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Ota Y, Takamoto K, Urakawa S, Nishimaru H, Matsumoto J, Takamura Y, Mihara M, Ono T, Nishijo H. Motor Imagery Training With Neurofeedback From the Frontal Pole Facilitated Sensorimotor Cortical Activity and Improved Hand Dexterity. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:34. [PMID: 32116496 PMCID: PMC7025527 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To develop a real-time neurofeedback system from the anterior prefrontal cortex (aPFC) using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) for motor rehabilitation, we investigated the effects of motor imagery training with neurofeedback from the aPFC on hand dexterity and cerebral hemodynamic activity during a motor rehabilitation task. Thirty-one right-handed healthy subjects participated in this study. They received motor imagery training six times for 2 weeks under fNIRS neurofeedback from the aPFC, in which they were instructed to increase aPFC activity. The real group subjects (n = 16) were shown real fNIRS neurofeedback signals from the aPFC, whereas the sham group subjects (n = 15) were shown irrelevant randomized signals during neurofeedback training. Before and after the training, hand dexterity was assessed by a motor rehabilitation task, during which cerebral hemodynamic activity was also measured. The results indicated that aPFC activity was increased during the training, and performance improvement rates in the rehabilitation task after the training was increased in the real group when compared with the sham group. Improvement rates of mean aPFC activity across the training were positively correlated with performance improvement rates in the motor rehabilitation task. During the motor rehabilitation task after the training, the hemodynamic activity in the left somatosensory motor-related areas [premotor area (PM), primary motor area (M1), and primary somatosensory area (S1)] was increased in the real group, whereas the hemodynamic activity was increased in the supplementary motor area in the sham group. This hemodynamic activity increases in the somatosensory motor-related areas after the training correlated with aPFC activity during the last 2 days of motor imagery training. Furthermore, improvement rates of M1 hemodynamic activity after the training was positively correlated with performance improvement rates in the motor rehabilitation task. The results suggest that the aPFC might shape activity in the somatosensory motor-related areas to improve hand dexterity. These findings further suggest that the motor imagery training using neurofeedback signals from the aPFC might be useful to patients with motor disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Ota
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kouichi Takamoto
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Department of Sports and Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of East Asia, Shimonoseki, Japan
| | - Susumu Urakawa
- Department of Musculoskeletal Functional Research and Regeneration, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishimaru
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Jumpei Matsumoto
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yusaku Takamura
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Masahito Mihara
- Department of Neurology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Ono
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Gross P, Kumar KV, Grill SW. How Active Mechanics and Regulatory Biochemistry Combine to Form Patterns in Development. Annu Rev Biophys 2017; 46:337-356. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-070816-033602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gross
- BIOTEC, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - K. Vijay Kumar
- International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560089, India
| | - Stephan W. Grill
- BIOTEC, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
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Solé R. Synthetic transitions: towards a new synthesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150438. [PMID: 27431516 PMCID: PMC4958932 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of life in our biosphere has been marked by several major innovations. Such major complexity shifts include the origin of cells, genetic codes or multicellularity to the emergence of non-genetic information, language or even consciousness. Understanding the nature and conditions for their rise and success is a major challenge for evolutionary biology. Along with data analysis, phylogenetic studies and dedicated experimental work, theoretical and computational studies are an essential part of this exploration. With the rise of synthetic biology, evolutionary robotics, artificial life and advanced simulations, novel perspectives to these problems have led to a rather interesting scenario, where not only the major transitions can be studied or even reproduced, but even new ones might be potentially identified. In both cases, transitions can be understood in terms of phase transitions, as defined in physics. Such mapping (if correct) would help in defining a general framework to establish a theory of major transitions, both natural and artificial. Here, we review some advances made at the crossroads between statistical physics, artificial life, synthetic biology and evolutionary robotics.This article is part of the themed issue 'The major synthetic evolutionary transitions'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricard Solé
- ICREA-Complex Systems Lab, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, CSIC-UPF, Pg Maritim de la Barceloneta 37, 08003 Barcelona, Spain Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
