1
|
Torabi M, Nazaruk E, Bilewicz R. Alignment of lyotropic liquid crystals using magnetic nanoparticles improves ionic transport through built-in peptide ion channels. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 674:982-992. [PMID: 38964002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.06.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS We hypothesize that simultaneous incorporation of ion channel peptides (in this case, potassium channel as a model) and hydrophobic magnetite Fe3O4 nanoparticles (hFe3O4NPs) within lipidic hexagonal mesophases, and aligning them using an external magnetic field can significantly enhance ion transport through lipid membranes. EXPERIMENTS In this study, we successfully characterized the incorporation of gramicidin membrane ion channels and hFe3O4NPs in the lipidic hexagonal structure using SAXS and cryo-TEM methods. Additionally, we thoroughly investigated the conductive characteristics of freestanding films of lipidic hexagonal mesophases, both with and without gramicidin potassium channels, utilizing a range of electrochemical techniques, including impedance spectroscopy, normal pulse voltammetry, and chronoamperometry. FINDINGS Our research reveals a state-of-the-art breakthrough in enhancing ion transport in lyotropic liquid crystals as matrices for integral proteins and peptides. We demonstrate the remarkable efficacy of membranes composed of hexagonal lipid mesophases embedded with K+ transporting peptides. This enhancement is achieved through doping with hFe3O4NPs and exposure to a magnetic field. We investigate the intricate interplay between the conductive properties of the lipidic hexagonal structure, hFe3O4NPs, gramicidin incorporation, and the influence of Ca2+ on K+ channels. Furthermore, our study unveils a new direction in ion channel studies and biomimetic membrane investigations, presenting a versatile model for biomimetic membranes with unprecedented ion transport capabilities under an appropriately oriented magnetic field. These findings hold promise for advancing membrane technology and various biotechnological and biomedical applications of membrane proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Torabi
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Nazaruk
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Bilewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02093 Warsaw, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02089 Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pahan S, Dey S, George G, Mahapatra SP, Puneeth Kumar DRGKR, Gopi HN. Design of Chiral β-Double Helices from γ-Peptide Foldamers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316309. [PMID: 38009917 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Chirality is ubiquitous in nature, and homochirality is manifested in many biomolecules. Although β-double helices are rare in peptides and proteins, they consist of alternating L- and D-amino acids. No peptide double helices with homochiral amino acids have been observed. Here, we report chiral β-double helices constructed from γ-peptides consisting of alternating achiral (E)-α,β-unsaturated 4,4-dimethyl γ-amino acids and chiral (E)-α,β-unsaturated γ-amino acids in both single crystals and in solution. The two independent strands of the same peptide intertwine to form a β-double helix structure, and it is stabilized by inter-strand hydrogen bonds. The peptides with chiral (E)-α,β-unsaturated γ-amino acids derived from α-L-amino acids adopt a (P)-β-double helix, whereas peptides consisting of (E)-α,β-unsaturated γ-amino acids derived from α-D-amino acids adopt an (M)-β-double helix conformation. The circular dichroism (CD) signature of the (P) and (M)-β-double helices and the stability of these peptides at higher temperatures were examined. Furthermore, ion transport studies suggested that these peptides transport ions across membranes. Even though the structural analogy suggests that these new β-double helices are structurally different from those of the α-peptide β-double helices, they retain ion transport activity. The results reported here may open new avenues in the design of functional foldamers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Pahan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Sanjit Dey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Gijo George
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Souvik Panda Mahapatra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
| | - DRGKoppalu R Puneeth Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Hosahudya N Gopi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hirano M, Yokoo H, Ohoka N, Ito T, Misawa T, Oba M, Inoue T, Demizu Y. Rational Design of Amphipathic Antimicrobial Peptides with Alternating L-/D-Amino Acids That Form Helical Structures. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2024; 72:149-154. [PMID: 38296556 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c23-00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are promising therapeutic agents against bacteria. We have previously reported an amphipathic AMP Stripe composed of cationic L-Lys and hydrophobic L-Leu/L-Ala residues, and Stripe exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Gramicidin A (GA), composed of repeating sequences of L- and D-amino acids, has a unique β6.3-helix structure and exhibits broad antimicrobial activity. Inspired by the structural properties and antimicrobial activities of LD-alternating peptides such as GA, in this study, we designed Stripe derivatives with LD-alternating sequences. We found that simply alternating L- and D-amino acids in the Stripe sequence to give StripeLD caused a reduction in antimicrobial activity. In contrast, AltStripeLD, with cationic and hydrophobic amino acids rearranged to yield an amphipathic distribution when the peptide adopts a β6.3-helix, displayed higher antimicrobial activity than AltStripe. These results suggest that alternating L-/D-cationic and L-/D-hydrophobic amino acids in accordance with the helical structure of an AMP may be a useful way to improve antimicrobial activity and develop new AMP drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motoharu Hirano
- National Institute of Health Sciences
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University
| | - Hidetomo Yokoo
- National Institute of Health Sciences
- Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | | | - Takahito Ito
- National Institute of Health Sciences
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University
| | | | - Makoto Oba
- Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | | | - Yosuke Demizu
- National Institute of Health Sciences
