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Wang X, Wang Q, Wang P, Zhou M, Xu B, Liu Y, Yu Y. A soft multifunctional film from chitosan modified with disulfide bond cross-links and prepared by a simple method. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126774. [PMID: 37683753 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan was modified with thioctic acid and used to prepare soft films. As confirmed by FTIR and XPS measurements, a condensation reaction occurred between the amino groups in the chitosan and the carboxyl groups in the lipoic acid to form amide bonds in the modified chitosan. Films were then prepared by casting at ambient conditions, and the effects of the chemical modification on the physical-mechanical, antibacterial, and thermal properties of the films were investigated. The results showed that the tensile strength, flexibility and recovery performance of the modified films were significantly different from those of the unmodified films. For example, the Young's modulus of a pure chitosan film was 2600 MPa, while the modified films were much more flexible with a Young's modulus as low as 32.5 MPa. Moreover, the modified chitosan films were not dissolved or damaged by common organic solvents or in highly acidic (pH 1) or highly basic (pH 13) conditions. The modified films also showed good antibacterial activity against both E coli and S aureus with inhibition rates of almost 100 %. These desirable properties suggest that the modified chitosan films prepared here have possible application prospects in flexible devices and packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Man Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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Shen F, Zhong H, Ge W, Ren J, Wang X. Quercetin/chitosan-graft-alpha lipoic acid micelles: A versatile antioxidant water dispersion with high stability. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 234:115927. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Chukanova EI, Chukanova AS. [Alpha-lipoic acid in the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2018; 118:103-109. [PMID: 29460914 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201811811103-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The issues of classification, pathogenesis, pathomorphology and treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) are addressed. Pathogenetic mechanisms of the action of alpha-lipoic acid in treatment of DPN are justified. The authors present the results of randomized placebo-controlled trials of alpha-lipoic acid that revealed the high clinical efficacy and absence of side-effects even during the long-term treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E I Chukanova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - A S Chukanova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Sohaib M, Anjum FM, Nasir M, Saeed F, Arshad MS, Hussain S. Alpha-lipoic acid: An inimitable feed supplement for poultry nutrition. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 102:33-40. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Sohaib
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences; Lahore Pakistan
| | - F. M. Anjum
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences; Lahore Pakistan
| | - M. Nasir
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences; Lahore Pakistan
| | - F. Saeed
- Institute of Home & Food Sciences; Government College University; Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - M. S. Arshad
- Institute of Home & Food Sciences; Government College University; Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - S. Hussain
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition; College of Food and Agricultural Sciences; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
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Solovieva EY, Chipova DT. [From the conception of «oxidizing stress» to the conception of «cell signaling modulation»]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2015; 115:105-111. [PMID: 26356624 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201511581105-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We discuss the current conception of "oxidizing stress" which covers a wide group of various interrelated phenomena including higher production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative damage of cellular molecular components. Currently the term of oxidizing stress is used for the description of pro-oxidant and antioxidant imbalance, with the prevalence of the former, that results in the damage of biological molecules and cellular structures. However ROS do not play a single role in oxidative metabolism. There are also active nitrogen forms, reactive forms of carbon, chlorine and sulphur. These highly reactive molecules are involved in many reactions and play a great role in the regulation of different metabolic processes in the body. These reactions underlie such pathological processes as heart ischemia, atherosclerosis, cerebral ischemia and different types of inflammation. An effect of highly reactive molecules on the destruction of biologically important molecular in different stressful conditions is determined by the reactions they are involved in. But the balance of oxidizers and antioxidants should not be considered as a unified system because main cellular redox systems are not in the redox equilibrium. In this view, a search for an optimal oxidizer that impacts on the modulation of cellular signal pathways related with ROS development is the most effective way in the development of antioxidant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Yu Solovieva
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow
| | - D T Chipova
- Berbekov Kabardino-Balkarian State University, Nalchik
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Mahmoud YI, Hegazy HG. Ginger and alpha lipoic acid ameliorate age-related ultrastructural changes in rat liver. Biotech Histochem 2015; 91:86-95. [PMID: 26528730 DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2015.1076578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the important role that oxidative stress is thought to play in the aging process, antioxidants could be candidates for preventing its related pathologies. We investigated the ameliorative effects of two antioxidant supplements, ginger and alpha lipoic acid (ALA), on hepatic ultrastructural alterations in old rats. Livers of young (4 months) and old (24 months) Wistar rats were studied using transmission electron microscopy. Livers of old rats showed sinusoidal collapse and congestion, endothelial thickening and defenestration, and inconsistent perisinusoidal extracellular matrix deposition. Aged hepatocytes were characterized by hypertrophy, cytoplasmic vacuolization and a significant increase in the volume densities of the nuclei, mitochondria and dense bodies. Lipofuscin accumulation and decreased microvilli in bile canaliculi and space of Disse also were observed. The adverse alterations were ameliorated significantly by both ginger and ALA supplementation; ALA was more effective than ginger. Ginger and ALA appear to be promising anti-aging agents based on their amelioration of ultrastructural alterations in livers of old rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y I Mahmoud
- a Zoology Department, Faculty of Science , Ain Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - H G Hegazy
- a Zoology Department, Faculty of Science , Ain Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
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Abstract
AbstractEnergy restriction (ER; also known as caloric restriction) is the only nutritional intervention that has repeatedly been shown to increase lifespan in model organisms and may delay ageing in humans. In the present review we discuss current scientific literature on ER and its molecular, metabolic and hormonal effects. Moreover, criteria for the classification of substances that might induce positive ER-like changes without having to reduce energy intake are summarised. Additionally, the putative ER mimetics (ERM) 2-deoxy-d-glucose, metformin, rapamycin, resveratrol, spermidine and lipoic acid and their suggested molecular targets are discussed. While there are reports on these ERM candidates that describe lifespan extension in model organisms, data on longevity-inducing effects in higher organisms such as mice remain controversial or are missing. Furthermore, some of these candidates produce detrimental side effects such as immunosuppression or lactic acidosis, or have not been tested for safety in long-term studies. Up to now, there are no known ERM that could be recommended without limitations for use in humans.
