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TNF-α -308 G > A (rs1800629) Polymorphism is Associated with Celiac Disease: A Meta-analysis of 11 Case-Control Studies. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32677. [PMID: 27597177 PMCID: PMC5011702 DOI: 10.1038/srep32677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) remains one of the most significant autoimmune diseases worldwide. The pathogenesis of CD is not clearly understood and is probably attributed to genomic variations and host genetic make-up. Case-control and cohort studies of the association between the TNF-α -308 G > A (rs1800629) polymorphism and CD susceptibility have yielded inconsistent results. In this study, PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar web-databases were searched for pertinent reports showing association of TNF-α -308 G > A gene with CD risk. A total of eleven reports involving 1774 controls and 1147 CD cases were included. Significant associations in four genetic models, viz. variant allele (A vs. G: p = 0.001; OR = 2.051, 95% CI = 1.452-2.895), variant homozygous (AA vs. GG: p = 0.001; OR = 6.626, 95% CI = 3.569-12.300), recessive (AA vs. GG + AG: p = 0.001; OR = 4.766, 95% CI = 3.177-7.152) and dominant (AA + AG vs. GG: p = 0.008; OR = 1.910, 95% CI = 1.181-3.088) were found in comparison with wild type homozygous GG genotype. However, heterozygous genetic model did not show any association. Sensitivity analysis revealed stable and statistically robust results. Our results suggest that TNF-α -308 G > A gene polymorphism significantly contributes to CD susceptibility.
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Chen YQ, Zhang L, Lv XY, Wang HZ. Lack of Association between MYO9B Gene Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to Coeliac Disease in Caucasians: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis. Immunol Invest 2016; 45:396-405. [PMID: 27219348 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2016.1156692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Quan Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The One Seven Four Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Cheng-Gong Hospital Affiliated Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The One Seven Four Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Cheng-Gong Hospital Affiliated Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Lv
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The One Seven Four Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Cheng-Gong Hospital Affiliated Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Hou-Zhao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The One Seven Four Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Cheng-Gong Hospital Affiliated Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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Abstract
Among the adverse reactions caused by wheat, celiac disease (CD) is the longest studied and best-known pathology. The more recently defined non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) presents with symptoms which are often indistinguishable from CD. Diagnosis of CD is based on serologic, molecular, and bioptic testing. The IgA anti-transglutaminase (tTG) test is considered highly important, as it shows high sensitivity and specificity and its levels correlate to the degree of intestinal damage. Small bowel biopsy can be avoided in symptomatic patients with IgA anti-tTG levels above 10× the manufacturer's cut-off. Recently, tests of anti-deamidated peptides of gliadin (DGP) have replaced classic anti-native gliadin (AGA) tests. DGP assays have a considerably higher diagnostic accuracy than AGA assays, especially in the IgG class, and can replace anti-tTG tests in patients with selective IgA deficiency. The combination of IgG anti-DGP plus IgA anti-tTG assays show greater sensitivity than a single test, with very high specificity. EMA tests have great diagnostic accuracy but are not recommended by all the latest guidelines because they are observer dependent. Biopsy must still be considered the gold standard for CD diagnosis. HLA-DQ genotyping can be used to screen asymptomatic children and in cases of histology/serology disagreement. About half of NCGS patients are DQ2 positive and have IgG AGA. To diagnose NCGS, first CD and wheat allergy must be excluded; then the wheat dependence of symptoms must be verified by a gluten-free diet and subsequent gluten challenge.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The response to hepatitis A vaccine has not been studied in children with celiac disease (CD). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A virus (HAV) vaccine and the effect of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type on immunogenicity in children with CD. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-three patients with CD and 62 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Inactivated HAV vaccine (Havrix; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium) containing 720 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay units of alum-adsorbed hepatitis A antigen was administered intramuscularly in a 2-dose schedule at 0 and 6 months. Seroconversion rates and antibody titers of HAV were measured at 1 and 7 months. RESULTS At 1 month, seroconversion rates were 78.8% and 77.4% and geometric mean titers were 50.7 and 49.9 mIU/mL in the CD and control groups, respectively (P > 0.05). At 7 months, seroconversion rates were 97% and 98.4% and geometric mean titers were 138.5 and 133 mIU/mL in the CD and control groups, respectively (P > 0.05). The most frequent HLA types were HLA-DQ2, -DR3, and -DR7 alleles in patients with CD and HLA-DQ3, -DQ6, -DR11, and -DR14 in the controls. There was no association between HLA alleles and antibody titers of hepatitis A vaccine. CONCLUSION Children with CD have a good immune response to hepatitis A vaccine, similar to healthy controls.