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Wu K, Zhang G, Shen C, Zhu L, Yu C, Sartorius K, Ding W, Jiang Y, Lu Y. Role of T cells in liver metastasis. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:341. [PMID: 38755133 PMCID: PMC11099083 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06726-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The liver is a major metastatic site (organ) for gastrointestinal cancers (such as colorectal, gastric, and pancreatic cancers) as well as non-gastrointestinal cancers (such as lung, breast, and melanoma cancers). Due to the innate anatomical position of the liver, the apoptosis of T cells in the liver, the unique metabolic regulation of hepatocytes and other potential mechanisms, the liver tends to form an immunosuppressive microenvironment and subsequently form a pre-metastatic niche (PMN), which can promote metastasis and colonization by various tumor cells(TCs). As a result, the critical role of immunoresponse in liver based metastasis has become increasingly appreciated. T cells, a centrally important member of adaptive immune response, play a significant role in liver based metastases and clarifying the different roles of the various T cells subsets is important to guide future clinical treatment. In this review, we first introduce the predisposing factors and related mechanisms of liver metastasis (LM) before introducing the PMN and its transition to LM. Finally, we detail the role of different subsets of T cells in LM and advances in the management of LM in order to identify potential therapeutic targets for patients with LM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejia Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Guozhu Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Changbing Shen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Taizhou Second People's Hospital Affiliated with Yangzhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Chongyuan Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Kurt Sartorius
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Africa Hepatopancreatobiliary Cancer Consortium, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Wei Ding
- Department of General Surgery, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China.
- Department of General Surgery, The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, China.
- Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China.
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.
| | - Yunjie Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
- Africa Hepatopancreatobiliary Cancer Consortium, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
- Department of General Surgery, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China.
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Mödl B, Moritsch S, Zwolanek D, Eferl R. Type I and II interferon signaling in colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Cytokine 2023; 161:156075. [PMID: 36323190 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.156075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Traditional chemotherapy extended the lifespan of cancer patients by only a few months, but targeted therapies and immunotherapy prolonged survival and led to long-term remissions in some cases. Type I and II interferons have direct pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative effects on cancer cells and stimulate anti-cancer immunity. As a result, interferon production by cells in the tumor microenvironment is in the spotlight of immunotherapies as it affects the responses of anti-cancer immune cells. However, promoting effects of interferons on colorectal cancer metastasis have also been reported. Here we summarize our knowledge about pro- and anti-metastatic effects of type I and II interferons in colorectal cancer liver metastasis and discuss possible therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Mödl
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Moritsch
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Zwolanek
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Eferl
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Kuroda K, Toyokawa T, Miki Y, Yoshii M, Tamura T, Tanaka H, Lee S, Muguruma K, Yashiro M, Ohira M. Prognostic impact of postoperative systemic inflammatory response in patients with stage II/III gastric cancer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3025. [PMID: 35194147 PMCID: PMC8863782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07098-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined whether the systemic inflammatory response present in the early phase of the postoperative state correlates with long-term outcomes and to identify markers in patients with stage II/III gastric cancer. 444 consecutive patients who underwent radical gastrectomy for stage II/III gastric cancer were retrospectively reviewed. We evaluated maximum serum C-reactive protein (CRPmax) and white blood cell count (WBCmax), defined as the maximum serum CRP level and maximum WBC count during the interval from surgery until discharge, as systemic inflammation markers. In univariate analyses, CRPmax, WBCmax and infectious complications were significantly associated with both overall survival (OS) (p < 0.001, p < 0.001 and p = 0.011, respectively) and relapse-free survival (RFS) (p < 0.001, p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed that high-CRPmax (> 9.2 mg/dL) was an independent prognostic factor for OS (hazard ratio (HR) 1.68, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19-2.36, p = 0.003) and RFS (HR 1.56, 95% CI 1.12-2.18, p = 0.009), while WBCmax and infectious complications were not. CRPmax, which reflects the magnitude of systemic inflammation induced by surgical stress and postoperative complications in the early phase after surgery, may be a promising prognostic indicator in patients with stage II/III gastric cancer who undergo curative resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kuroda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Takahiro Toyokawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.
| | - Yuichiro Miki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Mami Yoshii
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Tamura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Shigeru Lee
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuya Muguruma
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yashiro
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masaichi Ohira
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
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Yilmaz S, Sahin T, Saglam K. What Are the Immune Obstacles to Liver Xenotransplantation Which Is Promising for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma? J Gastrointest Cancer 2020; 51:1209-1214. [PMID: 32833222 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-020-00495-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Liver transplantation is the most important achievement in the twentieth and twenty-first century. It is the gold standard treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. However, it provides the best results when performed under strict selection criteria. Nevertheless, organ supply is overwhelmed by the number of patients on the waiting list. There are certain strategies to expand the donor pool such as split liver transplantation, use of extended criteria donors, and living donor liver transplantation. Xenotransplantation can also be a strategy in decreasing the organ shortage. We reviewed the current status of xenotransplantation. METHODS We evaluated the historical attempts of xenotransplantation to humans and also made a summary of the preclinical studies in the field. RESULTS Molecular biology and genetic engineering are developing with an incredible speed. There are great achievements made in cell therapy, 3D bioprinting of the organs, and ultimately xenotransplantation. There is a vast amount of problems to be handled before evaluating the efficacy of xenotransplantation in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Major problems include antibody-mediated rejection to antigens such as galactose ⍺1-3 galactose, N- glycolylneuraminic acid, β1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase, lethal thrombocytopenia, and erythrocyte sequestration. Antibody mediated rejection to these specific antigens are addressed using gene editing technology including CRISPR Cas9, TALEN and other recombination methods. Although hyperacute rejection is reduced, long-term survival could not be achieved in experimental models. CONCLUSION The future is yet to come, there are developments made in the field of genetic editing, immunosuppressive medication, and pretransplant desensitization techniques. Therefore, we believe that xenotransplantation will be in clinical practice, at least for treatment of critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sezai Yilmaz
- Department of Surgery and Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, 244280, Malatya, Turkey.
- Department of Surgery and Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Elazig Yolu 10. Km, 44280, Malatya, Turkey.
| | - Tolga Sahin
- Department of Surgery and Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, 244280, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Kutay Saglam
- Department of Surgery and Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, 244280, Malatya, Turkey
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Tian Y, Cao S, Li L, He Q, Xia L, Jiang L, Ding Y, Wang X, Wang H, Mao W, Hui X, Shi Y, Zhang H, Chu X, Kehlet H, Zhou Y. Effects of perioperative enhanced recovery after surgery pathway management versus traditional management on the clinical outcomes of laparoscopic-assisted radical resection of distal gastric cancer: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2020; 21:369. [PMID: 32357913 PMCID: PMC7193340 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04272-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The incidence of gastric cancer in East Asia is much higher than the international average. Therefore, improving the prognosis of patients and establishing effective clinical pathways are important topics for the prevention and treatment of gastric cancer. At present, the enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) pathway is widely used in the field of gastric surgery. Many randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies have proven that the ERAS regimen can improve the short-term clinical outcomes of patients with gastric cancer. However, a prospective study on the effect of the ERAS pathway on the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer has not yet been reported. This trial aims to confirm whether the ERAS pathway can improve the disease-free survival and overall survival of patients undergoing laparoscopic-assisted radical resection for distal gastric cancer. Methods/design This study is a prospective, multicentre RCT. This experiment will consist of two groups – an experimental group and a control group – randomly divided in a 1:1 ratio. The perioperative period of the experimental group will be managed according to the ERAS pathway and that of the control group will be managed according to the traditional management mode. An estimated 400 patients will be enrolled. The main endpoint for comparison is the 3-year overall survival and disease-free survival between the two groups. Discussion The results of this RCT should clarify whether the ERAS pathway is superior to traditional treatment on inflammatory indexes, short-term clinical outcome and survival for laparoscopic-assisted radical resection of distal gastric cancer. It is hoped that our data will provide evidence that the ERAS pathway improves survival in patients with gastric cancer. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, CHiCTR1900022438. Registered on 11 April 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Tian
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Shougen Cao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Leping Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Qingsi He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lijian Xia
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | - Lixin Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Yinlu Ding
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xinjian Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Weihai Central Hospital, Weihai, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, China
| | - Weizheng Mao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Xizeng Hui
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Rizhao People's Hospital, Rizhao, China
| | - Yiran Shi
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Huanhu Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Weihai, China
| | - Xianqun Chu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jining People's Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Henrik Kehlet
- Section of Surgical Pathophysiology 4074, Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yanbing Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, China.
