1
|
Hromatka BS, Tung JY, Kiefer AK, Do CB, Hinds DA, Eriksson N. Genetic variants associated with motion sickness point to roles for inner ear development, neurological processes and glucose homeostasis. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:2700-8. [PMID: 25628336 PMCID: PMC4383869 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Roughly one in three individuals is highly susceptible to motion sickness and yet the underlying causes of this condition are not well understood. Despite high heritability, no associated genetic factors have been discovered. Here, we conducted the first genome-wide association study on motion sickness in 80 494 individuals from the 23andMe database who were surveyed about car sickness. Thirty-five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with motion sickness at a genome-wide-significant level (P < 5 × 10(-8)). Many of these SNPs are near genes involved in balance, and eye, ear and cranial development (e.g. PVRL3, TSHZ1, MUTED, HOXB3, HOXD3). Other SNPs may affect motion sickness through nearby genes with roles in the nervous system, glucose homeostasis or hypoxia. We show that several of these SNPs display sex-specific effects, with up to three times stronger effects in women. We searched for comorbid phenotypes with motion sickness, confirming associations with known comorbidities including migraines, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), vertigo and morning sickness and observing new associations with altitude sickness and many gastrointestinal conditions. We also show that two of these related phenotypes (PONV and migraines) share underlying genetic factors with motion sickness. These results point to the importance of the nervous system in motion sickness and suggest a role for glucose levels in motion-induced nausea and vomiting, a finding that may provide insight into other nausea-related phenotypes like PONV. They also highlight personal characteristics (e.g. being a poor sleeper) that correlate with motion sickness, findings that could help identify risk factors or treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joyce Y Tung
- Product Science, 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Amy K Kiefer
- Product Science, 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Chuong B Do
- Product Science, 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - David A Hinds
- Product Science, 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ghazalpour A, Bennett BJ, Shih D, Che N, Orozco L, Pan C, Hagopian R, He A, Kayne P, Yang WP, Kirchgessner T, Lusis AJ. Genetic regulation of mouse liver metabolite levels. Mol Syst Biol 2014; 10:730. [PMID: 24860088 PMCID: PMC4188043 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20135004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We profiled and analyzed 283 metabolites representing eight major classes of molecules including Lipids, Carbohydrates, Amino Acids, Peptides, Xenobiotics, Vitamins and Cofactors, Energy Metabolism, and Nucleotides in mouse liver of 104 inbred and recombinant inbred strains. We find that metabolites exhibit a wide range of variation, as has been previously observed with metabolites in blood serum. Using genome‐wide association analysis, we mapped 40% of the quantified metabolites to at least one locus in the genome and for 75% of the loci mapped we identified at least one candidate gene by local expression QTL analysis of the transcripts. Moreover, we validated 2 of 3 of the significant loci examined by adenoviral overexpression of the genes in mice. In our GWAS results, we find that at significant loci the peak markers explained on average between 20 and 40% of variation in the metabolites. Moreover, 39% of loci found to be regulating liver metabolites in mice were also found in human GWAS results for serum metabolites, providing support for similarity in genetic regulation of metabolites between mice and human. We also integrated the metabolomic data with transcriptomic and clinical phenotypic data to evaluate the extent of co‐variation across various biological scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anatole Ghazalpour
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brian J Bennett
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Diana Shih
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nam Che
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Luz Orozco
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Calvin Pan
- Department of Human Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Raffi Hagopian
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aiqing He
- Department of Applied Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Paul Kayne
- Department of Applied Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Wen-pin Yang
- Department of Applied Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Todd Kirchgessner
- Department of Atherosclerosis Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Human Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tremblay K, Dubois-Bouchard C, Brisson D, Gaudet D. Association of CTRC and SPINK1 gene variants with recurrent hospitalizations for pancreatitis or acute abdominal pain in lipoprotein lipase deficiency. Front Genet 2014; 5:90. [PMID: 24795752 PMCID: PMC4000989 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There are important inter-individual variations in the incidence and severity of acute pancreatitis in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia. Several genes involved in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism or serine proteases pathways are known to influence the risk of pancreatitis. Aim: To evaluate the association between genes regulating serine proteases, chymotrypsin C (CTRC) and serine peptidase inhibitor kazal type1 (SPINK1), and recurrence of hospitalizations for acute pancreatitis or severe abdominal pain in patients with Lipoprotein Lipase Deficiency (LPLD), a rare and extreme monogenic model of severe hypertriglyceridemia and pancreatitis. Method: The CTRC and SPINK1 genes promoter and coding regions sequencing has been performed in a sample of 38 LPLD adults (22 men and 16 women) and 100 controls (53 men and 47 women). Estimation of the association of CTRC and SPINK1 gene variants or combinations of variants with history of hospitalizations for pancreatitis or acute abdominal pain in LPLD was investigated using non-parametric analyses with correction for multiple testing and logistic regression models controlling for age, gender, family history, and life habits. Results: Gene sequencing followed by genotype-stratified analyses of the CTRC and SPINK1 genes in LPLD and controls revealed a positive association between recurrence of hospitalizations and the rs545634 (CTRC)—rs11319 (SPINK1) combination [OR = 41.4 (CI: 2.0–848.0); p = 0.016]. In all models, a positive family history of pancreatitis was a significant predictor of recurrent hospitalizations independently of the contribution of SPINK1 or CTRC (p < 0.001). Conclusion: These results suggest that a positive family history of pancreatitis and genetic markers in the serine protease pathways could be associated with a risk of recurrent hospitalization for acute pancreatitis in severe hypertriglyceridemia due to LPLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karine Tremblay
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal Montreal, Canada ; ECOGENE-21 Clinical Research Center Saguenay, QC, Canada
| | - Camélia Dubois-Bouchard