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is a relationship between nonresponsiveness to hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine and certain human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes. In healthy population, 4-10% vaccine recipients fail to produce protective levels of antibodies to the HBV vaccine after standard immunization depending upon age and the presence of various underlying diseases. Celiac disease (CD) is an HLA-associated immunological disease. It has been suggested that certain HLA haplotypes which are linked to CD are associated with nonresponse to HBV vaccine as well. The aim of this study is to assess the response to HBV vaccine prospectively in a group of CD and to explore the potential link between CD and HBV vaccine nonresponse by studying shared HLA haplotypes. PATIENTS AND METHODS Sixty-three previously diagnosed celiac patients who were on a strict gluten-free diet (GFD) and 54 healthy children were evaluated serologically for anti-HBs status. Celiac children who were anti-HBs negative at baseline were fully vaccinated prospectively, and reevaluated for the response to HBV vaccine. To estimate the role of HLA type in HBV vaccine response in celiac patients, a subgroup of both patients and control participants had HLA genotypes performed. RESULTS At enrollment, 27 (67.5%) children with CD and 48 (85.2%) healthy children were anti-HBs positive, and the difference between patients and controls was statistically significant (P<0.05). However, failure to respond to HBV vaccine was only 3.6% (response rate 96.4%) in prospectively vaccinated celiac patients. There was no relationship between HLA type and vaccine nonresponse in our study group. CONCLUSION The response to HBV vaccine in celiac children who were compliant to GFD is not different from a healthy population. CD may be one of the immune diseases associated with a high rate of HBV vaccine nonresponse but it might not be permanent and treatment with GFD and compliance to the treatment may ameliorate the immune response to HBV vaccine in celiac children.
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Sands DC, Morris CE, Dratz EA, Pilgeram A. Elevating optimal human nutrition to a central goal of plant breeding and production of plant-based foods. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 177:377-89. [PMID: 20467463 PMCID: PMC2866137 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2009.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
High-yielding cereals and other staples have produced adequate calories to ward off starvation for much of the world over several decades. However, deficiencies in certain amino acids, minerals, vitamins and fatty acids in staple crops, and animal diets derived from them, have aggravated the problem of malnutrition and the increasing incidence of certain chronic diseases in nominally well-nourished people (the so-called diseases of civilization). Enhanced global nutrition has great potential to reduce acute and chronic disease, the need for health care, the cost of health care, and to increase educational attainment, economic productivity and the quality of life. However, nutrition is currently not an important driver of most plant breeding efforts, and there are only a few well-known efforts to breed crops that are adapted to the needs of optimal human nutrition. Technological tools are available to greatly enhance the nutritional value of our staple crops. However, enhanced nutrition in major crops might only be achieved if nutritional traits are introduced in tandem with important agronomic yield drivers, such as resistance to emerging pests or diseases, to drought and salinity, to herbicides, parasitic plants, frost or heat. In this way we might circumvent a natural tendency for high yield and low production cost to effectively select against the best human nutrition. Here we discuss the need and means for agriculture, food processing, food transport, sociology, nutrition and medicine to be integrated into new approaches to food production with optimal human nutrition as a principle goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Sands
- Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA.
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Cassinotti A, Birindelli S, Clerici M, Trabattoni D, Lazzaroni M, Ardizzone S, Colombo R, Rossi E, Porro GB. HLA and autoimmune digestive disease: a clinically oriented review for gastroenterologists. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104:195-217; quiz 194, 218. [PMID: 19098870 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2008.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system includes genes involved in graft-vs-host rejection and in immune response. The discovery that HLAs are associated with several diseases led to appealing developments both in basic biomedical research and in clinical medicine, and offered the opportunity to improve the understanding of pathogenesis and classification of diseases, as well as to provide diagnostic and prognostic indicators. The aim of this article is to review the association between HLA alleles and autoimmune digestive disease and its current relationship with modern HLA nomenclature and clinical practice. METHODS Articles dealing with the association between HLAs and autoimmune digestive disease (including celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune hepatitis, sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cirrhosis) were searched for using Pubmed and SCOPUS databases from earliest records to January 2008. RESULTS The review has provided two sections. In the first, we explain the basic principles of HLA structure, function, and nomenclature, as an introduction to the second section, which describes current associations between HLA alleles and digestive diseases. The clinical implications of each HLA association are critically discussed. Actually, a clinical role for HLA typing is suggested for only a few conditions, e.g., celiac disease. CONCLUSIONS The knowledge of current HLA nomenclature and of its association with some digestive diseases such as celiac disease can be useful in clinical practice for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. This can avoid improper HLA typing as well as stressing the need for further studies on other possible clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cassinotti
- Department of Clinical Science, Division of Gastroenterology, L. Sacco University Hospital, via G.B.Grassi 74, Milan, Italy.