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chachaj-Brekiesz A, Wnętrzak A, Kobierski J, Petelska AD, Dynarowicz-Latka P. Site of the Hydroxyl Group Determines the Surface Behavior of Bipolar Chain-Oxidized Cholesterol Derivatives─Langmuir Monolayer Studies Supplemented with Theoretical Calculations. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:2011-2021. [PMID: 36821098 PMCID: PMC10009745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c08629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol oxidation products (called oxysterols) are involved in many biological processes, showing both negative (e.g., neurodegenerative) and positive (e.g., antiviral and antimicrobial) effects. The physiological activity of oxysterols is undoubtedly closely related to their structure (i.e., the type and location of the additional polar group in the cholesterol skeleton). In this paper, we focus on determining how a seemingly minor structural change (introduction of a hydroxyl moiety at C(24), C(25), or C(27) in the isooctyl chain of cholesterol) affects the organization of the resulting molecules at the phase boundary. In our research, we supplemented the classic Langmuir monolayer technique, based on the surface pressure and electric surface potential isotherms, with microscopic (BAM) and spectroscopic (PM-IRRAS) techniques, as well as theoretical calculations (DFT and MD). This allowed us to show that 24-OH behaves more like cholesterol and forms stable, rigid monolayers. On the other hand, 27-OH, similar to 25-OH, undergoes the phase transition from monolayer to bilayer structures. Theoretical calculations enabled us to conclude that the formation of bilayers from 27-OH or 25-OH is possible due to the hydrogen bonding between adjacent oxysterol molecules. This observation may help to understand the factors responsible for the unique biological activity (including antiviral and antimicrobial) of 27-OH and 25-OH compared to other oxysterols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chachaj-Brekiesz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anita Wnętrzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jan Kobierski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Aneta D Petelska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-425 Bialystok, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fang ST, Huang SH, Yang CH, Liou JW, Mani H, Chen YC. Effects of Calcium Ions on the Antimicrobial Activity of Gramicidin A. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121799. [PMID: 36551225 PMCID: PMC9775247 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Gramicidin A (gA) is a linear antimicrobial peptide that can form a channel and specifically conduct monovalent cations such as H+ across the lipid membrane. The antimicrobial activity of gA is associated with the formation of hydroxyl free radicals and the imbalance of NADH metabolism, possibly a consequence caused by the conductance of cations. The ion conductivity of gramicidin A can be blocked by Ca2+ ions. However, the effect of Ca2+ ions on the antimicrobial activity of gA is unclear. To unveil the role of Ca2+ ions, we examined the effect of Ca2+ ions on the antimicrobial activity of gramicidin A against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Results showed that the antimicrobial mechanism of gA and antimicrobial activity by Ca2+ ions are concentration-dependent. At the low gA concentration (≤1 μM), the antimicrobial mechanism of gA is mainly associated with the hydroxyl free radical formation and NADH metabolic imbalance. Under this mode, Ca2+ ions can significantly inhibit the hydroxyl free radical formation and NADH metabolic imbalance. On the other hand, at high gA concentration (≥5 μM), gramicidin A acts more likely as a detergent. Gramicidin A not only causes an increase in hydroxyl free radical levels and NAD+/NADH ratios but also induces the destruction of the lipid membrane composition. At this condition, Ca2+ ions can no longer reduce the gA antimicrobial activity but rather enhance the bacterial killing ability of gramicidin A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Ting Fang
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hsiang Huang
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hao Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City 97004, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Wen Liou
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City 97004, Taiwan
| | - Hemalatha Mani
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City 97004, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cheng Chen
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xue YW, Itoh H, Dan S, Inoue M. Gramicidin A accumulates in mitochondria, reduces ATP levels, induces mitophagy, and inhibits cancer cell growth. Chem Sci 2022; 13:7482-7491. [PMID: 35872830 PMCID: PMC9241976 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02024f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we revealed the spatiotemporal behavior of gramicidin A in cancer cells. Gramicidin A depolarizes both the plasma and mitochondrial membranes, inhibits ATP synthesis, and induces mitophagy, thereby causing potent inhibition of cell growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Wei Xue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shingo Dan
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Masayuki Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Scratching the surface: native mass spectrometry of peripheral membrane protein complexes. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:547-558. [PMID: 32129823 PMCID: PMC7192793 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A growing number of integral membrane proteins have been shown to tune their activity by selectively interacting with specific lipids. The ability to regulate biological functions via lipid interactions extends to the diverse group of proteins that associate only peripherally with the lipid bilayer. However, the structural basis of these interactions remains challenging to study due to their transient and promiscuous nature. Recently, native mass spectrometry has come into focus as a new tool to investigate lipid interactions in membrane proteins. Here, we outline how the native MS strategies developed for integral membrane proteins can be applied to generate insights into the structure and function of peripheral membrane proteins. Specifically, native MS studies of proteins in complex with detergent-solubilized lipids, bound to lipid nanodiscs, and released from native-like lipid vesicles all shed new light on the role of lipid interactions. The unique ability of native MS to capture and interrogate protein–protein, protein–ligand, and protein–lipid interactions opens exciting new avenues for the study of peripheral membrane protein biology.
