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Kumar A, Singam A, Swaminathan G, Killi N, Tangudu NK, Jose J, Gundloori Vn R, Dinesh Kumar L. Combinatorial therapy using RNAi and curcumin nano-architectures regresses tumors in breast and colon cancer models. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:492-505. [PMID: 34913453 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04411g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a debilitating disease and one of the leading causes of death in the world. In spite of the current clinical management being dependent on applying robust pathological variables and well-defined therapeutic strategies, there is an imminent need for novel and targeted therapies with least side effects. RNA interference (RNAi) has gained attention due to its precise potential for targeting multiple genes involved in cancer progression. Nanoparticles with their enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect have been found to overcome the limitations of RNAi-based therapies. With their high transportation capacity, nanocarriers can target RNAi molecules to tumor tissues and protect them from enzymatic degradation. Accumulating evidence has shown that tyrosine kinase Ephb4 is overexpressed in various cancers. Therefore, we report here the development and pre-clinical validation of curcumin-chitosan-loaded: eudragit-coated nanocomposites conjugated with Ephb4 shRNA as a feasible bio-drug to suppress breast and colon cancers. The proposed bio-drug is non-toxic and bio-compatible with a higher uptake efficiency and through our experimental results we have demonstrated the effective site-specific delivery of this biodrug and the successfull silencing of their respective target genes in vivo in autochthonous knockout models of breast and colon cancer. While mammary tumors showed a considerable decrease in size, oral administration of the biodrug conjugate to Apc knockout colon models prolonged the animal survival period by six months. Hence, this study has provided empirical proof that the combinatorial approach involving RNA interference and nanotechnology is a promising alliance for next-generation cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviral Kumar
- Cancer Biology, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, (CCMB) Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India.
| | - Amarnath Singam
- Polymer Science and Engineering Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Guruprasadh Swaminathan
- Cancer Biology, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, (CCMB) Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India.
| | - Naresh Killi
- Polymer Science and Engineering Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Naveen Kumar Tangudu
- Cancer Biology, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, (CCMB) Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India.
| | - Jedy Jose
- Cancer Biology, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, (CCMB) Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India.
| | - Rathna Gundloori Vn
- Polymer Science and Engineering Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Lekha Dinesh Kumar
- Cancer Biology, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, (CCMB) Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India.
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Abstract
As many as 5% of human cancers appear to be of hereditable etiology. Of the more than 50 characterized familial cancer syndromes, most involve disease affecting multiple organs and many can be traced to one or more abnormalities in specific genes. Studying these syndromes in humans is a difficult task, especially when it comes to genes that may manifest themselves early in gestation. It has been made somewhat easier with the development of genetically engineered mice (GEM) that phenotypically mimic many of these inheritable human cancers. The past 15 years has seen the establishment of mouse lines heterozygous or homozygous null for genes known or suspected of being involved in human cancer syndromes, including APC, ATM, BLM, BRCA1, BRCA2, LKB1, MEN1, MLH, MSH, NF1, TP53, PTEN, RB1, TSC1, TSC2, VHL, and XPA. These lines not only provide models for clinical disease and pathology, but also provide avenues to investigate molecular pathology, gene-gene and protein-tissue interaction, and, ultimately, therapeutic intervention. Possibly of even greater importance, they provide a means of looking at placental and fetal tissues, where genetic abnormalities are often first detected and where they may be most easily corrected. We will review these mouse models, examine their usefulness in medical research, and furnish sources of animals and references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrold M Ward
- Veterinary and Tumor Pathology Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, USA.
