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Das PK, Sahoo A, Dasu VV. Current status, and the developments of hosts and expression systems for the production of recombinant human cytokines. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 59:107969. [PMID: 35525478 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines consist of peptides, proteins and glycoproteins, which are biological signaling molecules, and boost cell-cell communication in immune reactions to stimulate cellular movements in the place of trauma, inflammation and infection. Recombinant cytokines are designed in such a way that they have generalized immunostimulation action or stimulate specific immune cells when the body encounters immunosuppressive signals from exogenous pathogens or other tumor microenvironments. Recombinant cytokines have improved the treatment processes for numerous diseases. They are also beneficial against novel toxicities that arise due to pharmacologic immunostimulators that lead to an imbalance in the regulation of cytokine. So, the production and use of recombinant human cytokines as therapeutic proteins are significant for medical treatment purposes. For the improved production of recombinant human cytokines, the development of host cells such as bacteria, yeast, fungi, insect, mammal and transgenic plants, and the specific expression systems for individual hosts is necessary. The recent advancements in the field of genetic engineering are beneficial for easy and efficient genetic manipulations for hosts as well as expression cassettes. The use of metabolic engineering and systems biology approaches have tremendous applications in recombinant protein production by generating mathematical models, and analyzing complex biological networks and metabolic pathways via simulations to understand the interconnections between metabolites and genetic behaviors. Further, the bioprocess developments and the optimization of cell culture conditions would enhance recombinant cytokines productivity on large scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabir Kumar Das
- Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Ansuman Sahoo
- Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Veeranki Venkata Dasu
- Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
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2
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Improved yield, stability, and cleavage reaction of a novel tobacco etch virus protease mutant. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:1475-1492. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11786-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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3
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Silva FSR, Santos SPO, Meyer R, Silva ES, Pinheiro CS, Alcantara-Neves NM, Pacheco LGC. In vivo cleavage of solubility tags as a tool to enhance the levels of soluble recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:4159-4167. [PMID: 34370304 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant proteins are generally fused with solubility enhancer tags to improve the folding and solubility of the target protein of interest. However, the fusion protein strategy usually requires expensive proteases to perform in vitro proteolysis and additional chromatographic steps to obtain tag-free recombinant proteins. Expression systems based on intracellular processing of solubility tags in Escherichia coli, through co-expression of a site-specific protease, simplify the recombinant protein purification process, and promote the screening of molecules that fail to remain soluble after tag removal. High yields of soluble target proteins have already been achieved using these protease co-expression systems. Herein, we review approaches for controlled intracellular processing systems tailored to produce soluble untagged proteins in E. coli. We discuss the different genetic systems available for intracellular processing of recombinant proteins regarding system design features, advantages, and limitations of the various strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe S R Silva
- Post-Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Sara P O Santos
- Post-Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Roberto Meyer
- Post-Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Immunology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Eduardo S Silva
- Post-Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Immunology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Carina S Pinheiro
- Post-Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Immunology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Neuza M Alcantara-Neves
- Post-Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Immunology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luis G C Pacheco
- Post-Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Department of Biotechnology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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4
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Recombinant Peptide Production Platform Coupled with Site-Specific Albumin Conjugation Enables a Convenient Production of Long-Acting Therapeutic Peptide. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12040364. [PMID: 32316169 PMCID: PMC7238188 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12040364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of therapeutic peptides for human treatment is growing rapidly. However, their development faces two major issues: the poor yield of large peptides from conventional solid-phase synthesis, and the intrinsically short serum half-life of peptides. To address these issues, we investigated a platform for the production of a recombinant therapeutic peptide with an extended serum half-life involving the site-specific conjugation of human serum albumin (HSA). HSA has an exceptionally long serum half-life and can be used to extend the serum half-lives of therapeutic proteins and peptides. We used glucagon-like-peptide 1 (GLP-1) as a model peptide in the present study. A “clickable” non-natural amino acid—p-azido-l-phenylalanine (AzF)—was incorporated into three specific sites (V16, Y19, and F28) of a GLP-1 variant, followed by conjugation with HSA through strain-promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition. All three HSA-conjugated GLP-1 variants (GLP1_16HSA, GLP1_19HSA, and GLP1_28HSA) exhibited comparable serum half-lives in vivo. However, the three GLP1_HSA variants had different in vitro biological activities and in vivo glucose-lowering effects, demonstrating the importance of site-specific HSA conjugation. The platform described herein could be used to develop other therapeutic peptides with extended serum half-lives.