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Cassol CA, De Pellegrin CP, Wahys MLC, Pires MMDS, Nassar SM. [Clinical profile of Santa Catarina members of Brazilian Celiac Association]. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2007; 44:257-65. [PMID: 18060282 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-28032007000300015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Celiac disease is an enteropathy induced by gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. AIM To establish the demographic and clinical characteristics of this disease in Santa Catarina State, Brazil. METHODS A descriptive transversal study was performed involving members of a regional celiac association, to whom a questionnaire focusing various aspects of the disease was sent. RESULTS From a total of 506 members, 145 (28.7%) were enrolled in the study--all of them biopsy-proven celiacs. Their mean age was 30.8 years (range, 3.3-82.5 years). Female to male rate was 2.1:1. The mean age at diagnosis was 16 years for men and 26.7 years for women. Most frequently reported symptoms were: abdominal distention (71.8%), abdominal pain (71%) and diarrhea (65.5%). Anemia, aphthous ulcers and constipation were more related by women, while diarrhea and low weight were more frequent in men. Only 42.1% of the participants had been submitted to biopsies compatible with a correct investigation of the disease (44.2 % had been submitted to biopsy only after gluten exclusion of the diet and 11.7% did not mentioned whether they were in a gluten-free diet when biopsied). Only 61.4% had been submitted to serological tests for diagnostic or dietary control purposes. Associated diseases were related by 65% of the individuals, of which the most common was lactose intolerance (33%). Vitaminic or mineral supplementation was indicated to 45% and only 32.5% have had bone mineral density measured. Of these, 59% had altered results. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest a tendency of diagnosis of celiac disease in older ages, specially among women. This may indicate the necessity of improving public and medical knowledge in Santa Catarina concerning the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Araujo Cassol
- Departamento de Pediatria, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC.
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Murray JA, Moore SB, Van Dyke CT, Lahr BD, Dierkhising RA, Zinsmeister AR, Melton LJ, Kroning CM, El-Yousseff M, Czaja AJ. HLA DQ gene dosage and risk and severity of celiac disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 5:1406-12. [PMID: 17919990 PMCID: PMC2175211 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2007.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the small intestine that is strongly associated with certain HLA molecules encoded by DQA and DQB genes. The aim of this study was to examine the role of DQA and DQB alleles in determining the risk for and the age of onset and severity of CD in an American population. METHODS High-resolution class 2 HLA genotyping was performed in a population-based sample (n = 84) of southeastern Minnesota residents with CD and a comparable control group (n = 102) to determine the contribution of DQA and DQB alleles to disease risk. Logistic regression modeling was used to examine the relative and absolute risks of CD. RESULTS Ninety-seven percent of CD patients carried both of the HLA alleles, DQA1*05 and DQB1*02. Those who carried a second allele of DQB1*02 were 5 times more likely to have CD than those with just one (95% confidence interval, 1.4-18.1). The carriage of 2 copies of DQB1*02 did not predict either an earlier age of onset or severity of disease. CONCLUSIONS Both HLA alleles DQA1*05 and DQB1*02 are associated with a greatly increased risk of CD, although the latter has the greater effect. Carrying 2 copies of DQB1*02 was associated with an even greater risk for disease but did not predict an earlier age of onset and diagnosis or disease severity. Assessing the copy number of the DQB1*02 allele might allow for the stratification of disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Murray
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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Jacobs SA. Celiac sprue is primarily a disease of blocked cellular recognition. Med Hypotheses 2007; 68:308-13. [PMID: 17011718 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A key initial event is proposed for the pathogenesis of celiac sprue. The indigestible fragments generated from gluten are actively transported to the vicinity of sites which are critical for recognition of intestinal basement membrane by enterocytes. The fragments are attached in the vicinity of those sites by transamidation and make the recognition sites unavailable. Enterocytes are lost because they do not recognize that they are in the right place. Proliferation in the crypts of Lieberkühn and immune reactions in the epithelium are normal and appropriate. This hypothesis is shown to be compatible with a variety of observations, some of which are difficult to explain otherwise. Absence of a good animal model is laid to the sensitive site being a human peculiarity. The pattern of damage and the fact of recovery on a gluten-free diet are explained since the immune reactions and tissue remodeling observed are normal responses to tissue damage.
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Fraser JS, King AL, Ellis HJ, Moodie SJ, Bjarnason I, Swift J, Ciclitira PJ. An algorithm for family screening for coeliac disease. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:7805-9. [PMID: 17203524 PMCID: PMC4087546 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i48.7805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To assess the level of undiagnosed coeliac disease (CD) in relatives of patients affected by the condition.