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To resect or not to resect: The hamletic dilemma of primary tumor resection in patients with asymptomatic stage IV colorectal cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 132:154-160. [PMID: 30447921 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary tumor resection (PTR) in advanced asymptomatic colorectal cancer (CRC) has been a matter of intense debate for long time. With the advances in systemic treatments, this practice has decreased over the years, although it remains still pervasive. Although the removal of primary tumor has been extensively interrogated both in retrospective and prospective studies, it still remains a clinical conundrum. There are many arguments for and against PTR in CRC both from the preclinical and the clinical point of view. Two scoring models have been published aiming at identifying patients who are suitable candidate for PTR, but they deserve further investigations in larger datasets. While awaiting the results of ongoing randomized clinical trials (RCTs) on this controversial topic, both upfront systemic treatment and PTR followed by chemotherapy should be considered valid options in patients with asymptomatic mCRC. Clinical selection and a shared-decision making approach are the keys to success.
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Zhang Q, Lou Y, Bai XL, Liang TB. Immunometabolism: A novel perspective of liver cancer microenvironment and its influence on tumor progression. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:3500-3512. [PMID: 30131656 PMCID: PMC6102497 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i31.3500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The initiation and progression of liver cancer, including hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, are dependent on its tumor microenvironment. Immune cells are key players in the liver cancer microenvironment and show complicated crosstalk with cancer cells. Emerging evidence has shown that the functions of immune cells are closely related to cell metabolism. However, the effects of metabolic changes of immune cells on liver cancer progression are largely undefined. In this review, we summarize the recent findings of immunometabolism and relate these findings to liver cancer progression. We also explore the translation of the understanding of immunometabolism for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yu Lou
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xue-Li Bai
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ting-Bo Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
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Alieva M, van Rheenen J, Broekman MLD. Potential impact of invasive surgical procedures on primary tumor growth and metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2018; 35:319-331. [PMID: 29728948 PMCID: PMC6063335 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-018-9896-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Surgical procedures such as tumor resection and biopsy are still the gold standard for diagnosis and (determination of) treatment of solid tumors, and are prognostically beneficial for patients. However, growing evidence suggests that even a minor surgical trauma can influence several (patho) physiological processes that might promote postoperative metastatic spread and tumor recurrence. Local effects include tumor seeding and a wound healing response that can promote tumor cell migration, proliferation, differentiation, extracellular matrix remodeling, angiogenesis and extravasation. In addition, local and systemic immunosuppression impairs antitumor immunity and contributes to tumor cell survival. Surgical manipulation of the tumor can result in cancer cell release into the circulation, thus increasing the chance of tumor cell dissemination. To prevent these undesired effects of surgical interventions, therapeutic strategies targeting immune response exacerbation or alteration have been proposed. This review summarizes the current literature regarding these local, systemic and secondary site effects of surgical interventions on tumor progression and dissemination, and discusses studies that aimed to identify potential therapeutic approaches to prevent these effects in order to further increase the clinical benefit from surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alieva
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jacco van Rheenen
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marike L D Broekman
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Keirsse J, Van Damme H, Geeraerts X, Beschin A, Raes G, Van Ginderachter JA. The role of hepatic macrophages in liver metastasis. Cell Immunol 2018; 330:202-215. [PMID: 29661474 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The liver is a major target organ for metastasis of both gastrointestinal and extra-gastrointestinal cancers. Due to its frequently inoperable nature, liver metastasis represents a leading cause of cancer-associated death worldwide. In the past years, the pivotal role of the immune system in this process is being increasingly recognised. In particular, the role of the hepatic macrophages, both recruited monocyte-derived macrophages (Mo-Mfs) and tissue-resident Kupffer cells (KCs), has been shown to be more versatile than initially imagined. However, the lack of tools to easily distinguish between these two macrophage populations has hampered the assignment of particular functionalities to specific hepatic macrophage subsets. In this Review, we highlight the most remarkable findings regarding the origin and functions of hepatic macrophage populations, and we provide a detailed description of their distinct roles in the different phases of the liver metastatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Keirsse
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Helena Van Damme
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xenia Geeraerts
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alain Beschin
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geert Raes
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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Zheng X, Wang Y, Dong L, Zhao S, Wang L, Chen H, Xu Y, Wang G. Effects of propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia on gastric cancer: a retrospective study. Onco Targets Ther 2018. [PMID: 29535538 PMCID: PMC5840299 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s156792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several kinds of cancer surgeries with propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) have been shown to have better outcomes than those with sevoflurane-based inhalational anesthesia (INHA). However, the effects of this anesthetic technique have not been investigated in patients with gastric cancer. In this study, the authors retrospectively examined the link between the choice of anesthetic technique and overall survival in patients undergoing gastric cancer resection. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of the database of all patients undergoing gastric cancer resection for gastric cancer between 2007 and 2012. Patients who received TIVA or INHA were administered patient-controlled intravenous analgesia for 72-120 hours postoperatively. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier log-rank test, and associations between anesthetic technique and outcomes were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards regressions after propensity matching. Results A total of 2,856 anesthetics using INHA or TIVA were delivered in the study period. After propensity matching, 897 patients remained in each group. According to Kaplan-Meier analysis, the use of TIVA was associated with improved survival (P<0.001). TIVA was associated with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.67 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.58-0.77) for death in univariate analysis and 0.65 (95% CI: 0.56-0.75) after a multivariate analysis of known confounders in the matched group. Cancer stage (HR =0.74, 95% CI: 0.64-0.86, P<0.001) and degree of differentiation (HR =1.28, 95% CI: 1.11-1.47, P<0.001) were also associated with survival in the univariate analysis in the matched group. In the multivariable Cox model, cancer stage (HR =0.72, 95% CI: 0.62-0.84, P<0.001) and degree of differentiation (HR =1.23, 95% CI: 1.07-1.42, P<0.001) were associated with survival in the matched group. Conclusion These results indicate that TIVA may be associated with improved survival in gastric cancer patients who undergo resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Linlin Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Su Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Guonian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
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Chen Q, Ning Z, Wang L, Ying H, Dong S, Zhang C, Shen X, Guo Y, Chen H, Zhu X, Shen Y, Shi W, Hua Y, Wang K, Lin J, Xu L, Chen L, Feng L, Zhang X, Xie J, Sun B, Sun Y, Gu W, Kang M, Tang Z, Chen Z, Chen Z, Liu L, Yu J, Li Z, Meng Z. Is chronic hepatitis B infection a protective factor for the progression of advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma? An analysis from a large multicenter cohort study. Oncotarget 2018; 7:85603-85612. [PMID: 27811354 PMCID: PMC5356762 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Whether the progression of advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients could be affected by HBV exposure remains to be determined. Therefore, we conducted this study to assess the effect of HBV infection on PDAC progression among a large cohort in China. METHODS A multicenter cohort study was conducted to explore whether liver metastasis and overall survival in locally advanced and metastatic PDAC could be affected by HBV infection. In this study, we collected 1,526 advanced PDAC patients at three participating hospitals - Shanghai Cancer Center, Changhai Hospital and Ruijin Hospital from 2004 to 2013. The association between HBV status and advanced PDAC progression was then examined. RESULTS In multivariable Logistic regression model, chronic hepatitis B(CHB) infection was inversely associated with synchronous liver metastasis compared to non HBV infection (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.19-0.85) for stage IV patients. In a multivariable Cox model, CHB infection (HR=0.11, 95% CI 0.02-0.82) is considered as a protective factor of metachronous liver metastasis compared to Non HBV infection for stage III patients. For stage IV patients, CHB infection was inversely associated with overall survival compared to non HBV infection (HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.51-0.95). Inactive carrier(IC) and resolved HBV infection showed no significant association with survival compared to non HBV infection. CONCLUSION This study indicated that CHB infection may serve as an independent factor which decrease synchronous or metachronous liver metastasis, and increase overall survival among advanced PDAC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Chen
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhouyu Ning
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Digestive Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifeng Ying
- Department of Integrative Medicine of Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Dong
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyue Zhang
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoheng Shen
- Department of Integrative Medicine of Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanbiao Guo
- Department of Integrative Medicine of Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Yehua Shen
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Weidong Shi
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongqiang Hua
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Junhua Lin
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Litao Xu
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianyu Chen
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Lanyun Feng
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiumei Zhang
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Endoscopy and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaqin Sun
- Department of Radiology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenchao Gu
- Department of Radiology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Kang
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Tang
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhujun Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Luming Liu
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinming Yu
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoshen Li
- Digestive Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqiang Meng
- Department of Integrative Oncology and Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
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12
