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Wiseman SM, Memarnejadian A, Boyce GK, Nguyen A, Walker BA, Holmes DT, Welch ID, Mazzuca DM, Toleikis PM. Subcutaneous transplantation of human thyroid tissue into a pre-vascularized Cell Pouch™ device in a Mus musculus model: Evidence of viability and function for thyroid transplantation. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262345. [PMID: 35051203 PMCID: PMC8775351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the survival and efficacy indicators of human thyroid tissue transplantation into a retrievable, prevascularized implanted Sernova Corp Cell Pouch™ (CP) device. Thyroid tissue from human donors was transplanted subcutaneously into the pre-implanted CP device or into the subcutaneous (SC) space alone as a control in a nude Mus musculus model. Transplanted M. musculus were monitored for human serum thyroglobulin (TG) levels for 3 months until the transplants were removed for histological assessment. Human thyroid tissue survived and continued to produce TG in transplanted nude M. musculus in the CP, with no adverse events. CP transplants exhibited more persistent and robust production of human TG than tissue placed in the SC space alone from 3 to 13 weeks post transplantation. Fresh thyroid transplants had better survival and function compared to cryopreserved transplants. Thyroid transplant viability correlated with TG levels at 3 months post-transplant (p = 0.03). Immunofluorescence staining of transplants for TG and TPO localized in thyroid follicles. Human thyroid tissue transplanted into the subcutaneously implanted pre-vascularized CP in nude M. musculus survived and continued to produce robust and persistent human TG and warrants further investigation as a treatment for postoperative hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam M. Wiseman
- Department of Surgery, St. Paul’s Hospital & University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Guilaine K. Boyce
- Department of Surgery, St. Paul’s Hospital & University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anne Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, St. Paul’s Hospital & University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Blair A. Walker
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel T. Holmes
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ian D. Welch
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Paish ADM, Nikolov HN, Welch ID, El-Warrak AO, Teeter MG, Naudie DDR, Holdsworth DW. Image-based design and 3D-metal printing of a rat hip implant for use in a clinically representative model of joint replacement. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:1627-1636. [PMID: 32369210 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to obtain micro-computed tomography derived measurements of the rat proximal femur, to create parameterized rat hip implants that could be surgically installed in a clinically representative small animal model of joint replacement. The proximal femoral anatomy of N = 25 rats (male, Sprague-Dawley, 390-605 g) was quantified. Key measurements were used to parameterize computer-aided design models of monoblock rat femoral implants. Linear regression analysis was used to determine if rat hip dimensions could be predicted from animal weight. A correlation analysis was used to determine how implants could be scaled to create a range of sizes. Additive manufacturing (3D printing) was used to create implants in medical-grade metal alloys. Linear regressions comparing rat weight to femoral head diameter and neck-head axis length revealed a significant nonzero slope (P < .05). Pearson's correlation analysis revealed five significant correlations between key measurements in the rat femur (P < .05). Implants were installed into both cadaveric and live animals; iterative design modifications were made to prototypes based on these surgical findings. Animals were able to tolerate the installation of implants and were observed ambulating on their affected limbs postoperatively. Clinical significance: We have developed a preclinical rat hip hemiarthroplasty model using image-based and iterative design techniques to create 3D-metal printed implants in medical-grade metal alloys. Our findings support further development of this model for use as a low-cost translational test platform for preclinical orthopaedic research into areas such as osseointegration, metal-on-cartilage wear, and periprosthetic joint infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D M Paish
- Bone and Joint Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hristo N Nikolov
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian D Welch
- Animal Care Services, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alexander O El-Warrak
- Surgery Team, Premier Veterinary Group by Ethos Animal Health, Orland Park, Illinois
| | - Matthew G Teeter
- Bone and Joint Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Douglas D R Naudie
- Bone and Joint Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - David W Holdsworth
- Bone and Joint Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