Collapse
|
8
|
Takada Y, Itoh H, Paudel A, Panthee S, Hamamoto H, Sekimizu K, Inoue M. Discovery of gramicidin A analogues with altered activities by multidimensional screening of a one-bead-one-compound library. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4935. [PMID: 33004797 PMCID: PMC7531004 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18711-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gramicidin A (1) is a peptide antibiotic that disrupts the transmembrane ion concentration gradient by forming an ion channel in a lipid bilayer. Although long used clinically, it is limited to topical application because of its strong hemolytic activity and mammalian cytotoxicity, likely arising from the common ion transport mechanism. Here we report an integrated high-throughput strategy for discovering analogues of 1 with altered biological activity profiles. The 4096 analogue structures are designed to maintain the charge-neutral, hydrophobic, and channel forming properties of 1. Synthesis of the analogues, tandem mass spectrometry sequencing, and 3 microscale screenings enable us to identify 10 representative analogues. Re-synthesis and detailed functional evaluations find that all 10 analogues share a similar ion channel function, but have different cytotoxic, hemolytic, and antibacterial activities. Our large-scale structure-activity relationship studies reveal the feasibility of developing analogues of 1 that selectively induce toxicity toward target organisms. The strong hemolytic activity and mammalian cytotoxicity of gramicidin A, a peptide antibiotic, has hindered its non-topical clinical application. Here, the authors report a high-throughput strategy for the discovery of gramicidin A analogues with altered biological activity profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Takada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Atmika Paudel
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, 359 Otsuka, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0395, Japan
| | - Suresh Panthee
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, 359 Otsuka, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamamoto
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, 359 Otsuka, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0395, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sekimizu
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, 359 Otsuka, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0395, Japan
| | - Masayuki Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The Effect of Calcium and Halide Ions on the Gramicidin A Molecular State and Antimicrobial Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176177. [PMID: 32867026 PMCID: PMC7503548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gramicidin A (gA) forms several convertible conformations in different environments. In this study, we investigated the effect of calcium halides on the molecular state and antimicrobial activity of gramicidin A. The molecular state of gramicidin A is highly affected by the concentration of calcium salt and the type of halide anion. Gramicidin A can exist in two states that can be characterized by circular dichroism (CD), mass, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and fluorescence spectroscopy. In State 1, the main molecular state of gramicidin A is as a dimer, and the addition of calcium salt can convert a mixture of four species into a single species, which is possibly a left-handed parallel double helix. In State 2, the addition of calcium halides drives gramicidin A dissociation and denaturation from a structured dimer into a rapid equilibrium of structured/unstructured monomer. We found that the abilities of dissociation and denaturation were highly dependent on the type of halide anion. The dissociation ability of calcium halides may play a vital role in the antimicrobial activity, as the structured monomeric form had the highest antimicrobial activity. Herein, our study demonstrated that the molecular state was correlated with the antimicrobial activity.
Collapse
|
10
|
Insights into the synergistic mechanism of target resistance: A case study of N. lugens RDL-GABA receptors and fipronil. Biophys Chem 2020; 265:106426. [PMID: 32683200 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2020.106426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is known that a single mutation exerts moderate resistance to pesticide, while double mutations (DM) cause severe resistance problem through synergistic effect, and even result in failure application of pesticides. However, little is known about how double mutations would synergistically cause much high resistance level. In this work, computational studies were performed on the interaction of fipronil with N. lugens RDL-GABA receptors, to see how single and double mutations changed receptor structure properties and then conferred distinct resistance levels. The A2'S mutation displayed relative weak influence on receptor structure properties. The R0'Q mutation, which has not been detected in the absence of A2'S, however could deeply alter the electrostatic potential around the inner pore region and significantly narrow the bottom region around -2'Pro. For the DM system, the synergistic effect of two mutations lead to similar pore diameters to the WT system, except for the slightly reduced middle part. Docking study and binding free energy calculation revealed that fipronil displayed binding potencies in the order of WT > A2'S > R0'Q > DM systems, coinciding well with the reported fipronil sensitivity trends and resistance levels.
Collapse
|
11
|
Mao J, Itoh H, Sakurai K, Inoue M. Phospholipid-Dependent Functions of a Macrocyclic Analogue of the Ion-Channel-Forming Antibiotic Gramicidin A. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2020; 68:173-178. [PMID: 32009085 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c19-00967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An ion-channel-forming natural peptide, gramicidin A (1), exhibits potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, although medical applications are limited to topical use due to its mammalian cytotoxicity. We recently reported that the artificial macrocyclic analogue 2 provides a promising starting point for developing new ion-channel-based systemic antibacterial agents because of its low mammalian cytotoxicity compared to that of the parent 1. To dissect the molecular factors involved in the species selectivity of 2, we evaluated the ion transport activities, phospholipid affinities, and conformational properties of 1 and 2 using various compositions of phospholipids. A combination of lipid dot blot assays and circular dichroism (CD) analysis with H+/Na+ exchange assays revealed that the higher H+/Na+ exchange activity of 2 than that of 1 in liposomes containing 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (POPC) or 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-rac-glycerol) (POPG) is attributable to its higher affinity towards the phospholipids than that of 1. Notably, we also discovered that 2 showed weaker H+/Na+ exchange activity in liposomes containing 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine (POPE). CD analysis of 2 in liposomes indicated that the weak H+/Na+ exchange activity is induced by disturbance of the ion-conducting β6.3-helical conformation in the POPE-containing lipid bilayer. These results suggest that the POPE-induced attenuation of the ion-conducting activity of 2 contributes to the alleviation of undesirable mammalian cytotoxicity of 2 compared to that of 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Mao
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Hiroaki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Kaori Sakurai
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Masayuki Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang YK, Huang SC, Chang CY, Huang WT, Liao MJ, Yip BS, Chou FP, Li TTH, Wu TK. Multiple Pleomorphic Tetramers of Thermostable Direct Hemolysin from Grimontia hollisae in Exerting Hemolysis and Membrane Binding. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9833. [PMID: 31285470 PMCID: PMC6614540 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46354-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligomerization of protein into specific quaternary structures plays important biological functions, including regulation of gene expression, enzymes activity, and cell-cell interactions. Here, we report the determination of two crystal structures of the Grimontia hollisae (formally described as Vibrio hollisae) thermostable direct hemolysin (Gh-TDH), a pore-forming toxin. The toxin crystalized in the same space group of P21212, but with two different crystal packing patterns, each revealing three consistent tetrameric oligomerization forms called Oligomer-I, -II, and -III. A central pore with comparable depth of ~50 Å but differing in shape and size was observed in all determined toxin tetrameric oligomers. A common motif of a toxin dimer was found in all determined structures, suggesting a plausible minimum functional unit within the tetrameric structure in cell membrane binding and possible hemolytic activity. Our results show that bacterial toxins may form a single or highly symmetric oligomerization state when exerting their biological functions. The dynamic nature of multiple symmetric oligomers formed upon release of the toxin may open a niche for bacteria survival in harsh living environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kuo Wang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, 30010, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Cih Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, 30010, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chin-Yuan Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, 30010, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wan-Ting Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, 30010, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Man-Jun Liao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, 30010, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Bak-Sau Yip
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu, 30059, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Feng-Pai Chou
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, 30010, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Thomas Tien-Hsiung Li
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Tung-Kung Wu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, 30010, Taiwan, Republic of China.