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Teng Y, Mu J, Hu X, Samykutty A, Zhuang X, Deng Z, Zhang L, Cao P, Yan J, Miller D, Zhang HG. Grapefruit-derived nanovectors deliver miR-18a for treatment of liver metastasis of colon cancer by induction of M1 macrophages. Oncotarget 2018; 7:25683-97. [PMID: 27028860 PMCID: PMC5041936 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver metastasis accounts for many of the cancer deaths in patients. Effective treatment for metastatic liver tumors is not available. Here, we provide evidence for the role of miR-18a in the induction of liver M1 (F4/80+interferon gamma (IFNγ)+IL-12+) macrophages. We found that miR-18a encapsulated in grapefruit-derived nanovector (GNV) mediated inhibition of liver metastasis that is dependent upon the induction of M1 (F4/80+IFNγ+IL-12+) macrophages; depletion of macrophages eliminated its anti-metastasis effect. Furthermore, the miR-18a mediated induction of macrophage IFNγ by targeting IRF2 is required for subsequent induction of IL-12. IL-12 then activates natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells for inhibition of liver metastasis of colon cancer. This conclusion is supported by the fact that knockout of IFNγ eliminates miR-18a mediated induction of IL-12, miR-18a treatment has an anti-metastatic effects in T cell deficient mice but there is no anti-metastatic effect on NK and NKT deficient mice. Co-delivery of miR-18a and siRNA IL-12 to macrophages did not result in activation of co-cultured NK and NKT cells. Taken together our results indicate that miR-18a can act as an inhibitor for liver metastasis through induction of M1 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Teng
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jingyao Mu
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Xin Hu
- Program in Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Abhilash Samykutty
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Xiaoying Zhuang
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Zhongbin Deng
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Pengxiao Cao
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jun Yan
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Donald Miller
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Huang-Ge Zhang
- Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206, USA.,James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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13
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Jones HP, Aldridge B, Boss-Williams K, Weiss JM. A role for B cells in facilitating defense against an NK cell-sensitive lung metastatic tumor is revealed by stress. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 313:99-108. [PMID: 29153616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Stressors impair immune defenses and pose risks among cancer patients. Natural Killer cells are not the sole immune defense against tumor development. Utilizing an NK-sensitive tumor model, this study evaluated immune effects to stress and determined whether lung metastasis resulted from B cells' inability to augment tumorlytic function. Lung metastasis directly correlated with delayed lung B cell accumulation compared to NK, and T cells. Decreased interleukin-12 cytokine and CD80+ molecule expression by B cells correlated with decreased tumor lysis and increased tumor development. Thus, tumor defenses in the lung given stress exposure can depend on the B cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harlan P Jones
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Beau Aldridge
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Katherine Boss-Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jay M Weiss
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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14
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Tohme S, Simmons RL, Tsung A. Surgery for Cancer: A Trigger for Metastases. Cancer Res 2017; 77:1548-1552. [PMID: 28330928 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Surgery is a crucial intervention and provides a chance of cure for patients with cancer. The perioperative period is characterized by an increased risk for accelerated growth of micrometastatic disease and increased formation of new metastatic foci. The true impact for cancer patients remains unclear. This review summarizes the often fragmentary clinical and experimental evidence supporting the role of surgery and inflammation as potential triggers for disease recurrence. Surgery induces increased shedding of cancer cells into the circulation, suppresses antitumor immunity allowing circulating cells to survive, upregulates adhesion molecules in target organs, recruits immune cells capable of entrapping tumor cells, and induces changes in the target tissue and in the cancer cells themselves to enhance migration and invasion to establish at the target site. Surgical trauma induces local and systemic inflammatory responses that can also contribute to the accelerated growth of residual and micrometastatic disease. Furthermore, we address the role of perioperative factors, including anesthesia, transfusions, hypothermia, and postoperative complications, as probable deleterious factors contributing to early recurrence. Through the admittedly limited understanding of these processes, we will attempt to provide suggestions for potential new therapeutic approaches to target the protumorigenic perioperative window and ultimately improve long-term oncological outcomes. Cancer Res; 77(7); 1548-52. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Tohme
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Richard L Simmons
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Allan Tsung
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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15
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Liver macrophages in healthy and diseased liver. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:553-560. [PMID: 28293730 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-1954-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Kupffer cells, the largest tissue resident macrophage population, are key for the maintenance of liver integrity and its restoration after injury and infections, as well as the local initiation and resolution of innate and adaptive immunity. These important roles of Kupffer cells were recently identified in healthy and diseased liver revealing diverse functions and phenotypes of hepatic macrophages. High-level phenotypic and genomic analysis revealed that Kupffer cells are not a homogenous population and that the hepatic microenvironment actively shapes both phenotype and function of liver macrophages. Compared to macrophages from other organs, hepatic macrophages bear unique properties that are instrumental for their diverse roles in local immunity as well as liver regeneration. The diverse and, in part, contradictory roles of hepatic macrophages in anti-tumor and inflammatory immune responses as well as regulatory and regenerative processes have been obscured by the lack of appropriate technologies to specifically target or ablate Kupffer cells or monocyte-derived hepatic macrophages. Future studies will need to dissect the exact role of the hepatic macrophages with distinct functional properties linked to their differentiation status and thereby provide insight into the functional plasticity of hepatic macrophages.
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16
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Gustafsson UO, Oppelstrup H, Thorell A, Nygren J, Ljungqvist O. Adherence to the ERAS protocol is Associated with 5-Year Survival After Colorectal Cancer Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study. World J Surg 2017; 40:1741-7. [PMID: 26913728 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-016-3460-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical stress can influence oncological outcome and survival. The enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol is designed to reduce perioperative stress and has been shown to reduce postoperative morbidity. We studied if adherence to ERAS is associated with increased long-term survival. METHODS Between the years 2002 and 2007, 911 consecutive patients, operated with major colorectal cancer surgery at Ersta Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden were analyzed. The histopathological reports of the resected specimen, date, and cause of death of the patients as well as postoperative CRP levels were obtained. The relation between the rate of adherence to the ERAS protocol at the time of surgery, and the short-term outcomes in relation to 5-year overall and colorectal cancer-specific survival was determined in this retrospective cohort study. RESULTS In patients with ≥70 % adherence to ERAS interventions (N = 273,), the risk of 5-year cancer-specific death was lowered by 42 %, HR 0.58 (0.39-0.88, cox regression) compared to all other patients (<70 % adherence). Significant independent perioperative predictors of increased 5-year survival were avoiding overload of intravenous fluids, HR 0.53 (0.32-0.86); oral intake on the day of operation, HR 0.55 (0.34-0.78); and low CRP levels on postoperative day 1. CONCLUSION High adherence to the ERAS protocol may be associated with improved 5-year cancer-specific survival after colorectal cancer surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf O Gustafsson
- Department of Surgery, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Henrik Oppelstrup
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Thorell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Nygren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olle Ljungqvist
- Department of Surgery, Örebro University and University Hospital, Örebro & Institute of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Braster R, Bögels M, Beelen RHJ, van Egmond M. The delicate balance of macrophages in colorectal cancer; their role in tumour development and therapeutic potential. Immunobiology 2015; 222:21-30. [PMID: 26358365 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Most tumours are heavily infiltrated by immune cells. This has been correlated with either a good or a bad patient prognosis, depending on the (sub) type of immune cells. Macrophages represent one of the most prominent leukocyte populations in the majority of tumours. Functions of macrophages range from cytotoxicity, to stimulation of tumour growth by secretion of cytokines, growth and angiogenic factors, or suppressing immune responses. In most tumours macrophages are described as cells with immune suppressing, and wound healing properties, which aids tumour development. Yet, increasing evidence shows that macrophages are potent inhibitors of tumour growth in colorectal cancer. Macrophages in this respect show high plasticity. The presence of high macrophage numbers in the tumour may therefore become advantageous, if cells can be reprogrammed from tumour promoting macrophages into potent effector cells. Enhancing cytotoxic properties of macrophages by microbial products, pro-inflammatory cytokines or monoclonal antibody therapy are promising possibilities, and are currently tested in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Braster
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Bögels
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R H J Beelen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M van Egmond
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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18
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Paschos KA, Majeed AW, Bird NC. Natural history of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer - pathobiological pathways with clinical significance. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:3719-3737. [PMID: 24744570 PMCID: PMC3983432 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i14.3719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer hepatic metastases represent the final stage of a multi-step biological process. This process starts with a series of mutations in colonic epithelial cells, continues with their detachment from the large intestine, dissemination through the blood and/or lymphatic circulation, attachment to the hepatic sinusoids and interactions with the sinusoidal cells, such as sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, stellate cells and pit cells. The metastatic sequence terminates with colorectal cancer cell invasion, adaptation and colonisation of the hepatic parenchyma. All these events, termed the colorectal cancer invasion-metastasis cascade, include multiple molecular pathways, intercellular interactions and expression of a plethora of chemokines and growth factors, and adhesion molecules, such as the selectins, the integrins or the cadherins, as well as enzymes including matrix metalloproteinases. This review aims to present recent advances that provide insights into these cell-biological events and emphasizes those that may be amenable to therapeutic targeting.