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Karaytug S, Sevgiler Y, Karayakar F. Comparison of the protective effects of antioxidant compounds in the liver and kidney of Cd- and Cr-exposed common carp. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:129-137. [PMID: 21987389 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to see whether the taurine (TAU), alpha-lipoic acid (LA), curcumin (CUR), and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) protection against oxidative stress caused by heavy metals is owed to the metal-decreasing or antioxidative effect. In this context, liver and kidney tissues of common carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio L.) were exposed in vivo to model toxicants cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr). The tissues were dissected 96 h after intraperitoneal injection of the metals and antioxidant substances. Cd and Cr levels were determined in the liver using the ICP-OES, but we could not obtain enough kidney tissue to make the same measurements in the kidney. The enzymatic activities of SOD, CAT, and GPx, and the GSH redox status and lipid peroxidation levels were analyzed using spectrophotometric methods. Of all investigated antioxidants, only NAC decreased metal levels in the liver. Cd had little effect on oxidative stress parameters, while Cr showed a weak prooxidative effect. Cotreatment with TAU/LA/CUR/NAC and Cr significantly increased liver SOD activity. Chromium induced kidney SOD and CAT, but all antioxidants lowered CAT activity. Cadmium reduced liver and increased kidney GSSG. NAC increased liver GSH, but the increase did not correlate with decrease in Cd. Curcumin given with Cd increased kidney and decreased liver lipid peroxidation, whereas TAU with Cr increased lipid peroxidation in both tissues. N-Acetylcysteine was the most effective antioxidative agent, owing to its metal-decreasing function as well as to its effects on the GSH redox status. We believe that the investigated antioxidant substances which may have been involved in the reduction of Cr caused an increase in SOD activity and a decrease in CAT activity. Changes in the GSSG levels in both tissues might be an adaptive response to the prooxidative potential of Cd. Because of their respective tissue- and metal-dependent prooxidative effects, CUR and TAU deserve particular attention in regard to their use against metal toxicity, Cr in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahire Karaytug
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Aquaculture, Mersin University, Yenisehir Campus, 33169 Mersin, Turkey
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Bulmuş FG, Gürsu MF, Muz MH, Yaman I, Bulmuş O, Sakin F. Protective effects of alpha-lipoic Acid on oleic Acid-induced acute lung injury in rats. Balkan Med J 2013; 30:309-14. [PMID: 25207126 DOI: 10.5152/balkanmedj.2013.8426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is believed to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI). AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate the possible protective role of alpha-lipoic acid (α-LA) on oleic acid (OA)-induced ALI in rats. STUDY DESIGN Animal experiment. METHODS A total of thirty-five rats were divided into five groups in the study. Group 1 served as a control group. Rats in Group 2 (α-LA) were administered α-LA intraperitoneally at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight (BW). Rats in Group 3 (OA) were administered OA intravenously at a dose of 100 mg/kg BW. In Group 4 (pre-OA-α-LA), α-LA was given 15 minutes prior to OA infusion, and in Group 5 (post-OA-α-LA), α-LA was given two hours after OA infusion. Four hours after the OA infusion, rats were decapitated. Blood samples were collected to measure serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH), and the levels of activity for superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Lung tissue samples were taken for histopathological examination. RESULTS Exposure to OA resulted in increases in serum MDA levels (p<0.001), as well as histopathological lesions in lung tissue, and decreases in CAT (p<0.05), GSH-Px (p<0.05) activities and GSH (p<0.05) levels. On the other hand, MDA levels were decreased significantly (p<0.001), while CAT (p<0.05), GSH-Px (p<0.01) activities and GSH (p<0.05) levels were increased significantly in the pre-OA-α-LA group compared with the OA group. CONCLUSION α-LA was found to lessen oxidative stress and to have positive effects on antioxidants in cases of OA-induced ALI. In conclusion, α-LA appears to have protective effects against ALI and potential for the prevention of ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehmet Ferit Gürsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Fırat University Faculty of Medicine, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Hamdi Muz
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Fırat University Faculty of Medicine, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Ihsan Yaman
- Sivrice Vocational School, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Ozgür Bulmuş
- Veterinary Control Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Fatih Sakin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mustafa Kemal University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hatay, Turkey
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Astiz M, Hurtado de Catalfo GE, García MN, Galletti SM, Errecalde AL, de Alaniz MJT, Marra CA. Pesticide-induced decrease in rat testicular steroidogenesis is differentially prevented by lipoate and tocopherol. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 91:129-38. [PMID: 23465731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that the sub-chronic administration of low doses of Toc or α-Toc, glyphosate and zineb to rats (i.p. 1/250 LD50, three times a week for 5 weeks) provoked severe oxidative stress (OS) in testicles. These effects were also reflected in plasma. Lipoic acid (LA) and α-tocopherol are considered as antioxidants due to their ability to neutralize reactive oxygenated species (ROS) and reset endogenous antioxidant levels. To investigate the possible protective effect on reproductive function, LA and Toc (i.p. 25, 50 and 100mg/kg) were administered simultaneously with the pesticide mixture (PM) for 5 weeks. Both drugs prevented OS and the damage to proteins and lipids caused by PM in a dose-dependent manner. The PM-induced increase levels of prostaglandins E2 and F2α was completely restored by LA but not by Toc. Similarly, only LA was able to restore the inhibition of testosterone production, the decrease of 3β- and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases activities, and the elevation of gonatropins (FSH and LH) levels produced by PM. Furthermore, LA was more efficient than Toc in normalizing the histological alterations produced by PM administration, suggesting that pesticides act though other mechanisms that generate oxidative stress. In our experimental model LA displayed a higher protective role against pesticide-induced damage than that observed by Toc administration. Our results suggest that LA administration is a promising therapeutic strategy for coping with disorders suspected to be caused by OS generators - such as pesticides - in male reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Astiz
