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A Toxicological Framework for the Prioritization of Children's Safe Product Act Data. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:431. [PMID: 27104547 PMCID: PMC4847093 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13040431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In response to concerns over hazardous chemicals in children's products, Washington State passed the Children's Safe Product Act (CSPA). CSPA requires manufacturers to report the concentration of 66 chemicals in children's products. We describe a framework for the toxicological prioritization of the ten chemical groups most frequently reported under CSPA. The framework scores lifestage, exposure duration, primary, secondary and tertiary exposure routes, toxicokinetics and chemical properties to calculate an exposure score. Four toxicological endpoints were assessed based on curated national and international databases: reproductive and developmental toxicity, endocrine disruption, neurotoxicity and carcinogenicity. A total priority index was calculated from the product of the toxicity and exposure scores. The three highest priority chemicals were formaldehyde, dibutyl phthalate and styrene. Elements of the framework were compared to existing prioritization tools, such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) ExpoCast and Toxicological Prioritization Index (ToxPi). The CSPA framework allowed us to examine toxicity and exposure pathways in a lifestage-specific manner, providing a relatively high throughput approach to prioritizing hazardous chemicals found in children's products.
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Mutagenicity assessment strategy for pharmaceutical intermediates to aid limit setting for occupational exposure. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 73:515-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Hansen MM, Jolly RA, Linder RJ. Boronic Acids and Derivatives—Probing the Structure–Activity Relationships for Mutagenicity. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marvin M. Hansen
- Small Molecule Design and Development and ‡Health/Safety/Environmental, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Robert A. Jolly
- Small Molecule Design and Development and ‡Health/Safety/Environmental, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Ryan J. Linder
- Small Molecule Design and Development and ‡Health/Safety/Environmental, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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Mennen SM, Mak-Jurkauskas ML, Bio MM, Hollis LS, Nadeau KA, Clausen AM, Hansen KB. Synthesis of 4-Substituted Phthalazin-1(2H)-ones from 2-Acylbenzoic Acids: Controlling Hydrazine in a Pharmaceutical Intermediate through PAT-Guided Process Development. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Mennen
- Process Development and ‡Attribute Sciences, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Melody L. Mak-Jurkauskas
- Process Development and ‡Attribute Sciences, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Matthew M. Bio
- Process Development and ‡Attribute Sciences, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - L. Steven Hollis
- Process Development and ‡Attribute Sciences, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Kelly A. Nadeau
- Process Development and ‡Attribute Sciences, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Andrew M. Clausen
- Process Development and ‡Attribute Sciences, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Karl B. Hansen
- Process Development and ‡Attribute Sciences, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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Reddy AVB, Jaafar J, Umar K, Majid ZA, Aris AB, Talib J, Madhavi G. Identification, control strategies, and analytical approaches for the determination of potential genotoxic impurities in pharmaceuticals: A comprehensive review. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:764-79. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jafariah Jaafar
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Khalid Umar
- Department of Environmental Engineering; Faculty of Civil Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Zaiton Abdul Majid
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Azmi Bin Aris
- Department of Environmental Engineering; Faculty of Civil Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Juhaizah Talib
- Department of Environmental Engineering; Faculty of Civil Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
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Bouder F. Regulating impurities in pharmaceutical products: a tolerability of risk approach? Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 1:241-50. [DOI: 10.1586/17512433.1.2.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Galloway SM, Vijayaraj Reddy M, McGettigan K, Gealy R, Bercu J. Potentially mutagenic impurities: Analysis of structural classes and carcinogenic potencies of chemical intermediates in pharmaceutical syntheses supports alternative methods to the default TTC for calculating safe levels of impurities. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 66:326-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Sargent EV, Faria E, Pfister T, Sussman RG. Guidance on the establishment of acceptable daily exposure limits (ADE) to support Risk-Based Manufacture of Pharmaceutical Products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 65:242-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Felter SP, Conolly RB, Bercu JP, Bolger PM, Boobis AR, Bos PMJ, Carthew P, Doerrer NG, Goodman JI, Harrouk WA, Kirkland DJ, Lau SS, Llewellyn GC, Preston RJ, Schoeny R, Schnatter AR, Tritscher A, van Velsen F, Williams GM. A proposed framework for assessing risk from less-than-lifetime exposures to carcinogens. Crit Rev Toxicol 2011; 41:507-44. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2011.552063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Contrera JF. Improved in silico prediction of carcinogenic potency (TD50) and the risk specific dose (RSD) adjusted Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) for genotoxic chemicals and pharmaceutical impurities. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 59:133-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dobo KL, Obach RS, Luffer-Atlas D, Bercu JP. A strategy for the risk assessment of human genotoxic metabolites. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:348-56. [PMID: 19170655 DOI: 10.1021/tx8004339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of metabolism in genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of many chemicals is well established. Accordingly, both in vitro metabolic activation systems and in vivo assays are routinely utilized for genotoxic hazard identification of drug candidates prior to clinical investigations. This should, in most cases provide a high degree of confidence that the genotoxic potential of the parent and associated metabolites have been characterized. However, it is well known that significant differences can exist between human metabolism and that which occurs with in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity tests. This poses challenges when considering the adequacy of hazard identification and cancer risk assessment if a human metabolite of genotoxic concern is identified during the course of drug development. Since such challenges are particularly problematic when recognized in the later stages of drug development, a framework for conducting a carcinogenic risk assessment for human genotoxic metabolites is desirable. Here, we propose a risk assessment method that is dependent upon the availability of quantitative human and rodent ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) data, such that exposures to a metabolite of genotoxic concern can be estimated at the intended human efficacious dose and the maximum dose used in the 2-year rodent bioassay(s). The exposures are then applied to the risk assessment framework, based on known cancer potencies, that allows one to understand the probability of a known or suspect genotoxic metabolite posing a carcinogenic risk in excess of 1 in 100,000. Practical case examples are presented to illustrate the application of the risk assessment method within the context of drug development and to highlight its utility and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista L Dobo
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Drug Safety Research and Development, Genetic Toxicology, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA.
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Pierson DA, Olsen BA, Robbins DK, DeVries KM, Varie DL. Approaches to Assessment, Testing Decisions, and Analytical Determination of Genotoxic Impurities in Drug Substances. Org Process Res Dev 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/op8002129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Duane A. Pierson
- Analytical Sciences Research & Development and Chemical Process Research and Development, Eli Lilly & Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, U.S.A
| | - Bernard A. Olsen
- Analytical Sciences Research & Development and Chemical Process Research and Development, Eli Lilly & Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, U.S.A
| | - David K. Robbins
- Analytical Sciences Research & Development and Chemical Process Research and Development, Eli Lilly & Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, U.S.A
| | - Keith M. DeVries
- Analytical Sciences Research & Development and Chemical Process Research and Development, Eli Lilly & Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, U.S.A
| | - David L. Varie
- Analytical Sciences Research & Development and Chemical Process Research and Development, Eli Lilly & Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, U.S.A
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Bercu JP, Hoffman WP, Lee C, Ness DK. Quantitative assessment of cumulative carcinogenic risk for multiple genotoxic impurities in a new drug substance. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 51:270-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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McGovern T, Jacobson-Kram D. Regulation of genotoxic and carcinogenic impurities in drug substances and products. Trends Analyt Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2006.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Müller L, Mauthe RJ, Riley CM, Andino MM, Antonis DD, Beels C, DeGeorge J, De Knaep AGM, Ellison D, Fagerland JA, Frank R, Fritschel B, Galloway S, Harpur E, Humfrey CDN, Jacks AS, Jagota N, Mackinnon J, Mohan G, Ness DK, O'Donovan MR, Smith MD, Vudathala G, Yotti L. A rationale for determining, testing, and controlling specific impurities in pharmaceuticals that possess potential for genotoxicity. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2006; 44:198-211. [PMID: 16412543 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2005.