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19
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Aucher A, Rudnicka D, Davis DM. MicroRNAs transfer from human macrophages to hepato-carcinoma cells and inhibit proliferation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:6250-60. [PMID: 24227773 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has indicated a new mode of intercellular communication facilitated by the movement of RNA between cells. There is evidence that RNA can transfer between cells in a multitude of ways, including in complex with proteins or lipids or in vesicles, including apoptotic bodies and exosomes. However, there remains little understanding of the function of nucleic acid transfer between human cells. In this article, we report that human macrophages transfer microRNAs (miRNAs) to hepato-carcinoma cells (HCCs) in a manner that required intercellular contact and involved gap junctions. Two specific miRNAs transferred efficiently between these cells--miR-142 and miR-223--and both were endogenously expressed in macrophages and not in HCCs. Transfer of these miRNAs influenced posttranscriptional regulation of proteins in HCCs, including decreased expression of reporter proteins and endogenously expressed stathmin-1 and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor. Importantly, transfer of miRNAs from macrophages functionally inhibited proliferation of these cancerous cells. Thus, these data led us to propose that intercellular transfer of miRNA from immune cells could serve as a new defense against unwanted cell proliferation or tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Aucher
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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20
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A nodal positivity constant: new perspectives in lymph node evaluation and colorectal cancer. World J Surg 2013; 37:878-82. [PMID: 23242459 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-012-1891-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To date, associations between the number of lymph nodes evaluated, staging, and survival have been examined in the context of large population-based studies conducted by a small number of investigators. Therefore, although high-quality data are available, perspective is lacking. METHODS Studies for this paper were identified by searches of Medline, Scopus, PubMed, and manual searching of references from articles, using the search terms ''colorectal cancer'', ''nodal status'' and ''lymph node''. RESULTS It is clear that survival benefit increases with the increasing number of lymph nodes harvested. Despite this observation, there has been no significant increase in the proportion of node-positive cancers over the past two decades. CONCLUSION The nodal positivity rate for colorectal cancer consistently approximates 40 % across a wide range of studies internationally, a phenomenon that has not previously been recognized in the literature. We review the evidence and introduce the concept of a nodal positivity constant.
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21
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Yeap SK, Omar AR, Ho WY, Beh BK, Ali AM, Alitheen NB. Rhaphidophora korthalsii modulates peripheral blood natural killer cell proliferation, cytokine secretion and cytotoxicity. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 13:145. [PMID: 23800124 PMCID: PMC3701493 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Rhaphidophora korthalsii (Araceae) is a root-climber plant which has been widely used in Chinese traditional medicine for cancer and skin disease treatment. Previous reports have recorded its immunomodulatory effects on mice splenocyte and human peripheral blood. This study investigated the potential immunostimulatory effect of Rhaphidophora korthalsii on human PBMC enriched NK cell. Methods PBMC was exposed to various concentrations of R. korthalsii extract and the T and NK cell population in the control and extract treated PBMC were identified by immunophenotyping. Intracellular perforin and granzyme B expressions were detected by flow cytometry and extra-cellular Granzyme B, IFN-γ and TNF-α production in the isolated NK cells were determined by ELISA. The cytotoxicity of effector NK cell towards target K562 cell was assessed by CytoTox 96 assay. Results Rhaphidophora korthalsii methanol extract significantly increased PBMC NK cell population and intracellular perforin and granzyme B expressions. Moreover, the extract also enhanced the secretion of IFN-γ and TNF-α which subsequently enhanced the cytotoxicity of NK cell against the NK sensitive target K562 cell line. NK cell enriched with extract treated PBMC showed better activation than NK cell directly treated with the extract. Conclusion Our findings indicated a potential IL-2 free immunotherapy through direct and indirect R. korthalsii stimulation on NK cell activation.
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22
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Wen SW, Ager EI, Neo J, Christophi C. The renin angiotensin system regulates Kupffer cells in colorectal liver metastases. Cancer Biol Ther 2013; 14:720-7. [PMID: 23792575 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.25092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Blockade of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) can inhibit tumor growth and this may be mediated via undefined immunomodulatory actions. This study investigated the effects of RAS blockade on liver macrophages (Kupffer cells; KCs) in an orthotopic murine model of colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastases. Here we showed that pharmacological targeting of the RAS [ANG II (31.25 µg/kg/h i.p.), ANG-(1-7) (24 µg/kg/h i.p.) or the ACE inhibitor; captopril (750 mg/kg/d i.p.)] altered endogenous KC numbers in the tumor-bearing liver throughout metastatic growth. Captopril, and to a lesser extent ANG-(1-7), increased KC numbers in the liver but not tumor. KCs were found to express the key RAS components: ACE and AT1R. Treatment with captopril and ANG II increased the number of AT1R-expressing KCs, although total KC numbers were not affected by ANG II. Captopril (0.1 µM) also increased macrophage invasion in vitro. Additionally, captopril was administered with KC depletion before tumor induction (day 0) or at established metastatic growth (day 18) using gadolinium chloride (GdCl 3; 20 mg/kg). Livers were collected at day 21 and quantitative stereology used as a measure of tumor burden. Captopril reduced growth of CRC liver metastases. However, when captopril was combined with early KC depletion (day 0) tumor growth was significantly increased compared with captopril alone. In contrast, late KC depletion (day 18) failed to influence the anti-tumor effects of captopril. The result of these studies suggests that manipulation of the RAS can alter KC numbers and may subsequently influence progression of CRC liver metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wen Wen
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
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23
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Wen SW, Ager EI, Christophi C. Bimodal role of Kupffer cells during colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Cancer Biol Ther 2013; 14:606-13. [PMID: 23792646 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.24593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Kupffer cells (KCs) are resident liver macrophages that play a crucial role in liver homeostasis and in the pathogenesis of liver disease. Evidence suggests KCs have both stimulatory and inhibitory functions during tumor development but the extent of these functions remains to be defined. Using KC depletion studies in an orthotopic murine model of colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastases we demonstrated the bimodal role of KCs in determining tumor growth. KC depletion with gadolinium chloride before tumor induction was associated with an increased tumor burden during the exponential growth phase. In contrast, KC depletion at the late stage of tumor growth (day 18) decreased liver tumor load compared with non-depleted animals. This suggests KCs exhibit an early inhibitory and a later stimulatory effect. These two opposing functions were associated with changes in iNOS and VEGF expression as well as T-cell infiltration. KC depletion at day 18 increased numbers of CD3 (+) T cells and iNOS-expressing infiltrating cells in the tumor, but decreased the number of VEGF-expressing infiltrating cells. These alterations may be responsible for the observed reduction in tumor burden following depletion of pro-tumor KCs at the late stage of metastatic growth. Taken together, our results indicate that the bimodal role of KC activity in liver tumors may provide the key to timing immunomodulatory intervention for the treatment of CRC liver metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wen Wen
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia.
