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Ekin IH, Gurturk K, Ilhan Z, Ekin S, Borum AE, Arabaci C, Yesilova A. Detection and comparison of neuraminidase activities in human and bovine group B streptococci. APMIS 2016; 124:1093-1098. [PMID: 27714850 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human and bovine group B streptococcus (GBS) isolates were serotyped and amounts of released N-acetylneuraminic acid from N-acetylneuraminyl-lactose by extracellular neuraminidase were colorimetrically assessed. According to serotyping by co-agglutination method, 30 of bovine GBS and 43 of human GBS could be serotyped (ST) by monospecific antisera coated with protein A. The remaining GBS strains were designated as nontypeable (NT). The released N-acetylneuraminic acid was determined in 90.9% of bovine GBS and 47.1% of human GBS isolates. The differences between the total bovine and human GBS isolates were statistically significant (p < 0.001). In comparison with detected N-acetylneuraminic acid level in bovine and human groups, significant decrease was observed in the bovine NT group according to increased human NT (p < 0.01) and bovine ST groups (p < 0.01). However, N-acetylneuraminic acid level in bovine ST and bovine total groups significantly (p < 0.001) increased with respect to the human ST group and human total group. Neuraminidase activity was detected more frequently in bovine GBS isolates. Considerable differentiations were observed between typeable and nontypeable isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Hakki Ekin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Yuzuncu Yil, Van, Turkey
| | - Kemal Gurturk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Yuzuncu Yil, Van, Turkey
| | - Ziya Ilhan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Yuzuncu Yil, Van, Turkey
| | - Suat Ekin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yuzuncu Yil, Van, Turkey
| | - Ayse Ebru Borum
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Balikesir, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Cigdem Arabaci
- Department of Microbiology, Okmeydani Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Yesilova
- Department of Biometry and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Yuzuncu Yil, Van, Turkey
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Tong Y, Tempel W, Nedyalkova L, MacKenzie F, Park HW. Crystal structure of the N-acetylmannosamine kinase domain of GNE. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7165. [PMID: 19841673 PMCID: PMC2742894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase/ManNAc 6-kinase, GNE, is a bi-functional enzyme that plays a key role in sialic acid biosynthesis. Mutations of the GNE protein cause sialurea or autosomal recessive inclusion body myopathy/Nonaka myopathy. GNE is the only human protein that contains a kinase domain belonging to the ROK (repressor, ORF, kinase) family. Principal Findings We solved the structure of the GNE kinase domain in the ligand-free state. The protein exists predominantly as a dimer in solution, with small populations of monomer and higher-order oligomer in equilibrium with the dimer. Crystal packing analysis reveals the existence of a crystallographic hexamer, and that the kinase domain dimerizes through the C-lobe subdomain. Mapping of disease-related missense mutations onto the kinase domain structure revealed that the mutation sites could be classified into four different groups based on the location – dimer interface, interlobar helices, protein surface, or within other secondary structural elements. Conclusions The crystal structure of the kinase domain of GNE provides a structural basis for understanding disease-causing mutations and a model of hexameric wild type full length enzyme. Enhanced Version This article can also be viewed as an enhanced version in which the text of the article is integrated with interactive 3D representations and animated transitions. Please note that a web plugin is required to access this enhanced functionality. Instructions for the installation and use of the web plugin are available in Text S1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Tong
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wolfram Tempel
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lyudmila Nedyalkova
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Farrell MacKenzie
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hee-Won Park
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Forbes ML, Horsey E, Hiller NL, Buchinsky FJ, Hayes JD, Compliment JM, Hillman T, Ezzo S, Shen K, Keefe R, Barbadora K, Post JC, Hu FZ, Ehrlich GD. Strain-specific virulence phenotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae assessed using the Chinchilla laniger model of otitis media. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1969. [PMID: 18398481 PMCID: PMC2279396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus pneumoniae [Sp] infection is associated with local and systemic disease. Our current understanding of the differential contributions of genetic strain variation, serotype, and host response to disease phenotype is incomplete. Using the chinchilla model of otitis media [OM] we investigated the disease phenotype generated by the laboratory strain TIGR4 and each of thirteen clinical strains (BS68-75, BS290, BS291, BS293, BS436 and BS437); eleven of the thirteen strains have been genomically sequenced. Methodology/Principal Findings For each strain 100 colony forming units were injected bilaterally into the tympanic bullae of 6 young adult chinchillas under general anesthesia. All animals were examined daily for local and systemic disease by a blinded observer. Pneumatic otoscopy was used to evaluate local disease, and behavioral assessments served as the measure of systemic disease. Virulence scoring was performed using a 4-point scale to assess four clinical parameters [severity and rapidity of local disease onset; and severity and rapidity of systemic disease onset] during a 10-day evaluation period. Highly significant variation was observed among the strains in their ability to cause disease and moribundity. Conclusions/Significance As expected, there was a significant correlation between the rapidity of systemic disease onset and severity of systemic disease; however, there was little correlation between the severity of otoscopic changes and severity of systemic disease. Importantly, it was observed that different strains of the same serotype produced as broad an array of disease phenotypes as did strains of different serotypes. We attribute these phenotypic differences among the strains to the high degree of genomic plasticity that we have previously documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Forbes
- Department of Pediatrics, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny General Hospital-Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Edward Horsey
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny General Hospital-Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - N. Luisa Hiller
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny General Hospital-Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Farrel J. Buchinsky
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny General Hospital-Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jay D. Hayes
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny General Hospital-Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James M. Compliment
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny General Hospital-Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Todd Hillman
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny General Hospital-Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Suzanne Ezzo
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny General Hospital-Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kai Shen
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny General Hospital-Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Randy Keefe
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny General Hospital-Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Karen Barbadora
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - J. Christopher Post
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny General Hospital-Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Fen Ze Hu
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny General Hospital-Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Garth D. Ehrlich
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny General Hospital-Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Ulett GC, Adderson EE. Regulation of Apoptosis by Gram-Positive Bacteria: Mechanistic Diversity and Consequences for Immunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 2:119-141. [PMID: 19081777 DOI: 10.2174/157339506776843033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death (PCD), is an important physiological mechanism, through which the human immune system regulates homeostasis and responds to diverse forms of cellular damage. PCD may also be involved in immune counteraction to microbial infection. Over the past decade, the amount of research on bacteria-induced PCD has grown tremendously, and the implications of this mechanism on immunity are being elucidated. Some pathogenic bacteria actively trigger the suicide response in critical lineages of leukocytes that orchestrate both the innate and adaptive immune responses; other bacteria proactively prevent PCD to benefit their own survival and persistence. Currently, the microbial virulence factors, which represent the keys to unlocking the suicide response in host cells, are a primary focus of this field. In this review, we discuss these bacterial "apoptosis regulatory molecules" and the apoptotic events they either trigger or prevent, the host target cells of this regulatory activity, and the possible ramifications for immunity to infection. Gram-positive pathogens including Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Listeria, and Clostridia species are discussed as important agents of human infection that modulate PCD pathways in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen C Ulett
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA
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