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Guevorkian AG. The effect of hypothalamic peptides, neurohormone C and proline-rich peptide-1on the Ca 2+-handling system in heartin pathophysiological conditions. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04360. [PMID: 32637717 PMCID: PMC7330072 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atthe Institute of Biochemistry named after H. Buniatyan we discovered and studied hypothalamic peptides with coronary dilatory and antioxidant activities:neurohormone C (NC) and proline-rich peptide-1 (PRP-1). Both NC and PRP-1 exhibit cardioprotective effects, in part by restoring the calcium affinity for calcium-binding membrane proteins in cardiomyocytes. This affinity is diminished in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondriawith myocardial damage, heart failure, pancreatic necrosis and crush syndrome caused by isoproterenol. The peptides can also destroy the four detected toxic peptides and myocardial depressant factor, and protect against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Further studies of these peptides may be promising for the treatment of patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease, regardless of pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artashes G. Guevorkian
- Department of Biochemistry, Yerevan State Medical University after MkhitarHeratsi, 2 Koryun St., Yerevan 0025, Armenia
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2
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The pancreas-specific form of secretory pathway calcium ATPase 2 regulates multiple pathways involved in calcium homeostasis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1867:118567. [PMID: 31676354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Acinar cell exocytosis requires spatiotemporal Ca2+ signals regulated through endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stores, Ca2+ATPases, and store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). The secretory pathway Ca2+ATPase 2 (SPCA2) interacts with Orai1, which is involved in SOCE and store independent Ca2+ entry (SICE). However, in the pancreas, only a C-terminally truncated form of SPCA2 (termed SPAC2C) exists. The goal of this study was to determine if SPCA2C effects Ca2+ homeostasis in a similar fashion to the full-length SPCA2. Using epitope-tagged SPCA2C (SPCA2CFLAG) expressed in HEK293A cells and Fura2 imaging, cytosolic [Ca2+] was examined during SICE, SOCE and secretagogue-stimulated signaling. Exogenous SPCA2C expression increased resting cytosolic [Ca2+], Ca2+ release in response to carbachol, ER Ca2+ stores, and store-mediated and independent Ca2+ influx. Co-IP detected Orai1-SPCA2C interaction, which was altered by co-expression of STIM1. Importantly, SPCA2C's effects on store-mediated Ca2+ entry were independent of Orai1. These findings indicate SPCA2C influences Ca2+ homeostasis through multiple mechanisms, some of which are independent of Orai1, suggesting novel and possibly cell-specific Ca2+ regulation.
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Fenech MA, Sullivan CM, Ferreira LT, Mehmood R, MacDonald WA, Stathopulos PB, Pin CL. Atp2c2 Is Transcribed From a Unique Transcriptional Start Site in Mouse Pancreatic Acinar Cells. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:2768-78. [PMID: 27017909 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Proper regulation of cytosolic Ca(2+) is critical for pancreatic acinar cell function. Disruptions in normal Ca(2+) concentrations affect numerous cellular functions and are associated with pancreatitis. Membrane pumps and channels regulate cytosolic Ca(2+) homeostasis by promoting rapid Ca(2+) movement. Determining how expression of Ca(2+) modulators is regulated and the cellular alterations that occur upon changes in expression can provide insight into initiating events of pancreatitis. The goal of this study was to delineate the gene structure and regulation of a novel pancreas-specific isoform for Secretory Pathway Ca(2+) ATPase 2 (termed SPCA2C), which is encoded from the Atp2c2 gene. Using Next Generation Sequencing of RNA (RNA-seq), chromatin immunoprecipitation for epigenetic modifications and promoter-reporter assays, a novel transcriptional start site was identified that promotes expression of a transcript containing the last four exons of the Atp2c2 gene (Atp2c2c). This region was enriched for epigenetic marks and pancreatic transcription factors that promote gene activation. Promoter activity for regions upstream of the ATG codon in Atp2c2's 24th exon was observed in vitro but not in in vivo. Translation from this ATG encodes a protein aligned with the carboxy terminal of SPCA2. Functional analysis in HEK 293A cells indicates a unique role for SPCA2C in increasing cytosolic Ca(2+) . RNA analysis indicates that the decreased Atp2c2c expression observed early in experimental pancreatitis reflects a global molecular response of acinar cells to reduce cytosolic Ca(2+) levels. Combined, these results suggest SPCA2C affects Ca(2+) homeostasis in pancreatic acinar cells in a unique fashion relative to other Ca(2+) ATPases. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 2768-2778, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Fenech
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caitlin M Sullivan
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lucimar T Ferreira
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rashid Mehmood
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - William A MacDonald