METHODS: We collected blood from 914 relatives of probands. We screened these individuals by ELISA for IgA and IgG tTG antibodies, confirming any positive IgA tTG results with an IgA EMA and looked for evidence of IgA deficiency in those who were IgG tTG positive alone, and performed IgG1 EMA in these individuals. We undertook HLA typing where positive screening was found, and this confirmed a strong prevalence of HLA-DQ2 in the coeliac population. Follow-up small intestinal biopsy was undertaken in cases with positive serological screening, wherever possible.
RESULTS: Use of this serological screening algorithm revealed a prevalence of undiagnosed CD in 5%-6% of first degree relatives of probands.
CONCLUSION: Our data suggests that first degree relatives of individuals with CD should be screened for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn-S Fraser
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom
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Núñez C, Rueda B, Martínez A, Maluenda C, Polanco I, López-Nevot MA, Ortega E, Sierra E, Gómez de la Concha E, Urcelay E, Martín J. A functional variant in the CD209 promoter is associated with DQ2-negative celiac disease in the Spanish population. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:4397-400. [PMID: 16865785 PMCID: PMC4087754 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i27.4397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To address the role of CD209 in celiac disease (CD) patients. Non-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genetic factors in CD predisposition are poorly understood, and environmental factors like infectious pathogens may play a role. CD209 is a dendritic and macrophage surface molecule involved in pathogen recognition and immune activation. Recently, a functional variant in the promoter of the CD209 gene (-336A/G) has been shown to affect the transcriptional CD209 activity in vitro and it has been associated with a higher susceptibility to/or severity of infection.
METHODS: The study population was composed of two case-control cohorts of 103 and 386 CD patients and 312 y 419 healthy controls as well as a panel of 257 celiac families. Genotyping for the -336A/G CD209 promoter polymorphism was performed using a TaqMan 5´ allelic discrimination assay. HLA-DQ was determined by hybridization with allele specific probes.
RESULTS: Initially, the case-control and familial studies did not find any association of the -336 A/G CD209 genetic variant with CD susceptibility. However, the stratification by HLA-DQ2 did reveal a significant association of CD209 promoter polymorphism in the HLA-DQ2 (-) group (carrier A vs GG in DQ2 (-) vs DQ2 (+) patients (P = 0.026, OR = 3.71).
CONCLUSION: The -336G CD209 allele seems to be involved in CD susceptibility in HLA-DQ2 (-) patients. Our results might suggest a possible role of pathogens in the onset of a minor group of CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Núñez
- Servicio de Inmunología Clínica, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid 28040, Spain
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De Bem RST, Da Ro Sa Utiyama SR, Nisihara RM, Fortunato JA, Tondo JA, Carmes ER, Souza RAE, Pisani JC, Amarante HMBDS. Celiac disease prevalence in Brazilian dilated cardiomyopathy patients. Dig Dis Sci 2006; 51:1016-9. [PMID: 16758314 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-9337-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2005] [Accepted: 07/12/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a permanent condition of gluten intolerance and a number of autoimmune diseases have been associated with it. In the past few years, a relation between CD and dilated cardiomyopathy (CM) was described in Europe and United States. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of CD among south Brazilian precardiac transplant patients with advanced CM. A total of 74 patients on a list for heart transplantation were evaluated for the presence CD. The presence of anti-endomisial antibody (IgA-EmA) was determined by indirect immunofluorescence and for the anti-transglutaminase antibody (IgA anti-h-tTG) by ELISA. Serologically positive patients were submitted to upper endoscopy with intestinal biopsy. Two individuals (2.63%) were positive for IgA-EmA and 5 (6.75%) for IgA anti-h-tTG; 1 (1.35%) had both tests positive. Histologic confirmation of CD occurred only in the IgA-EmA positive patients. In conclusion, data from the present study allows recommend the screening for CD in patients with CM using IgA-EmA test as the method of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Schmit T De Bem
- Service of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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Nuzzo D, Cataldo F, Scola L, Forte GI, Crivello A, Giacalone A, Accomando S, Barbieri R, Candore G, Caruso C, Lio D. Analysis of candidate genes in celiac disease: a tool to identify life-threatening associated genes? Rejuvenation Res 2006; 9:153-6. [PMID: 16608413 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2006.9.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors have recently reported that celiac patients show a proinflammatory cytokine genetic profile characterized by the contemporaneous presence of both the tumour necrosis factor-alpha-308A and the interferon-gamma +874T allele-positive genotypes. The same alleles are considered risk factors for aging associated disease, whereas an anti-inflammatory cytokine genotype profile might be associated with an extended life expectancy. This paper reports data on the 1249-1250InsACAA/Non-Ins transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta2, a multifunctional anti-inflammatory cytokine, polymorphism distribution in 88 celiac disease (CD) patients, 99 age- and sex-matched controls, and 28 >95-year-old healthy subjects living in western Sicily. These data demonstrate that genotype frequencies of CD patients are not different from that of age-matched and >95-year-old healthy control subjects. These data might suggest that TGF-beta2 polymorphism is not involved in the complex genotypes associated with successful or unsuccessful aging. In addition, one can speculate that the genotype profile associated with CD susceptibility might be detrimental for longevity, and studies of this CD genetic asset might point to a candidate gene for antiaging strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Nuzzo