- INIBIOLP (Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata), CCT La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Argentina
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Astiz M, de Alaniz MJ, Marra CA. The oxidative damage and inflammation caused by pesticides are reverted by lipoic acid in rat brain. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:1231-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Usta J, Hachem Y, El-Rifai O, Bou-Moughlabey Y, Echtay K, Griffiths D, Nakkash-Chmaisse H, Makki RF. Fragrance chemicals lyral and lilial decrease viability of HaCat cells' by increasing free radical production and lowering intracellular ATP level: protection by antioxidants. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 27:339-48. [PMID: 22940465 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigate in this study the biochemical effects on cells in culture of two commonly used fragrance chemicals: lyral and lilial. Whereas both chemicals exerted a significant effect on primary keratinocyte(s), HaCat cells, no effect was obtained with any of HepG2, Hek293, Caco2, NIH3T3, and MCF7 cells. Lyral and lilial: (a) decreased the viability of HaCat cells with a 50% cell death at 100 and 60 nM respectively; (b) decreased significantly in a dose dependant manner the intracellular ATP level following 12-h of treatment; (c) inhibited complexes I and II of electron transport chain in liver sub-mitochondrial particles; and (d) increased reactive oxygen species generation that was reversed by N-acetyl cysteine and trolox and the natural antioxidant lipoic acid, without influencing the level of free and/or oxidized glutathione. Lipoic acid protected HaCat cells against the decrease in viability induced by either compound. Dehydrogenation of lyral and lilial produce α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, that reacts with lipoic acid requiring proteins resulting in their inhibition. We propose lyral and lilial as toxic to mitochondria that have a direct effect on electron transport chain, increase ROS production, derange mitochondrial membrane potential, and decrease cellular ATP level, leading thus to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julnar Usta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Chen P, Ma QG, Ji C, Zhang JY, Zhao LH, Zhang Y, Jie YZ. Dietary lipoic acid influences antioxidant capability and oxidative status of broilers. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:8476-88. [PMID: 22272085 PMCID: PMC3257082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12128476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of lipoic acid (LA) on the antioxidant status of broilers were investigated. Birds (1 day old) were randomly assigned to four groups and fed corn-soybean diets supplemented with 0, 100, 200, 300 mg/kg LA, respectively. The feeding program included a starter diet from 1 to 21 days of age and a grower diet from 22 to 42 days of age. Serum, liver and muscle samples were collected at 42 days of age. For antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in serum, liver and breast muscle significantly increased in chickens fed with LA. The concentration of malondiadehyde (MDA), an indicator of lipid peroxidation, was significantly lower in serum, liver and leg muscle in birds that received LA than in the control group. Treatments with LA significantly increased glutathione (GSH) content in liver and increased α-tocopherol content in leg muscle as compared to the control. These results indicate that dietary supplementation with 300 mg/kg LA may enhance antioxidant capability and depress oxidative stress in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; E-Mails: (P.C.); (J.-Y.Z.); (L.-H.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.-Z.J.)
| | - Qiu-Gang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; E-Mails: (P.C.); (J.-Y.Z.); (L.-H.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.-Z.J.)
| | - Cheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; E-Mails: (P.C.); (J.-Y.Z.); (L.-H.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.-Z.J.)
| | - Jian-Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; E-Mails: (P.C.); (J.-Y.Z.); (L.-H.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.-Z.J.)
| | - Li-Hong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; E-Mails: (P.C.); (J.-Y.Z.); (L.-H.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.-Z.J.)
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; E-Mails: (P.C.); (J.-Y.Z.); (L.-H.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.-Z.J.)
| | - Yong-Ze Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; E-Mails: (P.C.); (J.-Y.Z.); (L.-H.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.-Z.J.)
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Comparison of native and capric acid-enriched mustard oil effects on oxidative stress and antioxidant protection in rats. Br J Nutr 2011; 107:845-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511003874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effect of mustard oil enriched in capric acid, a medium-chain fatty acid, on antioxidant enzyme activities in liver and brain and on the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver, brain and plasma in rats; the effect of adding cholesterol to the diet was also investigated. Charles Foster male albino rats weighing 80–100 g were fed one of four diets for 30 d (six rats per group). In the absence of added dietary cholesterol, the addition of capric acid to the diet resulted in lower plasma total cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol and TAG concentrations, higher HDL-cholesterol concentrations, higher antioxidant enzyme activities in liver and brain and lower MDA concentrations in liver, brain and plasma. Adding cholesterol to the diet increased plasma total cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol and TAG concentrations, decreased HDL-cholesterol concentration, decreased the activities of antioxidant enzymes and increased tissue and plasma MDA concentrations. Including capric acid in the diet of rats receiving cholesterol at least partly prevented the effects of the increased cholesterol. It is concluded that compared with native mustard oil, capric acid-enriched mustard oil improves blood lipids, enhances antioxidant protection and reduces lipid peroxidation.