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Asiri YI, Fung T, Schwarz SKW, Asseri KA, Welch ID, Schuppli CA, Barr AM, Wall RA, Puil E, MacLeod BA. An Intraplantar Hypertonic Saline Assay in Mice for Rapid Screening of Analgesics. Anesth Analg 2018; 127:548-555. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000002525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Preexisting, donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) are culprits of hyperacute rejection. Donor-specific antibodies are also formed de novo, and their role in acute and chronic rejection is increasingly appreciated. However, it is difficult to assess damage inflicted exclusively by DSAs when alloreactive T cell and B cell responses coincide. We reasoned that allosensitization with "costimulation-deficient" cells should induce DSA synthesis but not naive cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) precursors' priming via direct allorecognition. Accordingly, we have developed a novel model to quantify DSA-mediated cytotoxicity in vivo. METHODS C57BL/6 (H-2b) mice were sensitized with H-2 kidney epithelial cells, and a cytofluorimetric killing assay was tailored to the measurement of allocytotoxicity. We took cell/complement depletion, costimulation blockade, and serum transfer approaches to reveal the mediators of cytotoxicity. "Third-party" controls and a skin allotransplantation model were used to confirm DSAs' specificity for allo-major histocompatibility complex. We validated our experimental approach in other mouse strains primed with different allogeneic cell types, including endothelial cells. To demonstrate the usefulness of our model/method for drug efficacy testing, we examined the effect of CTLA4-Ig and rapamycin on DSA-mediated cytolysis. RESULTS Allosensitization of MHC-disparate mouse strains with costimulation-deficient cells led to robust cytotoxicity mediated by complement-fixing DSAs and phagocytic cells. This response was independent of CTLs, natural killer or natural killer T cells. It required CD4 T cell help, CD40 signaling and CD28-based costimulation during allosensitization and could be reversed by sustained rapamycin treatment. CONCLUSIONS The unique model described herein should enable mechanistic studies on sensitization and effector phases of humoral alloreactivity as well as efficacy testing of future immunotherapies to prevent DSA-induced pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Memarnejadian
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada. 2 Animal Care and Veterinary Services, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada. 3 Division of Clinical Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada. 4 Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada. 5 Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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Szabo PA, Goswami A, Mazzuca DM, Kim K, O'Gorman DB, Hess DA, Welch ID, Young HA, Singh B, McCormick JK, Haeryfar SMM. Rapid and Rigorous IL-17A Production by a Distinct Subpopulation of Effector Memory T Lymphocytes Constitutes a Novel Mechanism of Toxic Shock Syndrome Immunopathology. J Immunol 2017; 198:2805-2818. [PMID: 28219889 PMCID: PMC6635948 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is caused by staphylococcal and streptococcal superantigens (SAgs) that provoke a swift hyperinflammatory response typified by a cytokine storm. The precipitous decline in the host's clinical status and the lack of targeted therapies for TSS emphasize the need to identify key players of the storm's initial wave. Using a humanized mouse model of TSS and human cells, we herein demonstrate that SAgs elicit in vitro and in vivo IL-17A responses within hours. SAg-triggered human IL-17A production was characterized by remarkably high mRNA stability for this cytokine. A distinct subpopulation of CD4+ effector memory T (TEM) cells that secrete IL-17A, but not IFN-γ, was responsible for early IL-17A production. We found mouse "TEM-17" cells to be enriched within the intestinal epithelium and among lamina propria lymphocytes. Furthermore, interfering with IL-17A receptor signaling in human PBMCs attenuated the expression of numerous inflammatory mediators implicated in the TSS-associated cytokine storm. IL-17A receptor blockade also abrogated the secondary effect of SAg-stimulated PBMCs on human dermal fibroblasts as judged by C/EBP δ expression. Finally, the early IL-17A response to SAgs was pathogenic because in vivo neutralization of IL-17A in humanized mice ameliorated hepatic and intestinal damage and reduced mortality. Together, our findings identify CD4+ TEM cells as a key effector of TSS and reveal a novel role for IL-17A in TSS immunopathogenesis. Our work thus elucidates a pathogenic, as opposed to protective, role for IL-17A during Gram-positive bacterial infections. Accordingly, the IL-17-IL-17R axis may provide an attractive target for the management of SAg-mediated illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Szabo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Ankur Goswami
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Delfina M Mazzuca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Kyoungok Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - David B O'Gorman