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24
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Antitumor immunity produced by the liver Kupffer cells, NK cells, NKT cells, and CD8 CD122 T cells. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:868345. [PMID: 22190974 PMCID: PMC3235445 DOI: 10.1155/2011/868345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mouse and human livers contain innate immune leukocytes, NK cells, NKT cells, and macrophage-lineage Kupffer cells. Various bacterial components, including Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and an NKT cell ligand (α-galactocylceramide), activate liver Kupffer cells, which produce IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF. IL-12 activates hepatic NK cells and NKT cells to produce IFN-γ, which further activates hepatic T cells, in turn activating phagocytosis and cytokine production by Kupffer cells in a positive feedback loop. These immunological events are essentially evoked to protect the host from bacterial and viral infections; however, these events also contribute to antitumor and antimetastatic immunity in the liver by activated liver NK cells and NKT cells. Bystander CD8+CD122+ T cells, and tumor-specific memory CD8+T cells, are also induced in the liver by α-galactocylceramide. Furthermore, adoptive transfer experiments have revealed that activated liver lymphocytes may migrate to other organs to inhibit tumor growth, such as the lungs and kidneys. The immunological mechanism underlying the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic livers in hepatitis C patients and liver innate immunity as a double-edged sword (hepatocyte injury/regeneration, septic shock, autoimmune disease, etc.) are also discussed.
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Georgiadou M, Notas G, Xidakis C, Drygiannakis I, Sfakianaki O, Klironomos S, Valatas V, Kouroumalis E. TNF receptors in Kupffer cells. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2011; 31:291-8. [DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2011.586354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Effects of chronic immunosuppression on long-term oncologic outcomes for colorectal cancer patients undergoing surgery. Ann Surg 2011; 253:323-7. [PMID: 21178764 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e3181fc9d36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The effects of chronic immunosuppressive therapy (CIST) on long-term oncologic outcomes for patients who undergo surgery for colorectal cancer are not known. We investigate whether CIST affects these outcomes. METHODS From a prospective colorectal cancer database, patients undergoing colorectal resection for cancer between 1996 and 2005 and on CIST (steroids and/or cyclosporine, azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, FK-506, methotrexate) were identified and compared with a control group matched for age(±5 year), gender, type, and year (±2 year) of operation; American Society of Anesthesiology score; cancer stage; differentiation; vascular invasion; blood transfusion; and postoperative adjuvant therapy. The groups were compared for early and long-term outcomes. Cox models produced hazard ratios and Wald P values to assess associations between survival and the presence of immunosuppressive treatment. RESULTS Fifty-five (20 female and 35 male) patients were on CIST for inflammatory disease, transplantation, chronic obstructive lung disease, other cancers, and hypopituitarism. Both groups were comparable for the matched characteristics. Chronic immunosuppressive therapy and control groups had similar overall postoperative morbidity (36.4% vs 27.3%, P = 0.3) and wound infection rates (14.5% vs 5.5%, P = 0.13). Chronic immunosuppressive therapy group had significantly lower 3- and 5-year overall (49.1% vs 76.3%, and 45.1% vs 66.2%, respectively, P = 0.003) and disease-free survival (45.5% vs 69.1%, and 41.7% vs 63.3%, respectively, P = 0.005) than the control group. Local recurrence was similar between groups. CONCLUSION Patients on chronic immunosuppression tolerate colorectal cancer resection but have significantly worse long-term oncologic outcomes.These findings need careful consideration when evaluating the relative roles of the various treatment modalities for this group of patients presenting with colorectal cancer.
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Egenolf DD, Rafferty P, Brosnan K, Walker M, Jordan J, Makropoulos D, Kavalkovich K, Watson S, Johns L, Volk A, Bugelski PJ. Development of a murine model of lymph node metastases suitable for immunotoxicity studies. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2011; 63:236-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the commonest malignancies in the "developed" world. The liver constitutes the main host organ for its distant metastases which, when present, augur a bad prognosis for the disease. Kupffer cells (KCs) are macrophages that constantly reside within the liver and form an effective first line defence against multiple harmful agents which reach the hepatic sinusoids via the portal circulation. KCs remove chemical compounds and dead or damaged cells, eliminate bacteria and protect against invading tumour cells. They may play a crucial tumouricidal role, exerting cytotoxic and cytostatic functions through the release of multiple cytokines and chemokines. Subsequently, colorectal metastasising cells are destroyed either by KC-performed phagocytosis or via the stimulation of other immune cells which migrate into the sinusoids and act accordingly. On the contrary, KC products, including cytokines, growth factors and matrix-degrading enzymes may promote liver metastasis, supporting tumour cell extravasation, motility and invasion. Current research aims to exploit the antineoplastic properties of KCs in new therapeutic approaches of colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Numerous agents, such as the granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, interferon gamma, muramyl peptide analogues and various antibody based treatments, have been tested in experimental models with promising results. Future trials may investigate their use in everyday clinical practice and compare their therapeutic value with current treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos A Paschos
- Liver Research Group, Section of Oncology, School of Medicine, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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van der Bij GJ, Oosterling SJ, Beelen RHJ, Meijer S, Coffey JC, van Egmond M. The perioperative period is an underutilized window of therapeutic opportunity in patients with colorectal cancer. Ann Surg 2009; 249:727-34. [PMID: 19387333 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e3181a3ddbd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this review, we address the underlying mechanisms by which surgery augments metastases outgrowth and how these insights can be used to develop perioperative therapeutic strategies for prevention of tumor recurrence. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Surgical removal of the primary tumor provides the best chance of long-term disease-free survival for patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Unfortunately, a significant part of CRC patients will develop metastases, even after successful resection of the primary tumor. Paradoxically, it is now becoming clear that surgery itself contributes to development of both local recurrences and distant metastases. METHODS Data for this review were identified by searches of PubMed and references from relevant articles using the search terms "surgery," "CRC," and "metastases." RESULTS Surgical trauma and concomitant wound-healing processes induce local and systemic changes, including impairment of tissue integrity and production of inflammatory mediators and angiogenic factors. This can lead to immune suppression and enhanced growth or adhesion of tumor cells, all of which increase the chance of exfoliated tumor cells developing into secondary malignancies. CONCLUSIONS Because surgery remains the appropriate and necessary means of treatment for most CRC patients, new adjuvant therapeutic strategies that prevent tumor recurrence after surgery need to be explored since the perioperative therapeutic window of opportunity offers promising means of improving patient outcome but is unfortunately underutilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerben J van der Bij
- Department of Surgical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Notas G, Kisseleva T, Brenner D. NK and NKT cells in liver injury and fibrosis. Clin Immunol 2008; 130:16-26. [PMID: 18823822 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune mechanisms of the liver represent an important first line of defense against bacterial products, toxins, and food antigens coming from the intestine. Natural Killer (NK) and Natural Killer T cells (NKT) are components of the innate immune system with increased presence in the liver compared to other organs and have been reported to participate in the inflammatory processes during hepatic diseases. However significant confusion has been noted in this field mainly due to changes in the characterization of these cells as new knowledge accumulates and due to differences in the approaches used for their study. Both cell types can mediate hepatic injury in several models but studies in human liver diseases have not managed to fully explain their functions. However accumulating evidence supports an antifibrotic role of NK cells mainly via an inhibitory effect on hepatic stellate cells by inducing apoptosis and via production of interferon-gamma. Therefore, downregulation of NK cells during most types of liver injury may facilitate liver fibrosis. Data about the role of NKT cells in liver fibrosis are limited. This review will summarize the studies about the role of NK and NKT cells in liver diseases with a special interest in hepatic injury and liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Notas