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3
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Mundi PS, Sachdev J, McCourt C, Kalinsky K. AKT in cancer: new molecular insights and advances in drug development. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 82:943-56. [PMID: 27232857 PMCID: PMC5137819 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)-AKT pathway is one of the most commonly dysregulated pathways in all of cancer, with somatic mutations, copy number alterations, aberrant epigenetic regulation and increased expression in a number of cancers. The carefully maintained homeostatic balance of cell division and growth on one hand, and programmed cell death on the other, is universally disturbed in tumorigenesis, and downstream effectors of the PI3K-AKT pathway play an important role in this disturbance. With a wide array of downstream effectors involved in cell survival and proliferation, the well-characterized direct interactions of AKT make it a highly attractive yet elusive target for cancer therapy. Here, we review the salient features of this pathway, evidence of its role in promoting tumorigenesis and recent progress in the development of therapeutic agents that target AKT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhjot S Mundi
- Division of Medical Oncology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jasgit Sachdev
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Virginia G. Piper Cancer Center at HonorHealth, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Carolyn McCourt
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kevin Kalinsky
- Division of Medical Oncology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Mangone FR, Miracca EC, Feilotter HE, Mulligan LM, Nagai MA. ATM gene mutations in sporadic breast cancer patients from Brazil. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:23. [PMID: 25625042 PMCID: PMC4298590 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-0787-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene encodes a multifunctional kinase, which is linked to important cellular functions. Women heterozygous for ATM mutations have an estimated relative risk of developing breast cancer of 3.8. However, the pattern of ATM mutations and their role in breast cancer etiology has been controversial and remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the frequency and spectrum of ATM mutations in a series of sporadic breast cancers and controls from the Brazilian population. Methods Using PCR-Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and direct DNA sequencing, we screened a panel of 100 consecutive, unselected sporadic breast tumors and 100 matched controls for all 62 coding exons and flanking introns of the ATM gene. Results Several polymorphisms were detected in 12 of the 62 coding exons of the ATM gene. These polymorphisms were observed in both breast cancer patients and the control population. In addition, evidence of potential ATM mutations was observed in 7 of the 100 breast cancer cases analyzed. These potential mutations included six missense variants found in exon 13 (p.L546V), exon 14 (p.P604S), exon 20 (p.T935R), exon 42 (p.G2023R), exon 49 (p.L2307F), and exon 50 (p.L2332P) and one nonsense mutation in exon 39 (p.R1882X), which was predicted to generate a truncated protein. Conclusions Our results corroborate the hypothesis that sporadic breast tumors may occur in carriers of low penetrance ATM mutant alleles and these mutations confer different levels of breast cancer risk. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40064-015-0787-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Rotea Mangone
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Center for Translational Research in Oncology, Av Dr Arnaldo, 251, 8th Floor, CEP 01246-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisabete C Miracca
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Center for Translational Research in Oncology, Av Dr Arnaldo, 251, 8th Floor, CEP 01246-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Harriet E Feilotter
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Richardson Laboratory, Queen's University, 88 Stuart Street, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Lois M Mulligan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Botterell Hall, 10 Stuart Street, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Maria Aparecida Nagai
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Center for Translational Research in Oncology, Av Dr Arnaldo, 251, 8th Floor, CEP 01246-000 São Paulo, Brazil ; Discipline of Oncology, Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av Dr Arnaldo, 455, 4th Floor, CEP 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil
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5
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Carnero A, Paramio JM. The PTEN/PI3K/AKT Pathway in vivo, Cancer Mouse Models. Front Oncol 2014; 4:252. [PMID: 25295225 PMCID: PMC4172058 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
When PI3K (phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase) is activated by receptor tyrosine kinases, it phosphorylates PIP2 to generate PIP3 and activates the signaling pathway. Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 dephosphorylates PIP3 to PIP2, and thus, negatively regulates the pathway. AKT (v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog; protein kinase B) is activated downstream of PIP3 and mediates physiological processes. Furthermore, substantial crosstalk exists with other signaling networks at all levels of the PI3K pathway. Because of its diverse array, gene mutations, and amplifications and also as a consequence of its central role in several signal transduction pathways, the PI3K-dependent axis is frequently activated in many tumors and is an attractive therapeutic target. The preclinical testing and analysis of these novel therapies requires appropriate and well-tailored systems. Mouse models in which this pathway has been genetically modified have been essential in understanding the role that this pathway plays in the tumorigenesis process. Here, we review cancer mouse models in which the PI3K/AKT pathway has been genetically modified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla , Seville , Spain
| | - Jesus M Paramio
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Division of Biomedicine, CIEMAT , Madrid , Spain ; Oncogenomics Unit, Biomedical Research Institute, "12 de Octubre" University Hospital , Madrid , Spain
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6
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Yi YW, Kang HJ, Bae I. BRCA1 and Oxidative Stress. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:771-95. [PMID: 24704793 PMCID: PMC4074803 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6020771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) has been well established as a tumor suppressor and functions primarily by maintaining genome integrity. Genome stability is compromised when cells are exposed to oxidative stress. Increasing evidence suggests that BRCA1 regulates oxidative stress and this may be another mechanism in preventing carcinogenesis in normal cells. Oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is implicated in carcinogenesis and is used strategically to treat human cancer. Thus, it is essential to understand the function of BRCA1 in oxidative stress regulation. In this review, we briefly summarize BRCA1's many binding partners and mechanisms, and discuss data supporting the function of BRCA1 in oxidative stress regulation. Finally, we consider its significance in prevention and/or treatment of BRCA1-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Weon Yi
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
| | - Hyo Jin Kang
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
| | - Insoo Bae
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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7