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Humer D, Spadiut O. Wanted: more monitoring and control during inclusion body processing. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:158. [PMID: 30341583 PMCID: PMC6208753 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2541-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Inclusion bodies (IBs) are insoluble aggregates of misfolded protein in Escherichia coli. Against the outdated belief that the production of IBs should be avoided during recombinant protein production, quite a number of recombinant products are currently produced as IBs, which are then processed to give correctly folded and soluble product. However, this processing is quite cumbersome comprising IB wash, IB solubilization and refolding. To date, IB processing often happens rather uncontrolled and relies on empiricism rather than sound process understanding. In this mini review we describe current efforts to introduce more monitoring and control in IB processes, focusing on the refolding step, and thus generate process understanding and knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Humer
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
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6
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Interleukin 4 is inactivated via selective disulfide-bond reduction by extracellular thioredoxin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:8781-8786. [PMID: 30104382 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1805288115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin 1 (TRX), an essential intracellular redox regulator, is also secreted by mammalian cells. Recently, we showed that TRX activates extracellular transglutaminase 2 via reduction of an allosteric disulfide bond. In an effort to identify other extracellular substrates of TRX, macrophages derived from THP-1 cells were treated with NP161, a small-molecule inhibitor of secreted TRX. NP161 enhanced cytokine outputs of alternatively activated macrophages, suggesting that extracellular TRX regulated the activity of interleukin 4 (IL-4) and/or interleukin 13 (IL-13). To test this hypothesis, the C35S mutant of human TRX was shown to form a mixed disulfide bond with recombinant IL-4 but not IL-13. Kinetic analysis revealed a kcat/KM value of 8.1 μM-1⋅min-1 for TRX-mediated recognition of IL-4, which established this cytokine as the most selective partner of extracellular TRX to date. Mass spectrometry identified the C46-C99 bond of IL-4 as the target of TRX, consistent with the essential role of this disulfide bond in IL-4 activity. To demonstrate the physiological relevance of our biochemical findings, recombinant TRX was shown to attenuate IL-4-dependent proliferation of cultured TF-1 erythroleukemia cells and also to inhibit the progression of chronic pancreatitis in an IL-4-driven mouse model of this disease. By establishing that IL-4 is posttranslationally regulated by TRX-promoted reduction of a disulfide bond, our findings highlight a novel regulatory mechanism of the type 2 immune response that is specific to IL-4 over IL-13.
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Expression of fibronectin-binding protein of L. acidophilus NCFM and in vitro refolding to adhesion capable native-like protein from inclusion bodies. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 145:7-13. [PMID: 29229289 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The ability of Lactobacilli to adhere to host epithelial surface and intestinal tracts is important for colonization and persistence of bacteria in the host gut. Extracellular matrix components like fibronectin, mucin, collagen and other adhesion molecules serve as substratum for attachment of bacteria. However, the precise structure, function and mechanism of binding of microbial surface adhesion proteins such as Fibronectin-binding protein (FBP) with host molecules remains unclear. This is primarily due to limitations in high expression of these proteins in biologically active form. To study adhesion of its FBP (64 kDa), the fbp gene of L. acidophilus NCFM was cloned and expressed in E. coli. However, the fibronectin-binding protein expressed in soluble form could not be purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography possibly because of partially buried Histidine tag in the recombinant fusion protein. Therefore, the protein was expressed as inclusion bodies (IBs) at 37 °C and solubilized in urea followed by purification in denatured form by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. The purified denatured protein was refolded in vitro to structurally stable and biologically active form. The conformational properties of the refolded protein were studied by circular dichroism, which showed prominence of α+ β structural element. The refolded FBP also showed significant binding to human intestinal tissue sections. Our optimized refolding protocol from IBs of this recombinant probiotic FBP led into high amounts of biologically active protein. Our results help in increasing understanding of structure-function relation of surface adhesion proteins and host-microbial interactions.