- Magee-Womens Research Institute and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter B Stathopulos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher L Pin
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Schick V, Scheiber JA, Mooren FC, Turi S, Ceyhan GO, Schnekenburger J, Sendler M, Schwaiger T, Omercevic A, Brandt CVD, Fluhr G, Domschke W, Krüger B, Mayerle J, Lerch MM. Effect of magnesium supplementation and depletion on the onset and course of acute experimental pancreatitis. Gut 2014; 63:1469-80. [PMID: 24277728 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-304274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE High calcium concentrations are an established risk factor for pancreatitis. We have investigated whether increasing magnesium concentrations affect pathological calcium signals and premature protease activation in pancreatic acini, and whether dietary or intraperitoneal magnesium administration affects the onset and course of experimental pancreatitis. METHODS Pancreatic acini were incubated with up to 10 mM magnesium; [Ca(2+)](i) (fura-2AM) and intracellular protease activation (fluorogenic substrates) were determined over 60 min. Wistar rats received chow either supplemented or depleted for magnesium (<300 ppm to 30 000 ppm) over two weeks before pancreatitis induction (intravenous caerulein 10 µg/kg/h/4 h); controls received 1 µg/kg/h caerulein or saline. C57BL6/J mice received four intraperitoneal doses of magnesium (NaCl, Mg(2+) 55 192 or 384 mg/kg bodyweight) over 72 h, then pancreatitis was induced by up to eight hourly supramaximal caerulein applications. Pancreatic enzyme activities, protease activation, morphological changes and the immune response were investigated. RESULTS Increasing extracellular Mg(2+) concentration significantly reduced [Ca(2+)](i) peaks and frequency of [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations as well as intracellular trypsin and elastase activity. Magnesium administration reduced pancreatic enzyme activities, oedema, tissue necrosis and inflammation and somewhat increased Foxp3-positiv T-cells during experimental pancreatitis. Protease activation was found in animals fed magnesium-deficient chow-even with low caerulein concentrations that normally cause no damage. CONCLUSIONS Magnesium supplementation significantly reduces premature protease activation and the severity of pancreatitis, and antagonises pathological [Ca(2+)](i) signals. Nutritional magnesium deficiency increases the susceptibility of the pancreas towards pathological stimuli. These data have prompted two clinical trials on the use of magnesium in patients at risk for pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Schick
- Department of Medicine B, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Jonas A Scheiber
- Department of Medicine A, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frank C Mooren
- Department of Medicine B, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany Department of Sports Medicine, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan Turi
- Department of Medicine B, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany Department of Medicine A, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Güralp O Ceyhan
- Department of Medicine B, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany Department of Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität, München, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Sendler
- Department of Medicine A, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Theresa Schwaiger
- Department of Medicine A, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Armin Omercevic
- Department of Medicine A, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Gabriele Fluhr
- Department of Medicine A, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wolfram Domschke
- Department of Medicine B, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Burkhard Krüger
- Division of Medical Biology, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Julia Mayerle
- Department of Medicine B, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany Department of Medicine A, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Markus M Lerch
- Department of Medicine B, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany Department of Medicine A, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Kim SO, Ives KL, Wang X, Davey RA, Chao C, Hellmich MR. Raf-1 kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) mediates ethanol-induced sensitization of secretagogue signaling in pancreatic acinar cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:33377-88. [PMID: 22859298 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.367656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol consumption is associated with most cases of chronic pancreatitis, a progressive necrotizing inflammatory disease that can result in pancreatic insufficiency due to acinar atrophy and fibrosis and an increased risk of pancreatic cancer. At a cellular level acute alcohol exposure can sensitize pancreatic acinar cells to secretagogue stimulation, resulting in dysregulation of intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis and premature digestive enzyme activation; however, the molecular mechanisms by which ethanol exerts these toxic effects have remained undefined. In this study we identify Raf-1 kinase inhibitory protein as an essential mediator of ethanol-induced sensitization of cholecystokinin- and carbachol-regulated Ca(2+) signaling in pancreatic