- Immunosenescence Unit, Department of Pathobiology and Biomedical Methodology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Lio D, Scola L, Forte GI, Accomando S, Giacalone A, Crivello A, Cataldo F. TNFalpha, IFNgamma and IL-10 gene polymorphisms in a sample of Sicilian patients with coeliac disease. Dig Liver Dis 2005; 37:756-60. [PMID: 15979955 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2005.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2005] [Accepted: 04/11/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coeliac disease is associated with DQ2 and DQ8 alleles, but other genes also confer an additional genetic risk. AIMS Defining whether the genetic profiles of interleukin-10, tumour necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma are associated with an increased coeliac disease risk. PATIENTS AND METHODS The functionally gene polymorphisms of tumour necrosis factor alpha (-308G/A), interferon gamma (+874T/A) and interleukin-10 (-1082G/A) were typed using sequence specific primer-polymerase chain reaction in 110 Sicilian coeliac disease patients and in 220 Sicilian healthy controls. RESULTS No differences in genotype frequencies of interleukin-10 polymorphisms were found between coeliac disease patients and healthy controls. A significant increase of -308A (p<0.033; OR: 1.72; CI: 1.27-2.33) and of +874T (p: 0.0045; OR: 3.02; CI: 1.47-6.21) allele frequencies, both in hetero- and homozygosis, was observed in coeliac patients in comparison with healthy controls. In addition, simultaneous significant higher percentages of -308A and +874T alleles (p: 0.0066; OR: 2.33; CI: 1.42-3.82) as well as simultaneous significant lower percentages of -308A and +874T alleles (p: 0.003; OR: 0.23; CI: 0.10-0.60) were observed in coeliac patients compared with healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Genetically determined higher frequencies of -308A tumour necrosis factor alpha and +874T interferon gamma alleles, both in hetero and in homozygosis and mostly whether simultaneous, may play a role in predisposing to gluten intolerance. Subjects positive for -308A tumour necrosis factor alpha and +874T interferon gamma alleles have an increased risk for coeliac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lio
- Department of Biopathology and Biomedical Methodology, University of Palermo, Italy
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Garrote JA, Arranz E, Gómez-González E, León AJ, Farré C, Calvo C, Bernardo D, Fernández-Salazar L, Blanco-Quirós A. IL6, IL10 and TGFB1 gene polymorphisms in coeliac disease: differences between DQ2 positive and negative patients. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2005; 33:245-9. [PMID: 16287542 DOI: 10.1157/13080926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Predisposition to coeliac disease (CD) might be partially due to an individual pattern of hyper-inflammatory biased immune response. One of these patterns of intense response may be linked to the haplotype carrying HLA-DQ2 alleles and TNF -308A allele. However, 10 % of CD patients do not express the DQ2 heterodimer and these do not usually carry the TNF -308A allele. A similar response might be achieved by genes codifying other cytokines. OBJECTIVES To study biallelic polymorphisms in genes codifying for TNFalpha, IL10, IL6 and TGFbeta1 in DQ2 negative CD patients and to compare the results with DQ2 positive patients and healthy controls, in order to establish whether any of these polymorphisms have a role in CD susceptibility. METHODS TNF -308 (G > A), IL-6 -174 (G > C) and TGFB1 codon 10 (+ 869, T > C) and codon 25 (+ 915, G > C) polymorphisms and IL-10 haplotype of polymorphisms in positions -1082 (G > A), -819 (C > T) and -592 (C > A) were typed by a SSP-PCR technique. RESULTS The distribution of allele frequencies for TNF -308 is different between DQ2 positive CD patients and controls and the same occurs for haplotype frequencies of the IL10 promoter (-1082, -819, -592): The frequencies of the TNF -308A allele (p = 0.027), TNF -308A carriers (p = 0.031) and of IL10GCC haplotype are increased (p = 0.013) in DQ2 positive CD patients. However, the IL6 -174 allele G is more frequent in DQ2 negative patients than in healthy controls (p = 0.018), DQ2 negative controls (p = 0,018), and DQ2 positive patients (p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS DQ2 negative CD patients show an increased frequency of genotypes associated to IL6 high production. These were mainly allele G homozygous for the IL6 gene (-174) polymorphism. The IL6 -174GG genotype (homozygous) may be an additional risk marker for CD in DQ2 negative patients, representing an alternative susceptibility factor for CD when TNF -308A is negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Garrote
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain.