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal Montreal, Canada ; ECOGENE-21 Clinical Research Center Saguenay, QC, Canada
| | - Diane Brisson
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal Montreal, Canada ; ECOGENE-21 Clinical Research Center Saguenay, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Gaudet
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal Montreal, Canada ; ECOGENE-21 Clinical Research Center Saguenay, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Orr AL, Quinlan CL, Perevoshchikova IV, Brand MD. A refined analysis of superoxide production by mitochondrial sn-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:42921-35. [PMID: 23124204 PMCID: PMC3522288 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.397828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxidation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate by mitochondrial sn-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPDH) is a major pathway for transfer of cytosolic reducing equivalents to the mitochondrial electron transport chain. It is known to generate H(2)O(2) at a range of rates and from multiple sites within the chain. The rates and sites depend upon tissue source, concentrations of glycerol 3-phosphate and calcium, and the presence of different electron transport chain inhibitors. We report a detailed examination of H(2)O(2) production during glycerol 3-phosphate oxidation by skeletal muscle, brown fat, brain, and heart mitochondria with an emphasis on conditions under which mGPDH itself is the source of superoxide and H(2)O(2). Importantly, we demonstrate that a substantial portion of H(2)O(2) production commonly attributed to mGPDH originates instead from electron flow through the ubiquinone pool into complex II. When complex II is inhibited and mGPDH is the sole superoxide producer, the rate of superoxide production depends on the concentrations of glycerol 3-phosphate and calcium and correlates positively with the predicted reduction state of the ubiquinone pool. mGPDH-specific superoxide production plateaus at a rate comparable with the other major sites of superoxide production in mitochondria, the superoxide-producing center shows no sign of being overreducible, and the maximum superoxide production rate correlates with mGPDH activity in four different tissues. mGPDH produces superoxide approximately equally toward each side of the mitochondrial inner membrane, suggesting that the Q-binding pocket of mGPDH is the major site of superoxide generation. These results clarify the maximum rate and mechanism of superoxide production by mGPDH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Orr
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Guo Y, Tomlinson B, Chu T, Fang YJ, Gui H, Tang CS, Yip BH, Cherny SS, Hur YM, Sham PC, Lam TH, Thomas NG. A genome-wide linkage and association scan reveals novel loci for hypertension and blood pressure traits. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31489. [PMID: 22384028 PMCID: PMC3286457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is caused by the interaction of environmental and genetic factors. The condition which is very common, with about 18% of the adult Hong Kong Chinese population and over 50% of older individuals affected, is responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality. To identify genes influencing hypertension and blood pressure, we conducted a combined linkage and association study using over 500,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped in 328 individuals comprising 111 hypertensive probands and their siblings. Using a family-based association test, we found an association with SNPs on chromosome 5q31.1 (rs6596140; P<9×10−8) for hypertension. One candidate gene, PDC, was replicated, with rs3817586 on 1q31.1 attaining P = 2.5×10−4 and 2.9×10−5 in the within-family tests for DBP and MAP, respectively. We also identified regions of significant linkage for systolic and diastolic blood pressure on chromosomes 2q22 and 5p13, respectively. Further family-based association analysis of the linkage peak on chromosome 5 yielded a significant association (rs1605685, P<7×10−5) for DBP. This is the first combined linkage and association study of hypertension and its related quantitative traits with Chinese ancestry. The associations reported here account for the action of common variants whereas the discovery of linkage regions may point to novel targets for rare variant screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youling Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Brian Tomlinson
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tanya Chu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Jing Fang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongsheng Gui
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Clara S. Tang
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Benjamin H. Yip
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stacey S. Cherny
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail: (SSC); (THL); (NGT)
| | - Yoon-Mi Hur
- Mokpo National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Pak Chung Sham
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tai Hing Lam
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail: (SSC); (THL); (NGT)
| | - Neil G. Thomas
- Unit of Public Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SSC); (THL); (NGT)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tremblay K, Méthot J, Brisson D, Gaudet D. Etiology and risk of lactescent plasma and severe hypertriglyceridemia. J Clin Lipidol 2011; 5:37-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
7
|
Hellerud C, Burlina A, Gabelli C, Ellis JR, Nyholm PG, Lindstedt S. Glycerol metabolism and the determination of triglycerides--clinical, biochemical and molecular findings in six subjects. Clin Chem Lab Med 2003; 41:46-55. [PMID: 12636049 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2003.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent recommendations in the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (ATPIII) are expected to increase the number of triglyceride (TG) determinations and consequently the risk of misinterpretation of "non-blanked" results with co-determination of free glycerol. Glycerol-kinase deficiency (GKD) is one cause of falsely elevated TG results. The natural history of isolated GKD with symptom-free cases and cases with e.g. severe episodes of hypoglycemia and/or ketoacidosis challenges the laboratories to identify cases of GKD and family members at risk. "Blanked" methods reporting both glycerol and TG concentration are therefore desirable. Molecular studies of the glycerol kinase (GK) and DAX1 genes were performed on four cases of "persistent hypertriglyceridemia" found in an Italian population and on two pediatric cases with high serum glycerol concentration. Two new missense mutations were found (C358Y, T961). Molecular modeling on GK from E. coli, indicate that these mutations are located in parts of the enzyme important for enzyme formation or activity. One splice-site mutation, (IVS9A-1G>A), was found in two brothers. Splice-junction analysis indicates that it destroys the splice site and results in a mixture of mRNA. Deletion of the GK and DAX1 genes was found in one child with symptoms of adrenal failure. A female with glycerolemia and glyceroluria had normal GK activity but possibly slightly decreased ability to oxidize glycerol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Hellerud
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|