PSII mega-, super- and core-complexes. We also showed that strain and medium dependent variations in the half-time of the fluorescence rise can be explained by variations in the proportions of PSIIα and PSIIβ. When analyzing the state transition process in vivo, we found that this process induces an inter-conversion of PSIIα and PSIIβ. During a transition from state 2 to state 1, DCMU fluorescence rise kinetics are satisfactorily fitted by considering two PSII populations with constant kinetic parameters. We discuss our findings about PSII heterogeneity during state transitions in relation with recent results on the remodeling of the pigment-protein PSII architecture during this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas de Marchin
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, B22, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège/Sart-Tilman, Belgium
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37
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Grouneva I, Gollan PJ, Kangasjärvi S, Suorsa M, Tikkanen M, Aro EM. Phylogenetic viewpoints on regulation of light harvesting and electron transport in eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms. PLANTA 2013; 237:399-412. [PMID: 22971817 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1744-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The comparative study of photosynthetic regulation in the thylakoid membrane of different phylogenetic groups can yield valuable insights into mechanisms, genetic requirements and redundancy of regulatory processes. This review offers a brief summary on the current understanding of light harvesting and photosynthetic electron transport regulation in different photosynthetic eukaryotes, with a special focus on the comparison between higher plants and unicellular algae of secondary endosymbiotic origin. The foundations of thylakoid structure, light harvesting, reversible protein phosphorylation and PSI-mediated cyclic electron transport are traced not only from green algae to vascular plants but also at the branching point between the "green" and the "red" lineage of photosynthetic organisms. This approach was particularly valuable in revealing processes that (1) are highly conserved between phylogenetic groups, (2) serve a common physiological role but nevertheless originate in divergent genetic backgrounds or (3) are missing in one phylogenetic branch despite their unequivocal importance in another, necessitating a search for alternative regulatory mechanisms and interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Grouneva
- Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, Turku, Finland.
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38
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Duffy CDP, Valkunas L, Ruban AV. Light-harvesting processes in the dynamic photosynthetic antenna. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:18752-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp51878g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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High-light vs. low-light: effect of light acclimation on photosystem II composition and organization in Arabidopsis thaliana. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2012; 1827:411-9. [PMID: 23274453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The structural response of photosystem II (PSII) and its light-harvesting proteins (LHCII) in Arabidopis thaliana after long-term acclimation to either high or low light intensity was characterized. Biochemical and structural analysis of isolated thylakoid membranes by electron microscopy indicates a distinctly different response at the level of PSII and LHCII upon plant acclimation. In high light acclimated plants, the C(2)S(2)M(2) supercomplex, which is the dominating form of PSII in Arabidopsis, is a major target of structural re-arrangement due to the down-regulation of Lhcb3 and Lhcb6 antenna proteins. The PSII ability to form semi-crystalline arrays in the grana membrane is strongly reduced compared to plants grown under optimal light conditions. This is due to the structural heterogeneity of PSII supercomplexes rather than to the action of PsbS protein as its level was unexpectedly reduced in high light acclimated plants. In low light acclimated plants, the architecture of the C(2)S(2)M(2) supercomplex and its ability to form semi-crystalline arrays remained unaffected but the density of PSII in grana membranes is reduced due to the synthesis of additional LHCII proteins. However, the C(2)S(2)M(2) supercomplexes in semi-crystalline arrays are more densely packed, which can be important for efficient energy transfer between PSII under light limiting conditions.
