1
|
Vasilyev VB, Zakharova FM, Bogoslovskaya TY, Mandelshtam MY. Analysis of the low density lipoprotein receptor gene (<i>LDLR</i>) mutation spectrum in Russian familial hypercholesterolemia. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2022; 26:319-326. [PMID: 35774363 PMCID: PMC9167825 DOI: 10.18699/vjgb-22-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a very common human hereditary disease in Russia and in the whole world with most of mutations localized in the gene coding for the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). The object of this review is to systematize the knowledge about LDLR mutations in Russia. With this aim we analyzed all available literature on the subject and tabulated the data. More than 1/3 (80 out of 203, i. e. 39.4 %) of all mutations reported from Russia were not described in other populations. To date, most LDLR gene mutations have been characterized in large cities: Moscow (130 entries), Saint Petersburg (50 entries), Novosibirsk (34 mutations) and Petrozavodsk (19 mutations). Other regions are poorly studied. The majority of pathogenic mutations
(142 out of 203 reported here or 70 %) were revealed in single pedigrees; 61 variants of mutations were described in two or more genealogies; only 5 mutations were found in 10 or more families. As everywhere, missense mutations prevail among all types of nucleotide substitutions in LDLR, but the highest national specificity is imparted by frameshift mutations: out of 27 variants reported, 19 (or 70 %) are specific for Russia. The most abundant in mutations are exons 4 and 9 of the gene due to their largest size and higher occurrence of mutations in them. Poland,the Czech Republic, Italy and the Netherlands share the highest number of mutations with the Russian population.
Target sequencing significantly accelerates the characterization of mutation spectra in FH, but due to the absence
of systematic investigations in the regions, one may suggest that most of LDLR mutations in the Russian population
have not been described yet.
Collapse
|
2
|
Meshkov A, Ershova A, Kiseleva A, Zotova E, Sotnikova E, Petukhova A, Zharikova A, Malyshev P, Rozhkova T, Blokhina A, Limonova A, Ramensky V, Divashuk M, Khasanova Z, Bukaeva A, Kurilova O, Skirko O, Pokrovskaya M, Mikova V, Snigir E, Akinshina A, Mitrofanov S, Kashtanova D, Makarov V, Kukharchuk V, Boytsov S, Yudin S, Drapkina O. The LDLR, APOB, and PCSK9 Variants of Index Patients with Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Russia. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:66. [PMID: 33418990 PMCID: PMC7825309 DOI: 10.3390/genes12010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a common autosomal codominant disorder, characterized by elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels causing premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. About 2900 variants of LDLR, APOB, and PCSK9 genes potentially associated with FH have been described earlier. Nevertheless, the genetics of FH in a Russian population is poorly understood. The aim of this study is to present data on the spectrum of LDLR, APOB, and PCSK9 gene variants in a cohort of 595 index Russian patients with FH, as well as an additional systematic analysis of the literature for the period of 1995-2020 on LDLR, APOB and PCSK9 gene variants described in Russian patients with FH. We used targeted and whole genome sequencing to search for variants. Accordingly, when combining our novel data and the data of a systematic literature review, we described 224 variants: 187 variants in LDLR, 14 variants in APOB, and 23 variants in PCSK9. A significant proportion of variants, 81 of 224 (36.1%), were not described earlier in FH patients in other populations and may be specific for Russia. Thus, this study significantly supplements knowledge about the spectrum of variants causing FH in Russia and may contribute to a wider implementation of genetic diagnostics in FH patients in Russia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Meshkov
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, Petroverigsky per., 10, bld. 3, 101000 Moscow, Russia; (A.E.); (A.K.); (E.S.); (A.Z.); (A.B.); (A.L.); (V.R.); (M.D.); (O.K.); (O.S.); (M.P.); (O.D.)
| | - Alexandra Ershova
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, Petroverigsky per., 10, bld. 3, 101000 Moscow, Russia; (A.E.); (A.K.); (E.S.); (A.Z.); (A.B.); (A.L.); (V.R.); (M.D.); (O.K.); (O.S.); (M.P.); (O.D.)
| | - Anna Kiseleva
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, Petroverigsky per., 10, bld. 3, 101000 Moscow, Russia; (A.E.); (A.K.); (E.S.); (A.Z.); (A.B.); (A.L.); (V.R.); (M.D.); (O.K.); (O.S.); (M.P.); (O.D.)
| | - Evgenia Zotova
- Centre for Strategic Planning of FMBA of Russia, Pogodinskaya Street, 10, bld. 1, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (E.Z.); (A.P.); (A.B.); (V.M.); (E.S.); (A.A.); (S.M.); (D.K.); (V.M.); (S.Y.)