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Borena BM, Bussche L, Burvenich C, Duchateau L, Van de Walle GR. Mammary stem cell research in veterinary science: an update. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:1743-51. [PMID: 23360296 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland is an organ with a remarkable regenerative capacity that can undergo multiple cycles of proliferation, lactation, and involution. Growing evidence suggests that these changes are driven by the coordinated division and differentiation of mammary stem cell populations (MaSC). Whereas information regarding MaSC and their role in comparative mammary gland physiology is readily available in human and mice, such information remains scarce in most veterinary mammal species such as cows, horses, sheep, goats, pigs, and dogs. We believe that a better knowledge on the MaSC in these species will not only help to gain more insights into mammary gland (patho) physiology in veterinary medicine, but will also be of value for human medicine. Therefore, this review summarizes the current knowledge on stem cell isolation and characterization in different mammals of veterinary importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bizunesh M Borena
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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8
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Abstract
The proteins encoded by the two major breast cancer susceptibility genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, work in a common pathway of genome protection. However, the two proteins work at different stages in the DNA damage response (DDR) and in DNA repair. BRCA1 is a pleiotropic DDR protein that functions in both checkpoint activation and DNA repair, whereas BRCA2 is a mediator of the core mechanism of homologous recombination. The links between the two proteins are not well understood, but they must exist to explain the marked similarity of human cancer susceptibility that arises with germline mutations in these genes. As discussed here, the proteins work in concert to protect the genome from double-strand DNA damage during DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Roy
- Molecular Biology Program and Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
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Taneja P, Zhu S, Maglic D, Fry EA, Kendig RD, Inoue K. Transgenic and knockout mice models to reveal the functions of tumor suppressor genes. Clin Med Insights Oncol 2011; 5:235-57. [PMID: 21836819 PMCID: PMC3153120 DOI: 10.4137/cmo.s7516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is caused by multiple genetic alterations leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation through multiple pathways. Malignant cells arise from a variety of genetic factors, such as mutations in tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) that are involved in regulating the cell cycle, apoptosis, or cell differentiation, or maintenance of genomic integrity. Tumor suppressor mouse models are the most frequently used animal models in cancer research. The anti-tumorigenic functions of TSGs, and their role in development and differentiation, and inhibition of oncogenes are discussed. In this review, we summarize some of the important transgenic and knockout mouse models for TSGs, including Rb, p53, Ink4a/Arf, Brca1/2, and their related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sinan Zhu
- The Departments of Pathology
- Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Dejan Maglic
- The Departments of Pathology
- Cancer Biology
- Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | | | | | - Kazushi Inoue
- The Departments of Pathology
- Cancer Biology
- Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Fang Y, Nicholl MB. Sirtuin 1 in malignant transformation: friend or foe? Cancer Lett 2011; 306:10-4. [PMID: 21414717 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, great interest has been shown in the role of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) in tumorigenesis. The published data show SIRT1 can function as both a tumor promoter and tumor suppressor. In this review, we summarize the available data regarding the role of SIRT1 in tumorigenesis, with a focus on the potential mechanisms. The seemingly controversial role of SIRT1 in tumorigenesis suggests that SIRT1 might play a dual role in different tissue contexts depending on the temporal and special distribution of different SIRT1 upstream and downstream factors. Clearly, the role of SIRT1 in tumorigenesis is poorly understood and more research is necessary to elucidate its function in the malignant process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiang Fang
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, 65212, USA.
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Gene Mutations in Animal Models: Do Tumor Suppressor Genes, brca1 and brca2, Play a Role in Ovarian Carcinogenesis? Lab Anim Res 2010. [DOI: 10.5625/lar.2010.26.4.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Pedram A, Razandi M, Evinger AJ, Lee E, Levin ER. Estrogen inhibits ATR signaling to cell cycle checkpoints and DNA repair. Mol Biol Cell 2009; 20:3374-89. [PMID: 19477925 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-01-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage activates the ataxia telangiectasia-mutated and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase signal cascade. How this system is restrained is not understood. We find that in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer cells, UV or ionizing radiation and hydroxyurea rapidly activate ATR-dependent phosphorylation of endogenous p53 and Chk1. 17-beta-estradiol (E(2)) substantially blocks ATR activity via plasma membrane-localized ERalpha. E(2)/ER reduces the enhanced association of ATR andTopBP1 proteins that follows DNA damage and strongly correlates to ATR activity. E(2) inhibits ATR activation through rapid PI3K/AKT signaling: AKT phosphorylates TopBP1 at Serine 1159, thereby preventing the enhanced association of ATR with TopBP1 after DNA damage. E(2) also inhibits Claspin:Chk1 protein association via AKT phosphorylation of Chk1, preventing Chk1 signaling to the G2/M checkpoint. ATR-phosphorylation of p53 induces p21 transcription, prevented by E(2)/ER. E(2) delays the assembly and prolongs the resolution of gammaH2AX and Rad51 nuclear foci and delays DNA repair. E(2)/ER also increases the chromosomal damage seen from cell exposure to IR. Therefore, the restraint of ATR cascade activation may be a novel estrogen action relevant to breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Pedram
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92717, USA
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PLRG1 is an essential regulator of cell proliferation and apoptosis during vertebrate development and tissue homeostasis. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:3173-85. [PMID: 19307306 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01807-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PLRG1, an evolutionarily conserved component of the spliceosome, forms a complex with Pso4/SNEV/Prp19 and the cell division and cycle 5 homolog (CDC5L) that is involved in both pre-mRNA splicing and DNA repair. Here, we show that the inactivation of PLRG1 in mice results in embryonic lethality at 1.5 days postfertilization. Studies of heart- and neuron-specific PLRG1 knockout mice further reveal an essential role of PLRG1 in adult tissue homeostasis and the suppression of apoptosis. PLRG1-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) fail to progress through S phase upon serum stimulation and exhibit increased rates of apoptosis. PLRG1 deficiency causes enhanced p53 phosphorylation and stabilization in the presence of increased gamma-H2AX immunoreactivity as an indicator of an activated DNA damage response. p53 downregulation rescues lethality in both PLRG1-deficient MEFs and zebrafish in vivo, showing that apoptosis resulting from PLRG1 deficiency is p53 dependent. Moreover, the deletion of PLRG1 results in the relocation of its interaction partner CDC5L from the nucleus to the cytoplasm without general alterations in pre-mRNA splicing. Taken together, the results of this study identify PLRG1 as a critical nuclear regulator of p53-dependent cell cycle progression and apoptosis during both embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis.
