1
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Zhao C, Xu Z, Wang X, Tao S, MacDonald WA, He K, Poholek AC, Chen K, Huang H, Chen W. Innovative super-resolution in spatial transcriptomics: a transformer model exploiting histology images and spatial gene expression. Brief Bioinform 2024; 25:bbae052. [PMID: 38436557 PMCID: PMC10939304 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbae052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Spatial transcriptomics technologies have shed light on the complexities of tissue structures by accurately mapping spatial microenvironments. Nonetheless, a myriad of methods, especially those utilized in platforms like Visium, often relinquish spatial details owing to intrinsic resolution limitations. In response, we introduce TransformerST, an innovative, unsupervised model anchored in the Transformer architecture, which operates independently of references, thereby ensuring cost-efficiency by circumventing the need for single-cell RNA sequencing. TransformerST not only elevates Visium data from a multicellular level to a single-cell granularity but also showcases adaptability across diverse spatial transcriptomics platforms. By employing a vision transformer-based encoder, it discerns latent image-gene expression co-representations and is further enhanced by spatial correlations, derived from an adaptive graph Transformer module. The sophisticated cross-scale graph network, utilized in super-resolution, significantly boosts the model's accuracy, unveiling complex structure-functional relationships within histology images. Empirical evaluations validate its adeptness in revealing tissue subtleties at the single-cell scale. Crucially, TransformerST adeptly navigates through image-gene co-representation, maximizing the synergistic utility of gene expression and histology images, thereby emerging as a pioneering tool in spatial transcriptomics. It not only enhances resolution to a single-cell level but also introduces a novel approach that optimally utilizes histology images alongside gene expression, providing a refined lens for investigating spatial transcriptomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyue Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15224, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhongli Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15224, Pennsylvania, USA
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Xinjun Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, 10065, New York, USA
| | - Shiyue Tao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15224, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15261, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - William A MacDonald
- Health Sciences Sequencing Core at UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Department of Pediatrics , University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15224, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kun He
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15224, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amanda C Poholek
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15224, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology , University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15224, Pennsylvania, USA
- Health Sciences Sequencing Core at UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Department of Pediatrics , University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15224, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kong Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15213, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Heng Huang
- Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, 20742, Maryland, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15224, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15261, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Buck SA, Rubin SA, Kunkhyen T, Treiber CD, Xue X, Fenno LE, Mabry SJ, Sundar VR, Yang Z, Shah D, Ketchesin KD, Becker-Krail DD, Vasylieva I, Smith MC, Weisel FJ, Wang W, Erickson-Oberg MQ, O’Leary EI, Aravind E, Ramakrishnan C, Kim YS, Wu Y, Quick M, Coleman JA, MacDonald WA, Elbakri R, De Miranda BR, Palladino MJ, McCabe BD, Fish KN, Seney ML, Rayport S, Mingote S, Deisseroth K, Hnasko TS, Awatramani R, Watson AM, Waddell S, Cheetham CEJ, Logan RW, Freyberg Z. Sexually dimorphic mechanisms of VGLUT-mediated protection from dopaminergic neurodegeneration. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.02.560584. [PMID: 37873436 PMCID: PMC10592912 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.02.560584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) targets some dopamine (DA) neurons more than others. Sex differences offer insights, with females more protected from DA neurodegeneration. The mammalian vesicular glutamate transporter VGLUT2 and Drosophila ortholog dVGLUT have been implicated as modulators of DA neuron resilience. However, the mechanisms by which VGLUT2/dVGLUT protects DA neurons remain unknown. We discovered DA neuron dVGLUT knockdown increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in a sexually dimorphic manner in response to depolarization or paraquat-induced stress, males being especially affected. DA neuron dVGLUT also reduced ATP biosynthetic burden during depolarization. RNA sequencing of VGLUT+ DA neurons in mice and flies identified candidate genes that we functionally screened to further dissect VGLUT-mediated DA neuron resilience across PD models. We discovered transcription factors modulating dVGLUT-dependent DA neuroprotection and identified dj-1β as a regulator of sex-specific DA neuron dVGLUT expression. Overall, VGLUT protects DA neurons from PD-associated degeneration by maintaining mitochondrial health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas A. Buck
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sophie A. Rubin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Tenzin Kunkhyen