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8
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Cesaratto F, Burrone OR, Petris G. Tobacco Etch Virus protease: A shortcut across biotechnologies. J Biotechnol 2016; 231:239-249. [PMID: 27312702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
About thirty years ago, studies on the RNA genome of Tobacco Etch Virus revealed the presence of an efficient and specific protease, called Tobacco Etch Virus protease (TEVp), that was part of the Nuclear Inclusion a (NIa) enzyme. TEVp is an efficient and specific protease of 27kDa that has become a valuable biotechnological tool. Nowadays TEVp is a unique endopeptidase largely exploited in biotechnology from industrial applications to in vitro and in vivo cellular studies. A number of TEVp mutants with different rate of cleavage, stability and specificity have been reported. Similarly, a panel of different target cleavage sites, derived from the canonical ENLYFQ-G/S site, has been established. In this review we describe these aspects of TEVp and some of its multiple applications. A particular focus is on the use and molecular biology of TEVp in living cells and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cesaratto
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, ICGEB, Trieste, Italy
| | - Oscar R Burrone
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, ICGEB, Trieste, Italy.
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9
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Wang HZ, Chu ZZ, Chen CC, Cao AC, Tong X, Ouyang CB, Yuan QH, Wang MN, Wu ZK, Wang HH, Wang SB. Recombinant Passenger Proteins Can Be Conveniently Purified by One-Step Affinity Chromatography. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143598. [PMID: 26641240 PMCID: PMC4671538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusion tag is one of the best available tools to date for enhancement of the solubility or improvement of the expression level of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli. Typically, two consecutive affinity purification steps are often necessitated for the purification of passenger proteins. As a fusion tag, acyl carrier protein (ACP) could greatly increase the soluble expression level of Glucokinase (GlcK), α-Amylase (Amy) and GFP. When fusion protein ACP-G2-GlcK-Histag and ACP-G2-Amy-Histag, in which a protease TEV recognition site was inserted between the fusion tag and passenger protein, were coexpressed with protease TEV respectively in E. coli, the efficient intracellular processing of fusion proteins was achieved. The resulting passenger protein GlcK-Histag and Amy-Histag accumulated predominantly in a soluble form, and could be conveniently purified by one-step Ni-chelating chromatography. However, the fusion protein ACP-GFP-Histag was processed incompletely by the protease TEV coexpressed in vivo, and a large portion of the resulting target protein GFP-Histag aggregated in insoluble form, indicating that the intracellular processing may affect the solubility of cleaved passenger protein. In this context, the soluble fusion protein ACP-GFP-Histag, contained in the supernatant of E. coli cell lysate, was directly subjected to cleavage in vitro by mixing it with the clarified cell lysate of E. coli overexpressing protease TEV. Consequently, the resulting target protein GFP-Histag could accumulate predominantly in a soluble form, and be purified conveniently by one-step Ni-chelating chromatography. The approaches presented here greatly simplify the purification process of passenger proteins, and eliminate the use of large amounts of pure site-specific proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-zhen Wang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 541642, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, Guangzhou, 541642, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-zhan Chu
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 541642, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, Guangzhou, 541642, P. R. China
| | - Chang-chao Chen
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 541642, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, Guangzhou, 541642, P. R. China
| | - Ao-cheng Cao
- Department of Pesticides, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xin Tong
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 541642, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, Guangzhou, 541642, P. R. China
| | - Can-bin Ouyang
- Department of Pesticides, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qi-hang Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 541642, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, Guangzhou, 541642, P. R. China
| | - Mi-nan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 541642, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, Guangzhou, 541642, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-kun Wu
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 541642, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, Guangzhou, 541642, P. R. China
| | - Hai-hong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 541642, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, Guangzhou, 541642, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-bin Wang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 541642, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, Guangzhou, 541642, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Okamoto R, Kimura M, Ishimizu T, Izumi M, Kajihara Y. Semisynthesis of a Post-Translationally Modified Protein by Using Chemical Cleavage and Activation of an Expressed Fusion Polypeptide. Chemistry 2014; 20:10425-30. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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11
