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Delgado-Bellido D, Oliver FJ, Vargas Padilla MV, Lobo-Selma L, Chacón-Barrado A, Díaz-Martin J, de Álava E. VE-Cadherin in Cancer-Associated Angiogenesis: A Deceptive Strategy of Blood Vessel Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119343. [PMID: 37298296 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor growth depends on the vascular system, either through the expansion of blood vessels or novel adaptation by tumor cells. One of these novel pathways is vasculogenic mimicry (VM), which is defined as a tumor-provided vascular system apart from endothelial cell-lined vessels, and its origin is partly unknown. It involves highly aggressive tumor cells expressing endothelial cell markers that line the tumor irrigation. VM has been correlated with high tumor grade, cancer cell invasion, cancer cell metastasis, and reduced survival of cancer patients. In this review, we summarize the most relevant studies in the field of angiogenesis and cover the various aspects and functionality of aberrant angiogenesis by tumor cells. We also discuss the intracellular signaling mechanisms involved in the abnormal presence of VE-cadherin (CDH5) and its role in VM formation. Finally, we present the implications for the paradigm of tumor angiogenesis and how targeted therapy and individualized studies can be applied in scientific analysis and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Delgado-Bellido
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBERONC, 28220 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - F J Oliver
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Laura Lobo-Selma
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | | | - Juan Díaz-Martin
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBERONC, 28220 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Enrique de Álava
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBERONC, 28220 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Department of Normal and Pathological Cytology and Histology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
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2
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Ramos R, Cabré E, Vinyals A, Lorenzo D, Ferreres JR, Varela M, Gomá M, Paules MJ, Gutierrez C, Piulats JM, Fabra À, Caminal JM. Orthotopic murine xenograft model of uveal melanoma with spontaneous liver metastasis. Melanoma Res 2023; 33:1-11. [PMID: 36302215 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma is the most common intraocular malignancy in adults. Despite the effective primary treatment, up to 50% of patients with uveal melanoma will develop metastatic lesions mainly in the liver, which are resistant to conventional chemotherapy and lead to patient's death. To date, no orthotopic murine models of uveal melanoma which can develop spontaneous metastasis are available for preclinical studies. Here, we describe a spontaneous metastatic model of uveal melanoma based on the orthotopic injection of human uveal melanoma cells into the suprachoroidal space of immunodeficient NSG mice. All mice injected with bioluminescent OMM2.5 ( n = 23) or MP41 ( n = 19) cells developed a primary tumor. After eye enucleation, additional bioluminescence signals were detected in the lungs and in the liver. At necropsy, histopathological studies confirmed the presence of lung metastases in 100% of the mice. Liver metastases were assessed in 87 and in 100% of the mice that received OMM2.5 or MP41 cells, respectively. All tumors and metastatic lesions expressed melanoma markers and the signaling molecules insulin-like growth factor type I receptor and myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate, commonly activated in uveal melanoma. The novelty of this orthotopic mouse xenograft model is the development of spontaneous metastases in the liver from the primary site, reproducing the organoespecificity of metastasis observed in uveal melanoma patients. The faster growth and the high metastatic incidence may be attributed at least in part, to the severe immunodeficiency of NSG mice. This model may be useful for preclinical testing of targeted therapies with potential uveal melanoma antimetastatic activity and to study the mechanisms involved in liver metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Ramos
- Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL)
| | - Eduard Cabré
- Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL)
| | - Antònia Vinyals
- Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL)
| | - Daniel Lorenzo
- Ophthalmology Department, Spanish Ocular Oncology National referal center (CSUR) and Ocular Translational Eye Research Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge (HUB)-IDIBELL
| | | | - Mar Varela
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge
| | - Montse Gomá
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge
| | | | - Cristina Gutierrez
- Radiotherapy Department, Institut Catalá d'Oncologia (ICO), Hospital Duran Reynals
| | - Josep M Piulats
- Medical Oncology, Institut Catalá d'Oncologia (ICO), Hospital Duran Reynals, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àngels Fabra
- Ophthalmology Department, Spanish Ocular Oncology National referal center (CSUR) and Ocular Translational Eye Research Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge (HUB)-IDIBELL
| | - José M Caminal
- Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL)