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Deng CX. SIRT1, is it a tumor promoter or tumor suppressor? Int J Biol Sci 2009; 5:147-52. [PMID: 19173036 PMCID: PMC2631220 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.5.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SIRT1 has been considered as a tumor promoter because of its increased expression in some types of cancers and its role in inactivating proteins that are involved in tumor suppression and DNA damage repair. However, recent studies demonstrated that SIRT1 levels are reduced in some other types of cancers, and that SIRT1 deficiency results in genetic instability and tumorigenesis, while overexpression of SIRT1 attenuates cancer formation in mice heterozygous for tumor suppressor p53 or APC. Here, I review these recent findings and discuss the possibility that activation of SIRT1 both extends lifespan and inhibits cancer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Xia Deng
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, 10/9N105, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, MD 20892, USA.
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16
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Renner O, Blanco-Aparicio C, Carnero A. Genetic modelling of the PTEN/AKT pathway in cancer research. Clin Transl Oncol 2009; 10:618-27. [PMID: 18940742 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-008-0262-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The focus on targeted therapies has been fuelled by extensive research on molecular pathways and their role in tumorigenesis. Novel models of human cancer have been created to evaluate the role of specific genes in the different stages of cancer. Currently, mouse modelling of human cancer is possible through the expression of oncogenes, specific genetic mutations or the inactivation of tumour suppressor genes, and these models have begun to provide us with an understanding of the molecular pathways involved in tumour initiation and progression at the physiological level. Additionally, these mouse models serve as an excellent system to evaluate the efficacy of currently developed molecular targeted therapies and identify new potential targets for future therapies. The PTEN/AKT pathway is implicated in signal transduction through tyrosine kinase receptors and heterotrimeric G protein-linked receptors. Deregulation of the PTEN/AKT pathway is a common event in human cancer. Despite the abundant literature, the physiological role of each element of the pathway has begun to be uncovered thanks to genetically engineered mice. This review will summarise some of the key animal models which have helped us to understand this signalling network and its contribution to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Renner
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
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17
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Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN)/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT constitute an important pathway regulating the signaling of multiple biological processes such as apoptosis, metabolism, cell proliferation and cell growth. PTEN is a dual protein/lipid phosphatase and its main substrate phosphatidyl-inositol 3,4,5 triphosphate (PIP3) is the product of PI3K. Increase in PIP3 recruits AKT to the membrane where is activated by other kinases also dependent on PIP3. Many components of this pathway have been described as causal forces in cancer. PTEN activity is lost by mutations, deletions or promoter methylation silencing at high frequency in many primary and metastatic human cancers. Germ line mutations of PTEN are found in several familial cancer predisposition syndromes. Recently, many activating mutations in the PI3KCA gene (coding for the p110alpha catalytic subunit of PI3K) have been described in human tumors. Activation of PI3K and AKT are reported to occur in breast, ovarian, pancreatic, esophageal and other cancers. Genetically modified mice confirm these PTEN activities. Tissue-specific deletions of PTEN usually provoke cancer. Moreover, an absence of PTEN cooperates with an absence of p53 to promote cancer. However, we have observed very different results with the expression of activated versions of AKT in several tissues. Activated AKT transgenic lines do not develop tumors in breast or prostate tissues and do not cooperate with an absence of p53. This data suggest that an AKT-independent mechanism contributes to PTEN tumorigenesis. Crosses with transgenic mice expressing possible PTEN targets indicate that neither cyclin D1 nor p53 are these AKT-independent targets. However, AKT is more than a passive bridge toward PTEN tumorigenesis, since its expression not only allows but also enforces and accelerates the tumorigenic process in combination with other oncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Blanco-Aparicio
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), C/Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Montero Girard G, Vanzulli SI, Cerliani JP, Bottino MC, Bolado J, Vela J, Becu-Villalobos D, Benavides F, Gutkind S, Patel V, Molinolo A, Lanari C. Association of estrogen receptor-alpha and progesterone receptor A expression with hormonal mammary carcinogenesis: role of the host microenvironment. Breast Cancer Res 2007; 9:R22. [PMID: 17341305 PMCID: PMC1868922 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2006] [Revised: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) induces estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and progesterone receptor (PR)-positive ductal invasive mammary carcinomas in BALB/c mice. We sought to reproduce this MPA cancer model in C57BL/6 mice because of their widespread use in genetic engineering. Within this experimental setting, we studied the carcinogenic effects of MPA, the morphologic changes in mammary glands that are induced by MPA and progesterone, and the levels of ER and PR expression in MPA-treated and progesterone-treated mammary glands. Finally, we evaluated whether the differences found between BALB/c and C57BL/6 mouse strains were due to intrinsic differences in epithelial