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40
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Tokutsu R, Kato N, Bui KH, Ishikawa T, Minagawa J. Revisiting the supramolecular organization of photosystem II in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:31574-81. [PMID: 22801422 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.331991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) is a multiprotein complex that splits water and initiates electron transfer in photosynthesis. The central part of PSII, the PSII core, is surrounded by light-harvesting complex II proteins (LHCIIs). In higher plants, two or three LHCII trimers are seen on each side of the PSII core whereas only one is seen in the corresponding positions in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, probably due to the absence of CP24, a minor monomeric LHCII. Here, we re-examined the supramolecular organization of the C. reinhardtii PSII-LHCII supercomplex by determining the effect of different solubilizing detergents. When we solubilized the thylakoid membranes with n-dodecyl-β-D-maltoside (β-DM) or n-dodecyl-α-D-maltoside (α-DM) and subjected them to gel filtration, we observed a clear difference in molecular mass. The α-DM-solubilized PSII-LHCII supercomplex bound twice more LHCII than the β-DM-solubilized supercomplex and retained higher oxygen-evolving activity. Single-particle image analysis from electron micrographs of the α-DM-solubilized and negatively stained supercomplex revealed that the PSII-LHCII supercomplex had a novel supramolecular organization, with three LHCII trimers attached to each side of the core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Tokutsu
- Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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Nevo R, Charuvi D, Tsabari O, Reich Z. Composition, architecture and dynamics of the photosynthetic apparatus in higher plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 70:157-76. [PMID: 22449050 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04876.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The process of oxygenic photosynthesis enabled and still sustains aerobic life on Earth. The most elaborate form of the apparatus that carries out the primary steps of this vital process is the one present in higher plants. Here, we review the overall composition and supramolecular organization of this apparatus, as well as the complex architecture of the lamellar system within which it is harbored. Along the way, we refer to the genetic, biochemical, spectroscopic and, in particular, microscopic studies that have been employed to elucidate the structure and working of this remarkable molecular energy conversion device. As an example of the highly dynamic nature of the apparatus, we discuss the molecular and structural events that enable it to maintain high photosynthetic yields under fluctuating light conditions. We conclude the review with a summary of the hypotheses made over the years about the driving forces that underlie the partition of the lamellar system of higher plants and certain green algae into appressed and non-appressed membrane domains and the segregation of the photosynthetic protein complexes within these domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinat Nevo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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42
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Zucchelli G, Santabarbara S, Jennings RC. The Qy Absorption Spectrum of the Light-Harvesting Complex II As Determined by Structure-Based Analysis of Chlorophyll Macrocycle Deformations. Biochemistry 2012; 51:2717-36. [DOI: 10.1021/bi201677q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Zucchelli
- CNR-Istituto di Biofisica, Sezione di Milano
and Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Giovanni Celoria 26, 20133
Milano Italy
| | - Stefano Santabarbara
- CNR-Istituto di Biofisica, Sezione di Milano
and Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Giovanni Celoria 26, 20133
Milano Italy
| | - Robert C. Jennings
- CNR-Istituto di Biofisica, Sezione di Milano
and Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Giovanni Celoria 26, 20133
Milano Italy
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Janik E, Maksymiec W, Grudziński W, Gruszecki WI. Strong light-induced reorganization of pigment-protein complexes of thylakoid membranes in rye (spectroscopic study). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:65-71. [PMID: 22074666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The supramolecular reorganization of LHCII complexes within the thylakoid membrane in Secale cereale leaves under low and high light condition was examined. Rye seedlings were germinated hydroponically in a climate chamber with a 16 h daylight photoperiod, photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 150 μmo lm(-2)s(-1) and 24/16°C day/night temperature. The influence of pre-illumination of the plants with high light intensity on the PSII antenna complexes was studied by comparison of the structure and function of the LHCII complexes and organization of thylakoid membranes isolated from 10-day-old plants illuminated with low (150 μmo lm(-2)s(-1)) or high (1200 μmo lm(-2)s(-1)) light intensity. Aggregated and trimeric with monomeric forms of LHCII complexes were separated from the whole thylakoid membranes using non-denaturing electrophoresis. Analyses of fluorescence emission spectra of these different LHCII forms showed that the monomer was the most effective aggregating antenna form. Moreover, photoprotection connected with LHCII aggregation was more effective upon LHCII monomers in comparison to trimer aggregation. Light stress induced specific organization of neighboring LHCII complexes, causing an increase in fluorescence yield of the long-wavelength bands (centered at 701 and 734 nm). The changes in the organization of the thylakoid membrane under light stress, observed by analysis of absorbance spectra obtained by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, also indicated light-induced LHCII aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Janik
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
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Goral TK, Johnson MP, Duffy CDP, Brain APR, Ruban AV, Mullineaux CW. Light-harvesting antenna composition controls the macrostructure and dynamics of thylakoid membranes in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 69:289-301. [PMID: 21919982 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We characterized a set of Arabidopsis mutants deficient in specific light-harvesting proteins, using freeze-fracture electron microscopy to probe the organization of complexes in the membrane and confocal fluorescence recovery after photobleaching to probe the dynamics of thylakoid membranes within intact chloroplasts. The same methods were used to characterize mutants lacking or over-expressing PsbS, a protein related to light-harvesting complexes that appears to play a role in regulation of photosynthetic light harvesting. We found that changes in the complement of light-harvesting complexes and PsbS have striking effects on the photosystem II macrostructure, and that these effects correlate with changes in the mobility of chlorophyll proteins within the thylakoid membrane. The mobility of chlorophyll proteins was found to correlate with the extent of photoprotective non-photochemical quenching, consistent with the idea that non-photochemical quenching involves extensive re-organization of complexes in the membrane. We suggest that a key feature of the physiological function of PsbS is to decrease the formation of ordered semi-crystalline arrays of photosystem II in the low-light state. Thus the presence of PsbS leads to an increase in the fluidity of the membrane, accelerating the re-organization of the photosystem II macrostructure that is necessary for induction of non-photochemical quenching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz K Goral