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Kamo H, Kawahara R, Simizu S. Tyrosinase suppresses vasculogenic mimicry in human melanoma cells. Oncol Lett 2022; 23:169. [PMID: 35496574 PMCID: PMC9019664 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kamo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223‑8522, Japan
| | - Ryota Kawahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223‑8522, Japan
| | - Siro Simizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223‑8522, Japan
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Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM), a rare cancer of the eye, is distinct from cutaneous melanoma by its etiology, the mutation frequency and profile, and its clinical behavior including resistance to targeted therapy and immune checkpoint blockers. Primary disease is efficiently controlled by surgery or radiation therapy, but about half of UMs develop distant metastasis mostly to the liver. Survival of patients with metastasis is below 1 year and has not improved in decades. Recent years have brought a deep understanding of UM biology characterized by initiating mutations in the G proteins GNAQ and GNA11. Cytogenetic alterations, in particular monosomy of chromosome 3 and amplification of the long arm of chromosome 8, and mutation of the BRCA1-associated protein 1, BAP1, a tumor suppressor gene, or the splicing factor SF3B1 determine UM metastasis. Cytogenetic and molecular profiling allow for a very precise prognostication that is still not matched by efficacious adjuvant therapies. G protein signaling has been shown to activate the YAP/TAZ pathway independent of HIPPO, and conventional signaling via the mitogen-activated kinase pathway probably also contributes to UM development and progression. Several lines of evidence indicate that inflammation and macrophages play a pro-tumor role in UM and in its hepatic metastases. UM cells benefit from the immune privilege in the eye and may adopt several mechanisms involved in this privilege for tumor escape that act even after leaving the niche. Here, we review the current knowledge of the biology of UM and discuss recent approaches to UM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Amaro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Integrated Oncology Therapies, IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, L.go Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Rosaria Gangemi
- Laboratory of Biotherapies, Department of Integrated Oncology Therapies, IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Piaggio
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Integrated Oncology Therapies, IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, L.go Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanna Angelini
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Integrated Oncology Therapies, IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, L.go Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gaia Barisione
- Laboratory of Biotherapies, Department of Integrated Oncology Therapies, IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvano Ferrini
- Laboratory of Biotherapies, Department of Integrated Oncology Therapies, IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ulrich Pfeffer
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Integrated Oncology Therapies, IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, L.go Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
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5
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Animal Models of Uveal Melanoma: Methods, Applicability, and Limitations. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:4521807. [PMID: 27366747 PMCID: PMC4913058 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4521807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Animal models serve as powerful tools for investigating the pathobiology of cancer, identifying relevant pathways, and developing novel therapeutic agents. They have facilitated rapid scientific progress in many tumor entities. However, for establishing a powerful animal model of uveal melanoma fundamental challenges remain. To date, no animal model offers specific genetic attributes as well as histologic, immunologic, and metastatic features of uveal melanoma. Syngeneic models with intraocular injection of cutaneous melanoma cells may suit best for investigating immunologic/tumor biology aspects. However, differences between cutaneous and uveal melanoma regarding genetics and metastasis remain problematic. Human xenograft models are widely used for evaluating novel therapeutics but require immunosuppression to allow tumor growth. New approaches aim to establish transgenic mouse models of spontaneous uveal melanoma which recently provided preliminary promising results. Each model provides certain benefits and may render them suitable for answering a respective scientific question. However, all existing models also exhibit relevant limitations which may have led to delayed research progress. Despite refined therapeutic options for the primary ocular tumor, patients' prognosis has not improved since the 1970s. Basic research needs to further focus on a refinement of a potent animal model which mimics uveal melanoma specific mechanisms of progression and metastasis. This review will summarise and interpret existing animal models of uveal melanoma including recent advances in the field.