cells. Methods The carcinogenic effect of MPA was evaluated in C57BL/6 mice using protocols proven to be carcinogenic in BALB/c mice. In addition, BALB/c and C57BL/6 females were treated with progesterone or MPA for 1 or 2 months, and mammary glands were excised for histologic studies and for immunohistochemical and Western blot evaluation of ER and PR. Hormone levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. Isolated mammary epithelial cells were transplanted into cleared fat pads of 21-day-old female Swiss nu/nu mice or control congenic animals. Results MPA failed to induce mammary carcinomas or significant morphologic changes in the mammary glands of C57BL/6 mice. The expression of ER-α and PR isoform A in virgin mice was surprisingly much higher in BALB/c than in C57BL/6 mammary glands, and both receptors were downregulated in progestin-treated BALB/c mice (P < 0.05). PR isoform B levels were low in virgin control mice and increased after progestin treatment in both strains. ER-β expression followed a similar trend. No differences in hormone levels were found between strains. Surprisingly, the transplantation of the epithelial mammary gland cells of both strains into the cleared fat pads of Swiss (nu/nu) mice abolished the mammary gland morphologic differences and the ER and PR differences between strains. Conclusion C57BL/6 mammary glands are resistant to MPA-induced carcinogenesis and to hormone action. MPA and progesterone have different effects on mammary glands. Low ER-α and PR-A levels in untreated mammary glands may be associated with a low-risk breast cancer profile. Although we cannot at this time rule out the participation of other, untested factors, our findings implicate the stroma as playing a crucial role in the strain-specific differential hormone receptor expression and hormone responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Montero Girard
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Academia Nacional de Medicina, 3092 Las Heras, Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina
| | - Silvia I Vanzulli
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Academia Nacional de Medicina, 3092 Las Heras, Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Cerliani
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 2490 V de Obligado, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - María Cecilia Bottino
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 2490 V de Obligado, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Julieta Bolado
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 2490 V de Obligado, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Jorge Vela
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 2490 V de Obligado, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Damasia Becu-Villalobos
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 2490 V de Obligado, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Fernando Benavides
- Department of Carcinogenesis, Science Park Research Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Park Road 1C, Science Park, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA
| | - Silvio Gutkind
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Vyomesh Patel
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Alfredo Molinolo
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Claudia Lanari
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 2490 V de Obligado, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
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19
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Bramley M, Clarke RB, Howell A, Evans DGR, Armer T, Baildam AD, Anderson E. Effects of oestrogens and anti-oestrogens on normal breast tissue from women bearing BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. Br J Cancer 2006; 94:1021-8. [PMID: 16538216 PMCID: PMC2361237 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable interest in whether anti-oestrogens can be used to prevent breast cancer in women bearing mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. The effects of oestradiol (E2), tamoxifen (TAM) and fulvestrant (FUL) on proliferation and steroid receptor expression were assessed in normal breast epithelium taken from women at varying risks of breast cancer and implanted into athymic nude mice, which were treated with E2 in the presence and absence of TAM or FUL. Tissue samples were taken at various time points thereafter for assessment of proliferative activity and expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors (ERα and PgR) by immunohistochemistry. Oestradiol increased proliferation in the breast epithelium from women carrying mutations in the BRCA1/2 genes, those otherwise at increased risk and those at population risk of breast cancer. This increase was reduced by both TAM and FUL in all risk groups. In the absence of E2, PgR expression was reduced in all risk groups but significantly more so in the BRCA-mutated groups. Subsequent E2 treatment caused a rapid, complete induction of PgR expression in the population-risk group but not in the high-risk or BRCA-mutated groups in which PgR induction was significantly delayed. These data suggest that the mechanisms by which E2 induces breast epithelial PgR expression are impaired in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers, whereas those regulating proliferation remain intact. We conclude that early anti-oestrogen treatment should prevent breast cancer in very high-risk women.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bramley
- Department of Surgery, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, USA
- Clinical Research Department, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, USA
| | - R B Clarke
- Clinical Research Department, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, USA
- Breast Biology Group, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK. E-mail:
| | - A Howell
- CR-UK Department of Medical Oncology, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, USA
| | - D G R Evans
- University Department of Medical Genetics and Regional Genetics Service, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester M13 0JH, USA
| | - T Armer