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Rd., Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kumar A, Ranbhor R, Patel K, Ramakrishnan V, Durani S. Automated protein design: Landmarks and operational principles. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 125:24-35. [PMID: 27979438 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein design has an eventful history spanning over three decades, with handful of success stories reported, and numerous failures not reported. Design practices have benefited tremendously from improvements in computer hardware and advances in scientific algorithms. Though protein folding problem still remains unsolved, the possibility of having multiple sequence solutions for a single fold makes protein design a more tractable problem than protein folding. One of the most significant advancement in this area is the implementation of automated design algorithms on pre-defined templates or completely new folds, optimized through deterministic and heuristic search algorithms. This progress report provides a succinct presentation of important landmarks in automated design attempts, followed by brief account of operational principles in automated design methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, ON, M5S3H6, Canada.
| | | | | | - Vibin Ramakrishnan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, India.
| | - Susheel Durani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, 400076, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Meikle TG, Conn CE, Separovic F, Drummond CJ. Exploring the structural relationship between encapsulated antimicrobial peptides and the bilayer membrane mimetic lipidic cubic phase: studies with gramicidin A′. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra13658c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid based bicontinuous cubic mesophases provide a low-cost, robust membrane mimetic nanomaterial which allows for the incorporation of membrane peptides and proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. Meikle
- School of Chemistry
- Bio21 Institute
- University of Melbourne
- Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship
| | - Charlotte E. Conn
- School of Science
- College of Science, Engineering and Health
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | | | - Calum J. Drummond
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship
- Clayton
- Australia
- School of Science
- College of Science, Engineering and Health
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rodríguez-Vázquez N, Fuertes A, Amorín M, Granja JR. Bioinspired Artificial Sodium and Potassium Ion Channels. Met Ions Life Sci 2016; 16:485-556. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-21756-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
16
|
The antimicrobial activity of gramicidin A is associated with hydroxyl radical formation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117065. [PMID: 25622083 PMCID: PMC4306519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gramicidin A is an antimicrobial peptide that destroys gram-positive bacteria. The bactericidal mechanism of antimicrobial peptides has been linked to membrane permeation and metabolism disruption as well as interruption of DNA and protein functions. However, the exact bacterial killing mechanism of gramicidin A is not clearly understood. In the present study, we examined the antimicrobial activity of gramicidin A on Staphylococcus aureus using biochemical and biophysical methods, including hydroxyl radical and NAD+/NADH cycling assays, atomic force microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Gramicidin A induced membrane permeabilization and changed the composition of the membrane. The morphology of Staphylococcus aureus during gramicidin A destruction was divided into four stages: pore formation, water permeability, bacterial flattening, and lysis. Changes in membrane composition included the destruction of membrane lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. Most interestingly, we demonstrated that gramicidin A not only caused membrane permeabilization but also induced the formation of hydroxyl radicals, which are a possible end product of the transient depletion of NADH from the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The latter may be the main cause of complete Staphylococcus aureus killing. This new finding may provide insight into the underlying bactericidal mechanism of gA.
Collapse
|
17
|
Yang NJ, Hinner MJ. Getting across the cell membrane: an overview for small molecules, peptides, and proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1266:29-53. [PMID: 25560066 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2272-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ability to efficiently access cytosolic proteins is desired in both biological research and medicine. However, targeting intracellular proteins is often challenging, because to reach the cytosol, exogenous molecules must first traverse the cell membrane. This review provides a broad overview of how certain molecules are thought to cross this barrier, and what kinds of approaches are being made to enhance the intracellular delivery of those that are impermeable. We first discuss rules that govern the passive permeability of small molecules across the lipid membrane, and mechanisms of membrane transport that have evolved in nature for certain metabolites, peptides, and proteins. Then, we introduce design strategies that have emerged in the development of small molecules and peptides with improved permeability. Finally, intracellular delivery systems that have been engineered for protein payloads are surveyed. Viewpoints from varying disciplines have been brought together to provide a cohesive overview of how the membrane barrier is being overcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Patrick JW, Gamez RC, Russell DH. Elucidation of Conformer Preferences for a Hydrophobic Antimicrobial Peptide by Vesicle Capture-Freeze-Drying: A Preparatory Method Coupled to Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 87:578-83. [DOI: 10.1021/ac503163g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John W. Patrick
- The Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Roberto C. Gamez
- The Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - David H. Russell
- The Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cranfield CG, Bettler T, Cornell B. Nanoscale ion sequestration to determine the polarity selectivity of ion conductance in carriers and channels. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 31:292-298. [PMID: 25474616 DOI: 10.1021/la504057z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The nanoscale spacing between a tethered lipid bilayer membrane (tBLM) and its supporting gold electrode can be utilized to determine the polarity selectivity of the conduction of ion channels and ion carriers embedded in a membrane. The technique relies upon a bias voltage sequestering or eliminating ions, of a particular polarity, into or out of the aqueous electrolyte region between the gold electrode and the tethered membrane. A demonstration is given, using ac swept frequency impedance spectrometry, of the bias polarity dependence of the ionophore conductance of gramicidin A, a cationic selective channel, and valinomycin, a potassium ion selective carrier. We further use pulsed amperometry to show that the intrinsic voltage dependence of the ion conduction is actually selective of the polarity of the transported ion and not simply of the direction of the ionic current flow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles G Cranfield
- School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology Sydney , PO Box 123, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mao J, Kuranaga T, Hamamoto H, Sekimizu K, Inoue M. Rational Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Lactam-Bridged Gramicidin A Analogues: Discovery of a Low-Hemolytic Antibacterial Peptide. ChemMedChem 2014; 10:540-5. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