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Christoph D. Treiber
- Centre for Neural Circuits & Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Xiangning Xue
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Lief E. Fenno
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Samuel J. Mabry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Varun R. Sundar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Zilu Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Divia Shah
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kyle D. Ketchesin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Darius D. Becker-Krail
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Iaroslavna Vasylieva
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Megan C. Smith
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Florian J. Weisel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Wenjia Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - M. Quincy Erickson-Oberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Emma I. O’Leary
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Eshan Aravind
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Charu Ramakrishnan
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yoon Seok Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yanying Wu
- Centre for Neural Circuits & Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Matthias Quick
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Coleman
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | | | - Rania Elbakri
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Briana R. De Miranda
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Michael J. Palladino
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Pittsburgh Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Brian D. McCabe
- Brain Mind Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kenneth N. Fish
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Marianne L. Seney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Stephen Rayport
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Susana Mingote
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Neuroscience Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center of The City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Thomas S. Hnasko
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | | | - Alan M. Watson
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Scott Waddell
- Centre for Neural Circuits & Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | | | - Ryan W. Logan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Zachary Freyberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Enwright III JF, Arion D, MacDonald WA, Elbakri R, Pan Y, Vyas G, Berndt A, Lewis DA. Differential gene expression in layer 3 pyramidal neurons across 3 regions of the human cortical visual spatial working memory network. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:5216-5229. [PMID: 35106549 PMCID: PMC9667185 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual spatial working memory (vsWM) is mediated by a distributed cortical network composed of multiple nodes, including primary visual (V1), posterior parietal (PPC), and dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC) cortices. Feedforward and feedback information is transferred among these nodes via projections furnished by pyramidal neurons (PNs) located primarily in cortical layer 3. Morphological and electrophysiological differences among layer 3 PNs across these nodes have been reported; however, the transcriptional signatures underlying these differences have not been examined in the human brain. Here we interrogated the transcriptomes of layer 3 PNs from 39 neurotypical human subjects across 3 critical nodes of the vsWM network. Over 8,000 differentially expressed genes were detected, with more than 6,000 transcriptional differences present between layer 3 PNs in V1 and those in PPC and DLPFC. Additionally, over 600 other genes differed in expression along the rostral-to-caudal hierarchy formed by these 3 nodes. Moreover, pathway analysis revealed enrichment of genes in V1 related to circadian rhythms and in DLPFC of genes involved in synaptic plasticity. Overall, these results show robust regional differences in the transcriptome of layer 3 PNs, which likely contribute to regional specialization in their morphological and physiological features and thus in their functional contributions to vsWM.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Enwright III
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Thomas Detre Hall 3811 O'Hara Street Pittsburgh, PA 15213 United States
| | - Dominique Arion
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Thomas Detre Hall 3811 O'Hara Street Pittsburgh, PA 15213 United States
| | - William A MacDonald
- Department of Pediatrics UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh 4401 Penn Avenue Pittsburgh, PA 15224-1334 United States,Health Sciences Sequencing Core 4401 Penn Avenue Rangos Research Building 8th Floor Pittsburgh, PA 15224 United States
| | - Rania Elbakri
- Department of Pediatrics UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh 4401 Penn Avenue Pittsburgh, PA 15224-1334 United States,Health Sciences Sequencing Core 4401 Penn Avenue Rangos Research Building 8th Floor Pittsburgh, PA 15224 United States
| | - Yinghong Pan
- The Institute for Precision Medicine 204 Craft Avenue, Room A412 Pittsburgh, PA 15213 United States
| | - Gopi Vyas
- The Institute for Precision Medicine 204 Craft Avenue, Room A412 Pittsburgh, PA 15213 United States
| | - Annerose Berndt
- The Institute for Precision Medicine 204 Craft Avenue, Room A412 Pittsburgh, PA 15213 United States
| | - David A Lewis
- Address correspondence to David A. Lewis, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Biomedical Science Tower W1654, 3811 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2593, United States.