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Janecki DJ, Nemeth JF. Application of MALDI TOF/TOF mass spectrometry and collision-induced dissociation for the identification of disulfide-bonded peptides. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2011; 46:677-688. [PMID: 21744417 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a method for the fast identification and composition of disulfide-bonded peptides. A unique fragmentation signature of inter-disulfide-bonded peptides is detected using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF)/TOF mass spectrometry and high-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID). This fragmentation pattern identifies peptides with an interconnected disulfide bond and provides information regarding the composition of the peptides involved in the pairing. The distinctive signature produced using CID is a triplet of ions resulting from the cleavage of the disulfide bond to produce dehydroalanine, cysteine or thiocysteine product ions. This method is not applicable to intra-peptide disulfide bonds, as the cleavage mechanism is not the same and a triplet pattern is not observed. This method has been successfully applied to identifying disulfide-bonded peptides in a number of control digestions, as well as study samples where disulfide bond networks were postulated and/or unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz J Janecki
- Centocor Research & Development, Inc., 145 King of Prussia Rd., Radnor, PA 19087, USA
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12
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DiScipio RG, Khaldoyanidi SK, Schraufstatter IU. Expression of soluble proteins in Escherichia coli by linkage with the acidic propiece of eosinophil major basic protein. Protein Expr Purif 2011; 79:72-80. [PMID: 21550406 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2011.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Revised: 04/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An expression method has been developed to produce soluble cationic polypeptides in Escherichia coli while avoiding inclusion body deposition. For this technique the recombinant product is linked through a thrombin or factor Xa susceptible bond to the amino-terminal domain of the precursor of eosinophil major basic protein (MBP). This N-terminal domain is strongly acidic and is apparently able to shield eosinophils from the potentially injurious activities of MBP. It was reasoned that constructs of this acidic domain with small heterologous cationic proteins expressed in E. coli could result in soluble expression while preventing trafficking and packaging into insoluble inclusion bodies. This has been demonstrated using four examples: complement C5a, CCL18, fibroblast growth factor-β, and leukemia inhibitory factor, whose isoelectric points range from 8.93 to 9.59. Further general applicability of this technique has been shown by using two different expression systems, one which encodes an amino-terminal oligo-histidine leash, and another that codes for an amino-terminal glutathione-S-transferase. Thus the utility of coupling MAP to cationic polypeptides for the purpose of soluble heterologous protein expression in E. coli has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G DiScipio
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121, United States.
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Boulware KT, Jabaiah A, Daugherty PS. Evolutionary optimization of peptide substrates for proteases that exhibit rapid hydrolysis kinetics. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 106:339-46. [PMID: 20148412 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Protease cleavage site recognition motifs can be identified using protease substrate discovery methodologies, but typically exhibit non-optimal specificity and activity. To enable evolutionary optimization of substrate cleavage kinetics, a two-color cellular library of peptide substrates (CLiPS) methodology was developed. Two-color CLiPS was applied to identify peptide substrates for the tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease from a random pentapeptide library, which were then optimized by screening of a focused, extended substrate library. Quantitative library screening yielded seven amino acid substrates exhibiting rapid hydrolysis by TEV protease and high sequence similarity to the native seven-amino-acid substrate, with a strong consensus of EXLYPhiQG. Comparison of hydrolysis rates for a family of closely related substrates indicates that the native seven-residue TEV substrate co-evolved with TEV protease to facilitate highly efficient hydrolysis. Consensus motifs revealed by screening enabled database identification of a family of related, putative viral protease substrates. More generally, our results suggest that substrate evolution using CLiPS may be useful for optimizing substrate selectivity and activity to enable the design of more effective protease activity probes, molecular imaging agents, and prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Boulware