21
|
Zheng N, Cheng J, Zhang W, Li W, Shao X, Xu Z, Xu X, Li Z. Binding difference of fipronil with GABAARs in fruitfly and zebrafish: insights from homology modeling, docking, and molecular dynamics simulation studies. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:10646-10653. [PMID: 25302733 DOI: 10.1021/jf503851z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fipronil, which targets GABAA receptors (GABAARs), is the first phenylpyrazole insecticide widely used in crop protection and public hygiene. However, its high toxicity on fishes greatly limited its applications. In the present study, a series of computational methods including homology modeling, docking, and molecular dynamics simulation studies were integrated to explore the binding difference of fipronil with GABAARs from fruitfly and zebrafish systems. It was found that, in the zebrafish system, the H-bond between 6'Thr and fipronil exerted key effects on the recognition of fipronil, which was absent in the fruitfly system. On the other hand, in the fruitfly system, strong electrostatic interaction between 2'Ala and fipronil was favorable to the binding of fipronil but detrimental to the binding in the zebrafish system. These findings marked the binding difference of fipronil with different GABAARs, which might be helpful in designing selective insecticides against pests instead of fishes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and ‡Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Qiao Y, Tu B, Lu B. Ionic size effects to molecular solvation energy and to ion current across a channel resulted from the nonuniform size-modified PNP equations. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:174102. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4872330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
|
23
|
Otis F, Auger M, Voyer N. Exploiting peptide nanostructures to construct functional artificial ion channels. Acc Chem Res 2013; 46:2934-43. [PMID: 23627544 DOI: 10.1021/ar400044k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Natural ion channel proteins possess remarkable properties that researchers could exploit to develop nanochemotherapeutics and diagnostic devices. Unfortunately, the poor stability, limited availability, and complexity of these structures have precluded their use in practical devices. One solution to these limitations is to develop simpler molecular systems through chemical synthesis that mimic the salient properties of artificial ion channels. Inspired by natural channel proteins, our group has developed a family of peptide nanostructures thatcreate channels for ions by aligning crown ethers on top of each other when they adopt an α-helical conformation. Advantages to this crown ether/peptide framework approach include the ease of synthesis, the predictability of their conformations, and the ability to fine-tune and engineer their properties. We have synthesized these structures using solid phase methods from artificial crown ether amino acids made from L-DOPA. Circular dichroism and FTIR spectroscopy studies in different media confirmed that the nanostructures adopt the predicted α-helical conformation. Fluorescence studies verified the crown ether stacking arrangement. We confirmed the channel activity by single-channel measurements using a modified patch-clamp technique, planar lipid bilayer (PLB) assays, and various vesicle experiments. From the results, we estimate that a 6 Å distance between two relays is ideal for sodium cation transport, but relatively efficient ion transport can still occur with an 11 Å distance between two crown ethers. Biophysical studies demonstrated that peptide channels operate as monomers in an equilibrium between adsorption at the surface and an active, transmembrane orientation. Toward practical applications of these systems, we have prepared channel analogs that bear a biotin moiety, and we have used them as nanotransducers successfully to detect avidin. Analogs of channel peptide nanostructures showed cytotoxicity against breast and leukemia cancer cells. Overall, we have prepared well-defined nanostructures with designed properties, demonstrated their transport abilities, and described their mechanism of action. We have also illustrated the advantages and the versatility of polypeptides for the construction of functional nanoscale artificial ion channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Otis
- Département de Chimie and PROTEO, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Pavillon Alexandre-Vachon, 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Michèle Auger
- Département de Chimie and PROTEO, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Pavillon Alexandre-Vachon, 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Normand Voyer
- Département de Chimie and PROTEO, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Pavillon Alexandre-Vachon, 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
de Bruyn Ouboter D, Schuster TB, Sigg SJ, Meier WP. Self-assembled peptide beads used as a template for ordered gold nanoparticle superstructures. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 112:542-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
25
|
|
26
|
|
27
|
Lichtenecker RJ, Ellinger B, Han HM, Jadhav KB, Baumann S, Makarewicz O, Grabenbauer M, Arndt HD. Iterative antimicrobial candidate selection from informed d-/l-Peptide dimer libraries. Chembiochem 2013; 14:2492-9. [PMID: 24151156 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Growing resistance to antibiotics, as well as newly emerging pathogens, stimulate the investigation of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as therapeutic agents. Here, we report a new library design concept based on a stochastic distribution of natural AMP amino acid sequences onto half-length synthetic peptides. For these compounds, a non-natural motif of alternating D- and L-backbone stereochemistry of the peptide chain predisposed for β-helix formation was explored. Synthetic D-/L-peptides with permuted half-length sequences were delineated from a full-length starter sequence and covalently recombined to create two-dimensional compound arrays for antibacterial screening. Using the natural AMP magainin as a seed sequence, we identified and iteratively optimized hit compounds showing high antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with low hemolytic activity. Cryo-electron microscopy characterized the membrane-associated mechanism of action of the new D-/L-peptide antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman J Lichtenecker
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund (Germany); Current address: Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 38, 1090 Wien (Austria)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Oliynyk V, Mille C, Ng JBS, von Ballmoos C, Corkery RW, Bergström L. Selective and ATP-driven transport of ions across supported membranes into nanoporous carriers using gramicidin A and ATP synthase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:2733-40. [PMID: 23321853 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp43166a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a robust and versatile membrane protein based system for selective uptake and release of ions from nanoporous particles sealed with ion-tight lipid bilayers of various compositions that is driven by the addition of ATP or a chemical potential gradient. We have successfully incorporated both a passive ion channel-type peptide (gramicidin A) and a more complex primary sodium ion transporter (ATP synthase) into the supported lipid bilayers on solid nanoporous silica particles. Protein-mediated controlled release/uptake of sodium ions across the ion-tight lipid bilayer seal from or into the nanoporous silica carrier was imaged in real time using a confocal laser scanning microscope and the intensity changes were quantified. ATP-driven transport of sodium ions across the supported lipid bilayer against a chemical gradient was demonstrated. The possibility of designing durable carriers with tight lipid membranes, containing membrane proteins for selective ion uptake and release, offers new possibilities for functional studies of single or cascading membrane protein systems and could also be used as biomimetic microreactors for controlled synthesis of inorganic multicomponent materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vitaliy Oliynyk