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Simultaneous determination of lipoic acid (LA) and dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) in human plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:1725-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Khan A, Khan MI, Iqbal Z, Ahmad L, Shah Y, Watson DG. Determination of lipoic acid in human plasma by HPLC-ECD using liquid–liquid and solid-phase extraction: Method development, validation and optimization of experimental parameters. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:2782-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Subramanian MV, James TJ. Age-related protective effect of deprenyl on changes in the levels of diagnostic marker enzymes and antioxidant defense enzymes activities in cerebellar tissue in Wistar rats. Cell Stress Chaperones 2010; 15:743-51. [PMID: 20224915 PMCID: PMC3006612 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-010-0177-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidants are free radical scavengers and protect living organisms against oxidative damage to tissues. Experimental evidence implicates oxygen-derived free radicals as important causative agents of aging and the present study was designed to evaluate the age-related effects of deprenyl on the antioxidant defense in the cerebellum of male Wistar rats. Experimental rats of three age groups (6, 12, and 18 months old) were administered with liquid deprenyl (2 mg/kg body weight/day for a period of 15 days i.p) and levels of diagnostic marker enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase) in plasma, lipid peroxides, reduced glutathione and activities of glutathione-dependent antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase) and antiperoxidative enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase) in the cerebellar tissue were determined. Intraperitonial administration of deprenyl (2 mg/kg body weight/day for a period of 15 days) significantly (p < 0.05) attenuated the age-related alterations noted in the levels of diagnostic marker enzymes plasma of experimental animals. Deprenyl also exerted an antioxidant effect against aging process by hindering lipid peroxidation to an extent. Moderate rise in the levels of reduced glutathione and activities of glutathione-dependent antioxidant enzymes and antiperoxidative enzymes was also observed. The results of the present investigation indicated that the protective potential of deprenyl was probably due to the increase of the activity of the free radical scavenging enzymes or to a counteraction of free radicals by its antioxidant nature or to a strengthening of neuronal membrane by its membrane-stabilizing action. Histopathological observations also confirmed the protective effect of deprenyl against the age-related aberrations in rat cerebellum. These data on the effect of deprenyl on parameters of normal aging provides new additional information concerning the anti-aging potential of deprenyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju V Subramanian
- Division of Neurobiology and Ageing, Department of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Kochi 682013, India.
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Chng H, New L, Neo A, Goh C, Browne E, Chan E. Distribution study of orally administered lipoic acid in rat brain tissues. Brain Res 2009; 1251:80-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ghibu S, Lauzier B, Delemasure S, Amoureux S, Sicard P, Vergely C, Muresan A, Mogosan C, Rochette L. Antioxidant properties of alpha-lipoic acid: effects on red blood membrane permeability and adaptation of isolated rat heart to reversible ischemia. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 320:141-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9916-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Merry BJ, Kirk AJ, Goyns MH. Dietary lipoic acid supplementation can mimic or block the effect of dietary restriction on life span. Mech Ageing Dev 2008; 129:341-8. [PMID: 18486188 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 04/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Dietary restriction feeding extends survival in a range of species but a detailed understanding of the underlying mechanism is lacking. There is interest therefore in identifying a more targeted approach to replicate this effect on survival. We report that in rats dietary supplementation with alpha-lipoic acid, has markedly differing effects on lifetime survival depending upon the dietary history of the animal. When animals are switched from DR feeding to ad libitum feeding with a diet supplemented with alpha-lipoic acid, the extended survival characteristic of DR feeding is maintained, even though the animals show accelerated growth. Conversely, switching from ad libitum feeding a diet supplemented with alpha-lipoic acid to DR feeding of the non-supplemented diet, blocks the normal effect of DR to extend survival, even after cessation of lipoic acid supplementation. Unlike the dynamic effect of switching between DR and ad libitum feeding with a non-supplemented diet where the subsequent survival trajectory is determined by the new feeding regime, lipoic acid fixes the survival trajectory to that established by the initial feeding regime. Ad libitum feeding a diet supplemented with lipoic acid can therefore act as mimetic of DR to extend survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Merry
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
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21
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Hnia K, Hugon G, Rivier F, Masmoudi A, Mercier J, Mornet D. Modulation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade and metalloproteinase activity in diaphragm muscle in response to free radical scavenger administration in dystrophin-deficient Mdx mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 170:633-43. [PMID: 17255331 PMCID: PMC1851881 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.060344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy muscles undergo increased oxidative stress and altered calcium homeostasis, which contribute to myofiber loss by trigging both necrosis and apoptosis. Here, we asked whether treatment with free radical scavengers could improve the dystrophic pattern of mdx muscles. Five-week-old mdx mice were treated for 2 weeks with alpha-lipoic acid/l-carnitine. This treatment decreased the plasmatic creatine kinase level, the antioxidant enzyme activity, and lipid peroxidation products in mdx diaphragm. Free radical scavengers also modulated the phosphorylation/activity of some component of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades: p38 MAPK, the extracellular signal-related kinase, and the Jun kinase. beta-Dystroglycan (beta-DG), a multifunctional adaptor or scaffold capable of interacting with components of the extracellular signal-related kinase-MAP kinase cascade, was also affected after treatment. In the mdx muscles, beta-DG (43 kd) was cleaved by matrix metalloproteinases into a 30-kd form (beta-DG30). We show that the proinflammatory protein nuclear factor-kappaB activator decreased after the treatment, leading to a significant reduction of matrix metalloproteinase activity in the mdx diaphragm. Our data highlight the implication of oxidative stress and cell signaling defects in dystrophin-deficient muscle via the MAP kinase cascade-beta-DG interaction and nuclear factor-kappaB-mediated inflammation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Hnia
- Institut National de la Santé, et de la Recherche Médicale, Equipe ERI 25, Muscle et Pathologies, Université de Montpellier1, Unité de Formation et de Recherche de Médecine, EA701, 4 Boulevard Henri IV, 34060 Montpellier, France