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Ishikuro K, Urakawa S, Takamoto K, Ishikawa A, Ono T, Nishijo H. Cerebral functional imaging using near-infrared spectroscopy during repeated performances of motor rehabilitation tasks tested on healthy subjects. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:292. [PMID: 24860474 PMCID: PMC4026732 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the relationship between the frontal and sensorimotor cortices and motor learning, hemodynamic responses were recorded from the frontal and sensorimotor cortices using functional near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) while healthy subjects performed motor learning tasks used in rehabilitation medicine. Whole-head NIRS recordings indicated that response latencies in the anterior dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (aDMPFC) were shorter than in other frontal and parietal areas. Furthermore, the increment rate of the hemodynamic responses in the aDMPFC across the eight repeated trials significantly correlated with those in the other areas, as well as with the improvement rate of task performance across the 8 repeated trials. In the second experiment, to dissociate scalp- and brain-derived hemodynamic responses, hemodynamic responses were recorded from the head over the aDMPFC using a multi-distance probe arrangement. Six probes (a single source probe and 5 detectors) were linearly placed 6 mm apart from each of the neighboring probes. Using independent component analyses of hemodynamic signals from the 5 source-detector pairs, we dissociated scalp- and brain-derived components of the hemodynamic responses. Hemodynamic responses corrected for scalp-derived responses over the aDMPFC significantly increased across the 8 trials and correlated with task performance. In the third experiment, subjects were required to perform the same task with and without transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the aDMPFC before the task. The tDCS significantly improved task performance. These results indicate that the aDMPFC is crucial for improved performance in repetitive motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Ishikuro
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama Toyama, Japan
| | - Susumu Urakawa
- Department of Neurophysiotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama Toyama, Japan
| | - Kouich Takamoto
- Department of Neurophysiotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama Toyama, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ishikawa
- Medical Systems Division, R & D Department, Shimadzu, Co. Ltd. Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Ono
- Department of Neurophysiotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama Toyama, Japan
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama Toyama, Japan
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A mechanochemical model for embryonic pattern formation: coupling tissue mechanics and morphogen expression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82617. [PMID: 24376555 PMCID: PMC3869727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivated by recent experimental findings, we propose a novel mechanism of embryonic pattern formation based on coupling of tissue curvature with diffusive signaling by a chemical factor. We derive a new mathematical model using energy minimization approach and show that the model generates a variety of morphogen and curvature patterns agreeing with experimentally observed structures. The mechanism proposed transcends the classical Turing concept which requires interactions between two morphogens with a significantly different diffusivity. Our studies show how biomechanical forces may replace the elusive long-range inhibitor and lead to formation of stable spatially heterogeneous structures without existence of chemical prepatterns. We propose new experimental approaches to decisively test our central hypothesis that tissue curvature and morphogen expression are coupled in a positive feedback loop.
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Cortical hemodynamic responses to intravenous thiamine propyldisulphide administration detected by multichannel near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) system. Brain Topogr 2011; 24:114-26. [PMID: 21445664 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-011-0179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous injection of thiamine propyldisulphide (TPD), which induces sensation of a garlic-like odor, has been used as a representative subjective olfactory test in Japan. However, cortical loci activated by TPD still remain unclear. We recorded cerebral hemodynamic responses (changes in Oxy-Hb concentrations) induced by TPD administration using whole-head multi-channel near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) system based on 3D-MRIs. TPD as an odorant and saline as a control were injected from the cephalic vein in the left forearm in ten male normosmic (five young and five elderly) subjects and five dysosmic elderly patients. The all normosmic, but not dysosmic, subjects felt the garlic-like odor in the all TPD trials. There was no significant difference in hemodynamic responses between the young and elderly normosmic subjects. However, TPD injection induced significantly larger hemodynamic responses in the bilateral operculums, bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (PFC) and anteromedial PFC in the normosmic subjects, compared with saline injection. Onset latencies of these hemodynamic responses were significantly correlated with onset latencies of subjective odor sensation in the normosmic subjects. Comparison of hemodynamic responses between the normosmic and dysosmic subjects indicated a significant difference in the bilateral operculums. The results demonstrated that Oxy-Hb increases in the bilateral operculums reflected olfactory sensation induced by TPD injection. Consideration of a route for intravenous TPD to reach the olfactory mucosa suggests that these hemodynamic responses might be attributed to food-related retronasal olfactory responses to TPD.