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of pharmaceutical products frequently involves the use of reactive reagents and the formation of intermediates and by-products. Low levels of some of these may be present in the final drug substance and drug product as impurities. Such chemically reactive impurities may have at the same time the potential for unwanted toxicities including genotoxicity and carcinogenicity and hence can have an impact on product risk assessment. This paper outlines a procedure for testing, classification, qualification, toxicological risk assessment, and control of impurities possessing genotoxic potential in pharmaceutical products. Referencing accepted principles of cancer risk assessment, this document proposes a staged threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) approach for the intake of genotoxic impurities over various periods of exposure. This staged TTC is based on knowledge about tumorigenic potency of a wide range of genotoxic carcinogens and can be used for genotoxic compounds, for which cancer data are limited or not available. The delineated acceptable daily intake values of between approximately 1.5 microg/day for approximately lifetime intake and approximately 120 microg/day for < or = 1 month are virtually safe doses. Based on sound scientific reasoning, these virtually safe intake values do not pose an unacceptable risk to either human volunteers or patients at any stage of clinical development and marketing of a pharmaceutical product. The intake levels are estimated to give an excess cancer risk of 1 in 100,000 to 1 in a million over a lifetime, and are extremely conservative given the current lifetime cancer risk in the population of over 1 in 4 (http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html.all.html). The proposals in this document apply to all clinical routes of administration and to compounds at all stages of clinical development. It is important to note that certain types of products, such as those for life-threatening indications for which there are no safer alternatives, allow for special considerations using adaptations of the principles outlined in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Müller
- Hoffmann-La Roche, PRBN-T, Bldg. 73/311B, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland.
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Dolan DG, Naumann BD, Sargent EV, Maier A, Dourson M. Application of the threshold of toxicological concern concept to pharmaceutical manufacturing operations. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2005; 43:1-9. [PMID: 16099564 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2005.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A scientific rationale is provided for estimating acceptable daily intake values (ADIs) for compounds with limited or no toxicity information to support pharmaceutical manufacturing operations. These ADIs are based on application of the "thresholds of toxicological concern" (TTC) principle, in which levels of human exposure are estimated that pose no appreciable risk to human health. The same concept has been used by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to establish "thresholds of regulation" for indirect food additives and adopted by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives for flavoring substances. In practice, these values are used as a statement of safety and indicate when no actions need to be taken in a given exposure situation. Pharmaceutical manufacturing relies on ADIs for cleaning validation of process equipment and atypical extraneous matter investigations. To provide practical guidance for handling situations where relatively unstudied compounds with limited or no toxicity data are encountered, recommendations are provided on ADI values that correspond to three categories of compounds: (1) compounds that are likely to be carcinogenic, (2) compounds that are likely to be potent or highly toxic, and (3) compounds that are not likely to be potent, highly toxic or carcinogenic. Corresponding ADIs for these categories of materials are 1, 10, and 100 microg/day, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Dolan
- Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ 08889-0200, USA.
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Ennever FK, Lave LB. Implications of the lack of accuracy of the lifetime rodent bioassay for predicting human carcinogenicity. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2003; 38:52-7. [PMID: 12878054 DOI: 10.1016/s0273-2300(03)00068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The NTP lifetime rodent bioassay (LRB) is the "gold standard" for predicting human carcinogenicity. Unfortunately, little attempt has been made to validate it against human carcinogenicity. Here we show that the extremely limited data available do not support either of the two common interpretations of LRB results. If a risk-avoidance interpretation is used where any positive result in a sex/species combination is considered positive, 9 of the 10 known human carcinogens tested are positive, but an implausible 22% of all chemicals are positive. If a less risk averse interpretation is used where only chemicals positive in both rats and mice are considered positive, only 3 of the 6 known human carcinogens tested are positive. In either interpretation, some known human carcinogens are not positive in the LRB, potentially allowing widespread human exposure to misidentified chemicals. Improving the predictive accuracy of the LRB and other tests for human carcinogenicity requires that test results be validated against the known human carcinogenicity of chemicals. This will require redirecting available resources from screening chemicals to validating carcinogenicity tests as well as a substantial investment in epidemiology to identify more known human carcinogens and presumed human non-carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny K Ennever
- Graduate School of Industrial Administration, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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