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Wang SJ, Chen HH. Presynaptic mechanisms underlying the alpha-lipoic acid facilitation of glutamate exocytosis in rat cerebral cortex nerve terminals. Neurochem Int 2006; 50:51-60. [PMID: 16949179 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2006.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2006] [Revised: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 06/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid has been reported to prevent and reverse age-related impairments in learning and memory. However, it is unclear how alpha-lipoic acid improves cognitive function. In this study, the effect of alpha-lipoic acid on the release of endogenous glutamate from rat cerebrocortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes) was examined. We found that alpha-lipoic acid potently facilitated 4-aminopyridine (4AP)-evoked glutamate release, and this release facilitation results from an enhancement of vesicular exocytosis and not from an increase of non-vesicular release. Examination of the effect of alpha-lipoic acid on cytosolic [Ca(2+)] revealed that the facilitation of glutamate release was associated with an increase in voltage-dependent Ca(2+) influx. Consistent with this, alpha-lipoic acid-mediated facilitation of glutamate release was completely prevented in synaptosomes pretreated with a wide spectrum blocker of the N- and P/Q-type Ca(2+) channels, omega-conotoxin MVIIC. The facilitatory effect of alpha-lipoic acid on Ca(2+) influx was not due to an increase of synaptosomal excitability because alpha-lipoic acid did not alter the 4AP-evoked depolarization of the synaptosomal plasma membrane potential. In addition, both ionomycin and hypertonic sucrose-induced glutamate release were enhanced by alpha-lipoic acid. Furthermore, disruption of cytoskeleton organization with cytochalasin D occluded the facilitatory effect of alpha-lipoic acid on 4AP or ionomycin-evoked glutamate release. These results suggest that the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid enhances the Ca(2+) entry through presynaptic N- and P/Q-type Ca(2+) channels as well as the vesicular release machinery to cause an increase in evoked glutamate release from rat cerebrocortical synaptosomes. Also, activation of PKA and PKC may underlie, at least in part, the alpha-lipoic acid-mediated facilitation of glutamate release observed here as alpha-lipoic acid-enhanced 4AP and ionomycin-evoked glutamate release were significantly attenuated by PKA and PKC inhibitors. This finding may provide some information regarding the mechanism of action of alpha-lipoic acid in the central nervous system (CNS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jane Wang
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, 510 Chung-Cheng Road, Hsin-Chuang, Taipei Hsien 24205, Taiwan.
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Schupp N, Schinzel R, Heidland A, Stopper H. Genotoxicity of Advanced Glycation End Products: Involvement of Oxidative Stress and of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1043:685-95. [PMID: 16037294 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1333.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In patients with chronic renal failure, cancer incidence is increased. This may be related to an elevated level of genomic damage, which has been demonstrated by micronuclei formation as well as by comet assay analysis. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are markedly elevated in renal failure. In the comet assay, the model AGEs methylglyoxal- and carboxy(methyl)lysine-modified bovine serum albumin (BSA) induced significant DNA damage in colon, kidney, and liver cells. The addition of antioxidants prevented AGE-induced DNA damage, suggesting enhanced formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The coincubation with dimethylfumarate (DMF), an inhibitor of NF-kappaB translocation, reduced the genotoxic effect, thereby underscoring the key role of NF-kappaB in this process. One of the genes induced by NF-kappaB is angiotensinogen. The ensuing proteolytic activity yields angiotensin II, which evokes oxidative stress as well as proinflammatory responses. A modulator of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), the angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor 1 antagonist, candesartan, yielded a reduction of the AGE-induced DNA damage, connecting the two signal pathways, RAS and AGE signaling. We were able to identify important participants in AGE-induced DNA damage: ROS, NF-kappaB, and Ang II, as well as modulators to prevent this DNA damage: antioxidants, DMF, and AT1 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Schupp
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany.
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Savitha S, Tamilselvan J, Anusuyadevi M, Panneerselvam C. Oxidative stress on mitochondrial antioxidant defense system in the aging process: Role of dl-α-lipoic acid and l-carnitine. Clin Chim Acta 2005; 355:173-80. [PMID: 15820492 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccn.2004.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Revised: 12/27/2004] [Accepted: 12/27/2004] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative damage is hypothesized to accumulate throughout the lifetime of an organism, eventually giving rise to aging. The mitochondria may be the primary cellular source and target of endogenous ROS as they are produced as a normal byproduct of the electron transport system. METHODS Male albino Wistar rats were used in this study. The animals were divided into 6 groups, each group consisting of 6 animals. Groups I, III, and V were young, middle-aged and aged control rats and Groups II, IV, and VI were treated with carnitine (300 mg/kg bw) and dl-alpha-lipoic acid (150 mg/kg bw), respectively. After the treatment period, the animals were sacrificed and the heart and skeletal muscle were removed for analysis. RESULT There was a significant reduction in the levels of antioxidants in both middle-aged and aged rats whereas the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were found to be increased. Co-supplementation of carnitine and lipoic acid improved the antioxidant status and brought down the levels of TBARS. CONCLUSION Co-supplementation of lipoic acid with carnitine has a beneficial effect in reversing the age-related abnormalities seen in aging. This effect was associated with the decrease in free radical production and rise in antioxidant levels by carnitine and lipoic acid, thereby lowering oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sethumadhavan Savitha
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALMPG. Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India