acinar cells. We show that exposure of rodent acinar cells to ethanol induces protein kinase C-dependent Raf-1 kinase inhibitory protein phosphorylation, sensitization of cholecystokinin-stimulated Ca(2+) signaling, and potentiation of both basal and cholecystokinin-stimulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. Furthermore, we show that either suppression of Raf-1 kinase inhibitory protein expression using short hairpin RNA or gene ablation prevented the sensitizing effects of ethanol on cholecystokinin- and carbachol-stimulated Ca(2+) signaling and intracellular chymotrypsin activation in pancreatic acinar cells, suggesting that the modulation of Raf-1 inhibitory protein expression may have future therapeutic utility in the prevention or treatment of alcohol-associated pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ok Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0722, USA
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6
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Yu JH, Lim JW, Kim H. Altered gene expression in cerulein-stimulated pancreatic acinar cells: pathologic mechanism of acute pancreatitis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2009; 13:409-16. [PMID: 20054485 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2009.13.6.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is a multifactorial disease associated with the premature activation of digestive enzymes. The genes expressed in pancreatic acinar cells determine the severity of the disease. The present study determined the differentially expressed genes in pancreatic acinar cells treated with cerulein as an in vitro model of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatic acinar AR42J cells were stimulated with 10(-8) M cerulein for 4 h, and genes with altered expression were identified using a cDNA microarray for 4,000 rat genes and validated by real-time PCR. These genes showed a 2.5-fold or higher increase with cerulein: lithostatin, guanylate cyclase, myosin light chain kinase 2, cathepsin C, progestin-induced protein, and pancreatic trypsin 2. Stathin 1 and ribosomal protein S13 showed a 2.5-fold or higher decreases in expression. Real-time PCR analysis showed time-dependent alterations of these genes. Using commercially available antibodies specific for guanylate cyclase, myosin light chain kinase 2, and cathepsin C, a time-dependent increase in these proteins were observed by Western blotting. Thus, disturbances in proliferation, differentiation, cytoskeleton arrangement, enzyme activity, and secretion may be underlying mechanisms of acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
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7
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Arafa HMM, Hemeida RAM, Hassan MIA, Abdel-Wahab MH, Badary OA, Hamada FMA. Acetyl-L-carnitine ameliorates caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2009; 105:30-6. [PMID: 19371263 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we have addressed the possible protective role of acetyl-L-carnitine in caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in male Swiss albino rats. Acute pancreatitis paradigm was developed by challenging animals with a supramaximal dose of caerulein (20 microg/kg, SC) four times at hourly intervals. Caerulein induced acute pancreatitis that was well-characterized morphologically and biochemically. Severe oedema with marked increased relative pancreatic weight, marked atrophy of acini with increased interacinar spaces, vacuolization, and extensive leucocytic infiltration were diagnostic fingerprints of the pancreatitis phenotype. A biochemical test battery that confirmed the model comprised increased plasma amylase and lipase activities, calcium levels as well as increased pancreatic enzymatic myeloperoxidase and glutathione-S-transferase activities, beside increased pancreatic contents of nitric oxide and malondialdehyde and reduced pancreatic glutathione level. Prior administration of acetyl-L-carnitine (200 mg/kg, IP) for seven consecutive days ahead of caerulein challenge alleviated all the histological and biochemical manifestations of acute pancreatitis. These results suggest a possible protective role of the carnitine ester in such a murine acute pancreatitis model probably via regulation of the oxidant/antioxidant balance, beside modulation of the myeloperoxidase and nitric oxide systems, which are involved in the inflammatory cascade that most often associate the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam M M Arafa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
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8
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Hereditary pancreatitis amlodipine trial: a pilot study of a calcium-channel blocker in hereditary pancreatitis. Pancreas 2007; 35:308-12. [PMID: 18090235 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e318120023a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hereditary pancreatitis (HP) is a form of recurrent acute pancreatitis (AP) mediated by mutations in cationic trypsinogen (PRSS1). Mutations cluster in the calcium-associated regulator regions of PRSS1. In rats, calcium-channel blockers (CCB) prevent hyperstimulation-associated AP. Because of the potential importance of hyperstimulation in triggering episodes of AP in HP, we designed a pilot study to evaluate the safety and potential benefit of CCB use in HP. METHODS Subjects 6 years or older had a PRSS1 mutation, recurrent AP, and pain. Total study duration