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Abstract
Genomic imprinting is a parent-of-origin dependent phenomenon that restricts transcription to predominantly one parental allele. Since the discovery of the first long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), which notably was an imprinted lncRNA, a body of knowledge has demonstrated pivotal roles for imprinted lncRNAs in regulating parental-specific expression of neighboring imprinted genes. In this Review, we will discuss the multiple functionalities attributed to lncRNAs and how they regulate imprinted gene expression. We also raise unresolved questions about imprinted lncRNA function, which may lead to new avenues of investigation. This Review is dedicated to the memory of Denise Barlow, a giant in the field of genomic imprinting and functional lncRNAs. With her passion for understanding the inner workings of science, her indominable spirit and her consummate curiosity, Denise blazed a path of scientific investigation that made many seminal contributions to genomic imprinting and the wider field of epigenetic regulation, in addition to inspiring future generations of scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A. MacDonald
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mellissa R. W. Mann
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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5
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Orser BA, Wilson CR, Rotstein AJ, Iglesias SJ, Spain BT, Ranganathan P, MacDonald WA, Ng V, O'Leary S, Lafontaine A. Improving Access to Safe Anesthetic Care in Rural and Remote Communities in Affluent Countries. Anesth Analg 2020; 129:294-300. [PMID: 30855341 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000004083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Inadequate access to anesthesia and surgical services is often considered to be a problem of low- and middle-income countries. However, affluent nations, including Canada, Australia, and the United States, also face shortages of anesthesia and surgical care in rural and remote communities. Inadequate services often disproportionately affect indigenous populations. A lack of anesthesia care providers has been identified as a major contributing factor to the shortfall of surgical and obstetrical care in rural and remote areas of these countries. This report summarizes the challenges facing the provision of anesthesia services in rural and remote regions. The current landscape of anesthesia providers and their training is described. We also explore innovative strategies and emerging technologies that could better support physician-led anesthesia care teams working in rural and remote areas. Ultimately, we believe that it is the responsibility of specialist anesthesiologists and academic health sciences centers to facilitate access to high-quality care through partnership with other stakeholders. Professional medical organizations also play an important role in ensuring the quality of care and continuing professional development. Enhanced collaboration between academic anesthesiologists and other stakeholders is required to meet the challenge issued by the World Health Organization to ensure access to essential anesthesia and surgical services for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverley A Orser
- From the Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Ruth Wilson
- Department of Family Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Stuart J Iglesias
- Department of Family Medicine, University of British Columbia, Bella Bella, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian T Spain
- Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Royal Darwin Hospital, Flinders University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Pavithra Ranganathan
- Department of Anesthesiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - William A MacDonald
- Faculty of Medicine, Discipline of Family Medicine, Memorial University, St John's Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Victor Ng
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan O'Leary
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alika Lafontaine
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Horne FJ, Liggat JJ, MacDonald WA, Sankey SW. Photo‐oxidation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) films intended for photovoltaic backsheet. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona J. Horne
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL Scotland UK
| | - John J. Liggat
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL Scotland UK
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7
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Sachani SS, Landschoot LS, Zhang L, White CR, MacDonald WA, Golding MC, Mann MRW. Nucleoporin 107, 62 and 153 mediate Kcnq1ot1 imprinted domain regulation in extraembryonic endoderm stem cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2795. [PMID: 30022050 PMCID: PMC6052020 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic imprinting is a phenomenon that restricts transcription to predominantly one parental allele. How this transcriptional duality is regulated is poorly understood. Here we perform an RNA interference screen for epigenetic factors involved in paternal allelic silencing at the Kcnq1ot1 imprinted domain in mouse extraembryonic endoderm stem cells. Multiple factors are identified, including nucleoporin 107 (NUP107). To determine NUP107's role and specificity in Kcnq1ot1 imprinted domain regulation, we deplete Nup107, as well as Nup62, Nup98/96 and Nup153. Nup107, Nup62 and Nup153, but not Nup98/96 depletion, reduce Kcnq1ot1 noncoding RNA volume, displace the Kcnq1ot1 domain from the nuclear periphery, reactivate a subset of normally silent paternal alleles in the domain, alter histone modifications with concomitant changes in KMT2A, EZH2 and EHMT2 occupancy, as well as reduce cohesin interactions at the Kcnq1ot1 imprinting control region. Our results establish an important role for specific nucleoporins in mediating Kcnq1ot1 imprinted domain regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saqib S Sachani