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Wollin SD, Wang Y, Kubow S, Jones PJH. Effects of a medium chain triglyceride oil mixture and α-lipoic acid diet on body composition, antioxidant status, and plasma lipid levels in the Golden Syrian hamster. J Nutr Biochem 2004; 15:402-10. [PMID: 15219925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2003.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2003] [Revised: 12/10/2003] [Accepted: 12/18/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid (ALP) versus a medium chain triglyceride oil mixture (MCTo), which was designed to increase energy expenditure and to improve lipid profiles containing medium chain triglycerides, phytosterols, and omega-3 fatty acids in the form of flaxseed oil. A total of 48 hamsters were fed a) hypercholesterolemic (HC) control, b) HC MCTo, c) HC ALP, or d) HC MCTo/ALP diet for 4 weeks. No differences were observed on food intake, body weight, total body water, lean and fat mass, and tissue thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). ALP alone had no effect on total cholesterol (TC); however, MCTo feeding increased TC with (P < 0.03) and without (P < 0.003) ALP when compared with control. ALP increased HDL levels compared with control (P < 0.04) and MCTo/ALP (P < 0.007) groups. MCTo, with (P < 0.0001) or without (P < 0.006) ALP, increased non-HDL cholesterol levels versus control. The non-HDL:HDL cholesterol ratio was decreased by ALP compared with MCTo (45%) and MCTo/ALP (68%) (P < 0.0001), a similar trend was seen when compared with the HC control (22%) group (P < 0.14). Triglyceride levels were not altered by any dietary treatment. Liver and heart tissue reduced glutathione (GSH) was increased (P < 0.05) by all three treatments when compared with control. Both tissues showed an increase (P < 0.05) in oxidized glutathione (GSSG) when fed ALP as compared with other treatments. Hamsters fed ALP had a lower (P < 0.05) GSH/GSSG ratio compared with other treatment groups. In conclusion, MCTo feeding does not elicit beneficial effects on circulating plasma lipids and measures of body composition. In addition, our results do not clearly support an improvement in oxidative status through supplementation of ALP. However, our results do support the existence of beneficial effects of ALP on circulating lipoprotein content in the hamster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie D Wollin
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Rd, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada H9X 3V9
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Thirunavukkarasu V, Anuradha CV. Influence of alpha-lipoic acid on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defence system in blood of insulin-resistant rats. Diabetes Obes Metab 2004; 6:200-7. [PMID: 15056128 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-8902.2004.00332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High fructose feeding induces insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia in rats. A role for oxidative stress in the occurrence of insulin resistance has been suggested by several workers. AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of alpha-lipoic acid (LA) on oxidant-antioxidant balance in rats fed on a high-fructose diet that showed characteristic features of insulin resistance. METHODS Male Wistar rats weighing 150-170 g were divided into seven groups. The control group received the control diet containing starch. The fructose group was given a high-fructose diet (>60% of total calories). The third and fourth groups were given fructose diet and were administered two different doses of LA at a low dose (35 mg/kg body weight) and high dose (70 mg/kg body weight) using olive oil as vehicle. The fifth group received fructose diet and olive oil. The sixth group received control diet and was administered LA (70 mg/kg body weight). And, the seventh group received the control diet and olive oil. Products of lipid peroxidation and activities of enzymic antioxidants, namely superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione reductase, in red blood cells were assayed. Levels of non-enzymic antioxidants alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid and reduced glutathione were determined in plasma. RESULTS The levels of lipid peroxides, diene conjugates and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were significantly higher in fructose-fed rats. Inadequate antioxidant system was observed in high-fructose-fed rats. Treatment of fructose rats mitigated the imbalance between peroxidation and antioxidant defence system at both the doses tested. Increases in glucose, triglycerides, free fatty acids, insulin and insulin resistance were observed in fructose-fed rats. LA administration prevented these alterations and improved insulin sensitivity. Significant positive correlations were obtained between insulin resistance and lipid peroxidation indices. CONCLUSIONS Increased lipid peroxidation and deficient antioxidant system are observed in high-fructose-fed rats. LA administration preserves the antioxidant system and lowers lipid peroxidation. The findings suggest an interrelationship between lipid peroxidation and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Thirunavukkarasu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
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Arivazhagan P, Panneerselvam SR, Panneerselvam C. Effect of DL- -Lipoic Acid on the Status of Lipid Peroxidation and Lipids in Aged Rats. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2003; 58:B788-91. [PMID: 14528033 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/58.9.b788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of dextro and levo (DL)-alpha-lipoic acid on lipid peroxidation and lipids has been evaluated in plasma, liver, and kidney of young and aged rats. The levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and lipids were considerably higher in aged rats compared with younger controls. DL-alpha-lipoic acid (100 mg/kg body wt/day) was administered intraperitoneally for 7 and 14 days. Supplementation of lipoic acid in aged rats prevents the elevated levels of TBARS and lipids. From our observations, we conclude that lipoic acid is very effective in normalizing age-related alterations in lipids, and it can be implemented in the aged to minimize age-associated disorders where free radicals are the major cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palaniyappan Arivazhagan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences,University of Madras, Chennai, India
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Rogers SA. Lipoic Acid as a Potential First Agent for Protection from Mycotoxins and Treatment of Mycotoxicosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 58:528-32. [PMID: 15259433 DOI: 10.3200/aeoh.58.8.528-532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins--toxic substances produced by fungi or molds--are ubiquitous in the environment and are capable of damaging multiple biochemical mechanisms, resulting in a variety of human symptoms referred to collectively as "mycotoxicosis." In fact, mycotoxins mimic multiple xenobiotics, not only with respect to their ultimate damage, but also in their routes of detoxification. This suggests potential therapeutic options for the challenging treatment of mycotoxicosis. In this brief review, the author examines the use of lipoic acid as an example of an inexpensive and available nutrient that has been shown to protect against, or reverse, the adverse health effects of mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry A Rogers
- Northeast Center for Environmental Medicine, Sarasota, Florida, USA