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17
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Utiyama SRDR, Reason IJTDM, Kotze LMDS. [Genetics and immunopathogenics aspects of the celiac disease: a recent vision]. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2004; 41:121-8. [PMID: 15543386 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-28032004000200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Celiac disease, or gluten-sensitive enteropathy, is a strongly inherited condition. Although the genetic association of CD with the DQ2 and DQ8 HLA haplotypes has been known for long, others HLA and non-HLA genes are also important in the development of the disease. Celiac disease results of the combined effect of different normally functioning genes' products. The tissue damage in celiac disease is immunologically mediated and several effector mechanisms are responsible for the disease expression. The interplay between genetic, immunological and environmental factors explains the large spectrum of clinical, histological and serological alterations observed in the different stages of the disease development, pointing out to the polygenic nature of celiac disease. CONCLUSION The recent advances in the understanding of the immunopathogenesis, genetics and diagnoses of celiac disease have allowed the revision of strict concepts and previous criteria and their adequation to the new evidences, aiming a better diagnostic and orientation to celiac patients and relatives.
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Rutherford RM, Brutsche MH, Kearns M, Bourke M, Stevens F, Gilmartin JJ. Prevalence of coeliac disease in patients with sarcoidosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 16:911-5. [PMID: 15316417 DOI: 10.1097/00042737-200409000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Susceptibility to sarcoidosis and coeliac disease has been linked to the class II haplotype HLA-DR3, DQ2, and an association between the two disorders has been suggested. As a pilot study, we have sought to determine the prevalence of coeliac disease in a cohort of Irish patients with sarcoidosis. DESIGN Prospective, case-controlled study. METHODS One hundred and two sarcoid patients (47 males, 55 females) from the west of Ireland and 105 (52 males, 53 females) healthy, ethnically matched, controls underwent interview and screening for coeliac disease and human leucocyte antigen typing by serology. Those with elevated anti-gliadin IgA (AGA) and/or positive endomysial antibody (EMA) were offered small intestinal biopsy. RESULTS Three (3%) sarcoid patients had a prior diagnosis of coeliac disease. A further 12 (12%) patients and four (4%) controls had elevated AGA (P = 0.047), of whom three and one, respectively, had positive EMA. Small intestinal biopsy in 11 patients and three controls confirmed coeliac disease in one individual each, giving a prevalence of coeliac disease in patients compared with controls of 4/102 (4%) versus 1/105 (1%) (P = 0.21). Sensitivity and specificity of EMA and elevated AGA in sarcoid patients was 100% and 50%, and 50% and 9%, respectively. Of the four affected sarcoid patients, three carried HLA-DR3, DQ2 and one carried DR5 (12), DR7, DQ2. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated a moderately increased prevalence of coeliac disease in Irish patients with sarcoidosis, which we feel justifies future screening of our sarcoid population. Estimation of EMA is recommended and should be restricted to those with susceptible haplotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Rutherford
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Merlin Park Regional Hospital Galway, Ireland.
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Wu J, Alizadeh BZ, Veen TV, Meijer JWR, Mulder CJJ, Pena AS. Association of FAS ( TNFRSF6)-670 gene polymorphism with villous atrophy in coeliac disease. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:717-20. [PMID: 14991945 PMCID: PMC4716916 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i5.717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the association of FAS gene polymorphism with coeliac disease (CD) development.
METHODS: FAS-G670A gene polymorphism, located in a gamma interferon activation site, was studied in 146 unrelated CD patients and 203 healthy ethnically matched controls. The restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method was used to identify FAS-G670A gene polymorphism.
RESULTS: No significant difference was found in genotype frequency between CD cases and controls. In controls, however, the frequency of the GG genotype was significantly higher in women (26.5%) than in men (12.8%) (OR = 2.44, 95%CI 1.15-5.20, P = 0.020) and it was also higher in men with CD than controls (OR = 2.60, 95%CI 0.96-7.05, P = 0.061). The GG genotype frequency was significantly higher in patients with most severe villous atrophy (Marsh IIIc lesions) (OR = 3.74, 95%CI 1.19-11.82, P = 0.025). A significantly less proportion of men suffered from Marsh IIIc lesions than women (OR = 0.20, 95%CI 0.06-0.68, P = 0.01). The risk of having severe villous atrophy increased with the additive effect of the G allele in women (P = 0.027 for trend, age and gender adjusted).