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Roth | McFarlane Hand and Upper Limb Centre, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 4V2, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario N6C 2R5, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - David A Hess
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
- Krembil Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Molecular Medicine Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Ian D Welch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Howard A Young
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Bhagirath Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario N6C 2R5, Canada
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada; and
| | - John K McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario N6C 2R5, Canada
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada; and
| | - S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada;
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario N6C 2R5, Canada
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada; and
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5A5, Canada
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Ishak CA, Marshall AE, Passos DT, White CR, Kim SJ, Cecchini MJ, Ferwati S, MacDonald WA, Howlett CJ, Welch ID, Rubin SM, Mann MRW, Dick FA. An RB-EZH2 Complex Mediates Silencing of Repetitive DNA Sequences. Mol Cell 2016; 64:1074-1087. [PMID: 27889452 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive genomic regions include tandem sequence repeats and interspersed repeats, such as endogenous retroviruses and LINE-1 elements. Repressive heterochromatin domains silence expression of these sequences through mechanisms that remain poorly understood. Here, we present evidence that the retinoblastoma protein (pRB) utilizes a cell-cycle-independent interaction with E2F1 to recruit enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) to diverse repeat sequences. These include simple repeats, satellites, LINEs, and endogenous retroviruses as well as transposon fragments. We generated a mutant mouse strain carrying an F832A mutation in Rb1 that is defective for recruitment to repetitive sequences. Loss of pRB-EZH2 complexes from repeats disperses H3K27me3 from these genomic locations and permits repeat expression. Consistent with maintenance of H3K27me3 at the Hox clusters, these mice are developmentally normal. However, susceptibility to lymphoma suggests that pRB-EZH2 recruitment to repetitive elements may be cancer relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Ishak
- London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Aren E Marshall
- London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Daniel T Passos
- London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Carlee R White
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Seung J Kim
- London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Matthew J Cecchini
- London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Sara Ferwati
- London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - William A MacDonald
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Christopher J Howlett
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Ian D Welch
- Animal Care Services, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Seth M Rubin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Mellissa R W Mann
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Frederick A Dick
- London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
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Usmani SE, Ulici V, Pest MA, Hill TL, Welch ID, Beier F. Context-specific protection of TGFα null mice from osteoarthritis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30434. [PMID: 27457421 PMCID: PMC4960644 DOI: 10.1038/srep30434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα) is a growth factor involved in osteoarthritis (OA). TGFα induces an OA-like phenotype in articular chondrocytes, by inhibiting matrix synthesis and promoting catabolic factor expression. To better understand TGFα’s potential as a therapeutic target, we employed two in vivo OA models: (1) post-traumatic and (2) aging related OA. Ten-week old and six-month old male Tgfa null mice and their heterozygous (control) littermates underwent destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) surgery. Disease progression was assessed histologically using the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) scoring system. As well, spontaneous disease progression was analyzed in eighteen-month-old Tgfa null and heterozygous mice. Ten-week old Tgfa null mice were protected from OA progression at both seven and fourteen weeks post-surgery. No protection was seen however in six-month old null mice after DMM surgery, and no differences were observed between genotypes in the aging model. Thus, young Tgfa null mice are protected from OA progression in the DMM model, while older mice are not. In addition, Tgfa null mice are equally susceptible to spontaneous OA development during aging. Thus, TGFα might be a valuable therapeutic target in some post-traumatic forms of OA, however its role in idiopathic disease is less clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirine E Usmani