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, and Biochemistry, Western University, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, ON, N6A 5W9, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6C 2V5, Canada
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Lauren S Landschoot
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, and Biochemistry, Western University, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, ON, N6A 5W9, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6C 2V5, Canada
| | - Liyue Zhang
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, and Biochemistry, Western University, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, ON, N6A 5W9, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6C 2V5, Canada
| | - Carlee R White
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, and Biochemistry, Western University, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, ON, N6A 5W9, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6C 2V5, Canada
| | - William A MacDonald
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Michael C Golding
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Mellissa R W Mann
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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8
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Stellt DT, Donaldt AM, MacDonald WA. The Effect of Changing Chain Stiffness on Morphology in a Family of Thermotropic Copolyesters. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/0954-0083/5/4/008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The behaviour of a family of polymers containing equimolar amounts of hydroquinone and isophthalic acid residues, together with changing proportions of hydroxybenzoic acid moieties has been studied. The response of the polymers to an external shear field has been monitored using a polarizing microscope. The conditions which lead to the formation of the banded texture for each of the polymers has been determined. It is found that compositions which are isotropic at rest can form the banded texture following shear at sufficiently high rates. However, the bands so formed are not stable upon annealing. The optical features of the banded texture, its period and underlying trajectory, are determined both by the polymer composition and the conditions of shear.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Athene M Donaldt
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 OHE
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9
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Ishak CA, Marshall AE, Passos DT, White CR, Kim SJ, Cecchini MJ, Ferwati S, MacDonald WA, Howlett CJ, Welch ID, Rubin SM, Mann MRW, Dick FA. An RB-EZH2 Complex Mediates Silencing of Repetitive DNA Sequences. Mol Cell 2016; 64:1074-1087. [PMID: 27889452 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive genomic regions include tandem sequence repeats and interspersed repeats, such as endogenous retroviruses and LINE-1 elements. Repressive heterochromatin domains silence expression of these sequences through mechanisms that remain poorly understood. Here, we present evidence that the retinoblastoma protein (pRB) utilizes a cell-cycle-independent interaction with E2F1 to recruit enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) to diverse repeat sequences. These include simple repeats, satellites, LINEs, and endogenous retroviruses as well as transposon fragments. We generated a mutant mouse strain carrying an F832A mutation in Rb1 that is defective for recruitment to repetitive sequences. Loss of pRB-EZH2 complexes from repeats disperses H3K27me3 from these genomic locations and permits repeat expression. Consistent with maintenance of H3K27me3 at the Hox clusters, these mice are developmentally normal. However, susceptibility to lymphoma suggests that pRB-EZH2 recruitment to repetitive elements may be cancer relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Ishak
- London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Aren E Marshall
- London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Daniel T Passos
- London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Carlee R White
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Seung J Kim
- London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Matthew J Cecchini
- London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Sara Ferwati
- London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - William A MacDonald
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Christopher J Howlett
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Ian D Welch
- Animal Care Services, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Seth M Rubin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Mellissa R W Mann
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Frederick A Dick
- London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
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10
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White CR, MacDonald WA, Mann MRW. Conservation of DNA Methylation Programming Between Mouse and Human Gametes and Preimplantation Embryos. Biol Reprod 2016; 95:61. [PMID: 27465133 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.116.140319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In mice, assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) applied during gametogenesis and preimplantation development can result in disruption of genomic imprinting. In humans, these technologies and/or subfertility have been linked to perturbations in genomic imprinting. To understand how ARTs and infertility affect DNA methylation, it is important to understand DNA methylation dynamics and the role of regulatory factors at these critical stages. Recent genome studies performed using mouse and human gametes and preimplantation embryos have shed light onto these processes. Here, we comprehensively review the current state of knowledge regarding global and imprinted DNA methylation programming in the mouse and human. Available data highlight striking similarities in mouse and human DNA methylation dynamics during gamete and preimplantation development. Just as fascinating, these studies have revealed sex-, gene-, and allele-specific differences in DNA methylation programming, warranting future investigation to untangle the complex regulation of DNA methylation dynamics during gamete and preimplantation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlee R White