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Maritim AC, Sanders RA, Watkins JB. Effects of alpha-lipoic acid on biomarkers of oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Nutr Biochem 2003; 14:288-94. [PMID: 12832033 DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(03)00036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress and impaired antioxidant defense mechanisms are important factors in the pathogenesis and progression of diabetes mellitus and other oxidant-related diseases. This study was designed to determine whether alpha-lipoic acid, which has been shown to have substantial antioxidant properties, when administered (10 mg/kg ip) once daily for 14 days to normal and diabetic female Sprague-Dawley rats would prevent diabetes-induced changes in biomarkers of oxidative stress in liver, kidney and heart. Serum glucose concentrations, aspartate aminotransferase activity, and glycated hemoglobin levels, which were increased in diabetes, were not significantly altered by alpha-lipoic acid treatment. Normal rats treated with a high dose of alpha-lipoic acid (50 mg/kg) survived but diabetic rats on similar treatment died during the course of the experiment. The activity of glutathione peroxidase was increased in livers of normal rats treated with alpha-lipoic acid, but decreased in diabetic rats after alpha-lipoic acid treatment. Hepatic catalase activity was decreased in both normal and diabetic rats after alpha-lipoic acid treatment. Concentrations of reduced glutathione and glutathione disulfide in liver were increased after alpha-lipoic acid treatment of normal rats, but were not altered in diabetics. In kidney, glutathione peroxidase activity was elevated in diabetic rats, and in both normal and diabetic animals after alpha-lipoic acid treatment. Superoxide dismutase activity in heart was decreased in diabetic rats but normalized after treatment with alpha-lipoic acid; other cardiac enzyme activities were not influenced by either diabetes or antioxidant treatment. These results suggest that after 14 days of treatment with an appropriate pharmacological dose, alpha-lipoic acid may reduce oxidative stress in STZ-induced diabetic rats, perhaps by modulating the thiol status of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Maritim
- Moi University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya
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Farr SA, Poon HF, Dogrukol-Ak D, Drake J, Banks WA, Eyerman E, Butterfield DA, Morley JE. The antioxidants alpha-lipoic acid and N-acetylcysteine reverse memory impairment and brain oxidative stress in aged SAMP8 mice. J Neurochem 2003; 84:1173-83. [PMID: 12603840 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress may play a crucial role in age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we examined the ability of two antioxidants, alpha-lipoic acid (LA) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC), to reverse the cognitive deficits found in the SAMP8 mouse. By 12 months of age, this strain develops elevated levels of Abeta and severe deficits in learning and memory. We found that 12-month-old SAMP8 mice, in comparison with 4-month-old mice, had increased levels of protein carbonyls (an index of protein oxidation), increased TBARS (an index of lipid peroxidation) and a decrease in the weakly immobilized/strongly immobilized (W/S) ratio of the protein-specific spin label MAL-6 (an index of oxidation-induced conformational changes in synaptosomal membrane proteins). Chronic administration of either LA or NAC improved cognition of 12-month-old SAMP8 mice in both the T-maze footshock avoidance paradigm and the lever press appetitive task without inducing non-specific effects on motor activity, motivation to avoid shock, or body weight. These effects probably occurred directly within the brain, as NAC crossed the blood-brain barrier and accumulated in the brain. Furthermore, treatment of 12-month-old SAMP8 mice with LA reversed all three indexes of oxidative stress. These results support the hypothesis that oxidative stress can lead to cognitive dysfunction and provide evidence for a therapeutic role for antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Farr
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Medical Center (151/JC), 915 N. Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63109, USA.
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Arivazhagan P, Panneerselvam C. Effect of DL-α-Lipoic Acid on the Status of Lipids and Membrane-Bound ATPases in Various Brain Regions of Aged Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1089/109454502763485458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Arivazhagan P, Thilakavathy T, Ramanathan K, Kumaran S, Panneerselvam C. Effect of DL-alpha-lipoic acid on the status of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in various brain regions of aged rats. J Nutr Biochem 2002; 13:619-624. [PMID: 12550074 DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(02)00217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Free radicals have been implicated in the development of many acute and chronic diseases and in conditions involving brain or neurological tissue. The primary genetic material is subjected to damage by endogenous and exogenous agents, which may lead to instability and transcriptional infidelity. In the present study, we evaluated the protective effect of DL-alpha-lipoic acid, a metabolic antioxidant on lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl content in various brain regions of aged rats when compared to brain regions of young rats. DL-alpha-lipoic acid was administered intraperitoneally (100mg/kg body weight/day) to experimental rats. Nucleic acid and protein content were low whereas thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and protein carbonyl content (markers of free radical damage) were high in cortex, striatum, hippocampus and hypothalamus followed by cerebellum of aged rat brain. Lipoate administration for 14 days in aged rats increased the levels of nucleic acid and protein and reduced lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. These results demonstrate that lipoic acid is a potent antioxidant for neuronal cells against age associated oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palaniappan Arivazhagan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. AL Mudaliar PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani, 600 113, Chennai, India
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Abstract
In the past decade or so, a convincing link between oxidative stress and degenerative conditions has been made and with the knowledge that oxidatiye changes may actually trigger deterioration in cell function, a great deal of energy has focussed on identifying agents which may have possible therapeutic value in combating oxidative changes. One agent which has received attention, because of its powerful antioxidative effects, particularly in neuronal tissue, is lipoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Lynch
- Department of Physiology, Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
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Arivazhagan P, Ramanathan K, Panneerselvam C. Effect of DL-alpha-lipoic acid on mitochondrial enzymes in aged rats. Chem Biol Interact 2001; 138:189-98. [PMID: 11672700 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(01)00268-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction appears to contribute to some of the loss of function accompanying ageing. Mitochondria from aged tissue use oxygen inefficiently impairing ATP synthesis and results in increased oxidant production. A high flux of oxidants not only damages mitochondria, but other important cell biomolecules as well. In the present investigation, the levels of lipid peroxidation, oxidized glutathione, non-enzymatic antioxidants and the activities of mitochondrial enzymes were measured in liver and kidney mitochondria of young and aged rats before and after lipoic acid supplementation. In both liver and kidney increase in the levels of mitochondrial lipid peroxidation and oxidized glutathione and decrease in the levels of antioxidants and the activities of mitochondrial enzymes were observed in aged rats. DL-alpha-lipoic acid supplemented aged rats showed a decrease in the levels of lipid peroxidation and oxidized glutathione and increase in the levels of reduced glutathione, vitamins C and E and the activities of mitochondrial enzymes like isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, NADH-dehydrogenase and cytochrome-c-oxidase. Thus, lipoic acid reverses the age-associated decline in endogenous low molecular weight antioxidants and mitochondrial enzymes and, therefore, may lower the increased risk of oxidative damage that occurs during ageing. From our results it can be concluded that lipoic acid supplementation enhances the activities of mitochondrial enzymes and antioxidant status and thereby protects mitochondria from ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Arivazhagan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr A.L. Mudaliar Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, 600-113, Chennai, India
