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Karnaukhova E. C1-Inhibitor: Structure, Functional Diversity and Therapeutic Development. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:467-488. [PMID: 34348603 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210804085636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human C1-Inhibitor (C1INH), also known as C1-esterase inhibitor, is an important multifunctional plasma glycoprotein that is uniquely involved in a regulatory network of complement, contact, coagulation, and fibrinolytic systems. C1INH belongs to a superfamily of serine proteinase inhibitor (serpins) and exhibits its inhibitory activities towards several target proteases of plasmatic cascades, operating as a major anti-inflammatory protein in the circulation. In addition to its inhibitory activities, C1INH is also involved in non-inhibitory interactions with some endogenous proteins, polyanions, cells and infectious agents. While C1INH is essential for multiple physiological processes, it is better known for its deficiency with regards to Hereditary Angioedema (HAE), a rare autosomal dominant disease clinically manifested by recurrent acute attacks of increased vascular permeability and edema. Since the link was first established between functional C1INH deficiency in plasma and HAE in the 1960s, tremendous progress has been made in the biochemical characterization of C1INH and its therapeutic development for replacement therapies in patients with C1INH-dependent HAE. Various C1INH biological activities, recent advances in the HAE-targeted therapies, and availability of C1INH commercial products have prompted intensive investigation of the C1INH potential for treatment of clinical conditions other than HAE. This article provides an updated overview of the structure and biological activities of C1INH, its role in HAE pathogenesis, and recent advances in the research and therapeutic development of C1INH; it also considers some trends for using C1INH therapeutic preparations for applications other than angioedema, from sepsis and endotoxin shock to severe thrombotic complications in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Karnaukhova
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993. United States
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2
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Amann T, Hansen AH, Kol S, Hansen HG, Arnsdorf J, Nallapareddy S, Voldborg B, Lee GM, Andersen MR, Kildegaard HF. Glyco-engineered CHO cell lines producing alpha-1-antitrypsin and C1 esterase inhibitor with fully humanized N-glycosylation profiles. Metab Eng 2018; 52:143-152. [PMID: 30513349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are able to provide biopharmaceuticals that are essentially free of human viruses and have N-glycosylation profiles similar, but not identical, to humans. Due to differences in N-glycan moieties, two members of the serpin superfamily, alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) and plasma protease C1 inhibitor (C1INH), are currently derived from human plasma for treating A1AT and C1INH deficiency. Deriving therapeutic proteins from human plasma is generally a cost-intensive process and also harbors a risk of transmitting infectious particles. Recombinantly produced A1AT and C1INH (rhA1AT, rhC1INH) decorated with humanized N-glycans are therefore of clinical and commercial interest. Here, we present engineered CHO cell lines producing rhA1AT or rhC1INH with fully humanized N-glycosylation profiles. This was achieved by combining CRISPR/Cas9-mediated disruption of 10 gene targets with overexpression of human ST6GAL1. We were able to show that the N-linked glyco-structures of rhA1AT and rhC1INH are homogeneous and similar to the structures obtained from plasma-derived A1AT and C1INH, marketed as Prolastin®-C and Cinryze®, respectively. rhA1AT and rhC1INH produced in our glyco-engineered cell line showed no detectable differences to their plasma-purified counterparts on SDS-PAGE and had similar enzymatic in vitro activity. The work presented here shows the potential of expanding the glyco-engineering toolbox for CHO cells to produce a wider variety of glycoproteins with fully humanized N-glycan profiles. We envision replacing plasma-derived A1AT and C1INH with recombinant versions and thereby decreasing our dependence on human donor blood, a limited and possibly unsafe protein source for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Amann
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anders Holmgaard Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Stefan Kol
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Henning Gram Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Johnny Arnsdorf
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Saranya Nallapareddy
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Voldborg
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mikael Rørdam Andersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Helene Faustrup Kildegaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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Farkas H. Conestat alfa: an orphan drug for the treatment of hereditary angioedema. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2016. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2016.1153965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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4
