1
|
Jackson CM, Esnouf P, Duewer DL. Thrombin: An Approach to Developing a Higher-Order Reference Material and Reference Measurement Procedure for Substance Identity, Amount, and Biological Activities. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 125:125021. [PMID: 39035347 PMCID: PMC10871826 DOI: 10.6028/jres.125.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Thrombin, the proteolytic enzyme that catalyzes the transformation of soluble fibrinogen to the polymerized fibrin clot, participates in multiple reactions in blood coagulation in addition to the clotting reaction. Although reference materials have existed for many years, structural characterization and measurement of biological activity have never been sufficient to permit claims of clear metrological traceability for the thrombin preparations. Our current state-of-the-art methods for protein characterization and determination of the catalytic properties of thrombin now make it practical to develop and characterize a metrologically acceptable reference material and reference measurement procedure for thrombin. Specifically, α-thrombin, the biologically produced protease formed during prothrombin activation, is readily available and has been extensively characterized. Dependences of thrombin proteolytic and peptide hydrolytic activities on a variety of substrates, pH, specific ions, and temperature are established, although variability remains for the kinetic parameters that describe thrombin enzymatic action. The roles of specific areas on the surface of the thrombin molecule (exosites) in substrate recognition and catalytic efficiency are described and characterized. It is opportune to develop reference materials of high metrological order and technical feasibility. In this article, we review the properties of α-thrombin important for its preparation and suggest an approach suitable for producing a reference material and a reference measurement procedure that is sensitive to thrombin’s catalytic competency on a variety of substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David L. Duewer
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xu Z, Liu R, Guan H. Dual-target inhibitor screening against thrombin and factor Xa simultaneously by mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 990:1-10. [PMID: 29029731 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An accurate, rapid, and cost-effective methodology for enzyme assay is highly demanded to screen the effect of compounds on target at the molecular level. Thrombin (EC 3.4.21.5) and factor Xa (FXa, EC 3.4.21.6) have been identified as the critical targets for the development of potential drugs with anticoagulant activity. In this study, a rapid, sensitive and accurate assay based on UHPLC-MS/MS method has been developed for inhibitor screening against thrombin and factor Xa simultaneously. For thrombin and factor Xa, the Michaelis-Menten constants (Km) were calculated to be 6.14 and 57.27 μM, respectively. The inhibition constants (Ki) for two known inhibitors, argatroban and rivaroxaban, were determined to be 16.23 and 0.41 nM, respectively. The assay was further validated through the determination of a high Z' factor value of 0.89. Finally, the developed assay was applied to screen a chemical library against two enzymes. Three hit compounds belonging to a class of sulfated polysaccharides were identified and their targets of inhibition action were further evaluated. The results indicated that the dual-target assay by UHPLC-MS/MS analysis could be used as a reliable method for screening anticoagulant agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Innovation Center for Marine Drugs Screening and Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266273, China; Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao 266271, China.
| | - Ruonan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Huashi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Innovation Center for Marine Drugs Screening and Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266273, China; Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao 266271, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Meta A, Hirashima M, Imamura T, Kawamura R, Yano K, Uehara K, Nakashima T. High-yield preparation of recombinant human α-thrombin for therapeutic use. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 120:432-7. [PMID: 25735923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we established stable cell lines producing 1.5 mg/mL recombinant human prothrombin in 400-L fed-batch culture, using CHO DG44 cells as a host cell line. And we also established a recombinant human α-thrombin purification process that produces a purified product suitable for use as a biopharmaceutical, by using recombinant ecarin from CHO DG44 cells, achieving a total yield of approximately 27% of prothrombin in culture medium. The establishment of stable cell lines with high expression levels, long-term passage stability and satisfactory scale-up are essential to ensure the stable supply of biopharmaceuticals. Furthermore, biopharmaceuticals must be of high quality to assure safety and effectiveness in target applications. We had previously reported that recombinant human prethrombin-2 expression level in a stable cell line established using the mouse myeloma cells, Sp2/0-Ag14, reached 200 μg/mL using animal-free materials in 50-L fed-batch culture. However, the productivity was insufficient to completely replace α-thrombin in human plasma preparations. By employing CHO DG44 cells as a host cell line, we had established a stable cell line and achieved significant improvements in quality, productivity of recombinant human α-thrombin manufacture suitable for use as a biopharmaceutical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Meta
- R&D Division, The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute, KAKETSUKEN, 1314-1 Kyokushi-Kawabe, Kikuchi, Kumamoto 869-1298, Japan
| | - Masaki Hirashima
- R&D Division, The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute, KAKETSUKEN, 1314-1 Kyokushi-Kawabe, Kikuchi, Kumamoto 869-1298, Japan
| | - Takayuki Imamura
- R&D Division, The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute, KAKETSUKEN, 1314-1 Kyokushi-Kawabe, Kikuchi, Kumamoto 869-1298, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Kawamura
- R&D Division, The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute, KAKETSUKEN, 1314-1 Kyokushi-Kawabe, Kikuchi, Kumamoto 869-1298, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yano
- Blood Plasma Division, The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute, KAKETSUKEN, 1314-1 Kyokushi-Kawabe, Kikuchi, Kumamoto 869-1298, Japan
| | - Kenji Uehara
- R&D Division, The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute, KAKETSUKEN, 1314-1 Kyokushi-Kawabe, Kikuchi, Kumamoto 869-1298, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Nakashima
- R&D Division, The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute, KAKETSUKEN, 1314-1 Kyokushi-Kawabe, Kikuchi, Kumamoto 869-1298, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Protease Nexin-1 affects the migration and invasion of C6 glioma cells through the regulation of urokinase Plasminogen Activator and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9/2. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:2631-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