| | - Evgeniia Sotnikova
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, Petroverigsky per., 10, bld. 3, 101000 Moscow, Russia; (A.E.); (A.K.); (E.S.); (A.Z.); (A.B.); (A.L.); (V.R.); (M.D.); (O.K.); (O.S.); (M.P.); (O.D.)
| | - Anna Petukhova
- Centre for Strategic Planning of FMBA of Russia, Pogodinskaya Street, 10, bld. 1, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (E.Z.); (A.P.); (A.B.); (V.M.); (E.S.); (A.A.); (S.M.); (D.K.); (V.M.); (S.Y.)
| | - Anastasia Zharikova
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, Petroverigsky per., 10, bld. 3, 101000 Moscow, Russia; (A.E.); (A.K.); (E.S.); (A.Z.); (A.B.); (A.L.); (V.R.); (M.D.); (O.K.); (O.S.); (M.P.); (O.D.)
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-73, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Malyshev
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, 3-ya Cherepkovskaya Street, 15A, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (P.M.); (T.R.); (Z.K.); (V.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Tatyana Rozhkova
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, 3-ya Cherepkovskaya Street, 15A, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (P.M.); (T.R.); (Z.K.); (V.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Anastasia Blokhina
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, Petroverigsky per., 10, bld. 3, 101000 Moscow, Russia; (A.E.); (A.K.); (E.S.); (A.Z.); (A.B.); (A.L.); (V.R.); (M.D.); (O.K.); (O.S.); (M.P.); (O.D.)
| | - Alena Limonova
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, Petroverigsky per., 10, bld. 3, 101000 Moscow, Russia; (A.E.); (A.K.); (E.S.); (A.Z.); (A.B.); (A.L.); (V.R.); (M.D.); (O.K.); (O.S.); (M.P.); (O.D.)
| | - Vasily Ramensky
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, Petroverigsky per., 10, bld. 3, 101000 Moscow, Russia; (A.E.); (A.K.); (E.S.); (A.Z.); (A.B.); (A.L.); (V.R.); (M.D.); (O.K.); (O.S.); (M.P.); (O.D.)
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-73, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Divashuk
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, Petroverigsky per., 10, bld. 3, 101000 Moscow, Russia; (A.E.); (A.K.); (E.S.); (A.Z.); (A.B.); (A.L.); (V.R.); (M.D.); (O.K.); (O.S.); (M.P.); (O.D.)
| | - Zukhra Khasanova
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, 3-ya Cherepkovskaya Street, 15A, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (P.M.); (T.R.); (Z.K.); (V.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Anna Bukaeva
- Centre for Strategic Planning of FMBA of Russia, Pogodinskaya Street, 10, bld. 1, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (E.Z.); (A.P.); (A.B.); (V.M.); (E.S.); (A.A.); (S.M.); (D.K.); (V.M.); (S.Y.)
| | - Olga Kurilova
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, Petroverigsky per., 10, bld. 3, 101000 Moscow, Russia; (A.E.); (A.K.); (E.S.); (A.Z.); (A.B.); (A.L.); (V.R.); (M.D.); (O.K.); (O.S.); (M.P.); (O.D.)
| | - Olga Skirko
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, Petroverigsky per., 10, bld. 3, 101000 Moscow, Russia; (A.E.); (A.K.); (E.S.); (A.Z.); (A.B.); (A.L.); (V.R.); (M.D.); (O.K.); (O.S.); (M.P.); (O.D.)
| | - Maria Pokrovskaya
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, Petroverigsky per., 10, bld. 3, 101000 Moscow, Russia; (A.E.); (A.K.); (E.S.); (A.Z.); (A.B.); (A.L.); (V.R.); (M.D.); (O.K.); (O.S.); (M.P.); (O.D.)
| | - Valeriya Mikova
- Centre for Strategic Planning of FMBA of Russia, Pogodinskaya Street, 10, bld. 1, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (E.Z.); (A.P.); (A.B.); (V.M.); (E.S.); (A.A.); (S.M.); (D.K.); (V.M.); (S.Y.)
| | - Ekaterina Snigir
- Centre for Strategic Planning of FMBA of Russia, Pogodinskaya Street, 10, bld. 1, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (E.Z.); (A.P.); (A.B.); (V.M.); (E.S.); (A.A.); (S.M.); (D.K.); (V.M.); (S.Y.)
| | - Alexsandra Akinshina
- Centre for Strategic Planning of FMBA of Russia, Pogodinskaya Street, 10, bld. 1, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (E.Z.); (A.P.); (A.B.); (V.M.); (E.S.); (A.A.); (S.M.); (D.K.); (V.M.); (S.Y.)
| | - Sergey Mitrofanov
- Centre for Strategic Planning of FMBA of Russia, Pogodinskaya Street, 10, bld. 1, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (E.Z.); (A.P.); (A.B.); (V.M.); (E.S.); (A.A.); (S.M.); (D.K.); (V.M.); (S.Y.)