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - William A MacDonald
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mellissa R W Mann
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Fenech MA, Sullivan CM, Ferreira LT, Mehmood R, MacDonald WA, Stathopulos PB, Pin CL. Atp2c2 Is Transcribed From a Unique Transcriptional Start Site in Mouse Pancreatic Acinar Cells. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:2768-78. [PMID: 27017909 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Proper regulation of cytosolic Ca(2+) is critical for pancreatic acinar cell function. Disruptions in normal Ca(2+) concentrations affect numerous cellular functions and are associated with pancreatitis. Membrane pumps and channels regulate cytosolic Ca(2+) homeostasis by promoting rapid Ca(2+) movement. Determining how expression of Ca(2+) modulators is regulated and the cellular alterations that occur upon changes in expression can provide insight into initiating events of pancreatitis. The goal of this study was to delineate the gene structure and regulation of a novel pancreas-specific isoform for Secretory Pathway Ca(2+) ATPase 2 (termed SPCA2C), which is encoded from the Atp2c2 gene. Using Next Generation Sequencing of RNA (RNA-seq), chromatin immunoprecipitation for epigenetic modifications and promoter-reporter assays, a novel transcriptional start site was identified that promotes expression of a transcript containing the last four exons of the Atp2c2 gene (Atp2c2c). This region was enriched for epigenetic marks and pancreatic transcription factors that promote gene activation. Promoter activity for regions upstream of the ATG codon in Atp2c2's 24th exon was observed in vitro but not in in vivo. Translation from this ATG encodes a protein aligned with the carboxy terminal of SPCA2. Functional analysis in HEK 293A cells indicates a unique role for SPCA2C in increasing cytosolic Ca(2+) . RNA analysis indicates that the decreased Atp2c2c expression observed early in experimental pancreatitis reflects a global molecular response of acinar cells to reduce cytosolic Ca(2+) levels. Combined, these results suggest SPCA2C affects Ca(2+) homeostasis in pancreatic acinar cells in a unique fashion relative to other Ca(2+) ATPases. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 2768-2778, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Fenech
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caitlin M Sullivan
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lucimar T Ferreira
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rashid Mehmood
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - William A MacDonald
- Magee-Womens Research Institute and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter B Stathopulos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher L Pin
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Jones SM, Meehan SJ, Sankey SW, MacDonald WA, Colquhoun HM. Mesomorphic behaviour in copoly(ester-imide)s of poly(butylene-2,6-naphthalate) (PBN). POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
Recently, many advancements in genome-wide chromatin topology and nuclear architecture have unveiled the complex and hidden world of the nucleus, where chromatin is organized into discrete neighbourhoods with coordinated gene expression. This includes the active and inactive X chromosomes. Using X chromosome inactivation as a working model, we utilized publicly available datasets together with a literature review to gain insight into topologically associated domains, lamin-associated domains, nucleolar-associating domains, scaffold/matrix attachment regions, and nucleoporin-associated chromatin and their role in regulating monoallelic expression. Furthermore, we comprehensively review for the first time the role of chromatin topology and nuclear architecture in the regulation of genomic imprinting. We propose that chromatin topology and nuclear architecture are important regulatory mechanisms for directing gene expression within imprinted domains. Furthermore, we predict that dynamic changes in chromatin topology and nuclear architecture play roles in tissue-specific imprint domain regulation during early development and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A MacDonald
- a Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, and Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada.,b Children's Health Research Institute, 4th Floor, Victoria Research Laboratories, A4-130a, 800 Commissioners Rd E, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada
| | - Saqib S Sachani
- a Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, and Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada.,b Children's Health Research Institute, 4th Floor, Victoria Research Laboratories, A4-130a, 800 Commissioners Rd E, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada
| | - Carlee R White
- a Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, and Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada.,b Children's Health Research Institute, 4th Floor, Victoria Research Laboratories, A4-130a, 800 Commissioners Rd E, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada
| | - Mellissa R W Mann
- a Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, and Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada.,b Children's Health Research Institute, 4th Floor, Victoria Research Laboratories, A4-130a, 800 Commissioners Rd E, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada
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Abstract
