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Liu Y, Tang Q, Tao Q, Dong H, Shi Z, Zhou L. Low-frequency magnetic field therapy for glioblastoma: Current advances, mechanisms, challenges and future perspectives. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00125-5. [PMID: 38565404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant tumour of the central nervous system. Despite recent advances in multimodal GBM therapy incorporating surgery, radiotherapy, systemic therapy (chemotherapy, targeted therapy), and supportive care, the overall survival (OS) remains poor, and long-term survival is rare. Currently, the primary obstacles hindering the effectiveness of GBM treatment are still the blood-brain barrier and tumor heterogeneity. In light of its substantial advantages over conventional therapies, such as strong penetrative ability and minimal side effects, low-frequency magnetic fields (LF-MFs) therapy has gradually caught the attention of scientists. AIM OF REVIEW In this review, we shed the light on the current status of applying LF-MFs in the treatment of GBM. We specifically emphasize our current understanding of the mechanisms by which LF-MFs mediate anticancer effects and the challenges faced by LF-MFs in treating GBM cells. Furthermore, we discuss the prospective applications of magnetic field therapy in the future treatment of GBM. Key scientific concepts of review: The review explores the current progress on the use of LF-MFs in the treatment of GBM with a special focus on the potential underlying mechanisms of LF-MFs in anticancer effects. Additionally, we also discussed the complex magnetic field features and biological characteristics related to magnetic bioeffects. Finally, we proposed a promising magnetic field treatment strategy for future applications in GBM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinlong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - Qisheng Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, China; National Center for Neurological Disorders, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, China; Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, China
| | - Quan Tao
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, China
| | - Zhifeng Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, China; National Center for Neurological Disorders, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, China; Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, China.
| | - Liangfu Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, China; National Center for Neurological Disorders, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, China; Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, China.
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2
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Di Gregorio E, Israel S, Staelens M, Tankel G, Shankar K, Tuszyński JA. The distinguishing electrical properties of cancer cells. Phys Life Rev 2022; 43:139-188. [PMID: 36265200 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, medical research has been primarily focused on the inherited aspect of cancers, despite the reality that only 5-10% of tumours discovered are derived from genetic causes. Cancer is a broad term, and therefore it is inaccurate to address it as a purely genetic disease. Understanding cancer cells' behaviour is the first step in countering them. Behind the scenes, there is a complicated network of environmental factors, DNA errors, metabolic shifts, and electrostatic alterations that build over time and lead to the illness's development. This latter aspect has been analyzed in previous studies, but how the different electrical changes integrate and affect each other is rarely examined. Every cell in the human body possesses electrical properties that are essential for proper behaviour both within and outside of the cell itself. It is not yet clear whether these changes correlate with cell mutation in cancer cells, or only with their subsequent development. Either way, these aspects merit further investigation, especially with regards to their causes and consequences. Trying to block changes at various levels of occurrence or assisting in their prevention could be the key to stopping cells from becoming cancerous. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the current knowledge regarding the electrical landscape of cells is much needed. We review four essential electrical characteristics of cells, providing a deep understanding of the electrostatic changes in cancer cells compared to their normal counterparts. In particular, we provide an overview of intracellular and extracellular pH modifications, differences in ionic concentrations in the cytoplasm, transmembrane potential variations, and changes within mitochondria. New therapies targeting or exploiting the electrical properties of cells are developed and tested every year, such as pH-dependent carriers and tumour-treating fields. A brief section regarding the state-of-the-art of these therapies can be found at the end of this review. Finally, we highlight how these alterations integrate and potentially yield indications of cells' malignancy or metastatic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Di Gregorio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Aerospaziale (DIMEAS), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, Torino, 10129, TO, Italy; Autem Therapeutics, 35 South Main Street, Hanover, 03755, NH, USA
| | - Simone Israel
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Aerospaziale (DIMEAS), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, Torino, 10129, TO, Italy; Autem Therapeutics, 35 South Main Street, Hanover, 03755, NH, USA
| | - Michael Staelens
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, 11335 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, AB, Canada
| | - Gabriella Tankel
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, ON, Canada
| | - Karthik Shankar
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211 116 Street NW, Edmonton, T6G 1H9, AB, Canada
| | - Jack A Tuszyński
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Aerospaziale (DIMEAS), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, Torino, 10129, TO, Italy; Department of Physics, University of Alberta, 11335 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, AB, Canada; Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, T6G 1Z2, AB, Canada.