- Clinical Research Department, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, USA
| | - A D Baildam
- Department of Surgery, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, USA
| | - E Anderson
- Clinical Research Department, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, USA
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20
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Green JE, Desai K, Ye Y, Kavanaugh C, Calvo A, Huh JI. Genomic approaches to understanding mammary tumor progression in transgenic mice and responses to therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:385S-90S. [PMID: 14734496 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-031201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Scores of genetically engineered mice have been generated in the quest to understand mechanisms of breast cancer development and progression. More recently, there has been a growing trend for using such models for testing various therapeutic strategies and agents. The application of these mouse models for these purposes requires that they be characterized in ways that demonstrate they possess important similarities to human breast cancer. In particular, detailed comparisons of the features of the models to human breast cancer must include attention to the histological phenotypes, chromosomal and molecular alterations, and the predictive value of the models for preclinical testing. Whereas these models have become important tools for the study of breast cancer, the great majority of existing mouse mammary cancer models develop tumors that are estrogen receptor negative, with relatively few models demonstrating metastatic spread to the lungs, and none developing metastases to bone. This review focuses on recent studies using genomic approaches to further understand the oncogenic processes occurring in mouse models of mammary cancer and to compare these changes with those identified in human breast cancer. Gene expression profiling is being applied to help define pharmacological responses that occur in vivo. Detailed genomic analyses will provide important information for selecting models for specific experimental purposes, contribute to the understanding of oncogene-specific expression signatures and potential therapeutic targets, and further define mechanisms of chemoprevention and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E Green
- Transgenic Oncogenesis Group, Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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21
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Abstract
Human mammary epithelial cells emerge spontaneously from senescence, exhibiting eroding telomeric sequences, and ultimately enter crisis to generate the type of chromosomal abnormalities seen in early stages of breast cancer. In a mouse mammary tumor model, the spontaneous escape of senescence can be observed as an increase in DNA synthesis that is reflected by alterations in the cell cycle profile and increases in the expression levels and activities of cell cycle molecular components. This review provides an overview of gene alterations in the cell cycle components in mouse mammary hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thenaa K Said
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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22
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Li W, Qiao W, Chen L, Xu X, Yang X, Li D, Li C, Brodie SG, Meguid MM, Hennighausen L, Deng CX. Squamous cell carcinoma and mammary abscess formation through squamous metaplasia inSmad4/Dpc4conditional knockout mice. Development 2003; 130:6143-53. [PMID: 14597578 DOI: 10.1242/dev.00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Smad4 is a central mediator for TGFβ signals, which play important functions in many biological processes. To study the role of Smad4 in mammary gland development and neoplasia, we disrupted this gene in mammary epithelium using a Cre-loxP approach. Smad4 is expressed in the mammary gland throughout development; however, its inactivation did not cause abnormal development of the gland during the first three pregnancies. Instead, lack of Smad4 gradually induced cell proliferation, alveolar hyperplasia and transdifferentiation of mammary epithelial cells into squamous epithelial cells. Consequently, all mutant mice developed squamous cell carcinoma and/or mammary abscesses between 5 and 16 months of age. We demonstrated that absence of Smad4 resulted in β-catenin accumulation at onset and throughout the process of transdifferentiation, implicating β-catenin, a key component of the Wnt signaling pathway, in the development of squamous metaplasia in Smad4-null mammary glands. We further demonstrated that TGFβ1 treatment degraded β-catenin and induced epithelial-mesenchymal transformation in cultured mammary epithelial cells. However, such actions were blocked in the absence of Smad4. These findings indicate that TGFβ/Smad4 signals play a role in cell fate maintenance during mammary gland development and neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenmei Li
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, NIDDK, NIH, 10/9N105, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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23