- Department of Physiology &Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine &Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Veronica Ulici
- Department of Physiology &Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine &Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Michael A Pest
- Department of Physiology &Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine &Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Tracy L Hill
- Department of Animal Care and Veterinary Services, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Ian D Welch
- Department of Animal Care and Veterinary Services, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Frank Beier
- Department of Physiology &Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine &Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Parapuram SK, Shi-wen X, Elliott C, Welch ID, Jones H, Baron M, Denton CP, Abraham DJ, Leask A. Loss of PTEN expression by dermal fibroblasts causes skin fibrosis. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:1996-2003. [PMID: 21654839 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis represents a common pathway leading to organ failure and death in many diseases and has no effective therapy. Dysregulated repair and excessive tissue scarring provides a unifying mechanism for pathological fibrosis. The protein phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) acts to dephosphorylate proteins, which promotes tissue repair and thus could be a key fibrogenic mediator. To test this hypothesis, we first showed that PTEN expression was reduced in skin fibroblasts from patients with the fibrotic autoimmune disease diffuse systemic sclerosis (dSSc). To evaluate whether this deficiency could be sufficient for fibrogenesis in vivo, we deleted PTEN in adult mouse fibroblasts. Compared with littermate control mice, loss of PTEN resulted in a 3-fold increase in dermal thickness due to excess deposition of collagen. PTEN-deleted fibroblasts showed elevated Akt phosphorylation and increased expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2). Selective inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway reduced the overexpression of collagen and CCN2 by PTEN-deficient fibroblasts. Overexpression of PTEN reduced the overexpression of type I collagen and CCN2 by dSSc fibroblasts. Thus, PTEN appears to be a potential in vivo master regulator of fibrogenesis; PTEN agonists may represent anti-fibrotic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Parapuram
- Department of Dentistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Welch ID, Cowan MF, Beier F, Underhill TM. The retinoic acid binding protein CRABP2 is increased in murine models of degenerative joint disease. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:R14. [PMID: 19173746 PMCID: PMC2688246 DOI: 10.1186/ar2604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) is a debilitating disease with poorly defined aetiology. Multiple signals are involved in directing the formation of cartilage during development and the vitamin A derivatives, the retinoids, figure prominently in embryonic cartilage formation. In the present study, we examined the expression of a retinoid-regulated gene in murine models of OA. Methods Mild and moderate forms of an OA-like degenerative disease were created in the mouse stifle joint by meniscotibial transection (MTX) and partial meniscectomy (PMX), respectively. Joint histopathology was scored using an Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) system and gene expression (Col1a1, Col10a1, Sox9 and Crabp2) in individual joints was determined using TaqMan quantitative PCR on RNA from microdissected articular knee cartilage. Results For MTX, there was a significant increase in the joint score at 10 weeks (n = 4, p < 0.001) in comparison to sham surgeries. PMX surgery was slightly more severe and produced significant changes in joint score at six (n = 4, p < 0.01), eight (n = 4, p < 0.001) and 10 (n = 4, p < 0.001) weeks. The expression of Col1a1 was increased in both surgical models at two, four and six weeks post-surgery. In contrast, Col10a1 and Sox9 for the most part showed no significant difference in expression from two to six weeks post-surgery. Crabp2 expression is induced upon activation of the retinoid signalling pathway. At two weeks after surgery in the MTX and PMX animals, Crabp2 expression was increased about 18-fold and about 10-fold over the sham control, respectively. By 10 weeks, Crabp2 expression was increased about three-fold (n = 7, not significant) in the MTX animals and about five-fold (n = 7, p < 0.05) in the PMX animals in comparison to the contralateral control joint. Conclusions Together, these findings suggest that the retinoid signalling pathway is activated early in the osteoarthritic process and is sustained during the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Welch
- Department of Animal Care and Veterinary Services, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A5C1, Canada.
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Welch ID. Miscarriage, stillbirth, or newborn death: starting a healthy grieving process. Neonatal Netw 1991; 9:53-7. [PMID: 2038281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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