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Buske P, Galle J, Barker N, Aust G, Clevers H, Loeffler M. A comprehensive model of the spatio-temporal stem cell and tissue organisation in the intestinal crypt. PLoS Comput Biol 2011; 7:e1001045. [PMID: 21253562 PMCID: PMC3017108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1001045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce a novel dynamic model of stem cell and tissue organisation in murine intestinal crypts. Integrating the molecular, cellular and tissue level of description, this model links a broad spectrum of experimental observations encompassing spatially confined cell proliferation, directed cell migration, multiple cell lineage decisions and clonal competition. Using computational simulations we demonstrate that the model is capable of quantitatively describing and predicting the dynamic behaviour of the intestinal tissue during steady state as well as after cell damage and following selective gain or loss of gene function manipulations affecting Wnt- and Notch-signalling. Our simulation results suggest that reversibility and flexibility of cellular decisions are key elements of robust tissue organisation of the intestine. We predict that the tissue should be able to fully recover after complete elimination of cellular subpopulations including subpopulations deemed to be functional stem cells. This challenges current views of tissue stem cell organisation. In the murine small intestine there are more than a million organized groups of proliferating cells, the crypts, each of which contains about 250–300 cells. About 60% of these cells are in rapid cycle. The functional stem cells of this tissue have been demonstrated to reside at defined positions at the lower third of the crypt and to give rise to four different cell types. Considering this simple structure the murine intestine is an ideal system to study general aspects of tissue organization. Here, we introduce a comprehensive and predictive computer model of the spatio-temporal organization of the murine intestine which describes how cell production and cell fate decisions could be organized in steady state as well as under perturbations. The model is based on single cells acting as individual agents, updating their status within a certain set of options governed by some active rules and on signals received from the environment. This kind of self-organization enables effective tissue regeneration without assuming an explicit stem cell population that maintains itself by asymmetric division. Thus, the model offers a novel systems biological view on crypt stem cell and tissue organisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Buske
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Takeuchi M, Hori E, Takamoto K, Tran AH, Satoru K, Ishikawa A, Ono T, Endo S, Nishijo H. Brain cortical mapping by simultaneous recording of functional near infrared spectroscopy and electroencephalograms from the whole brain during right median nerve stimulation. Brain Topogr 2009; 22:197-214. [PMID: 19705276 PMCID: PMC2749167 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-009-0109-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
To investigate relationships between hemodynamic responses and neural activities in the somatosensory cortices, hemodynamic responses by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and electroencephalograms (EEGs) were recorded simultaneously while subjects received electrical stimulation in the right median nerve. The statistical significance of the hemodynamic responses was evaluated by a general linear model (GLM) with the boxcar design matrix convoluted with Gaussian function. The resulting NIRS and EEGs data were stereotaxically superimposed on the reconstructed brain of each subject. The NIRS data indicated that changes in oxy-hemoglobin concentration increased at the contralateral primary somatosensory (SI) area; responses then spread to the more posterior and ipsilateral somatosensory areas. The EEG data indicated that positive somatosensory evoked potentials peaking at 22 ms latency (P22) were recorded from the contralateral SI area. Comparison of these two sets of data indicated that the distance between the dipoles of P22 and NIRS channels with maximum hemodynamic responses was less than 10 mm, and that the two topographical maps of hemodynamic responses and current source density of P22 were significantly correlated. Furthermore, when onset of the boxcar function was delayed 5-15 s (onset delay), hemodynamic responses in the bilateral parietal association cortices posterior to the SI were more strongly correlated to electrical stimulation. This suggests that GLM analysis with onset delay could reveal the temporal ordering of neural activation in the hierarchical somatosensory pathway, consistent with the neurophysiological data. The present results suggest that simultaneous NIRS and EEG recording is useful for correlating hemodynamic responses to neural activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikinobu Takeuchi