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Okuda Y, Nakamura H, Yoshida K, Enomoto H, Uyama H, Hirotani T, Funamoto M, Ito H, Everett AD, Hada T, Kawase I. Hepatoma-derived growth factor induces tumorigenesis in vivo through both direct angiogenic activity and induction of vascular endothelial growth factor. Cancer Sci 2003; 94:1034-41. [PMID: 14662017 PMCID: PMC11160104 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2003.tb01397.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2003] [Revised: 10/02/2003] [Accepted: 10/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) is highly expressed in tumor cells, and stimulates their proliferation. In the present study, we investigated the role of HDGF in tumorigenesis and elucidated the mechanism of action. Stable transfectants of NIH3T3 cells overexpressing HDGF did not show significant anchorage-independent growth in soft agar assay. However, these stable transfectants overexpressing HDGF generated sarcomatous tumors in nude mice. These tumors were red-colored macroscopically, and histologically showed a rich vascularity. Immunohistochemical analysis using CD31 antibody showed new vessel formation. Recombinant HDGF stimulated proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner, and stimulated tubule formation. Furthermore, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was detected immunohistochemically in the tumor tissues. Transient expression of HDGF induced both VEGF gene and protein expression as demonstrated by a reporter assay using VEGF gene promoter. The administration of anti-VEGF neutralizing antibody significantly suppressed, but did not block, the tumor growth of HDGF-overexpressing cells in nude mice. Thus, these findings suggested that HDGF-induced tumor formation in vivo involves induction of VEGF as well as direct angiogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorihide Okuda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871
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24
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Westermark UK, Reyngold M, Olshen AB, Baer R, Jasin M, Moynahan ME. BARD1 participates with BRCA1 in homology-directed repair of chromosome breaks. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:7926-36. [PMID: 14560035 PMCID: PMC207645 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.21.7926-7936.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2003] [Revised: 07/14/2003] [Accepted: 07/24/2003] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The BRCA1 tumor suppressor has been implicated in the maintenance of chromosomal stability through homology-directed repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Much of the BRCA1 in cells forms a heterodimeric complex with a structurally related protein BARD1. We report that expression of truncated mouse or human BARD1 peptides capable of interacting with Brca1 results in a homologous-repair deficiency. Repair is mildly reduced in Brca1 wild-type cells and severely reduced in cells that harbor a Brca1 splice product deleted for exon 11. Nuclear localization of the Brca1 or BARD1 peptides is not compromised, implying that the repair deficiency is caused by a more direct effect on repair. The tumor suppressor activity of BRCA1 may require the participation of BARD1 to maintain chromosome integrity through the homologous-repair pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrica K Westermark
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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25
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Hartman AR, Ford JM. BRCA1 and p53: compensatory roles in DNA repair. J Mol Med (Berl) 2003; 81:700-7. [PMID: 13679996 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-003-0477-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2003] [Accepted: 07/08/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The BRCA1 breast cancer susceptibility gene has been implicated in many cellular processes, yet its specific mechanism of tumor suppression remains unclear. BRCA1 plays a role in several DNA repair pathways including nucleotide excision repair (NER). Loss of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, a key regulator of NER, is an important and necessary event in the pathogenesis of BRCA1-mutated tumors. Here we discuss the role of BRCA1 and NER in breast cancer and the interactions of BRCA1 with p53 in breast tumorigenesis and suggest approaches for risk assessment and chemotherapeutic management of BRCA1-related breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Renee Hartman
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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26
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Abstract
BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations are estimated to be responsible for the great majority of familial breast and ovarian cancers. Much progress has been made toward the understanding of the function of these proteins through genetic, biochemical, and structural studies. The embryonic lethality encountered in the knockout mouse initially hindered the development of mouse models aimed at studying tumor suppression. However, mice that harbor hypomorphic Brca1 and Brca2 alleles and cre-mediated tissue-specific deletions for Brca1 and Brca2 have been generated. Mice deficient for either Brca1 or Brca2 sustain a wide range of carcinoma and mammary epithelium deleted for Brca1 or Brca2 is highly susceptible to mammary tumorigenesis. Mammary (and other) tumors occur at long latency as compared to oncogene-induced mouse tumors. p53 deficiency is highly cooperative with both Brca1 and Brca2 in promoting tumorigenesis. Analysis of Brca1-associated mammary tumors reveals significant similarities to BRCA1-associated breast cancer in regard to high tumor grade, hormone receptor negativity, a high incidence of p53 mutations and genetic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ellen Moynahan
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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27
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Schwarzenberger P, Kolls JK. Interleukin 17: an example for gene therapy as a tool to study cytokine mediated regulation of hematopoiesis. J Cell Biochem 2002; 38:88-95. [PMID: 12046855 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 17 (IL-17) is an essential proinflammatory T-cell derived cytokine with various biological actions. IL-17 was found to have a pivotal role in microbial host defense by interconnecting lymphoid and myeloid host defense. It also acts as a stimulatory hematopoietic cytokine by expanding myeloid progenitors and initiating proliferation of mature neutrophils. This article summarizes results to date on IL-17 research and discusses gene therapy based strategies that were employed to determine its biological functions and significance. A comprehensive working model for IL-17 is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Schwarzenberger
- Gene Therapy Program, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center of New Orleans, 70112, USA.