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Bhaskar U, Sterner E, Hickey AM, Onishi A, Zhang F, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ. Engineering of routes to heparin and related polysaccharides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 93:1-16. [PMID: 22048616 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3641-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Anticoagulant heparin has been shown to possess important biological functions that vary according to its fine structure. Variability within heparin's structure occurs owing to its biosynthesis and animal tissue-based recovery and adds another dimension to its complex polymeric structure. The structural variations in chain length and sulfation patterns mediate its interaction with many heparin-binding proteins, thereby eliciting complex biological responses. The advent of novel chemical and enzymatic approaches for polysaccharide synthesis coupled with high throughput combinatorial approaches for drug discovery have facilitated an increased effort to understand heparin's structure-activity relationships. An improved understanding would offer potential for new therapeutic development through the engineering of polysaccharides. Such a bioengineering approach requires the amalgamation of several different disciplines, including carbohydrate synthesis, applied enzymology, metabolic engineering, and process biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjwal Bhaskar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
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5
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Varga L, Farkas H. rhC1INH: a new drug for the treatment of attacks in hereditary angioedema caused by C1-inhibitor deficiency. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2011; 7:143-53. [PMID: 21426252 DOI: 10.1586/eci.11.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant human C1 esterase inhibitor (rhC1INH) (Ruconest(®), Pharming) is a new drug developed for the relief of symptoms occurring in patients with angioedema due to C1-inhibitor deficiency. Pertinent results have already been published elsewhere; this article summarizes the progress made since then. Similar to the purified C1-inhibitor derived from human plasma, the therapeutic efficacy of rhC1INH results from its ability to block the actions of enzymes belonging to the overactivated bradykinin-forming pathway, at multiple locations. During clinical trials into the management of acute edema, a total of 190 subjects received recombinant C1-inhibitor by intravenous infusion on 714 occasions altogether. Dose-ranging efficacy studies established 50 U/kg as the recommended dose, and demonstrated the effectiveness of this agent in all localizations of hereditary angioedema attacks. Studies into the safety of rhC1INH based on 300 administrations to healthy subjects or hereditary angioedema patients followed-up for 90 days have not detected the formation of autoantibodies against rhC1INH or IgE antibodies directed against rabbit proteins, even after repeated administration on multiple occasions. These findings met favorable appraisal by the EMA, which granted European marketing authorization for rhC1INH. Pharming is expected to file a biological licence with the US FDA by the end of 2010 to obtain marketing approval in the USA. The launch of rhC1INH onto the pharmaceutical market may represent an important progress in the management of hereditary angioedema patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Varga
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University Budapest, H-1125 Kútvölgyi street 4, Budapest, Hungary.
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6
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Davis B, Bernstein JA. Conestat alfa for the treatment of angioedema attacks. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2011; 7:265-73. [PMID: 21753889 PMCID: PMC3132097 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s15544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, multiple C1 inhibitor (C1-INH) replacement products have been approved for the treatment of hereditary angioedema (HAE). This review summarizes HAE and its current treatment modalities and focuses on findings from bench to bedside trials of a new C1-INH replacement, conestat alfa. Conestat alfa is unique among the other C1-INH replacement products because it is produced from transgenic rabbits rather than derived from human plasma donors, which can potentially allow an unlimited source of drug without any concern of infectious transmission. The clinical trial data generated to date indicate that conestat alfa is safe and effective for the treatment of acute HAE attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Davis
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Immunology/Allergy Section, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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8
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Varga L, Farkas H. Treatment of type I and II hereditary angioedema with Rhucin, a recombinant human C1 inhibitor. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 4:653-61. [PMID: 20477114 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.4.6.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary and acquired angioedema are of outstanding clinical importance, as edematous attacks associated with these conditions can thrust afflicted patients into mortal danger. Currently, C1 inhibitor concentrate - a human blood product - is available as a replacement therapy. In view of the limited number of donors, as well as the risk of transmission of blood-borne infections, it is a reasonable expectation to develop a therapeutic alternative based on recombinant technology, which would eliminate all these shortcomings. Pharming (Leiden, The Netherlands) has developed Rhucin, a recombinant human C1 inhibitor, as a proprietary product, which is currently being evaluated in Phase III clinical trials. Ongoing studies conducted within the framework of the development program are almost complete and their interim findings are reassuring. This should facilitate successful regulatory approval in the near future, which is indispensable in order to make Rhucin available for patients with hereditary angioedema or other disorders amenable to C1 inhibitor replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Varga
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University Budapest, H-1125 Kútvölgyi Street 4, Budapest, Hungary.