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive #0702, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Yonenaga Y, Mori A, Fujimoto A, Nagayama S, Tachibana T, Onodera H, Uemoto S. The administration of naked plasmid DNA into the liver induces antitumor innate immunity in a murine liver metastasis model. J Gene Med 2007; 9:299-307. [PMID: 17397091 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene therapy is a promising strategy against advanced cancer; however, the safety of viral vectors and the effectiveness of non-viral vectors have not yet been established. Recently, a hydrodynamics-based procedure was reported to be an effective and safe method to deliver and transduce DNA into the liver. Herein, we propose a strategy for liver metastasis by a hydrodynamics-based procedure to deliver naked non-coding plasmid DNA (pDNA) into the liver as an immunocompetent organ. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice received a rapid intravenous (i.v.) injection of naked pDNA in a large volume of saline (0.1 ml/g body weight). The single administration of a naked non-coding pDNA by the hydrodynamics-based procedure before tumor cell inoculation strongly suppressed liver metastasis formation. However, the usual i.v. injection (200 microl/body) of the same dose of naked pDNA could not suppress liver metastasis formation. Following the methylation of CpG sequences within the pDNA using CpG methylase, injection of the methylated pDNA by the hydrodynamics-based procedure could not suppress liver metastasis formation. Gadolinium chloride pretreatment did not interfere with this antitumor effect, but anti-asialo GM1 antiserum treatment did. These findings indicated that natural killer (NK) cells, not Kupffer cells, were involved in this antitumor effect. The NK cytotoxic activities of liver mononuclear cells were strongly enhanced after receiving a naked pDNA by the hydrodynamics-based procedure. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that unmethylated CpG motifs in pDNA stimulated immune cells, resulting in the activation of NK cells in the liver to suppress liver metastases in a murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikuni Yonenaga
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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Xidakis C, Mastrodimou N, Notas G, Renieri E, Kolios G, Kouroumalis E, Thermos K. RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry studies support the presence of somatostatin, cortistatin and somatostatin receptor subtypes in rat Kupffer cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 143:76-82. [PMID: 17481746 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2006] [Revised: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 03/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the presence of somatostatin receptor subtypes (ssts) and the endogenous peptides somatostatin and cortistatin in rat Kupffer cells, since modulation of these cells by somatostatin may be important for the beneficial effect of somatostatin analogues in a selected group of hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Kupffer cells were isolated from rat liver in agreement with national and EU guidelines. RT-PCR was employed to assess the expression of somatostatin, cortistatin and ssts in Kupffer cells. Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry were employed to assess the expression and the localization of the receptors, respectively. Quiescent Kupffer cells were found to express sst(1-4) mRNA, while immunocytochemical studies supported the presence of only the sst(3) and sst(4) receptors, which were found to be internalized. However, sst1 and sst(2A) receptors were detected by western blotting. RT-PCR and RIA measurements support the presence of both somatostatin and cortistatin. Stimulation of the cells with LPS activated the expression of the sst(2), sst(3) and sst(4) receptors. The present data provide evidence to support the presence of ssts and the endogenous neuropeptides somatostatin and CST in rat Kupffer cells. Both peptides may act in an autocrine manner to regulate sst receptor distribution. Studies are in progress in order to further characterize the role of ssts in Kupffer cells and in hepatic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Xidakis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department Basic Sciences, University of Crete, Faculty of Medicine, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Braet F, Nagatsuma K, Saito M, Soon L, Wisse E, Matsuura T. The hepatic sinusoidal endothelial lining and colorectal liver metastases. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:821-5. [PMID: 17352008 PMCID: PMC4065914 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i6.821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignant disease and the severe nature of cases in men and women who develop colorectal cancer makes this an important socio-economic health issue. Major challenges such as understanding and modeling colorectal cancer pathways rely on our understanding of simple models such as outlined in this paper. We discuss that the development of novel standardized approaches of multidimensional (correlative) biomolecular microscopy methods facilitates the collection of (sub) cellular tissue information in the early onset of colorectal liver metastasis and that this approach will be crucial in designing new effective strategies for CRC treatment. The application of X-ray micro-computed tomography and its potential in correlative imaging of the liver vasculature will be discussed.
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Abstract
Kupffer cells, the resident liver macrophages have long been considered as mostly scavenger cells responsible for removing particulate material from the portal circulation. However, evidence derived mostly from animal models, indicates that Kupffer cells may be implicated in the pathogenesis of various liver diseases including viral hepatitis, steatohepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, intrahepatic cholestasis, activation or rejection of the liver during liver transplantation and liver fibrosis. There is accumulating evidence, reviewed in this paper, suggesting that Kupffer cells may act both as effector cells in the destruction of hepatocytes by producing harmful soluble mediators as well as antigen presenting cells during viral infections of the liver. Moreover they may represent a significant source of chemoattractant molecules for cytotoxic CD8 and regulatory T cells. Their role in fibrosis is well established as they are one of the main sources of TGFβ1 production, which leads to the transformation of stellate cells into myofibroblasts. Whether all these variable functions in the liver are mediated by different Kupffer cell subpopulations remains to be evaluated. In this review we propose a model that demonstrates the role of Kupffer cells in the pathogenesis of liver disease.
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Nishikawa M, Hashida M. Inhibition of tumour metastasis by targeted delivery of antioxidant enzymes. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2006; 3:355-69. [PMID: 16640496 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.3.3.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is one of the most harmful aspects of malignant neoplasm. Interaction of tumour cells with normal cells such as tissue macrophages may generate reactive oxygen species, which would affect various aspects of tumour metastasis. Reactive oxygen species cause damage to both tumour and normal cells and some of them, especially hydrogen peroxide, can also act as intracellular second messengers at sublethal concentrations to increase the transcription of various genes, which can then accelerate the proliferation of tumour cells in metastatic colonies. Therefore, eliminating hydrogen peroxide is one approach to inhibiting tumour metastasis. In this article, the roles of reactive oxygen species in tumour metastasis are reviewed, and the strategies to inhibit tumour metastasis by the targeted delivery of catalase, an enzyme that detoxifies hydrogen peroxide, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiya Nishikawa
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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36
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van der Bij GJ, Oosterling SJ, Meijer S, Beelen RHJ, van Egmond M. Therapeutic potential of Kupffer cells in prevention of liver metastases outgrowth. Immunobiology 2005; 210:259-65. [PMID: 16164033 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2005.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Development of liver metastases is a frequent complication in the course of gastro-intestinal malignancies. After entering the liver via the portal circulation, blood-borne tumor cells that have been seeded from primary colorectal cancer, are first encountered by Kupffer cells (KC), which line the liver sinusoids. KC represent approximately 10% of all liver cells, and have the ability to kill tumor cells. As such, they may play an important intrinsic role in the protection against outgrowth of hepatic metastases. Furthermore, the cytotoxic function of KC is increased upon stimulation with various biological response modifiers, such as interferon-gamma, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, antibodies and muramyl dipeptides. Therefore, enhancement of KC cytotoxic functions may represent an attractive treatment modality to prevent development of liver metastases in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerben J van der Bij
- Department of Surgical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Isbert C, Ritz JP, Roggan A, Schuppan D, Rühl M, Buhr HJ, Germer CT. Enhancement of the immune response to residual intrahepatic tumor tissue by laser-induced thermotherapy (LITT) compared to hepatic resection. Lasers Surg Med 2005; 35:284-92. [PMID: 15493028 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In contrast to hepatic resection, thermally destroyed autologous tumor cells remain in situ after laser-induced thermotherapy (LITT). The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of LITT and hepatic resection on the immune response to residual intrahepatic tumor tissue and the growth of untreated liver metastases. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Two independent adenocarcinomas (CC531) were implanted into 60 WAG rats, one in the right (control tumor) and one in the left liver lobe (treated tumor). The left lobe tumor was treated either by LITT or partial hepatectomy. The control tumor was submitted to further investigation 24 hours, 96 hours, 7 days, and 10 days after treatment. RESULTS Ten days after treatment, control tumor volumes were 296+/-46 mm_ after LITT and 1,181+/-192 mm_, 1,387+/-200 mm_ after hepatic resection and no treatment, respectively (P<0.001). Peritoneal tumor spread was detected in 4/20 cases after LITT and in 17/20 cases after hepatic resection. Expression of CD8, B7-2 (CD86), and to lesser extent MHCII, LFA1 (CD11a), and ICAM1 (CD54), was significantly enhanced at the invasion front of control tumors after LITT compared to hepatic resection. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that LITT increases the immune response against untreated intrahepatic tumor tissue, which can lead to reduced tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Isbert
- Depatment of Surgery, Klinikum Nuernberg Nord, Prof.-Ernst-Nathan-Strasse 1, D-90419 Nuernberg, Germany.