was 16 weeks. Amlodipine was given during weeks 0 to 11. Dose (2.5, 5, or 10 mg) was based on weight (range, 0.08-0.17 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)). Subjects filled a daily diary including pain (0-10 scale) and blood pressure reading. Clinical assessments occurred at weeks -4, 0, 1, 2, 6, 10, 11, and 12. Subjects filled a Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Survey version 2 (SF-10 for children <14 years old) at weeks -4, 0, 6, and 10. Data were compared for weeks -4 to 0 and 6 to 10. RESULTS Nine subjects signed informed consent (4 males; 12-52 years old). Four were excluded during the screening phase. Drug was discontinued in one due to development of unilateral lower-extremity numbness. Four subjects (12-31 years old) completed the study. Mean blood pressure, laboratory tests, physical findings, and daily pain scores did not clinically significantly differ before and during drug therapy, but all reported reduced symptoms. Three reduced analgesic use. Three had improved scores on the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Survey version 2. CONCLUSIONS Amlodipine is generally safe in subjects with HP and does not increase pain or episodes of AP. Further research into the mechanism of CCB on pancreatitis would be important to provide a pathophysiologic basis to support further trials in HP.
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Herbert MK, Holzer P. Standardized concept for the treatment of gastrointestinal dysmotility in critically ill patients--current status and future options. Clin Nutr 2007; 27:25-41. [PMID: 17933437 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of gastrointestinal motility is a major problem in critically ill patients. Motor stasis gives rise to subsequent complications including intolerance to enteral feeding, enhanced permeability of the atrophic intestinal mucosa and conditions as severe as systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis and multiple organ failure. Although the diagnosis of motility disturbances in critically ill patients is difficult, the type and site of the disturbance are important to consider in the analysis of the condition and in the choice of therapeutic approach. The pharmacological treatment of impaired gastrointestinal motility is difficult to handle for the clinician, because the underlying mechanisms are complex and not fully understood and the availability of pharmacological treatment options is limited. In addition, there is a lack of controlled studies on which to build an evidence-based treatment concept for critically ill patients. Notwithstanding this situation, there has been remarkable progress in the understanding of the integrated regulation of gastrointestinal motility in health and disease. These advances, which largely relate to the organization of the enteric nervous system and its signaling mechanisms, enable the intensivist to develop a standardized concept for the use of prokinetic agents in the treatment of impaired gastrointestinal motility in critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Herbert
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacher Str. 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany.
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10
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11
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Sans MD, DiMagno MJ, D'Alecy LG, Williams JA. Caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis inhibits protein synthesis through effects on eIF2B and eIF4F. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2003; 285:G517-28. [PMID: 12773302 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00540.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) has been shown in some studies to inhibit total protein synthesis in the pancreas, whereas in other studies, protein synthesis was not affected. Previous in vitro work has shown that high concentrations of cholecystokinin both inhibit protein synthesis and inhibit the activity of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)2B by increasing the phosphorylation of eIF2alpha. We therefore evaluated in C57BL/6 mice the effects of caerulein-induced AP on pancreatic protein synthesis, eIF2B activity and other protein translation regulatory mechanisms. Repetitive hourly injections of caerulein were administered at 50 microg/kg ip. Pancreatic protein synthesis was reduced 10 min after the initial caerulein administration and was further inhibited after three and five hourly injections. Caerulein inhibited the two major regulatory points of translation initiation: the activity of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor eIF2B (with an increase of eIF2alpha phosphorylation) and the formation of the eIF4F complex due, in part, to degradation of eIF4G. This inhibition was not accounted for by changes in the upstream stimulatory pathway, because caerulein activated Akt as well as phosphorylating the downstream effectors of mTOR, 4E-BP1, and ribosomal protein S6. Caerulein also decreased the phosphorylation of the eukaryotic elongation factor 2, implying that this translation factor was not inhibited in AP. Thus the inhibition of pancreatic protein synthesis in this model of AP most likely results from the inhibition of translation initiation as a result of increased eIF2alpha phosphorylation, reduction of eIF2B activity, and the inhibition of eIF4F complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dolors Sans
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0622, USA.