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Itoh H, Inoue M. Chemical construction and structural permutation of potent cytotoxin polytheonamide B: discovery of artificial peptides with distinct functions. Acc Chem Res 2013; 46:1567-78. [PMID: 23488446 DOI: 10.1021/ar300315p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polytheonamide B (1), isolated from the marine sponge Theonella swinhoei, is a posttranslationally modified ribosomal peptide (MW 5030 Da) that displays extraordinary cytotoxicity. Among its 48 amino acid residues, this peptide includes a variety D- and L-amino acids that do not occur in proteins, and the chiralities of these amino acids alternate in sequence. These structural features induce the formation of a stable β6.3-helix, giving rise to a tubular structure of over 4 nm in length. In the biological setting, this fold is believed to transport cations across the lipid bilayer through a pore, thereby acting as an ion channel. In this Account, we discuss the construction and structural permutations of this potent cytotoxin. First we describe the 161-step chemical construction of this unusual peptide 1. By developing a synthetic route to 1, we established the chemical basis for subsequent SAR studies to pinpoint the proteinogenic and nonproteinogenic building blocks within the molecule that confer its toxicity and channel function. Using fully synthetic 1, we generated seven analogues with point mutations, and studies of their activity revealed the importance of the N-terminal moiety. Next, we simplified the structure of 1 by substituting six amino acid residues of 1 to design a more synthetically accessible analogue 9. This dansylated polytheonamide mimic 9 was synthesized in 127 total steps, and we evaluated its function to show that it can emulate the toxic and ion channel activities of 1 despite its multiple structural modifications. Finally, we applied a highly automated synthetic route to 48-mer 9 to generate 13 substructures of 27-39-mers. The 37-mer 12 exhibited nanomolar level toxicity through a potentially distinct mode of action from 1 and 9. The SAR studies of polytheonamide B and the 21 artificial analogues have deepened our understanding of the precise structural requirements for the biological functions of 1. They have also led to the discovery of artificial molecules with various toxicities and channel functions. These achievements demonstrate the benefits of total synthesis and the importance of efficient construction of complex molecules. The knowledge accumulated through these studies will be useful for the rational design of new tailor-made channel peptides and cytotoxic molecules with desired functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masayuki Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Itoh H, Matsuoka S, Kreir M, Inoue M. Design, Synthesis and Functional Analysis of Dansylated Polytheonamide Mimic: An Artificial Peptide Ion Channel. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:14011-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja303831a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo,
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shigeru Matsuoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo,
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mohamed Kreir
- Nanion Technologies GmbH, Gabrielenstrasse 9, D-80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Masayuki Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo,
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Shinohara N, Itoh H, Matsuoka S, Inoue M. Selective modification of the N-terminal structure of polytheonamide B significantly changes its cytotoxicity and activity as an ion channel. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:1770-3. [PMID: 22489077 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chemical point mutation: Polytheonamide B is a naturally occurring polypeptide containing 48 amino acids. It both displays potent cytotoxicity and acts as a monovalent cation channel in vitro. Chemoselective methods to modify the 44th, N-, and C-terminal residues of the natural product have been developed, and evaluation of the resultant derivatives suggests that the intrinsic activities of the peptide can only be altered by switching its N-terminal substitution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Shinohara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Krishnamurthy V, Cornell B. Engineering aspects of biological ion channels--from biosensors to computational models for permeation. PROTOPLASMA 2012; 249 Suppl 1:S3-S9. [PMID: 22038117 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-011-0333-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents two important engineering aspects of biological ion channels-how to build sensors out of gramicidin channels and how to construct computational models for ion channel permeation. We describe our recent research in these areas, potential challenges and possible solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Krishnamurthy
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Rokitskaya TI, Sorochkina AI, Kovalchuk SI, Egorova NS, Kotova EA, Sychev SV, Antonenko YN. The pH-dependent induction of lipid membrane ionic permeability by N-terminally lysine-substituted analogs of gramicidin A. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2011; 41:129-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-011-0764-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
34
|
Mori T, Kokubo H, Oiki S, Okamoto Y. Dynamic structure of the polytheonamide B channel studied by normal mode analysis. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2011.561433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
35
|
Ramya L, Gautham N. Conformational space exploration of met- and Leu-enkephalin using the mols method, molecular dynamics, and Monte Carlo simulation-a comparative study. Biopolymers 2011; 97:165-76. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.21721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
36
|
Laredo T, Dutcher JR, Lipkowski J. Electric field driven changes of a gramicidin containing lipid bilayer supported on a Au(111) surface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:10072-10087. [PMID: 21707110 DOI: 10.1021/la201625c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Langmuir-Blodgett and Langmuir-Schaeffer methods were employed to deposit a mixed bilayer consisting of 90% of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) and 10% of gramicidin (GD), a short 15 residue ion channel forming peptide, onto a Au(111) electrode surface. This architecture allowed us to investigate the effect of the electrostatic potential applied to the electrode on the orientation and conformation of DMPC molecules in the bilayer containing the ion channel. The charge density data were determined from chronocoulometry experiments. The electric field and the potential across the membrane were determined through the use of charge density curves. The magnitudes of potentials across the gold-supported biomimetic membrane were comparable to the transmembrane potential acting on a natural membrane. The information regarding the orientation and conformation of DMPC and GD molecules in the bilayer was obtained from photon polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PMIRRAS) measurements. The results show that the bilayer is adsorbed, in direct contact with the metal surface, when the potential across the interface is more positive than -0.4 V and is lifted from the gold surface when the potential across the interface is more negative than -0.4 V. This change in the state of the bilayer has a significant impact on the orientation and conformation of the phospholipid and gramicidin molecules. The potential induced changes in the membrane containing peptide were compared to the changes in the structure of the pure DMPC bilayer determined in earlier studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thamara Laredo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Matsuoka S, Shinohara N, Takahashi T, Iida M, Inoue M. Functional Analysis of Synthetic Substructures of Polytheonamide B: A Transmembrane Channel-Forming Peptide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:4879-83. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201101533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