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama, 930-0194 Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194 Japan
- CREST, JST, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Etsuro Hori
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama, 930-0194 Japan
- CREST, JST, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouichi Takamoto
- Department of Judo Neurophysiotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194 Japan
- CREST, JST, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anh Hai Tran
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama, 930-0194 Japan
- CREST, JST, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohno Satoru
- R&D Department, Medical Systems Division, Shimadzu, Co. Ltd, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ishikawa
- R&D Department, Medical Systems Division, Shimadzu, Co. Ltd, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Ono
- Department of Judo Neurophysiotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194 Japan
- CREST, JST, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunro Endo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194 Japan
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama, 930-0194 Japan
- CREST, JST, Tokyo, Japan
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Fosslien E. The hormetic morphogen theory of curvature and the morphogenesis and pathology of tubular and other curved structures. Dose Response 2009; 7:307-31. [PMID: 20011651 DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.09-013.fosslien] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro, morphogens such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta can up-and down-regulate cell growth at low and high concentrations respectively, i.e. they behave like hormetic agents. The hormetic morphogen theory of curvature proposes that in vivo tissue gradients of such morphogens secreted by source cells determine the fate of cells within their gradient fields (field cells) and that morphogen-induced amplitude modulation of field cell mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation controls field cell growth along the morphogen gradients: At the high concentration end of gradients, field cell ATP generation and field cell growth is reduced. With declining concentrations along the rest of the gradients field cell ATP and growth is progressively less reduced until an equidyne point is reached, beyond which ATP generation and growth gradually increases. Thus, the differential growth rates along the gradients curve the tissue. Apoptosis at very high morphogen concentrations enables lumen and cavity formation of tubular, spherical, cystic, domed, and other curved biological structures. The morphogen concentration, the gradient slope and the hormesis responses of field cells determine the curvature of such structures during developmental morphogenesis, tissue remodeling and repair of injury. Aberrant hormetic morphogen signaling is associated with developmental abnormalities, vascular diseases, and tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egil Fosslien
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60137, USA.
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Manuel M. Early evolution of symmetry and polarity in metazoan body plans. C R Biol 2009; 332:184-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Beloussov LV, Grabovsky VI. A Geometro-mechanical model for pulsatile morphogenesis. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2003; 6:53-63. [PMID: 12623438 DOI: 10.1080/1025584021000047641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A model is proposed which imitates the morphogenesis of several species of the lower invertebrate animals, the hydroid polyps and permits the derivation of the geometry (surface curvature) of each developmental stage from that of the preceding stage. The model is based upon two experimentally verified assumptions. First, neighbouring cells are assumed to compress each other laterally in a regular and species-specific pulsatile manner. It is this pressure, and/or an active cell reaction to it, which changes the curvature of a cell layer. Secondly, cell layers are assumed to have quasi-elastic properties tending to smooth out their curvature. With our model, the different pulsatile patterns of cell-cell pressure are reproduced and the elasticity parameters are modulated. As a result, within a large zone of parameter values (a so-called "morphogenetic zone", MZ) realistic shapes of the rudiments are reproduced. The main principles of the model can also be used for interpreting the morphogenesis of other groups of animals. A suggested model emphasizes the self-organizing properties of a "stressed geometry" of embryonic rudiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Beloussov
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russian Federation.
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