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California-Santa Barbara, 93106, USA
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Tremblay R, Wang D, Jevnikar AM, Ma S. Tobacco, a highly efficient green bioreactor for production of therapeutic proteins. Biotechnol Adv 2010; 28:214-21. [PMID: 19961918 PMCID: PMC7132750 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecular farming of pharmaceuticals in plants has the potential to provide almost unlimited amounts of recombinant proteins for use in disease diagnosis, prevention or treatment. Tobacco has been and will continue to be a major crop for molecular farming and offers several practical advantages over other crops. It produces significant leaf biomass, has high soluble protein content and is a non-food crop, minimizing the risk of food-chain contamination. This, combined with its flexibility and highly-efficient genetic transformation/regeneration, has made tobacco particularly well suited for plant-based production of biopharmaceutical products. The goal of this review is to provide an update on the use of tobacco for molecular farming of biopharmaceuticals as well the technologies developed to enhance protein production/purification/efficacy. We show that tobacco is a robust biological reactor with a multitude of applications and may hold the key to success in plant molecular farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reynald Tremblay
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - David Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1014, USA
| | - Anthony M. Jevnikar
- Transplantation Immunology Group, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4G5
| | - Shengwu Ma
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
- Transplantation Immunology Group, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4G5
- Plantigen Inc., 700 Collip Circle, London, Ontario, Canada N6G 4X8
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Properties of a homogeneous C-lobe prepared by introduction of a TEV cleavage site between the lobes of human transferrin. Protein Expr Purif 2010; 72:32-41. [PMID: 20064616 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Essential to iron transport and delivery, human serum transferrin (hTF) is a bilobal glycoprotein capable of reversibly binding one ferric ion in each lobe (the N- and C-lobes). A complete description of iron release from hTF, as well as insight into the physiological significance of the bilobal structure, demands characterization of the isolated lobes. Although production of large amounts of isolated N-lobe and full-length hTF has been well documented, attempts to produce the C-lobe (by recombinant and/or proteolytic approaches) have met with more limited success. Our new strategy involves replacing the hepta-peptide, PEAPTDE (comprising the bridge between the lobes) with the sequence ENLYFQ/G in a His-tagged non-glycosylated monoferric hTF construct, designated Fe(C)hTF. The new bridge sequence of this construct, designated Fe(C)TEV hTF, is readily cleaved by the tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease yielding non-glycosylated C-lobe. Following nickel column chromatography (to remove the N-lobe and the TEV protease which are both His tagged), the homogeneity of the C-lobe has been confirmed by mass spectroscopy. Differing reactivity with a monoclonal antibody specific to the C-lobe indicates that introduction of the TEV cleavage site into the bridge alters its conformation. The spectral and kinetic properties of the isolated C-lobe differ significantly from those of the isolated N-lobe.
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16
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Wang DJ, Brandsma M, Yin Z, Wang A, Jevnikar AM, Ma S. A novel platform for biologically active recombinant human interleukin-13 production. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2008; 6:504-15. [PMID: 18393948 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2008.00337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-13 (IL-13) is a pleiotropic regulatory cytokine with the potential for treating several human diseases, including type-1 diabetes. Thus far, conventional expression systems for recombinant IL-13 production have proven difficult and are limited by efficiency. In this study, transgenic plants were used as a novel expression platform for the production of human IL-13 (hIL-13). DNA constructs containing hIL-13 cDNA were introduced into tobacco plants. Transcriptional expression of the hIL-13 gene in transgenic plants was confirmed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Northern blotting. Western blot analysis showed that the hIL-13 protein was efficiently accumulated in transgenic plants and present in multiple molecular forms, with an expression level as high as 0.15% of total soluble protein in leaves. The multiple forms of plant-derived recombinant hIL-13 (rhIL-13) are a result of differential N-linked glycosylation, as revealed by enzymatic and chemical deglycosylation, but not of disulphide-linked oligomerization. In vitro trypsin digestion indicated that plant rhIL-13 was more resistant than unglycosylated control rhIL-13 to proteolysis. The stability of plant rhIL-13 to digestion was further supported with simulated gastric and intestinal fluid digestion. In vitro bioassays using a factor-dependent human erythroleukaemic cell line (TF-1 cells) showed that plant rhIL-13 retained the biological functions of the authentic hIL-13 protein. These results demonstrate that transgenic plants are superior to conventional cell-based expression systems for the production of rhIL-13. Moreover, transgenic plants synthesizing high levels of rhIL-13 may prove to be an attractive delivery system for direct oral administration of IL-13 in the treatment of clinical diseases such as type-1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Wang