38
|
Matsuoka S, Shinohara N, Takahashi T, Iida M, Inoue M. Functional Analysis of Synthetic Substructures of Polytheonamide B: A Transmembrane Channel-Forming Peptide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201101533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
39
|
Schuster TB, Ouboter DDB, Palivan CG, Meier W. From fibers to micelles using point-mutated amphiphilic peptides. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:4578-4584. [PMID: 21413731 DOI: 10.1021/la200443p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Biocompatible, self-assembled nanostructures are attracting ever more attention, in particular in aqueous media for biomedical applications. Here, we present the successful, solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) and characterization of short amino acid sequences with amphiphilic character with the aim of gaining insight into their self-assembled, supramolecular structures. The peptide design includes three parts: (a) a charged lysine part, (b) an acetylated lysine part, and (c) a constant hydrophobic rodlike helix, based on gramicidin A (gA). By stepwise replacement of free lysine (K) with acetylated lysine (X) we generated a library of a total of 10 peptides, Ac-X(8)-gA and K(m)X(8-m)-gA (m ranging from 0 to 8). By using point mutations, we adjusted the degree of acetylation (DA) and thus the overall amphiphilicity of the peptides, which led to a change in the secondary structure in the aqueous environment from a β-sheet to an α-helix. This transition generated a significant change in the morphology of the self-assembled structures from fibers to micelles. Two different regions were observed for the conformation of the hydrophilic part of the peptide: one region, a β-sheet-like secondary structure, inducing fiber formation (high DA), the other an α-helical-like secondary structure, generating micelle formation (moderate and low DA). The micellar structures depended on the degree of acetylation, which influenced their critical micelle concentration (cmc). These morphology regions were determined by a combination of circular dichroism, dynamic light scattering, surface tension, and transmission electron microscopy, which allowed us to correlate the generated supramolecular architectures with the fine changes obtained by means of the point mutation strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Schuster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Inoue M, Matsuoka S. Convergent Total Synthesis of the Complex Non-Ribosomal Peptide Polytheonamide B. Isr J Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
41
|
Otis F, Racine-Berthiaume C, Voyer N. How Far Can a Sodium Ion Travel within a Lipid Bilayer? J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:6481-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja110336s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- François Otis
- Département de Chimie and PROTEO, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Pavillon Alexandre-Vachon, 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - Charles Racine-Berthiaume
- Département de Chimie and PROTEO, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Pavillon Alexandre-Vachon, 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - Normand Voyer
- Département de Chimie and PROTEO, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Pavillon Alexandre-Vachon, 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kumar A, Ramakrishnan V. Creating novel protein scripts beyond natural alphabets. SYSTEMS AND SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY 2011; 4:247-56. [PMID: 22132051 DOI: 10.1007/s11693-011-9068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Natural proteins are concatenated amino acids with definite handedness or chirality, with their spatial orientation being preferentially left handed or L-chiral. This paper discusses the biophysics of stereo-chemical perturbation to proteins using D-(α) amino acid and its utility as an additional design alphabet while scripting novel protein structures.
Collapse
|
43
|
Dzikovski BG, Borbat PP, Freed JH. Channel and nonchannel forms of spin-labeled gramicidin in membranes and their equilibria. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:176-85. [PMID: 21142163 PMCID: PMC3076037 DOI: 10.1021/jp108105k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Channel and nonchannel forms of gramicidin A (GA) were studied by ESR in various lipid environments using new mono- and double-spin-labeled compounds. For GA channels, we demonstrate here how pulse dipolar ESR can be used to determine the orientation of the membrane-traversing molecule relative to the membrane normal and to study subtle effects of lipid environment on the interspin distance in the spin-labeled gramicidin channel. To study nonchannel forms of gramicidin, pulse dipolar ESR was used first to determine interspin distances corresponding to monomers and double-helical dimers of spin-labeled GA molecules in the organic solvents trifluoroethanol and octanol. The same distances were then observed in membranes. Since detection of nonchannel forms in the membrane is complicated by aggregation, we suppressed any dipolar spectra from intermolecular interspin distances arising from the aggregates by using double-labeled GA in a mixture with excess unlabeled GA. In hydrophobic mismatching lipids (L(β) phase of DPPC), gramicidin channels dissociate into free monomers. The backbone structure of the monomeric form is similar to a monomeric unit of the channel dimer. In addition to channels and monomers, the double-helical conformation of gramicidin is present in some membrane environments. In the gel phase of saturated phosphatidylcholines, the fraction of double helices increases in the following order: DLPC < DMPC < DSPC < DPPC. The equilibrium DHD/monomer ratio in DPPC was determined. In membranes, the double-helical form is present only in aggregates. In addition, we studied the effect of N-terminal substitution in the GA molecule upon channel formation. This work demonstrates how pulsed dipolar ESR may be utilized to study complex equilibria of peptides in membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris G Dzikovski
- National Biomedical Center for Advanced ESR Technology, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Crystallizing transmembrane peptides in lipidic mesophases. Biophys J 2010; 99:L23-5. [PMID: 20682243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Structure determination of membrane proteins by crystallographic means has been facilitated by crystallization in lipidic mesophases. It has been suggested, however, that this so-called in meso method, as originally implemented, would not apply to small protein targets having </=4 transmembrane crossings. In our study, the hypothesis that the inherent flexibility of the mesophase would enable crystallogenesis of small proteins was tested using a transmembrane pentadecapeptide, linear gramicidin, which produced structure-grade crystals. This result suggests that the in meso method should be considered as a viable means for high-resolution structure determination of integral membrane peptides, many of which are predicted to be coded for in the human genome.