Copolycondensation of N,N'-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-biphenyl-3,4,3',4'-tetracarboxylic diimide (5-25 mol %) with bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2,6-naphthalate affords a series of cocrystalline, poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PEN)-based poly(ester imide)s. The glass transition temperature rises with the level of comonomer, from 118 °C for PEN itself to 148 °C for the 25% diimide copolymer. X-ray powder and fiber diffraction studies show that, when 5 mol % or more of diimide is present, the α-PEN crystal structure is replaced by a new crystalline phase arising from isomorphic substitution of biphenyldiimide for PEN residues in the polymer crystal lattice. This new phase is provisionally identified as monoclinic, C2/m, with two chains per unit cell, a = 10.56, b = 6.74, c = 13.25 Å, and β = 143.0°.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Meehan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K
| | - Stephen W. Sankey
- DuPont Teijin Films UK Ltd., Wilton Centre, Redcar, Cleveland TS10 4RF, U.K
| | - Stephen M. Jones
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K
| | | | - Howard M. Colquhoun
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K
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MacDonald WA, Mann MRW. Epigenetic regulation of genomic imprinting from germ line to preimplantation. Mol Reprod Dev 2013; 81:126-40. [PMID: 23893518 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic process that distinguishes parental alleles, resulting in parent-specific expression of a gene or cluster of genes. Imprints are acquired during gametogenesis when genome-wide epigenetic remodeling occurs. These imprints must then be maintained during preimplantation development, when another wave of genome-wide epigenetic remodeling takes place. Thus, for imprints to persist as parent-specific epigenetic marks, coordinated factors and processes must be involved to both recognize an imprint and protect it from genome-wide remodeling. Parent-specific DNA methylation has long been recognized as a primary epigenetic mark demarcating a genomic imprint. Recent work has advanced our understanding of how and when parent-specific DNA methylation is erased and acquired in the germ line as well as maintained during preimplantation development. Epigenetic factors have also been identified that are recruited to imprinted regions to protect them from genome-wide DNA demethylation during preimplantation development. Intriguingly, asynchrony in epigenetic reprogramming appears to be a recurrent theme with asynchronous acquisition between male and female germ lines, between different imprinted genes, and between the two parental alleles of a gene. Here, we review recent advancements and discuss how they impact our current understanding of the epigenetic regulation of genomic imprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A MacDonald
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, and Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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Denomme MM, White CR, Gillio-Meina C, MacDonald WA, Deroo BJ, Kidder GM, Mann MR. Compromized Fertility Disrupts Peg1 but Not Snrpn and Peg3 Imprinted Methylation Acquisition in Mouse Oocytes. Biol Reprod 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/biolreprod/87.s1.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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MacDonald WA, Menon D, Bartlett NJ, Sperry GE, Rasheva V, Meller V, Lloyd VK. The Drosophila homolog of the mammalian imprint regulator, CTCF, maintains the maternal genomic imprint in Drosophila melanogaster. BMC Biol 2010; 8:105. [PMID: 20673338 PMCID: PMC2922095 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-8-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CTCF is a versatile zinc finger DNA-binding protein that functions as a highly conserved epigenetic transcriptional regulator. CTCF is known to act as a chromosomal insulator, bind promoter regions, and facilitate long-range chromatin interactions. In mammals, CTCF is active in the regulatory regions of some genes that exhibit genomic imprinting, acting as insulator on only one parental allele to facilitate parent-specific expression. In Drosophila, CTCF acts as a chromatin insulator and is thought to be actively involved in the global organization of the genome. Results To determine whether CTCF regulates imprinting in Drosophila, we generated CTCF mutant alleles and assayed gene expression from the imprinted Dp(1;f)LJ9 mini-X chromosome in the presence of reduced CTCF expression. We observed disruption of the maternal imprint when CTCF levels were reduced, but no effect was observed on the paternal imprint. The effect was restricted to maintenance of the imprint and was specific for the Dp(1;f)LJ9 mini-X chromosome. Conclusions CTCF in Drosophila functions in maintaining parent-specific expression from an imprinted domain as it does in mammals. We propose that Drosophila CTCF maintains an insulator boundary on the maternal X chromosome, shielding genes from the imprint-induced silencing that occurs on the paternally inherited X chromosome. See commentary: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/8/104
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MacDonald WA, Bender M, Saxton A. Use of fetal fibronectin in the management of preterm labour in Nunavut. Alaska Med 2007; 49:215-217. [PMID: 17929635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To manage suspected preterm labour in the Baffin Region of Nunavut safely and more conservatively utilizing the Fetal Fibronectin Assay. STUDY DESIGN Chart Review. METHODS The trial of Fetal Fibronectin took place in the Baffin Region of Nunavut. An initial chart review of all admissions for "false labour" to Baffin Regional Hospital was performed. An analysis of the cases was done to determine when the women delivered and whether they had been Medevaced. The Fetal Fibronectin test was implemented at five sites in the Baffin Region and data on each use of the assay were collected by the laboratory at Baffin Regional Hospital. A review of the data for the first 13 months of the trial was then done. RESULTS The test was used 38 times between July 2004 and September 2005. There were 31 negative results. Most of the cases with negative results were managed conservatively, with a total of 18 Medevacs avoided. There were no false negative tests. Cost savings for avoided Medevacs were in the order of $200,000. CONCLUSIONS The Fetal Fibronectin Assay has proven to be a valuable adjunct in the management of suspected preterm labour in Nunavut.