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Ozaki S, Vuyyuru R, Kageyama K, Terai M, Ohara M, Cheng H, Manser T, Mastrangelo MJ, Aplin AE, Sato T. Establishment and Characterization of Orthotopic Mouse Models for Human Uveal Melanoma Hepatic Colonization. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 186:43-56. [PMID: 26613897 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is a rare type of melanoma, although it is the most common primary ocular malignant tumor in adults. Nearly one-half the patients with primary UM subsequently develop systemic metastasis, preferentially to the liver. Currently, no treatment is effective for UM hepatic metastasis, and the prognosis is universally poor. The main challenge in designing a treatment strategy for UM hepatic metastasis is the lack of suitable animal models. We developed two orthotopic mouse models for human UM hepatic metastases: direct hepatic implantation model (intrahepatic dissemination model) and splenic-implantation model (hematogenous dissemination model) and investigated the tumorgenesis in the liver. A human UM cell line, established from a hepatic metastasis and nonobese diabetic severe combined immunodeficient γ mice, were used for development of in vivo tumor models. In the direct hepatic implantation model, a localized tumor developed in the liver in all cases and intrahepatic dissemination was subsequently seen in about one-half of cases. However, in the splenic implantation model, multiple hepatic metastases were observed after splenic implantation. Hepatic tumors subsequently seeded intra-abdominal metastasis; however, lung metastases were not seen. These findings are consistent with those observed in human UM hepatic metastases. These orthotopic mouse models offer useful tools to investigate the biological behavior of human UM cells in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Ozaki
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Breast Surgery, National Hospital Organization, Kure Medical Center/Chugoku Cancer Center, Kure-shi, Japan
| | - Raja Vuyyuru
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ken Kageyama
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mizue Terai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Masahiro Ohara
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hanyin Cheng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tim Manser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael J Mastrangelo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew E Aplin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Takami Sato
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Lodhia KA, Hadley AM, Haluska P, Scott CL. Prioritizing therapeutic targets using patient-derived xenograft models. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1855:223-34. [PMID: 25783201 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Effective systemic treatment of cancer relies on the delivery of agents with optimal therapeutic potential. The molecular age of medicine has provided genomic tools that can identify a large number of potential therapeutic targets in individual patients, heralding the promise of personalized treatment. However, determining which potential targets actually drive tumor growth and should be prioritized for therapy is challenging. Indeed, reliable molecular matches of target and therapeutic agent have been stringently validated in the clinic for only a small number of targets. Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) are tumor models developed in immunocompromised mice using tumor procured directly from the patient. As patient surrogates, PDX models represent a powerful tool for addressing individualized therapy. Challenges include humanizing the immune system of PDX models and ensuring high quality molecular annotation, in order to maximize insights for the clinic. Importantly, PDX can be sampled repeatedly and in parallel, to reveal clonal evolution, which may predict mechanisms of drug resistance and inform therapeutic strategy design.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Lodhia
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - A M Hadley
- Stem Cells and Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - P Haluska
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - C L Scott
- Stem Cells and Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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8
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Kilian MM, Loeffler KU, Pfarrer C, Holz FG, Kurts C, Herwig MC. Intravitreally Injected HCmel12 Melanoma Cells Serve as a Mouse Model of Tumor Biology of Intraocular Melanoma. Curr Eye Res 2015; 41:121-8. [PMID: 25658144 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1004721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish a mouse model with histologic characteristics of uveal melanoma for investigation of intraocular tumor biology of melanoma. METHODS After injection of 1 × 10(5) of HCmel12 melanoma cells, a cutaneous melanoma cell line, into the vitreous of CX3CR1(+/GFP) or C57Bl/6 mice (n = 12), tumor growth patterns, clinicopathological features, angiogenesis and metastatic behavior were analyzed by histology (hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff without hematoxylin) and immunohistochemistry (HMB45/MART-1-Ab, F4/80-Ab, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-Ab and VE-cadherin-Ab). RESULTS HCmel12 cells formed intraocularly growing tumor masses, which showed histologic features of intraocular melanoma such as angiotropism, intratumoral endothelial-lined vasculature, vasculogenic mimicry including prognostic significant extravascular matrix patterns, and invasion by inflammatory cells, in particular macrophages. There was no difference in tumor growth characteristics between CX3CR1(+/GFP) and C57Bl/6 mice. Five of 10 mice proceeded to extrascleral tumor growth and three of these developed metastases. CONCLUSIONS Intraocularly injected HCmel12 cells developed tumor masses with histologic characteristics of aggressive melanoma similar to human uveal melanoma. Since hematogenous dissemination to the liver was not observed, intravitreally injected HCmel12 cells do not qualify as a model for metastasizing intraocular melanoma. However, since the eye represents a semi-closed compartment with access to constant blood supply, these intraocular tumors represent a model for studies of isolated parameters in general tumor biology of intraocular melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta M Kilian
- a Department of Ophthalmology , University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Karin U Loeffler
- a Department of Ophthalmology , University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Christiane Pfarrer
- b Department of Anatomy , University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover , Germany , and
| | - Frank G Holz
- a Department of Ophthalmology , University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Christian Kurts
- c Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Martina C Herwig
- a Department of Ophthalmology , University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
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Lima L, Montiani-Ferreira F, Sousa R, Langohr I. Intraocular signet-ring cell melanoma in a hamster (Cricetulus griseus). Vet Ophthalmol 2011; 15:53-8. [PMID: 22050661 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00871.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A two-and-a-half year-old male Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) was referred for evaluation of an intraorbital mass involving the right eye. Based on ophthalmic examination and ultrasonography, a diagnosis of intraocular neoplasia was made. Enucleation of the affected eye was performed. The mass was histologically diagnosed as a primary malignant intraocular signet-ring cell melanoma. No signs of recurrence were detected, and the hamster remained clinically healthy until it died 6 months after surgery. This case report attempts to contribute to the limited body of knowledge available in the literature on primary intraocular neoplasms in hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Lima
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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10
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Folberg R, Kadkol SS, Frenkel S, Valyi-Nagy K, Jager MJ, Pe'er J, Maniotis AJ. Authenticating cell lines in ophthalmic research laboratories. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49:4697-701. [PMID: 18689700 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-2324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Folberg
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, Michigan 48309-4401, USA.