Collapse
|
45
|
Schramm P, Hofmann HJ. Double helix formation in α-peptides: a theoretical study. J Pept Sci 2010; 16:276-83. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
46
|
Briand E, Zäch M, Svedhem S, Kasemo B, Petronis S. Combined QCM-D and EIS study of supported lipid bilayer formation and interaction with pore-forming peptides. Analyst 2010; 135:343-50. [DOI: 10.1039/b918288h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
47
|
van Uitert I, Le Gac S, van den Berg A. The influence of different membrane components on the electrical stability of bilayer lipid membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2010; 1798:21-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
48
|
Mogi T, Kita K. Gramicidin S and polymyxins: the revival of cationic cyclic peptide antibiotics. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:3821-6. [PMID: 19701717 PMCID: PMC11115702 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0129-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Gramicidin S and polymyxins are small cationic cyclic peptides and act as potent antibiotics against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria by perturbing integrity of the bacterial membranes. Screening of a natural antibiotics library with bacterial membrane vesicles identified gramicidin S as an inhibitor of cytochrome bd quinol oxidase and an alternative NADH dehydrogenase (NDH-2) and polymyxin B as an inhibitor of NDH-2 and malate: quinone oxidoreductase. Our studies showed that cationic cyclic peptide antibiotics have novel molecular targets in the membrane and interfere ligand binding on the hydrophobic surface of enzymes. Improvement of the toxicity and optimization of the structures and clinical uses are urgently needed for their effective application in combating drug-resistant bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsushi Mogi
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kita
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wang S, Kirillova O, Chruszcz M, Gront D, Zimmerman MD, Cymborowski MT, Shumilin IA, Skarina T, Gorodichtchenskaia E, Savchenko A, Edwards AM, Minor W. The crystal structure of the AF2331 protein from Archaeoglobus fulgidus DSM 4304 forms an unusual interdigitated dimer with a new type of alpha + beta fold. Protein Sci 2009; 18:2410-9. [PMID: 19768810 PMCID: PMC2788295 DOI: 10.1002/pro.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The structure of AF2331, a 11-kDa orphan protein of unknown function from Archaeoglobus fulgidus, was solved by Se-Met MAD to 2.4 A resolution. The structure consists of an alpha + beta fold formed by an unusual homodimer, where the two core beta-sheets are interdigitated, containing strands alternating from both subunits. The decrease in solvent-accessible surface area upon dimerization is unusually large (3960 A(2)) for a protein of its size. The percentage of the total surface area buried in the interface (41.1%) is one of the largest observed in a nonredundant set of homodimers in the PDB and is above the mean for nearly all other types of homo-oligomers. AF2331 has no sequence homologs, and no structure similar to AF2331 could be found in the PDB using the CE, TM-align, DALI, or SSM packages. The protein has been identified in Pfam 23.0 as the archetype of a new superfamily and is topologically dissimilar to all other proteins with the "3-Layer (BBA) Sandwich" fold in CATH. Therefore, we propose that AF2331 forms a novel alpha + beta fold. AF2331 contains multiple negatively charged surface clusters and is located on the same operon as the basic protein AF2330. We hypothesize that AF2331 and AF2330 may form a charge-stabilized complex in vivo, though the role of the negatively charged surface clusters is not clear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuren Wang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of VirginiaCharlottesville, Virginia 22908
- Midwest Center for Structural Genomics, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada
| | - Olga Kirillova
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of VirginiaCharlottesville, Virginia 22908
- Midwest Center for Structural Genomics, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada
| | - Maksymilian Chruszcz
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of VirginiaCharlottesville, Virginia 22908
- Midwest Center for Structural Genomics, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada
| | - Dominik Gront
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of VirginiaCharlottesville, Virginia 22908
- Midwest Center for Structural Genomics, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada
| | - Matthew D Zimmerman
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of VirginiaCharlottesville, Virginia 22908
- Midwest Center for Structural Genomics, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada
| | - Marcin T Cymborowski
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of VirginiaCharlottesville, Virginia 22908
- Midwest Center for Structural Genomics, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada
| | - Igor A Shumilin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of VirginiaCharlottesville, Virginia 22908
- Midwest Center for Structural Genomics, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada
| | - Tatiana Skarina
- Midwest Center for Structural Genomics, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada
| | - Elena Gorodichtchenskaia
- Midwest Center for Structural Genomics, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada
| | - Alexei Savchenko
- Midwest Center for Structural Genomics, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada
| | - Aled M Edwards
- Midwest Center for Structural Genomics, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada
| | - Wladek Minor
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of VirginiaCharlottesville, Virginia 22908
- Midwest Center for Structural Genomics, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Mori T, Okamoto Y. Folding simulations of gramicidin A into the β-helix conformations: Simulated annealing molecular dynamics study. J Chem Phys 2009; 131:165103. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3247578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|