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E14NS, UK
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Sznee K, Dekker JP, Dame RT, van Roon H, Wuite GJL, Frese RN. Jumping mode atomic force microscopy on grana membranes from spinach. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:39164-71. [PMID: 21911498 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.284844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The thylakoid membrane system is a complex membrane system that organizes and reorganizes itself to provide plants optimal chemical energy from sunlight under different and varying environmental conditions. Grana membranes are part of this system and contain the light-driven water-splitting enzyme Photosystem II (PSII) and light-harvesting antenna complexes. Here, we present a direct visualization of PSII complexes within grana membranes from spinach. By means of jumping mode atomic force microscopy in liquid, minimal forces were applied between the scanning tip and membrane or protein, allowing complexes to be imaged with high detail. We observed four different packing arrangements of PSII complexes, which occur primarily as dimers: co-linear crystalline rows, nanometric domains of straight or skewed rows, and disordered domains. Upon storing surface-adhered membranes at low temperature prior to imaging, large-scale reorganizations of supercomplexes between PSII and light-harvesting complex II could be induced. The highest resolution images show the existence of membrane domains without obvious topography extending beyond supercomplexes. These observations illustrate the possibility for diffusion of proteins and smaller molecules within these densely packed membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Sznee
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Physics and Astronomy, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Shi LX, Hall M, Funk C, Schröder WP. Photosystem II, a growing complex: updates on newly discovered components and low molecular mass proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1817:13-25. [PMID: 21907181 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Photosystem II is a unique complex capable of absorbing light and splitting water. The complex has been thoroughly studied and to date there are more than 40 proteins identified, which bind to the complex either stably or transiently. Another special feature of this complex is the unusually high content of low molecular mass proteins that represent more than half of the proteins. In this review we summarize the recent findings on the low molecular mass proteins (<15kDa) and present an overview of the newly identified components as well. We have also performed co-expression analysis of the genes encoding PSII proteins to see if the low molecular mass proteins form a specific sub-group within the Photosystem II complex. Interestingly we found that the chloroplast-localized genes encoding PSII proteins display a different response to environmental and stress conditions compared to the nuclear localized genes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Photosystem II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Xin Shi
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Croce R, van Amerongen H. Light-harvesting and structural organization of Photosystem II: From individual complexes to thylakoid membrane. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2011; 104:142-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2011.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Supramolecular organization of photosystem II in green plants. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1817:2-12. [PMID: 21723248 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Green plant photosystem II (PSII) is involved in the light reactions of photosynthesis, which take place in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. PSII is organized into large supercomplexes with variable amounts of membrane-bound peripheral antenna complexes. These supercomplexes are dimeric and contain usually 2-4 copies of trimeric LHCII complexes and have a further tendency to associate into megacomplexes or into crystalline domains, of which several types have been characterized. This review focuses on the overall composition and structure of the PSII supercomplex of green plants and its organization and interactions within the photosynthetic membrane. Further, we present the current knowledge how the thylakoid membrane is three-dimensionally organized within the chloroplast. We also discuss how the supramolecular organization in the thylakoid membrane and the PSII flexibility may play roles in various short-term regulatory mechanisms of green plant photosynthesis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Photosystem II.
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50
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Ballottari M, Girardon J, Dall'osto L, Bassi R. Evolution and functional properties of photosystem II light harvesting complexes in eukaryotes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1817:143-57. [PMID: 21704018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photoautotrophic organisms, the major agent of inorganic carbon fixation into biomass, convert light energy into chemical energy. The first step of photosynthesis consists of the absorption of solar energy by pigments binding protein complexes named photosystems. Within photosystems, a family of proteins called Light Harvesting Complexes (LHC), responsible for light harvesting and energy transfer to reaction centers, has evolved along with eukaryotic organisms. Besides light absorption, these proteins catalyze photoprotective reactions which allowed functioning of oxygenic photosynthetic machinery in the increasingly oxidant environment. In this work we review current knowledge of LHC proteins serving Photosystem II. Balance between light harvesting and photoprotection is critical in Photosystem II, due to the lower quantum efficiency as compared to Photosystem I. In particular, we focus on the role of each antenna complex in light harvesting, energy transfer, scavenging of reactive oxygen species, chlorophyll triplet quenching and thermal dissipation of excess energy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Photosystem II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Ballottari
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Ca' Vignal 1, Strada le Grazie 15, I-37134 Verona, Italy
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