- A.B. Lucas Secondary School, 656 Tennent Avenue, London, ON, Canada
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Chattopadhaya S, Abu Bakar FB, Srinivasan R, Yao SQ. In vivo imaging of a bacterial cell division protein using a protease-assisted small-molecule labeling approach. Chembiochem 2008; 9:677-80. [PMID: 18293290 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Chattopadhaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore-117557, Singapore
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Yoshida Y, Ohkuri T, Takeda C, Kuroki R, Izuhara K, Imoto T, Ueda T. Analysis of internal motions of interleukin-13 variant associated with severe bronchial asthma using (15)N NMR relaxation measurements. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 358:292-7. [PMID: 17482144 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.04.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The single nucleotide polymorphism interleukin-13 (IL-13) R110Q is associated with severe bronchial asthma because its lower affinity leads to the augmentation of local IL-13 concentration, resulting in an increase in the signal transduction via IL-13R. Since the mutation site does not directly bind to IL-13Ralpha2, we carried out NMR relaxation analyses of the wild-type IL-13 and IL-13-R110Q in order to examine whether the R110Q mutation affects the internal motions in IL-13 molecules. The results showed that the internal motion in the micro- to millisecond time scale on helix D, which is suggested to be important for the interaction between IL-13 and IL-13Ralpha2, is increased in IL-13-R110Q compared with that in the wild-type IL-13. It therefore appears that the difference in the internal motions on helix D between the wild-type IL-13 and IL-13-R110Q may be involved in their affinity differences with IL-13Ralpha2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Yoshida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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19
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Kraich M, Klein M, Patiño E, Harrer H, Nickel J, Sebald W, Mueller TD. A modular interface of IL-4 allows for scalable affinity without affecting specificity for the IL-4 receptor. BMC Biol 2006; 4:13. [PMID: 16640778 PMCID: PMC1479839 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-4-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 04/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin 4 (IL-4) is a key regulator of the immune system and an important factor in the development of allergic hypersensitivity. Together with interleukin 13 (IL-13), IL-4 plays an important role in exacerbating allergic and asthmatic symptoms. For signal transduction, both cytokines can utilise the same receptor, consisting of the IL-4Ralpha and the IL-13Ralpha1 chain, offering an explanation for their overlapping biological functions. Since both cytokine ligands share only moderate similarity on the amino acid sequence level, molecular recognition of the ligands by both receptor subunits is of great interest. IL-4 and IL-13 are interesting targets for allergy and asthma therapies. Knowledge of the binding mechanism will be important for the generation of either IL-4 or IL-13 specific drugs. RESULTS We present a structure/function analysis of the IL-4 ligand-receptor interaction. Structural determination of a number of IL-4 variants together with in vitro binding studies show that IL-4 and its high-affinity receptor subunit IL-4Ralpha interact via a modular protein-protein interface consisting of three independently-acting interaction clusters. For high-affinity binding of wild-type IL-4 to its receptor IL-4Ralpha, only two of these clusters (i.e. cluster 1 centered around Glu9 and cluster 2 around Arg88) contribute significantly to the free binding energy. Mutating residues Thr13 or Phe82 located in cluster 3 to aspartate results in super-agonistic IL-4 variants. All three clusters are fully engaged in these variants, generating a three-fold higher binding affinity for IL-4Ralpha. Mutagenesis studies reveal that IL-13 utilizes the same main binding determinants, i.e. Glu11 (cluster 1) and Arg64 (cluster 2), suggesting that IL-13 also uses this modular protein interface architecture. CONCLUSION The modular architecture of the IL-4-IL-4Ralpha interface suggests a possible mechanism by which proteins might be able to generate binding affinity and specificity independently. So far, affinity and specificity are often considered to co-vary, i.e. high specificity requires high affinity and vice versa. Although the binding affinities of IL-4 and IL-13 to IL-4Ralpha differ by a factor of more than 1000, the specificity remains high because the receptor subunit IL-4Ralpha binds exclusively to IL-4 and IL-13. An interface formed by several interaction clusters/binding hot-spots allows for a broad range of affinities by selecting how many of these interaction clusters will contribute to the overall binding free energy. Understanding how proteins generate affinity and specificity is essential as more and more growth factor receptor families show promiscuous binding to their respective ligands. This limited specificity is, however, not accompanied by low binding affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kraich