CONCLUSION: FAS-G670A gene polymorphism is associated with the severity of villous atrophy in CD. Female gender is also associated with the severity of villous atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- VU University Medical Centre, Department of Gastroenterology, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Martucci S, Fraser JS, Biagi F, Corazza GR, Ciclitira PJ, Ellis HJ. Characterizing one of the DQ2 candidate epitopes in coeliac disease: A-gliadin 51-70 toxicity assessed using an organ culture system. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003; 15:1293-8. [PMID: 14624152 DOI: 10.1097/00042737-200312000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate, using an organ culture system, in-vitro toxicity of region 51-70 of A-gliadin (SQQPYLQLQPFPQPQLPYSQ), a peptide overlapping some of the sequences recently characterized as DQ2-restricted T-cell epitopes in coeliac disease. METHODS Jejunal biopsies obtained from each of ten coeliac patients (eight treated, two untreated) and two non-coeliac patients were cultured in vitro for 18 h in the presence of A-gliadin amino acids 51-70 (200 microg/ml), organ culture medium only, peptic-tryptic digest of gliadin (1 mg/ml) or ovalbumin (1 mg/ml), the last two acting as positive and negative controls, respectively. Morphometric analysis involved measuring the cell height of 30 enterocytes, selected at random from the middle third of different villi for each section. Mean enterocyte cell heights (ECH) were compared with values for specimens cultured in medium alone. Levels of tissue transglutaminase antibody in biopsy supernatants were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS In eight of ten coeliac patients, A-gliadin 51-70 was significantly toxic, causing a 30% decrease in ECH when compared with medium alone. In two of ten subjects, the peptide did not show any toxic effect. In all ten cases, we found that both positive and negative controls worked as expected. The peptide was non-toxic in the non-coeliac individuals. Tissue transglutaminase antibody titre in the supernatant was not found to be related to mucosal damage. CONCLUSIONS We showed that the peptide corresponding to amino acids 51-70 of A-gliadin is characterized by in-vitro toxicity to the jejunal coeliac mucosa, correlating with recent findings of an immunological role of similar peptides. The lack of response in two of ten subjects suggests that this epitope may not be relevant in all cases of coeliac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susi Martucci
- Gastroenterology Department, Rayne Institute (KCL), St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
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21
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Rueda B, López-Nevot MA, Pascual M, Ortega E, Maldonado J, López ML, Koeleman BPC, Martín J. Polymorphism of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene in celiac disease. Hum Immunol 2002; 63:1062-5. [PMID: 12392860 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(02)00443-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the possible association between the inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) gene promoter polymorphism, CCTTTn microsatellite, with celiac disease susceptibility. We carried out a familial study in which 53 Spanish families were genotyped by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method combined with fluorescent technology. A transmission disequilibrium test was performed to investigate the transmission pattern of the different CCTTTn alleles from parents to affected offspring. The test did not reach any statistically significant difference because none of the CCTTTn repeats was shown to be significantly transmitted to the affected siblings. Our data suggest that the CCTTTn pentanucleotide microsatellite in the NOS2 gene promoter does not play a major role in celiac disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Rueda
- Instituto de Parasitologia y Biomedicina Lopez-Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain
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Abstract
In the last few decades, the comprehension of epidemiological, pathogenic and clinical aspects of coeliac disease has increasingly improved. Serological screening studies on the general population have shown that the true coeliac disease prevalence in Europe is higher than previously reported. It has become clear that tissue transglutaminase has a crucial role in the pathogenesis of coeliac disease pathogenesis, and there is evidence that substitution of deamidated amino acidic residues at a critical position along the gliadin sequence dramatically increases immunological activation. The toxicity of many gluten epitopes has been investigated, so far, but recent studies have indicated the region 57-75 of alpha gliadin as a possible candidate epitope in the pathogenesis of coeliac disease. However, the wide heterogeneity of gliadin and glutenin molecules complicate any attempts to identify the toxic epitope, and the fascinating idea to produce detoxified grains will represent a great challenge in the near future. From a clinical point of view, there is now evidence of a broad spectrum of gluten conditions. Extra-intestinal signs, i.e., alopecia, unexplained neurological disorders, cryptic hypertransaminasaemia, increased red cell width, frequently constitute the only clinical manifestation at the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Martucci
- Gastroenterology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy
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Kumar R, Eastwood AL, Brown ML, Laurie GW. Human genome search in celiac disease: mutated gliadin T-cell-like epitope in two human proteins promotes T-cell activation. J Mol Biol 2002; 319:593-602. [PMID: 12054857 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(02)00366-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Discovery of a number of novel and known human genes whose protein products bear striking similarity to two or more wheat gliadin domains raised the possibility that human intestinal non-HLA peptides homologous to celiac T-cell epitopes could play a role in non-HLA gene specification in celiac disease. Database searching of the entire human genome identified only 11 gut-expressed proteins with high T-cell epitope homology, particularly to the DQ2-gamma-I-gliadin epitope (i.e. TFIIA, FOXJ2 and IgD; mean BestFit quality score=40 versus random value of 24). Others were similar to DQ2-alpha-I-gliadin (i.e. PAX9; BestFit quality 46 versus 20 for random), or DQ2-alpha-II-gliadin (PHLDA1, known in mice as the T-cell death-associated gene; BestFit quality 43 versus 30 for random) epitopes. Among proteins previously screened for gliadin homology, noteworthy was achaete scute homologous protein (DQ2-alpha-I-gliadin; BestFit quality 41 versus 22 for random). With the exception of IgD, all are nuclear factors. Paying particular attention to the position of potential major histocompatibility complex (MHC) anchor residues, several were selected for testing in a DQ2-gamma-I-gliadin-restricted T-cell system. All native 10-mer peptides were inactive, even when deamidated, but V96F substitution of deamidated TFIIA amino acid residues 91-100 stimulated IL-2 release at levels exceeding the wheat gliadin positive control. Also active, but only slightly, was L1009F substitution of AIB3 amino acid residues 1004-1013. PlotSimilarity alignment of TFIIAs from eight species revealed subthreshold similarity score in the peptide region, in contrast to the highly conserved amino and carboxy termini. Molecular modeling of TFIIA[V96F] peptide points to an important juxtaposition of an upwardly projecting phenylalanine residue at peptide position 6 that likely contacts a receptor complementarity-determining region, and a downwardly projecting glutamic acid residue that fits into the shallow MHC P7 pocket. These observations tentatively point to a new multi-gene hypothesis for the initiation of celiac disease in which deamidated free human peptides with T-cell epitope homology (particularly those made more homologous by mutation) escape negative selection, as per deamidation of the HEL(48-62) peptide in the hen egg lysozyme model of autoimmunity. Deamidation following peptide release due to injury triggers inflammation, thereafter repeatedly provoked by dietary gliadin immunodominant peptides concentrated in the proximal small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0732, USA
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Robles DT, Fain PR, Gottlieb PA, Eisenbarth GS. The genetics of autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type II. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2002; 31:353-68, vi-vii. [PMID: 12092455 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8529(01)00015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of autoimmune disorders, often Addison's disease, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and thyroid autoimmunity, frequently occurs together in patients with the autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type II (APS-II). The highest risk HLA genotype for Addison's disease, either as a single disease or in APS-II patients, consists of the genotype DR3/4, DQ2/DQ8 with DRB1*0404. As many as 30% of patients with Addison's disease have this genotype versus less than 0.5% of controls. An additional and important associated locus within the HLA region is the class I related gene, MIC-A. Patients who develop Addison's disease often have a delayed diagnosis and may die from Addisonian crisis; therefore, improved genetic testing combined with testing for 21-hydroxylase autoantibodies might allow the identification of relatively high-risk populations (greater than 1 in 200 defined genetic risk compared with 1 in 10,000 population risk).
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Robles
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Box B140, 4200 East 9th Ave., Denver, CO 80262, USA
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25
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Abstract
Genetic epidemiology clearly has shown that there is a genetic predisposition to gluten-sensitive enteropathy (GSE), or celiac disease. The strong genetic component, as determined by the lambda sib (lambda s), has been calculated to lie in the range of 7.5 to 30, based on a 5% to 10% recurrence risk for siblings. Ninety-five percent of northern European patients with GSE carry a particular HLA-DQ alpha beta heterodimer. Studies support the concept that the HLA-DQ gene acts as a dominant gene, and they also found that, in addition to HLA-DQ, a second locus within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is involved in the predisposition to GSE in the Dutch population. Genome scans conducted so far suggest that MHC and non-MHC loci collectively contribute to disease susceptibility. Since one, and probably even two, gene(s) from the MHC region itself determine at least 40% to 50% of the genetic predisposition to GSE, it is expected that the other loci each contribute only a little to the total genetic variation. The exact role of these additional genes (i.e., whether they are involved in the initiation or the progression of the disease) remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Peña
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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