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Deuther-Conrad W, Loske C, Schinzel R, Dringen R, Riederer P, Münch G. Advanced glycation endproducts change glutathione redox status in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells by a hydrogen peroxide dependent mechanism. Neurosci Lett 2001; 312:29-32. [PMID: 11578838 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(01)02174-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of proteins with reducing sugars leads to the formation of 'advanced glycation endproducts' (AGEs). They accumulate in Alzheimer's disease brain in the vicinity of beta-amyloid plaques. AGEs are cytotoxic by a mechanism involving reactive oxygen species, which implies that they could compromise glutathione redox status. In this study, we show that AGEs (BSA-AGE and beta-amyloid-AGE) persistently increase the ratio of oxidized to reduced glutathione in a dose- and time-dependent manner in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. The level of oxidized glutathione accounted to 10-14% and persisted for up to 24 h in the presence of added AGEs. In contrast, the unmodified beta-amyloid peptides A beta (1-40) and A beta (25-35) had no significant effect on glutathione redox status. The AGE-induced increase in oxidized glutathione could be prevented by the radical scavengers N-acetylcysteine, alpha-lipoic acid and 17beta-estradiol or by application of catalase, indicating that superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production precedes the AGE-mediated depletion of reduced glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Deuther-Conrad
- Neuroimmunological Cell Biology, Interdisciplinary Center of Clinical Research (IZKF) Leipzig, Johannisallee 30a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Roberts LJ, Reckelhoff JF. Measurement of F(2)-isoprostanes unveils profound oxidative stress in aged rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 287:254-6. [PMID: 11549283 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Free radicals have been theorized to play a causative role in the normal aging process. To date, methods used to detect oxidative stress in aged experimental animals have only detected 2- to 3-fold differences or less between young and aged animals. Measurement of F(2)-isoprostanes has emerged as probably the most reliable approach to assess oxidative stress status in vivo. Therefore, we measured levels of F(2)-isoprostanes free in plasma and levels esterified in plasma lipids in young rats (3-4 months of age) and aged rats (22-24 months of age). Plasma concentrations of free F(2)-isoprostanes were increased dramatically by a mean of 20.3-fold (range 4.3 to 42.9-fold) and levels esterified in plasma lipids were also strikingly increased by a mean of 29.9-fold (range 15.8 to 50.0-fold). These findings unveil profound oxidative stress in aged rats which adds considerable support for the free radical theory of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Roberts
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Arivazhagan P, Ramanathan K, Panneerselvam C. Effect of DL-alpha-lipoic acid on the status of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in mitochondria of aged rats. J Nutr Biochem 2001; 12:2-6. [PMID: 11179855 DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(00)00138-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The life span of a species is thought to be determined by the rate of mitochondrial damage which in turn is inflicted by free radicals in the mitochondria during the course of normal metabolism. The level of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants were measured in liver and kidney mitochondria of young and aged rats before and after DL-alpha-lipoic acid supplementation. In both liver and kidney, mitochondrial lipid peroxidation increased with age and a decrease in the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants were observed. DL-alpha-lipoic acid treated aged rats showed a decrease in the level of lipid peroxides and an increase in the antioxidant status. Our results conclude that supplementation of lipoic acid restores the depleted mitochondrial antioxidant status and suggest that it could be an effective therapeutic agent in treatment of age-associated disorders where free radicals are the major causative factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Arivazhagan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, - 600 113, Chennai, India
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Abstract
Consumer use of dietary supplements has increased considerably in recent years, and interest in using supplements to treat or prevent chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease is particularly high. This review examines several popular dietary supplements used for cardiovascular disease, their likely points of intervention, and what is known to date about their efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M DeBusk
- DeBusk Presentations, LLC, PO Box 4344, Tallahassee, FL 32315, USA.
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Abstract
We have attempted to evaluate the effect of DL-alpha-lipoic acid on nucleic acid and protein contents in young and aged rats. An age-associated decrease in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein contents were observed in aged rats. DL-alpha-lipoic acid was administered intraperitoneally (100 mg/kg body weight/day) to young and aged rats from 7 and 14 days. Lipoate administration demonstrated a substantial increase in nucleic acid and protein contents in aged rats. Hence it can be justified that lipoate is functionally efficient in helping the cell to recover from oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Arivazhagan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr AL Mudaliar Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai 600113, India
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Abstract
The effect of DL-alpha-lipoic acid on lipid peroxidation and antioxidants were evaluated in various brain regions of young and aged rats. In aged rats, the levels of ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol and glutathione were low whereas the lipid peroxidation rate, as revealed by malonaldehyde content, was found to be high. Lipoic acid, an antioxidant, was administered intraperitoneally (100 mg/kg body weight/day) for 7 and 14 days. Lipoate-administered aged rats brought about reduction in lipid peroxidation and elevation in the levels of antioxidants. The modulatory effect of lipoate in decreasing age-associated alterations observed in our study proves its role as a potent antioxidant in the brain of aged rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Arivazhagan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr AL Mudaliar Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai 600113, India
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