- Lehrstuhl für Physiologische Chemie II, Theodor-Boveri Institut für Biowissenschaften (Biozentrum) der Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Klein
- Lehrstuhl für Physiologische Chemie II, Theodor-Boveri Institut für Biowissenschaften (Biozentrum) der Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Edwin Patiño
- Lehrstuhl für Physiologische Chemie II, Theodor-Boveri Institut für Biowissenschaften (Biozentrum) der Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Henning Harrer
- Lehrstuhl für Physiologische Chemie II, Theodor-Boveri Institut für Biowissenschaften (Biozentrum) der Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Nickel
- Lehrstuhl für Physiologische Chemie II, Theodor-Boveri Institut für Biowissenschaften (Biozentrum) der Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Walter Sebald
- Lehrstuhl für Physiologische Chemie II, Theodor-Boveri Institut für Biowissenschaften (Biozentrum) der Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Rudolf-Virchow Zentrum, DFG Forschungszentrum für Experimentelle Biomedizin, Versbacher Str. 9, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas D Mueller
- Lehrstuhl für Physiologische Chemie II, Theodor-Boveri Institut für Biowissenschaften (Biozentrum) der Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Jenny RJ, Mann KG, Lundblad RL. A critical review of the methods for cleavage of fusion proteins with thrombin and factor Xa. Protein Expr Purif 2003; 31:1-11. [PMID: 12963335 DOI: 10.1016/s1046-5928(03)00168-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Expression and purification of proteins in recombinant DNA systems is a powerful and widely used technique. Frequently there is the need to express the protein of interest as a fusion protein or chimeric protein. Fusion protein technology is frequently used to attach a "signal" which can be used for subsequent localization of the protein or a "carrier" which can be used to deliver a "therapeutic" such as a radioactive molecule to a specific site. In addition to these applications, fusion protein technology can be employed for several other useful purposes. Of these, the most frequent reason is to provide a 'tag' or 'handle' which will aid in the purification of the protein. Another useful purpose is to improve the expression or folding of the protein of interest. In these latter two situations, it is often necessary to remove the fusion partner before the recombinant protein of interest can be used for further studies. This removal process involves the insertion of a unique amino acid sequence that is susceptible to cleavage by a highly specific protease. Thrombin and factor Xa are the most frequently used proteases for this application. The purpose of this review is to discuss the application of thrombin and factor Xa for the cleavage of fusion proteins. It is emphasized that while these enzymes are quite specific for cleavage at the inserted cleavage site, proteolysis can frequently occur at other site(s) in the protein of interest. It is necessary to characterize the protein of interest after cleavage from the affinity label to assure that there are no changes in the covalent structure of the protein of interest. Examples are presented which describe the proteolysis of the protein of interest by either factor Xa or thrombin.
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Eisenmesser EZ, Horita DA, Altieri AS, Byrd RA. Solution structure of interleukin-13 and insights into receptor engagement. J Mol Biol 2001; 310:231-41. [PMID: 11419949 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2001.4765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The complex and interrelated function of the interleukin cytokines relies on a range of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune responses mediated by an array of receptors, and there is considerable cross-reactivity for related cytokines. Recent findings continue to elucidate the expression patterns of interleukin receptors associated with a range of diseases, including cancer. We report here the first experimentally determined high-resolution structure of human interleukin-13 (IL-13). The experimental structure is significantly different from an earlier homology model, which could have led to improper estimation of receptor interaction surfaces and design of mutational experiments. Similarities between the presented IL-13 structure and the homologous interleukin-4 (IL-4) are discussed. Additionally, mutation data for IL-4 and IL-13 are analyzed and combined with a detailed structural analysis of the IL-4/IL4Ralpha interface that leads us to postulate interactions at the IL-13/receptor interface. The structural comparison is used to interpret the different affinities for various receptors and establishes the basis for further mutational experiments and antagonist design.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Z Eisenmesser
- Macromolecular NMR Section Structural Biophysics Laboratory, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
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