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12
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Mooren FC, Hlouschek V, Finkes T, Turi S, Weber IA, Singh J, Domschke W, Schnekenburger J, Krüger B, Lerch MM. Early changes in pancreatic acinar cell calcium signaling after pancreatic duct obstruction. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:9361-9. [PMID: 12522141 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m207454200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular Ca(2+)-changes not only participate in important signaling pathways but have also been implicated in a number of disease states including acute pancreatitis. To investigate the underlying mechanisms in an experimental model mimicking human gallstone-induced pancreatitis, we ligated the pancreatic duct of Sprague-Dawley rats and NMRI mice for up to 6 h and studied intrapancreatic changes including the dynamics of [Ca(2+)](i) in isolated acini. In contrast to bile duct ligation, pancreatic duct obstruction induced intra-pancreatic trypsinogen activation, leukocytosis, hyperamylasemia, and pancreatic edema and increased lung myeloperoxidase activity. Although resting [Ca(2+)](i) in isolated acini rose by 45% to 205 +/- 7 nmol, the acetylcholine- and cholecystokinin (CCK)-stimulated calcium peaks as well as the amylase secretion declined, but neither the [Ca(2+)](i)-signaling pattern nor the amylase output in response to the Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin nor the secretin-stimulated amylase release were impaired by pancreatic duct ligation. On the single cell level pancreatic duct ligation reduced the percentage of cells in which submaximal secretagogue stimulation was followed by a physiological response (i.e. Ca(2+) oscillations) and increased the percentage of cells with a pathological response (i.e. peak plateau or absent Ca(2+) signal). Moreover, it reduced the frequency and amplitude of Ca(2+) oscillation as well as the capacitative Ca(2+) influx in response to secretagogue stimulation. Serum pancreatic enzyme elevation as well as trypsinogen activation was significantly reduced by pretreatment of animals with the calcium chelator BAPTA-AM. These experiments suggest that pancreatic duct obstruction rapidly changes the physiological response of the exocrine pancreas to a Ca(2+)-signaling pattern that has been associated with premature digestive enzyme activation and the onset of pancreatitis, both of which can be prevented by administration of an intracellular calcium chelator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Ch Mooren
- Medizinische Klinik B and Institut für Sportmedizin, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48129 Münster, Germany
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13
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Clemons AP, Holstein DM, Galli A, Saunders C. Cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in the rat is significantly ameliorated by treatment with MEK1/2 inhibitors U0126 and PD98059. Pancreas 2002; 25:251-9. [PMID: 12370536 DOI: 10.1097/00006676-200210000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Both cerulein and cholecystokinin activate mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (ERK1/2) in vivo and in isolated pancreatic acini. AIMS AND METHODOLOGY ERK1/2 in pancreas homogenates was activated in rats rendered pancreatitic by subcutaneous injections of cerulein (5 microg/kg per hour). To determine if blocking ERK1/2 activity might rescue cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis, the "MAP kinase kinase" (also known as MEK1/2) inhibitors PD98059 and U0126 were administered in vivo. RESULTS In rats pretreated with PD98059 (10 mg/kg per i.v. injection) or U0126 (5 mg/kg per i.v. injection) 30 minutes before and then together with hourly cerulein injections for 3 hours, pancreatitis was significantly attenuated on the basis of pancreatic wet weight and histology. Serum amylase concentration was significantly reduced when PD98059 was administered intraperitoneally (10 mg/kg per intraperitoneal injection). PD98059 also ameliorated pancreatitis over a 6-hour cerulein time course. The phosphorylation of pancreatic ERK1/2 was attenuated in PD98059- and U0126-treated animals at both 30 minutes and 3 hours after cerulein injection. Rats rendered neutropenic with vinblastine and pretreated with U0126 still showed attenuated manifestations of cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis, a finding suggesting that pancreatic ERK1/2 is mostly responsible for the effect, rather than infiltrating neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of pancreatic ERK1/2 in vivo affords significant protection against inflammatory sequelae following cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette P Clemons
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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14