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Abstract
We report here the first successful use of embryonic nuclear transfer to create viable adult Drosophila melanogaster clones. Given the generation time, cost effectiveness, and relative ease of embryonic nuclear transplant in Drosophila, this method can provide an opportunity to further study the constraints on development imposed by transplanting determined or differentiated nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Haigh
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B4H 4J1, Canada
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MacDonald WA. Handbook of thermoplastic polyesters, vols 1 and 2 S Fakirov Weinheim, Wiley-VCH, 2002 Vol 1 pp 753, ISBN 3-527-29790-1 Vol 2 pp 624, ISBN 3-527-30113-5. POLYM INT 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.1120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Pusic MV, MacDonald WA. Delivering Computer Tutorials Just-Intime. Paediatr Child Health 2002. [DOI: 10.1093/pch/7.suppl_a.54aa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Collins S, Peace SK, Richards RW, MacDonald WA, Mills P, King SM. Transesterification in polyethylene terephthalate–polyethylene naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylate mixtures: a comparison of small-angle neutron scattering with NMR. POLYMER 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(01)00224-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Redwood-Campbell L, MacDonald WA, Moore K. Residents' exposure to aboriginal health issues. Survey of family medicine programs in Canada. Can Fam Physician 1999; 45:325-30. [PMID: 10065306 PMCID: PMC2328292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether Canadian family medicine residency programs currently have objectives, staff, and clinical experiences for adequately exposing residents to aboriginal health issues. DESIGN A one-page questionnaire was developed to survey the details of teaching about and exposure to aboriginal health issues. SETTING Family medicine programs in Canada. PARTICIPANTS All Canadian family medicine program directors in the 18 programs (16 at universities and two satellite programs) were surveyed between October 1997 and March 1998. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Whether programs had teaching objectives for exposing residents to aboriginal health issues, whether they had resource people available, what elective and core experiences in aboriginal health were offered, and what types of experiences were available. RESULTS Response rate was 100%. No programs had formal, written curriculum objectives for residency training in aboriginal health issues, although some were considering them. Some programs, however, had objectives for specific weekend or day sessions. No programs had a strategy for encouraging enrollment of residents of aboriginal origin. Eleven programs had at least one resource person with experience in aboriginal health issues, and 12 had access to community-based aboriginal groups. Core experiences were all weekend seminars or retreats. Elective experiences in aboriginal health were available in 16 programs, and 11 programs were active on reserves. CONCLUSIONS Many Canadian family medicine programs give residents some exposure to aboriginal health issues, but most need more expertise and direction on these issues. Some programs have unique approaches to teaching aboriginal health care that could be shared. Formalized objectives derived in collaboration with other family medicine programs and aboriginal groups could substantially improve the quality of education in aboriginal health care in Canada.
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Brydon DL, Fisher IS, Emans J, Smith DM, MacDonald WA. Aromatic and heteroaromatic polyesters: 1. The 1,3,4-oxadiazole unit as an angular spacer in polyesters based on phenylene and naphthylene groups. POLYMER 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(89)90145-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Nicholas J, Hood C, Lloyd D, MacDonald WA, Maurice Shepherd T. The effects of different copper (and some other) catalysts on the conversion of triphenyl- and tetraphenyl- diazocyclopentadienes and of some phenyliodonium αα′-dicarbonylylides into arsonium and other ylides. Tetrahedron 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(82)80118-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Scriver CR, Stacey TE, Tenenhouse HS, MacDonald WA. Transepithelial transport of phosphate anion in kidney. Potential mechanisms for hypophosphatemia. Adv Exp Med Biol 1977; 81:55-70. [PMID: 19950 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-4217-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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