| | - Daria Kashtanova
- Centre for Strategic Planning of FMBA of Russia, Pogodinskaya Street, 10, bld. 1, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (E.Z.); (A.P.); (A.B.); (V.M.); (E.S.); (A.A.); (S.M.); (D.K.); (V.M.); (S.Y.)
| | - Valentin Makarov
- Centre for Strategic Planning of FMBA of Russia, Pogodinskaya Street, 10, bld. 1, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (E.Z.); (A.P.); (A.B.); (V.M.); (E.S.); (A.A.); (S.M.); (D.K.); (V.M.); (S.Y.)
| | - Valeriy Kukharchuk
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, 3-ya Cherepkovskaya Street, 15A, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (P.M.); (T.R.); (Z.K.); (V.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Sergey Boytsov
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, 3-ya Cherepkovskaya Street, 15A, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (P.M.); (T.R.); (Z.K.); (V.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Sergey Yudin
- Centre for Strategic Planning of FMBA of Russia, Pogodinskaya Street, 10, bld. 1, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (E.Z.); (A.P.); (A.B.); (V.M.); (E.S.); (A.A.); (S.M.); (D.K.); (V.M.); (S.Y.)
| | - Oxana Drapkina
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, Petroverigsky per., 10, bld. 3, 101000 Moscow, Russia; (A.E.); (A.K.); (E.S.); (A.Z.); (A.B.); (A.L.); (V.R.); (M.D.); (O.K.); (O.S.); (M.P.); (O.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vasilyev V, Zakharova F, Bogoslovskay T, Mandelshtam M. Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Russia: Three Decades of Genetic Studies. Front Genet 2020; 11:550591. [PMID: 33391333 PMCID: PMC7773754 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.550591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The first studies of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) in Russia go back to late 1980-ies. For more than 10 years the research in this field was carried out in Saint-Petersburg, the megapolis in the North-West Russia. Studies were focused on the search for causative mutations in low-density lipoprotein receptor gene (LDLR). Gradually the research was spread to Petrozavodsk in Karelia and in the XXI century two more centers contributed in investigations of genetics of FH, i.e., in Moscow and Novosibirsk. The best studied is the spectrum of mutations in LDLR, though genetic abnormalities in APOB and PCSK9 genes were also considered. Despite that some 40% mutations in LDLR found in Saint-Petersburg and Moscow are referred to as specific for Russian population, and this proportion is even higher in Karelia (ca. 70%), rapid introduction of NGS and intensifying genetic research all over the world result in continuous decrease of these numbers as "Slavic" mutations become documented in other countries. The samplings of genetically characterized patients in Russia were relatively small, which makes difficult to specify major mutations reflecting the national specificity of FH. Moreover, the majority of studies accomplished so far did not explore possible associations of certain mutations with ethnic origin of patients. By now the only exception is the study of Karelian population showing the absence of typical Finnish mutations in the region that borders on Finland. It can be concluded that the important primary research partly characterizing the mutation spectrum in FH patients both in the European and Siberian parts of Russia has been done. However, it seems likely that the most interesting and comprehensive genetic studies of FH in Russia, concerning various mutations in different genes and the variety of ethnic groups in this multi-national country, are still to be undertaken.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Vasilyev
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- St. Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Faina Zakharova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- St. Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a clinical definition for a remarkable increase of cholesterol serum concentration, presence of xanthomas, and an autosomal dominant trait of either increased serum cholesterol or premature coronary artery disease (CAD). The identification of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-receptor (LDLR) as the underlying cause and its genetic characterization in FH patients revealed more insights in the trafficking of LDL, which primarily transports cholesterol to hepatic and peripheral cells. Mutations within LDLR result in hypercholesterolemia and, subsequently, cholesterol deposition in humans to a variable degree. This confirms the pathogenetic role of LDLR and also highlights the existence of additional factors in determining the phenotype. Autosomal dominant FH is caused by LDLR deficiency and defective apolipoprotein B-100 (APOB), respectively. Heterozygosity of the LDLR is relatively common (1:500). Clinical diagnosis is highly important and genetic diagnosis may be helpful, since treatment is usually effective for this otherwise fatal disease. Very recently, mutations in PCSK9 have been also shown to cause autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia. For autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia, mutations within the so-called ARH gene encoding a cellular adaptor protein required for LDL transport have been identified. These insights emphasize the crucial importance of LDL metabolism intra- and extracellularly in determining LDL-cholesterol serum concentration. Herein, we focus on the published European LDLR mutation data that reflect its heterogeneity and phenotypic penetrance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George V Z Dedoussis
- Department of Science Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | |
Collapse
|