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Yang BM, Demaine AG, Kingsnorth A. Chemokines MCP-1 and RANTES in isolated rat pancreatic acinar cells treated with CCK and ethanol in vitro. Pancreas 2000; 21:22-31. [PMID: 10881929 DOI: 10.1097/00006676-200007000-00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The role of cholecystokinin (CCK) and ethanol on the expression and secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) chemokines from isolated rat pancreatic acinar cells was investigated. CCK at concentrations of 1 nM and 100 nM and ethanol at concentrations of 75, 200, 400, and 600 mM were used to stimulate isolated acini. The levels of MCP-1 and RANTES in the incubation medium were determined by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA). In the control groups, MCP-1 and RANTES were secreted into the incubation medium, and both increased with time. MCP-1 increased from baseline 17.6 pg/ml to 74.1 pg/ml, whereas RANTES increased from 255.5 to 318.3 pg/ml at 390 min. CCK at 100 nM caused a sustained increase in MCP-1 levels to 89.6 pg/ml at 390 min in the incubation medium, whereas the levels of RANTES gradually decreased after 180 min and reached its lowest level at 390 min. Ethanol at a concentration of 600 mM increased the levels of RANTES in the incubation medium, but inhibited the levels of MCP-1 at all concentrations (75, 200, 400, and 600 mM). In summary, rat pancreatic acinar cells secrete MCP-1 and RANTES, and the stimulation of these chemokines by CCK and ethanol suggests that they may be involved in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Yang
- Molecular Medicine Research Groups, Plymouth Postgraduate Medical School, University of Plymouth, England.
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Tiscornia OM, Hamamura S, Lehmann ES, Otero G, Waisman H, Tiscornia-Wasserman P, Bank S. Biliary acute pancreatitis:a review. World J Gastroenterol 2000; 6:157-168. [PMID: 11819551 PMCID: PMC4723479 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v6.i2.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2000] [Revised: 03/01/2000] [Accepted: 03/05/2000] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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16
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Flickinger BD, Olson MS. Localization of the platelet-activating factor receptor to rat pancreatic microvascular endothelial cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1999; 154:1353-8. [PMID: 10329588 PMCID: PMC1866601 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65389-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent lipid autocoid involved in numerous inflammatory processes. Although PAF plays a key role as a mediator of inflammation in acute pancreatitis, the site(s) of action of PAF in the pancreas remains unknown. One of the aims of this study was to identify cell types within the pancreas expressing the PAF receptor using immunohistochemical protocols. Additionally, pancreatic microvascular endothelial cells were isolated and examined for the PAF receptor using immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and intracellular calcium responses to PAF exposure. Immunohistochemical analysis of pancreatic slices using an antibody directed toward the N-terminus of the PAF receptor revealed specific localization to the vascular endothelium with no localization to other pancreatic cell types. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of RNA isolated from cultured pancreatic islet endothelial cells yielded the predicted amplicon for the PAF receptor. Cultured pancreatic islet endothelial cells responded to PAF as measured by a transient increase in intracellular calcium, which was ameliorated in the presence of a PAF receptor antagonist. The results demonstrate the localization of PAF receptors on the pancreatic vascular endothelium. The presence of PAF receptors on the pancreatic vascular endothelium provides a defined, highly localized target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Flickinger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Abstract
Gallstones are a common cause of acute pancreatitis. This article reviews acute biliary pancreatitis and includes natural history, noting the serious nature of some cases; pathogenesis, identifying transient obstruction as the primary pathogenetic event; diagnosis, including biochemical parameters and imaging; assessment of severity, underlining the importance of early prognostic signs, organ failure, and local complications; and management. Management is reviewed in detail, giving a historical perspective to the role of surgery, highlighting the role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic sphincterotomy and paying particular attention to the four prospective randomized clinical trials in suggesting which patients are most likely to benefit from early endoscopic evaluation and therapy. Also discussed are additional clinical situations related to biliary pancreatitis in which endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic sphincterotomy play a role. Finally, a suggested endoscopic approach to acute biliary pancreatitis is presented along with an algorithm incorporating severity stratification, principles of endoscopic intervention, and concepts of sterile and infected pancreatic necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Frakes
- University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford and Rockford Gastroenterology Associates, Ltd., 61107, USA