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9
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Obstetrical Complications and Outcome in Two Families with Hereditary Angioedema due to Mutation in the F12 Gene. Obstet Gynecol Int 2010; 2010:957507. [PMID: 20490261 PMCID: PMC2871183 DOI: 10.1155/2010/957507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgroud. Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is characterized by recurrent swelling of the skin, the abdomen (causing severe acute pain), and the airways. A recently discovered type caused by mutations in the factor XII gene (designated as HAE type III) occurs mainly in women. Estrogens may play an important role, but few obstetrical complications have been reported. Case. We report the symptoms and obstetrical complications of women in two families with HAE attributable to the p. Thr328Lys mutation in the F12 gene. Clinical manifestations included acute and severe maternal abdominal pain, with transient ascites, laryngeal edema, and fetal and neonatal deaths. Patients had normal C4 levels and a normal C1 inhibitor gene. Administration of C1-inhibitor concentration twice monthly decreased the attack rate in one mother, and its predelivery administration (1000 U) led to the delivery of healthy girls. Conclusions. Obstetricians and anesthesiologists should be aware of this rare cause of unexplained maternal ascites and in utero or fetal death associated with edema.
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Rossi V, Bally I, Ancelet S, Xu Y, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Vivès RR, Sadir R, Thielens N, Arlaud GJ. Functional Characterization of the Recombinant Human C1 Inhibitor Serpin Domain: Insights into Heparin Binding. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:4982-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Beinrohr L, Dobó J, Závodszky P, Gál P. C1, MBL-MASPs and C1-inhibitor: novel approaches for targeting complement-mediated inflammation. Trends Mol Med 2008; 14:511-21. [PMID: 18977695 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2008] [Revised: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Complement activation is initiated by the pattern-recognition molecules complement component C1q, mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and ficolins (H-, L-, M-ficolin), which typically recognize antibody-antigen complexes or foreign polysaccharides. The associated proteases (C1r, C1s, MASP-1 and MASP-2) then activate the complement system. The serpin C1-inhibitor (C1-inh) blocks activity of all these complexes and has been successfully used in models of disease. Many structures of these components became available recently, including that of C1-inh, facilitating the structure-guided design of drugs targeting complement activation. Here, we propose an approach in which therapeutic proteins are made up of natural protein domains and C1-inh to allow targeting to the site of inflammation and more specific inhibition of complement activation. In particular, engineering a fast-acting C1-inh or fusing it to an 'aiming module' has been shown to be feasible and economical using a humanized yeast expression system. Complement-mediated inflammation has been linked to ischemia-reperfusion injury, organ graft rejection and even neurodegeneration, so targeting this process has direct clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Beinrohr
- Institute of Enzymology, Karolina út 29, H-1113 Budapest, Hungary.
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Abstract
This is the second of two articles on C1 inhibitor deficiency based on a recent UK consensus document covering its diagnosis and management in adults and children. This summary focuses on the management of the disorder including prophylaxis, emergency treatment and special situations such as pregnancy and dental care.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Gompels
- Department of Immunology and Immunogenetics, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK.