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Braun RD, Vistisen KS. Measurement of human choroidal melanoma xenograft volume in rats using high-frequency ultrasound. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49:16-22. [PMID: 18172069 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.07-0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the volume of primary orthotopic human choroidal melanoma xenografts can be quantified noninvasively in the same nude rat over time using a portable, high-resolution, high-frequency ultrasound (HF-US) system. METHODS C918 human choroidal melanoma spheroids were implanted in the superior suprachoroidal space of 26 WAG/RijHsd-rnu nude rats. Fourteen rats were anesthetized 14 days after tumor implantation, and HF-US B-scan images of the tumor-bearing eye were captured at 250-mum intervals. Tumor areas were measured on each image and numerically integrated to calculate volume. Tumor volumes were also estimated from serial histologic sections in six rats. Twelve other rats were anesthetized and weighed every 4 to 5 days after implantation for 2 weeks, and HF-US B-scan image series were acquired for subsequent measurement of tumor volume. RESULTS Tumors could be visualized as heterogeneous, relatively hyperechoic regions in the superior portion of the eye. These regions were verified as tumor by comparison with histologic sections, and histologic and HF-US volumes were highly correlated (r = 0.961; P = 0.002). For the determination of HF-US volume, the intraobserver variability was 9.7% +/- 5.1% (n = 8), and the coefficient of variation for multiple measurements was 12.1% +/- 6.8% (n = 12). Tumor volume could be repeatedly measured in the same rat every 4 to 5 days for 2 weeks without significant weight loss. CONCLUSIONS HF-US is a safe, practical method to measure tumor volume in the same nude rat over time in this orthotopic xenograft model of human choroidal melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rod D Braun
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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12
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Folberg R, Leach L, Valyi-Nagy K, Lin AY, Apushkin MA, Ai Z, Barak V, Majumdar D, Pe'er J, Maniotis AJ. Modeling the behavior of uveal melanoma in the liver. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48:2967-74. [PMID: 17591861 PMCID: PMC1986739 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.06-1522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To model the behavior of uveal melanoma in the liver. METHODS A 15-muL suspension of metastatic MUM2B or either primary OCM1 or M619 uveal melanoma cells was injected into the liver parenchyma of 105 CB17 SCID mice through a 1-cm abdominal incision. Animals were killed at 2, 4, 6, or 8 weeks after injection. Before euthanatization, 3% FITC-BSA buffer was injected into the retro-orbital plexus of one eye of three mice. Liver tissues were examined by light and fluorescence microscopy, and were stained with human anti-laminin. Vasculogenic mimicry patterns were reconstructed from serial laser scanning confocal microscopic stacks. RESULTS OCM1a cells formed microscopic nodules in the mouse liver within 2 weeks after injection and metastasized to the lung 6 weeks later. By contrast, M619 and MUM2B cells formed expansile nodules in the liver within 2 weeks and gave rise to pulmonary metastases within 4 weeks after injection. Vasculogenic mimicry patterns, composed of human laminin and identical with those in human primary and metastatic uveal melanomas, were detected in the animal model. The detection of human rather than mouse laminin in the vasculogenic mimicry patterns in this model demonstrates that these patterns were of tumor cell origin and were not co-opted from the mouse liver microenvironment. CONCLUSIONS There are currently no effective treatments for metastatic uveal melanoma. This direct-injection model focuses on critical interactions between the tumor cell and the liver. It provides for translationally relevant approaches to the development of new modalities to detect small tumor burdens in patients, to study the biology of clinical dormancy of metastatic disease in uveal melanoma, to design and test novel treatments to prevent the emergence of clinically manifest liver metastases after dormancy, and to treat established uveal melanoma metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Folberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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13