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Yuasa C, Irimura K, Oka T. Ethanol administration delays recovery from acute pancreatitis induced by exocrine hyperstimulation. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 1998; 39:221-8. [PMID: 9845301 DOI: 10.1016/s1056-8719(98)00026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption causes acute alcohol pancreatitis and worsens the prognosis; however, there is no useful model for elucidation of the mechanism underlying this worsening. The aim of our study was to establish a new prognostic model of acute alcohol pancreatitis in rats. To ascertain the effect of continuous infusion of ethanol on each phase, i.e., progression and recovery, in caerulein-induced pancreatic injury in rats, we infused a physiological or supramaximal dose of caerulein intravenously to conscious Wistar rats for up to 6 h (time: 0-6 h) with or without ethanol infusion for 9 h (time: 3-12 h). Ethanol did not induce the pancreatic injury alone or when combined with a physiological dose of caerulein. In the progression phase, ethanol infusion for 3 h (time: 6 h) did not aggravate the pancreatic injury induced by a supramaximal dose of caerulein in terms of plasma amylase and lipase activities but did increase the pancreatic calcium level. In the recovery phase, however, ethanol infusion for 9 h (time: 12 h) significantly restrained the recovery from pancreatic injury as monitored in terms of these activities. Further, ethanol infusion for 9 h significantly increased the cumulative urinary excretion of amylase from 12 to 27 h but did not do the same from 0 to 12 h. In the histological evaluation at 27 h, the induction of acinar cell vacuolization and dilation of the glandular lumina and ducts were significant in the caerulein plus ethanol-treated group. Our findings suggest that ethanol administration delays the recovery rather than worsens the progression in acute pancreatic injury induced by exocrine hyperstimulation, and we consider our experimental model to be a useful tool for studying the pathogenesis of worsening prognosis in acute alcohol pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yuasa
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, R&D Headquarters Tokushima Research Center, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., LTD., Japan
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Hernandez AF, Pomares J, Schiaffino S, Pla A, Villanueva E. Acute chemical pancreatitis associated with nonfatal strychnine poisoning. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY. CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 1998; 36:67-71. [PMID: 9541047 DOI: 10.3109/15563659809162589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CASE REPORT An 18-year-old female who accidentally ingested strychnine developed chemical pancreatitis in addition to the classical clinical picture of strychnine poisoning. Many drugs or chemicals have been reported to be associated with pancreatitis; however, this paper provides us with the first evidence that acute pancreatitis may follow strychnine poisoning. The patient survived despite the development of seizures, lactic acidosis, rhabdomyolysis, and pulmonary infiltrates. Toxicology testing confirmed the presence of strychnine in blood (2.17 mg/L), gastric aspirate, and urine. Attention is drawn to the fact that survival can follow the ingestion of large doses of strychnine providing there is no delay in diagnosis and treatment. The pathophysiologic mechanism of chemical pancreatitis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Hernandez
- University Hospital, University of Granada School of Medicine, Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Mooren
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik B, Westfälische Wilhelm-Universität, Münster, Germany
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Raraty MG, Pope IM, Finch M, Neoptolemos JP. Choledocholithiasis and gallstone pancreatitis. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY 1997; 11:663-80. [PMID: 9512804 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3528(97)90015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gallstones are commonly found within the main bile duct (MBD) of patients undergoing cholecystectomy. Retained MBD stones are a common cause of obstructive symptoms and complications. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and sphincterotomy (ES) is the recommended modality for both the detection of such stones and their extraction. Recent trials of ERCP in conjunction with laparoscopic cholecystectomy suggest that it should be reserved for use post-operatively. Gallstones within the MBD are the most common single cause of acute pancreatitis. Initial treatment is supportive, although new agents designed to suppress the systemic inflammatory response are under development and have proved beneficial in clinical trials. Severe cases should be treated with systemic antibiotics and early removal of the obstructing stones by ERCP and ES. Prophylactic cholecystectomy is recommended to prevent further attacks of gallstone pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Raraty
- Department of Surgery, University of Liverpool, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, UK
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