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Vekemans K, Braet F. Structural and functional aspects of the liver and liver sinusoidal cells in relation to colon carcinoma metastasis. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:5095-102. [PMID: 16127736 PMCID: PMC4320379 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i33.5095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, liver metastasis remains difficult to cure. When tumor cells escape and arrive in the liver sinusoids, they encounter the local defense mechanism specific to the liver. The sinusoidal cells have been widely described in physiologic conditions and in relation to metastasis during the past 30 years. This paper provides an “overview” of how these cells function in health and in diseases such as liver metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Vekemans
- Centre of Experimental Surgery and Anaesthesia, Abdominal Transplant Surgery Department, Catholic University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
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Nishikawa M, Tamada A, Hyoudou K, Umeyama Y, Takahashi Y, Kobayashi Y, Kumai H, Ishida E, Staud F, Yabe Y, Takakura Y, Yamashita F, Hashida M. Inhibition of experimental hepatic metastasis by targeted delivery of catalase in mice. Clin Exp Metastasis 2004; 21:213-21. [PMID: 15387371 DOI: 10.1023/b:clin.0000037706.13747.5e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Bovine liver catalase derivatives possessing diverse tissue distribution properties were synthesized, and their effects on hepatic metastasis of colon carcinoma cells were examined in mice. An intraportal injection of 1 x 10(5) colon 26 cells resulted in the formation of more than 50 metastatic colonies on the surface of the liver at 14 days after injection. An intravenous injection of catalase (CAT; 35000 units/kg of body weight) significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the number of the colonies in the liver. Galactosylated (Gal-), mannosylated (Man-) and succinylated (Suc-) CAT were also tested in the same system. Of these derivatives, Gal-CAT showed the greatest inhibitory effect on hepatic metastasis, and the number of colonies was significantly (P < 0.001) smaller than following treatment with catalase. High activities of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), especially MMP-9, were detected in the liver of mice bearing metastatic tumor tissues, which was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by Gal-CAT. These results, combined with our previous finding that Gal-CAT can be efficiently delivered to hepatocytes, indicate that the targeted delivery of catalase to the liver by galactosylation is a promising approach to suppress hepatic metastasis. Decreased MMP activity by catalase delivery seems to be involved in its anti-metastatic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiya Nishikawa
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
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Timmers M, Vekemans K, Vermijlen D, Asosingh K, Kuppen P, Bouwens L, Wisse E, Braet F. Interactions between rat colon carcinoma cells and Kupffer cells during the onset of hepatic metastasis. Int J Cancer 2004; 112:793-802. [PMID: 15386374 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Liver sinusoids harbor populations of 2 important types of immunocompetent cells, Kupffer cells (KCs) and natural killer (NK) cells, which are thought to play an important role in controlling hepatic metastasis in the first 24 hr upon arrival of the tumor cells in the liver. We studied the early interaction of KCs, NK and CC531s colon carcinoma cells in a syngeneic rat model by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results showed a minority of KCs (19% periportal and 7% pericentral) involved in the interaction with 94% of tumor cells and effecting the phagocytosis of 92% of them. NK cell depletion decreased the phagocytosis of tumor cells by KCs by 33% over a period of 24 hr, leaving 35% of the cancer cells free, as compared to 6% in NK-positive rats. Surviving cancer cells were primarily located close to the Glisson capsule, suggesting that metastasis would initiate from this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Timmers
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Histology, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
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Vekemans K, Braet F, Muyllaert D, Wisse E. Nitric oxide from rat liver sinusoidal endothelial cells induces apoptosis in IFN gamma-sensitized CC531s colon carcinoma cells. J Hepatol 2004; 41:11-8. [PMID: 15246201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2004.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2003] [Revised: 03/15/2004] [Accepted: 03/31/2004] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Investigation of apoptosis is pivotal in searching for mechanisms that eliminate colon cancer cells getting trapped in liver sinusoids at the time of surgical removal of the primary tumor. This study focuses on nitric oxide (NO), Fas/FasL and the involvement of interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and in the colon carcinoma cell line CC531s. METHODS Apoptosis was quantified and visualized in vitro by specific DNA fragmentation, specific staining and electron microscopy. In vivo experiments were also conducted. RESULTS In co-cultures of LSECs with CC531s, apoptosis of CC531s was observed only when they were pre-treated with IFNgamma, and was unaffected by blocking the Fas/FasL pathway. However, LSECs continuously produced NO, and apoptosis was inhibited by NO-inhibitors (NMMA and dexamethasone). When IFNgamma-sensitized CC531s were injected into rats, liver weight was lower, in contrast to control conditions where liver weight was higher. CONCLUSIONS (i) LSECs induce apoptosis in IFNgamma-sensitized CC531s in vitro; (ii) LSECs express FasL; (iii) Fas on CC531s becomes active after IFNgamma-treatment; however, (iv) blocking the Fas/FasL pathway had no effect; (v) apoptosis was inhibited by NO-inhibitors; (vi) the immune system uses this IFNgamma-activated pathway to support LSECs in killing tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Vekemans
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Histology, Free University Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels-Jette, Belgium.
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Menon AG, Janssen-van Rhijn CM, Morreau H, Putter H, Tollenaar RAEM, van de Velde CJH, Fleuren GJ, Kuppen PJK. Immune system and prognosis in colorectal cancer: a detailed immunohistochemical analysis. J Transl Med 2004; 84:493-501. [PMID: 14968119 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of tumor cell-immune cell interactions depends on a number of factors, for example, the expression of HLA-I on tumor cells, the type of immune cell, the accessibility of tumor cells for immune cells and the expression of immunogenic epitopes. We assessed infiltration of CD4+, CD8+, CD56+ and CD57+ cells in the tumor epithelium, tumor stroma and advancing tumor margin of 93 colorectal carcinomas and correlated this to clinicopathological parameters, the expression of HLA-A and HLA-B/C on tumor cells, the presence of a basal membrane (BM)-like structure surrounding tumor nodules and the presence of microsatellite instability/mutator phenotype (absent MLH-1 expression). The median intraepithelial CD4+, CD8+, CD56+ and CD57+ cell infiltrations were 3, 23, 0 and 0 cells/mm(2) tumor, respectively. HLA-A/BC expression by tumor cells was normal in 28/43%, heterogeneous in 59/48% and absent in 13/9% of the cases. A BM-like structure surrounding the tumor nodules was absent, present and thick in 47, 38 and 15% of the cases. Six cases lost MLH1 expression. There was a positive correlation between leukocyte infiltration in the three compartments for CD4+, CD8+, CD56+ (partly) and CD57+ (all P<0.05) cell infiltration. Intraepithelial CD8+ cell infiltration inversely correlated with HLA-A (P=0.04) and HLA-B/C expression (P=0.04). Intraepithelial CD57+ cell infiltration inversely correlated with HLA-B/C expression (P=0.04). Moreover, intraepithelial infiltration of CD8+ and CD57+ cells was inversely correlated to the presence of a BM-like structure (P=0.003 and 0.04, respectively). Uni- and multivariate analyses showed that a lower tumor stage (P=0.004) and marked infiltration of CD8+ (P=0.04) and CD57+ cells (P=0.05) at the advancing tumor margin were independent prognostic factors for a longer disease-free survival. Loss of MLH1 expression was correlated with a significantly higher intraepithelial CD8+ and CD57+ cell infiltration. We conclude that infiltration of CD8+ and CD57+ cells are important prognostic factors in colorectal cancer. However, their interaction with tumor cells is inversely correlated to the presence of HLA-I on tumor cells and a thick BM-like structure around tumor islets. Our data indicate that NK cells might play an important role in the immune surveillance in colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand G Menon
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Shakhar G, Ben-Eliyahu S. Potential prophylactic measures against postoperative immunosuppression: could they reduce recurrence rates in oncological patients? Ann Surg Oncol 2004; 10:972-92. [PMID: 14527919 DOI: 10.1245/aso.2003.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Removing the primary tumor is indispensable for eliminating the major pool of metastasizing cells, but the surgical procedure itself is suspected of promoting metastases. This adverse effect is attributed to several mechanisms acting in synergy, including mechanical release of tumor cells, enhanced angiogenesis, secretion of growth factors, and immunosuppression. Here we provide new insights into mechanisms of postoperative immunosuppression and assess the assumptions underlying the hypothesis that, by suppressing cell-mediated immunity (CMI), surgery may render the patient vulnerable to metastases that otherwise could have been controlled. METHODS An extensive review of relevant articles in English identified by using the MEDLINE database and cross-referencing. RESULTS Current literature suggests that (1) CMI can control minimal residual disease, especially if surgery is performed early; (2) major surgery transiently but markedly suppresses CMI through multiple mechanisms now better understood; (3) surgical stress promotes experimental metastasis through immunosuppression, but the clinical evidence remains indirect because of ethical limitations. CONCLUSIONS Minimizing postoperative immunosuppression seems feasible, may limit recurrence, and should be introduced into the broader array of considerations when planning oncological surgeries. In the short run, physicians could try to avoid immunosuppressive anesthetic approaches, inadvertent hypothermia, excessive blood transfusions, and untended postoperative pain. When feasible, minimally invasive surgery should be considered. In the long run, clinical trials should evaluate prophylactic measures, including perioperative immunostimulation and several antagonists to cytokines and hormones specified herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Shakhar
- Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Sturm JW, Magdeburg R, Berger K, Petruch B, Samel S, Bönninghoff R, Keese M, Hafner M, Post S. Influence of TNFA on the formation of liver metastases in a syngenic mouse model. Int J Cancer 2003; 107:11-21. [PMID: 12925951 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The level of TNFalpha expression is increased after partial hepatectomy, and experimental evidence exists that TNFalpha plays a key role in liver regeneration. Contradictory results are reported about the influence of TNFalpha on tumor growth: on the one hand, stimulation of tumor growth in various animal models and, on the other hand, intraperitoneally administered TNFalpha leads to reduced metastasis formation. TNFalpha may be one responsible factor for increased metastasis formation after surgical trauma. The objective of our study was to clarify the influence of TNFalpha on the formation of liver metastases in a syngenic mouse model in vivo. We used a novel marker system, EGFP transfected C26 tumor cells for in vivo observation of metastasis formation by intravital microscopy. We analyzed the effect of intraperitoneal TNFalpha-injection on tumor cell adhesion, extravasation and tumor development. The expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-Selectin was measured by Western blot and immunohistochemical staining. Tumor load was assessed by determining EGFP in Western blots. GdCl(3) was employed 24 and 48 hr before tumor cell injection to selectively deplete the liver of functioning Kupffer cells. We observed significantly more extravasated tumor cells in the TNFalpha-pre-treated animals at early time points with increased expression of adhesion molecules. Measurement of the EGFP levels showed fewer liver metastases in the TNFalpha-pretreated animals at day 8. After GdCl(3) pretreatment even lower levels of EGFP, i.e., fewer metastases and also lower expression levels of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-Selectin could be observed. TNFalpha, acts in a bidirectional manner: whereas TNFalpha facilitates tumor cell adhesion and extravasation of C26 tumor cells by inducing the expression of adhesion molecules, at later time points, TNFalpha seems to hinder the formation of liver metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg W Sturm
- Chirurgische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.