5
|
Osadská M, Boňková H, Krahulec J, Stuchlík S, Turňa J. Optimization of expression of untagged and histidine-tagged human recombinant thrombin precursors in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:9259-70. [PMID: 24878753 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5840-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study is focused on preparation of proper Escherichia coli expression system to ensure high yields of various modified precursors of human recombinant thrombin, a potential biopharmaceutical reagent. Two thrombin precursors, the smallest single-chain α-thrombin precursor prethrombin-2 and its shortened form prethrombin-2∆13, and their His-tagged forms were used. In order to determine the effect of the different lengths and amino acid compositions of affinity His-tag on the target protein expression level, a variety of the His-tag sequences were used. We found out that the protein expression efficiency was closely related to the codons used for encoding of amino acids of fusion histidine tag. Optimization of culture medium composition is another way to increase yield of the target protein. Suitable medium composition can ensure cell growth to high densities which is related to total yield of expressed protein. In this study, a new optimized complex medium for batch fermentation was developed. Addition of nutrients like a yeast extract and enzymatic casein hydrolysate to the defined medium components had a positive impact on protein expression, where relatively high expression level of the target protein from total amount of cellular proteins was achieved. Further, we have focused on trace element solution composition, and the optimized nickel and selenium concentrations were determined. Our results show that the composition of essential trace metal solution has a major impact not only on expression level, but it can also affect cell growth rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Osadská
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, 842 15, Bratislava 4, Slovak Republic,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Orcutt SJ, Pietropaolo C, Krishnaswamy S. Extended interactions with prothrombinase enforce affinity and specificity for its macromolecular substrate. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:46191-6. [PMID: 12370181 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m208677200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific action of serine proteinases on protein substrates is a hallmark of blood coagulation and numerous other physiological processes. Enzymic recognition of substrate sequences preceding the scissile bond is considered to contribute dominantly to specificity and function. We have investigated the contribution of active site docking by unique substrate residues preceding the scissile bond to the function of prothrombinase. Mutagenesis of the authentic P(1)-P(3) sequence in prethrombin 2/fragment 1.2 yielded substrate variants that could be converted to thrombin by prothrombinase. Proteolytic activation was also observed with a substrate variant containing the P(1)-P(3) sequence found in a coagulation zymogen not known to be activated by prothrombinase. Lower rates of activation of the variants derived from a decrease in maximum catalytic rate but not in substrate affinity. Replacement of the P(1) residue with Gln yielded an uncleavable derivative that retained the affinity of the wild type substrate for prothrombinase but did not engage the active site of the enzyme. Thus, active site docking of the substrate contributes to catalytic efficiency, but it is does not determine substrate affinity nor does it fully explain the specificity of prothrombinase. Therefore, extended interactions between prothrombinase and substrate regions removed from the cleavage site drive substrate affinity and enforce the substrate specificity of this enzyme complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Orcutt
- Joseph Stokes Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Arcone R, Pagliuca MG, Chinali A, Grimaldi M, Schettini G, Gast A, Pietropaolo C. Thrombin mutants with altered enzymatic activity have an impaired mitogenic effect on mouse fibroblasts and are inefficient modulators of stellation of rat cortical astrocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1451:173-86. [PMID: 10446399 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(99)00086-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We produced recombinant human thrombin mutants to investigate the correlation between the thrombin enzyme and mitogenic activity. Single amino acid substitutions were introduced in the catalytic triad (H43N, D99N, S205A, S205T), in the oxy-anion binding site (G203A) and in the anion binding exosite-1 region (R73E). Proteins were produced as prethrombin-2 mutants secreted in the culture medium of DXB11-derived cell lines. All mutants were activated by ecarin to the corresponding thrombin mutants; the enzymatic activity was assayed on a chromogenic substrate and on the procoagulant substrate fibrinogen. Mutations S205A and G203A completely abolished the enzyme activity. Mutations H43N, D99N and S205T dramatically impaired the enzyme activity toward both substrates. The R73E mutation dissociated the amidolytic activity and the clotting activity of the protein. The ability of thrombin mutants to induce proliferation was investigated in NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts and rat cortical astrocytes. The ability of the thrombin mutants to revert astrocyte stellation was also studied. The mitogenic activity and the effect on the astrocyte stellation of the thrombin mutants correlated with their enzymatic activity. Furthermore the receptor occupancy by the inactive S205A mutant prevented the thrombin effects providing strong evidence that a proteolytically activated receptor is involved in cellular responses to thrombin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Arcone
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università 'Federico II', Via S. Pansini 5, Naples, I-80131, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Böhm HJ, Banner DW, Weber L. Combinatorial docking and combinatorial chemistry: design of potent non-peptide thrombin inhibitors. J Comput Aided Mol Des 1999; 13:51-6. [PMID: 10087499 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008040531766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A computational algorithm was used to design automatically novel thrombin inhibitors that are available from a single-step chemical reaction. The compounds do not contain amide bonds, are achiral and have a molecular weight below 400. Of the 10 compounds that were synthesized, five bind to thrombin with a Ki in the nanomolar range. Subsequent X-ray structure determination of the thrombin-inhibitor complex for the best compound (Ki = 95 nM) confirms the predicted binding mode. The novel algorithm is applicable to a broad range of chemical reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H J Böhm
- Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharmaceuticals Division, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|