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Braun RD, Abbas A. Orthotopic human choroidal melanoma xenografts in nude rats with aggressive and nonaggressive PAS staining patterns. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47:7-16. [PMID: 16384938 PMCID: PMC1857351 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.04-0882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Choroidal melanoma is the most common primary ocular cancer among the adult population. Patient survival has been linked to the periodic acid-Schiff base (PAS)-positive vascular patterns in the tumors. The presence of PAS-positive loops or cross-linking parallel channels is a marker of an aggressive tumor. The purpose of this study was to develop new xenograft models of human choroidal melanoma that predictably demonstrate the PAS staining patterns associated with nonaggressive and aggressive tumors in humans. METHODS Three human choroidal melanoma cell lines (C918, M619, and OCM-1) were used. C918 and M619 are considered aggressive, based on their ability to form PAS-positive channels in vitro. The nonaggressive OCM-1 cells do not form these channels. C918, M619, and OCM-1 spheroids were grown and implanted in the suprachoroidal space of 20, 17, and 16 WAG/RijHs-rnu nude rats, respectively. Tumors were grown for 1 to >4 weeks, and histology was performed to evaluate tumor growth and determine PAS labeling patterns. RESULTS Growth of C918, M619, and OCM-1 xenografts were histologically verified in 20/20, 15/17, and 16/16 rats, respectively. PAS staining revealed loops and cross-linking parallel channels, typical of aggressive tumors in patients, in 90% of C918 and 100% of M619 xenografts. Only 4 of 16 OCM-1 xenografts showed PAS-positive loops. The rest showed no PAS staining or only perivascular staining, indicative of nonaggressive tumors. CONCLUSIONS It is possible to grow human choroidal melanoma orthotopic xenografts in nude rats that reproduce the PAS staining patterns associated with aggressive and nonaggressive choroidal melanomas in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rod D Braun
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Over the past several decades, considerable effort has been directed toward developing suitable experimental models for the study of uveal melanoma. Animal models of uveal melanoma have undergone many improvements, leading to the development of experimental systems that better represent the disease in human beings. A major advance has come from the use of human uveal melanoma cell lines capable of inducing tumour growth and metastatic disease in immunodeficient hosts. Knowledge gained from the use of experimental models will ultimately be translated into better diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for patients with uveal melanoma. In this review the authors describe the current state-of-the-art designs of experimental models of uveal melanoma, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of the available models. Novel findings from a rabbit model of uveal melanoma are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula L Blanco
- Henry C. Witelson Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory and Registry, McGill University, Montreal, Que.
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15
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Abstract
Experimental models may help elucidate aspects of uveal melanoma, such as the histogenesis, etiology and natural history, that are not yet fully understood. Moreover, the development of experimental models allows testing of new diagnostic methods and treatments to improve the life expectancy and quality of life of affected patients. The author reviews the development of animal models of uveal melanoma and research with animal models examining primary and metastatic uveal melanoma as well as treatments for these tumours and ways to prevent metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Morilla-Grasa
- Instituto Universitario de Oftalmobiología Aplicada, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
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16
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Hendrix MJC, Seftor EA, Hess AR, Seftor REB. Vasculogenic mimicry and tumour-cell plasticity: lessons from melanoma. Nat Rev Cancer 2003; 3:411-21. [PMID: 12778131 DOI: 10.1038/nrc1092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 604] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gene-expression profile of aggressive cutaneous and uveal melanoma cells resembles that of an undifferentiated, embryonic-like cell. The plasticity of certain types of cancer cell could explain their ability to mimic the activities of endothelial cells and to participate in processes such as neovascularization and the formation of a fluid-conducting, matrix-rich meshwork. This ability has been termed 'vasculogenic mimicry'. How does vasculogenic mimicry contribute to tumour progression, and can it be targeted by therapeutic agents?
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J C Hendrix
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine and the Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center at The University of Iowa, 375 Newton Road, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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