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Vermijlen D, Timmers M, Wisse E. Comments on augmentation of local antitumor immunity in liver by interleukin-2 gene transfer via portal vein: a possible explanation for contradictory in vivo and vitro results of interleukin-2 treatment in a rat model of colon carcinoma metastasis. Cancer Gene Ther 2003; 10:432-3. [PMID: 12719713 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kobayashi N, Kuramoto T, Chen S, Watanabe Y, Takakura Y. Therapeutic effect of intravenous interferon gene delivery with naked plasmid DNA in murine metastasis models. Mol Ther 2002; 6:737-44. [PMID: 12498770 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2002.0803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) exhibit pleiotropic biological activities that are considered to play important roles in tumor suppression and rejection. Therefore, IFN genes are promising for in vivo cytokine gene therapy targeted against tumors. In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of hydrodynamics-based IFN gene transfer for tumor treatment, in which the naked pDNA encoding IFN-beta or IFN-gamma was administered into the tail vein of mice following portal vein (liver metastasis), tail vein (lung metastasis), or subcutaneous injection (subcutaneous tumor) of mouse colon carcinoma CT-26 cells. A substantial amount of IFN was soon markedly expressed in the liver and a transient increase in IFN activity was detected in the circulation. This procedure caused transgene-specific IFN production with little induction of other proinflammatory cytokines. In the liver metastasis experiment, the mice treated with IFN-expressing pDNA displayed a profound reduction in liver metastasis and a prolonged survival. Administration of the pDNA at an earlier stage of metastasis was more crucial for the antitumor effect. Similar tumor suppression was seen in the lung metastasis experiment. These therapeutic effects were more marked with IFN-beta-expressing pDNA treatment than with IFN-gamma-expressing pDNA treatment. On the other hand, subcutaneous CT-26 tumor growth was hardly affected by pDNA administration. These results suggest that the hydrodynamics-based transfer of naked pDNA is a convenient and efficient method of IFN gene therapy against metastatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kobayashi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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Opanasopit P, Sakai M, Nishikawa M, Kawakami S, Yamashita F, Hashida M. Inhibition of liver metastasis by targeting of immunomodulators using mannosylated liposome carriers. J Control Release 2002; 80:283-94. [PMID: 11943405 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(02)00006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mannosylated liposomes were prepared by incorporating cholesten-5-yloxy-N-(4-((1-imino-2-beta-D-thiomannosylethyl)amino)butyl)formamide (Man-C4-Chol) into small unilamellar liposomes consisting of cholesterol and distearoyl phosphatidylcholine (DSPC). The biodistribution of liposomes labeled with [3H]cholesteryl hexadecyl ether was examined in mice. The rate and extent of the hepatic uptake of those [3H]liposomes increased proportionally on increasing the mixing ratio of Man-C4-Chol. Their hepatic uptake was reduced by increasing the administered dose due to the limited number of mannose receptors. The liver uptake of [3H]Man-liposomes was preferentially mediated by liver non-parenchymal cells (NPC) and significantly inhibited by co-injection with an excess of Man-BSA, indicating the involvement of a mannose receptor-mediated mechanism in the hepatic uptake of Man-liposomes. Muramyl dipeptide (MDP), an immunomodulator, was also incorporated into the liposomes and its inhibitory effect in an experimental liver metastasis model was examined. In contrast to free MDP treatment, which showed little effect on the inhibition of metastasis, liposomal MDP significantly reduced the number of metastatic colonies in the liver. Active targeting of MDP to liver NPC by Man-liposomes resulted in more effective inhibition than delivery of MDP by liposomes without mannose. Treatment with MDP/Man-liposomes further increased the survival of the tumor-bearing mice. These results suggest that Man-liposomes are effective carriers for targeted delivery of bioactive compounds to liver NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praneet Opanasopit
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Abstract
Ageing of the liver mainly affects the sinusoids and the Kupffer cells. Pseudocapillarization, manifested by reduced sinusoidal fenestration and subendothelial collagen deposition, causes a reduction in oxygen-dependent hepatocyte functions such as oxidative drug metabolism. The liver mass in old people is somewhat reduced and the liver blood flow is diminished. This causes a reduction in the clearance of rapidly cleared drugs, but the clearance of slowly cleared drugs is not affected. The overall capacity of the liver to regenerate is maintained in old people. Therefore, hepatic resections for hepatocellular carcinoma can be carried out in non-cirrhotic elderly people. For liver transplantations, biological age is more important than calendar age. Transplantations in frail old people and in elderly people with very poor liver function are associated with increased morbidity and limited survival. In relatively healthy old people, the results are as good as those in younger age groups. An increased prevalence of hepatitis C associated cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in the elderly population is to be expected, at least in the next 20 years. There is a high prevalence of gallstones among old people, in particular among females. For symptomatic choledocholithiasis in elderly patients, endoscopic bile duct clearance does not necessarily need to be followed by cholecystectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L M Jansen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands
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Lau WY, Chen GG, Lai PB, Chun YS, Leung BC, Chak EC, Lee JF, Chui AK. Induction of Fas and Fas ligand expression on malignant glioma cells by Kupffer cells, a potential pathway of antiliver metastases. J Surg Res 2001; 101:44-51. [PMID: 11676553 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.2001.6253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Kupffer cells play an important role in controlling the growth and development of liver metastases. However, the pathway of Kupffer cells against tumor metastases is not clear. In the present study, we set up an experimental model to investigate the mechanisms on how Kupffer cells kill tumor cells which metastasize to the liver. Malignant glioma cells were cocultured with Kupffer cells or treated with culture medium collected from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated Kupffer cells. The results showed that the interaction between Kupffer cells and malignant glioma cells significantly stimulated the generation of tumor necrosis factoralpha (TNFalpha). TNFalpha was mainly produced by Kupffer cells, as its level in culture medium obtained from LPS-treated Kupffer cells was not significantly different from that of malignant glioma cells treated with the same medium. Both Kupffer cells and LPS/Kupffer cell-conditioned supernatants induced expression of Fas and Fas ligand on malignant glioma cells. Subsequently a significant proportion of malignant glioma cells became apoptotic, as evidenced by positive staining of annexin V and propidium iodine and an increase in cellular DNA fragmentation. Therefore, this study supports a novel pathway of Kupffer cells against liver metastases, in which tumor cells were apoptotic via the Fas-Fas ligand system induced by TNFalpha released from Kupffer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Y Lau
- Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong.
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