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28
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Li G, Robinson GW, Lesche R, Martinez-Diaz H, Jiang Z, Rozengurt N, Wagner KU, Wu DC, Lane TF, Liu X, Hennighausen L, Wu H. Conditional loss of PTEN leads to precocious development and neoplasia in the mammary gland. Development 2002; 129:4159-70. [PMID: 12163417 DOI: 10.1242/dev.129.17.4159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PTEN tumor suppressor is frequently mutated in human cancers, including breast cancers. Female patients with inherited PTEN mutations suffer from virginal hypertrophy of the breast with high risk of malignant transformation. However, the exact mechanisms of PTEN in controlling mammary gland development and tumorigenesis are unclear. In this study, we generated mice with a mammary-specific deletion of the Pten gene. Mutant mammary tissue displayed precocious lobulo-alveolar development, excessive ductal branching, delayed involution and severely reduced apoptosis. Pten null mammary epithelial cells were disregulated and hyperproliferative. Mutant females developed mammary tumors early in life. Similar phenotypes were observed in Pten-null mammary epithelia that had been transplanted into wild-type stroma, suggesting that PTEN plays an essential and cell-autonomous role in controlling the proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA School of Medicine, 650 Circle Drive South, 90095-1735, USA
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29
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Weaver Z, Montagna C, Xu X, Howard T, Gadina M, Brodie SG, Deng CX, Ried T. Mammary tumors in mice conditionally mutant for Brca1 exhibit gross genomic instability and centrosome amplification yet display a recurring distribution of genomic imbalances that is similar to human breast cancer. Oncogene 2002; 21:5097-107. [PMID: 12140760 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2002] [Revised: 04/24/2002] [Accepted: 04/29/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BRCA1 mutation carriers have an increased susceptibility to breast and ovarian cancer. Excision of exon 11 of Brca1 in the mouse, using a conditional knockout (Cre-loxP) approach, results in mammary tumor formation after long latency. To characterize the genomic instability observed in these tumors, to establish a comparative map of chromosomal imbalances and to contribute to the validation of this mouse model of breast cancer, we have characterized chromosomal imbalances and aberrations using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), and spectral karyotyping (SKY). We found that all tumors exhibit chromosome instability as evidenced by structural chromosomal aberrations and aneuploidy, yet they display a pattern of chromosomal gain and loss that is similar to the pattern in human breast carcinomas. Of note, nine of 15 tumors exhibited a gain of distal chromosome 11, a region that is orthologous to human chromosome 17q11-qter, the mapping position of Erbb2. However, our analysis suggests that genes distal to Erbb2 are the main targets of amplification. Four of the tumors also exhibited a copy number loss of proximal chromosome 11 (11A-B), a region orthologous to human 17p. In eight of the tumors we observed whole or partial gain of chromosome 15 centering on 15D2-D3 (orthologous to human chromosome 8q24), the map location of the c-Myc gene, and six of the tumors exhibited copy number loss of whole or partial chromosome 14, including 14D3, the map location of Rb1. We conclude that despite the tremendous shuffling of chromosomes during the course of mammalian evolution, the pattern of genomic imbalances is conserved between BRCA1-associated mammary gland tumors in mice and humans. Western blot analysis showed that while p53 is absent or mutated in some tumors, at least two tumors revealed wild-type protein, suggesting that other genetic events may lead to tumorigenesis. Similar to BRCA1-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts, the tumor cells contained supernumerary functional centrosomes with intact centrioles whose presence results in multipolar mitoses and aneuploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Weaver
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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30
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Albanese C, Hulit J, Sakamaki T, Pestell RG. Recent advances in inducible expression in transgenic mice. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2002; 13:129-41. [PMID: 12240598 DOI: 10.1016/s1084-9521(02)00021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In order to accurately analyze gene function in transgenic mice, as well as to generate credible murine models of human diseases, the ability to regulate temporal- and spatial-specific expression of target genes is absolutely critical. Pioneering work in inducible transgenics, begun in the 1980s and continuing to the present, has led to the development of a variety of different inducible systems dedicated to this goal, the shared basis of which is the accurate conditional expression of a given transgene. Recent advances in inducible transgene expression in mice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Albanese
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, The Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Division of Hormone-Dependent Tumor Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronkx, NY 10461, USA.
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31
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Abstract
A series of allelic mutations in the tumor suppressor Brca1 have been created to study mechanisms underlying BRCA1-associated tumorigenesis. Brca1 is essential in maintaining genome integrity through its involvement in DNA damage repair, G(2)-M cell-cycle checkpoint and centrosome duplication. The loss of Brca1 is not sufficient for malignant transformation, rather, it triggers multiple genetic alterations, including the inactivation of p53 and activation of a number of oncogenes, that ultimately result in mammary tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Brodie
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, 10/9N105, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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