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Gompels MM, Lock RJ, Abinun M, Bethune CA, Davies G, Grattan C, Fay AC, Longhurst HJ, Morrison L, Price A, Price M, Watters D. C1 inhibitor deficiency: consensus document. Clin Exp Immunol 2005; 139:379-94. [PMID: 15730382 PMCID: PMC1809312 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02726.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a consensus document on the diagnosis and management of C1 inhibitor deficiency, a syndrome characterized clinically by recurrent episodes of angio-oedema. In hereditary angio-oedema, a rare autosomal dominant condition, C1 inhibitor function is reduced due to impaired transcription or production of non-functional protein. The diagnosis is confirmed by the presence of a low serum C4 and absent or greatly reduced C1 inhibitor level or function. The condition can cause fatal laryngeal oedema and features indistinguishable from gastrointestinal tract obstruction. Attacks can be precipitated by trauma, infection and other stimulants. Treatment is graded according to response and the clinical site of swelling. Acute treatment for severe attack is by infusion of C1 inhibitor concentrate and for minor attack attenuated androgens and/or tranexamic acid. Prophylactic treatment is by attenuated androgens and/or tranexamic acid. There are a number of new products in trial, including genetically engineered C1 esterase inhibitor, kallikrein inhibitor and bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist. Individual sections provide special advice with respect to diagnosis, management (prophylaxis and emergency care), special situations (childhood, pregnancy, contraception, travel and dental care) and service specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Gompels
- Department of Immunology and Immunogenetics, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK.
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Zhang F, Bries AD, Lang SC, Wang Q, Murhammer DW, Weiler JM, Linhardt RJ. Metabolic alteration of the N-glycan structure of a protein from patients with a heterozygous protein deficiency. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2004; 1739:43-9. [PMID: 15607116 PMCID: PMC4137563 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2004.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2003] [Revised: 05/06/2004] [Accepted: 08/11/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation, an important post-translation modification, could alter biological activity or influence the clearance rates of glycoproteins. We report here the first example of a heterozygous protein deficiency leading to metabolic alteration of N-glycan structures in residual secreted protein. Analysis of C1 esterase inhibitor (C1INH) glycans from normal individuals and patients with hereditary deficiency of C1INH demonstrated identical O-glycan structures but the N-glycans of patients with a heterozygous genetic deficiency were small, highly charged and lacked sialidase releasable N-acetylneuraminic acid. Structural studies indicate that the charge character of these aberrant N-glycan structures may result from the presence of mannose-6-phosphate residues. These residues might facilitate secretion of C1INH through an alternate lysosomal pathway, possibly serving as a compensatory mechanism to enhance plasma levels of C1INH in these deficient patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Departments of Chemistry, Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Andrew D. Bries
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Sybil C. Lang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Qun Wang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - David W. Murhammer
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - John M. Weiler
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Departments of Chemistry, Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Ritchie GE, Moffatt BE, Sim RB, Morgan BP, Dwek RA, Rudd PM. Glycosylation and the complement system. Chem Rev 2002; 102:305-20-19. [PMID: 11841245 DOI: 10.1021/cr990294a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gayle E Ritchie
- The Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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Zhang F, Saarinen MA, Itle LJ, Lang SC, Murhammer DW, Linhardt RJ. The effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration on the glycosylation of recombinant protein produced by the insect cell-baculovirus expression system. Biotechnol Bioeng 2002; 77:219-24. [PMID: 11753929 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The effect of dissolved oxygen concentration on human secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) glycosylation by the insect cell-baculovirus expression system was investigated in a well-controlled bioreactor. Oligomannose-type N-linked glycans (i.e., Man2 to Man6 and Man3F) were present in SEAP produced by Spodoptera frusiperda Sf-9 (Sf-9) and Trichoplusia ni BTI-Tn-5B1-4 (Tn-5B1-4) insect cell lines. The relative amounts of the most highly processed glycans (i.e., Man3F and Man2 in the SEAP from Sf-9 and Tn-5B1-4 cells, respectively) were significantly higher at 50% of air saturation than at either 10% or 190% of air saturation. That is, glycan processing was inhibited at both low and high dissolved oxygen concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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