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Qiu L, Chen L, Yang X, Ye A, Jiang W, Sun W. S1P mediates human amniotic cells proliferation induced by a 50-Hz magnetic field exposure via ERK1/2 signaling pathway. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:7734-7741. [PMID: 30624774 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) is a kind of physical stimulus in public and occupational environment. Numerous studies have indicated that exposure of cells to ELF-EMF could promote cell proliferation. But the detailed mechanisms implicated in these proliferative processes remain unclear. In the present experiment, the possible roles of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) in 50-Hz magnetic field (MF)-induced cell proliferation were investigated. Results showed that exposure of human amniotic (FL) cells to a 50-Hz MF with an intensity of 0.4 mT significantly enhanced ceramide metabolism, increased S1P production, activated extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and promoted cell proliferation. All of these effects induced by MF exposure could be inhibited by SKI II, an inhibitor of sphingosine kinase (SphK). In addition, both the cell proliferative response and the ERK1/2 activation induced by MF exposure were blocked completely by U0126, a specific inhibitor of MEK (ERK kinases 1 and 2). Taken together, the findings in present study suggested that S1P mediated 50-Hz MF-induced cell proliferation via triggering ERK1/2 signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Qiu
- Department of Preventive Health Care, Jinhua Hospital of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China.,Bioelectromagnetics Key Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liangjing Chen
- Bioelectromagnetics Key Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- Bioelectromagnetics Key Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anfang Ye
- Department of Occupational Disease of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Sun
- Bioelectromagnetics Key Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Occupational Disease of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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4
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Koziorowska A, Romerowicz-Misielak M, Sołek P, Koziorowski M. Extremely low frequency variable electromagnetic fields affect cancer and noncancerous cells in vitro differently: Preliminary study. Electromagn Biol Med 2018. [PMID: 29513614 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2017.1408021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) may result in various changes at the cellular level. To identify the effect of ELF-EMF exposure on viability of cells, cancer cells (U87-MG; 143B) and noncancerous cells (BJ; HEK) in exponential growth phase were exposed or sham-exposed to different values of frequency (2, 20, 30, 50 and 60 Hz), different shapes (sinusoidal, square and triangular) and time of exposure (0.5, 1, 2, 3 h) to electromagnetic field. After exposure, viability of cells was detected by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). We found a different effect of exposition of cancer and noncancerous cells to ELF-EMF on viability of cells. This preliminary study revealed that electro magentic field(EMF) might serve as a potential tool for manipulating viability of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Koziorowska
- a Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences , University of Rzeszow , Rzeszow , Poland.,b Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Biotechnology , University of Rzeszow , Rzeszow , Poland
| | - Maria Romerowicz-Misielak
- b Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Biotechnology , University of Rzeszow , Rzeszow , Poland
| | - Przemysław Sołek
- c Department of Physiology and Reproduction of Animals, Institute of Biotechnology , University of Rzeszow , Rzeszow , Poland
| | - Marek Koziorowski
- c Department of Physiology and Reproduction of Animals, Institute of Biotechnology , University of Rzeszow , Rzeszow , Poland
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Synergism of Electrospun Nanofibers and Pulsed Electromagnetic Field on Osteogenic Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. ASAIO J 2018; 64:253-260. [DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000000631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Su L, Yimaer A, Wei X, Xu Z, Chen G. The effects of 50 Hz magnetic field exposure on DNA damage and cellular functions in various neurogenic cells. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2017; 58:474-486. [PMID: 28369556 PMCID: PMC5570089 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrx012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have indicated a possible association between extremely low-frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) exposure and the risk of nervous system diseases. However, laboratory studies have not provided consistent results for clarifying this association, despite many years of studies. In this study, we have systematically investigated the effects of 50 Hz MF exposure on DNA damage and cellular functions in both neurogenic tumor cell lines (U251, A172, SH-SY5Y) and primary cultured neurogenic cells from rats (astrocytes, microglia, cortical neurons). The results showed that exposure to a 50 Hz MF at 2.0 mT for up to 24 h did not influence γH2AX foci formation (an early marker of DNA double-strand breaks) in any of six different neurogenic cells. Exposure to a 50 Hz MF did not affect cell cycle progression, cell proliferation or cell viability in neurogenic tumor U251, A172 or SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, the MF exposure for 24 h did not significantly affect the secretion of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 or IL-1β) in astrocytes or microglia, or the phagocytic activity of microglia. In addition, MF exposure for 1 h per day did not significantly influence expression levels of microtubule-associated protein tau, microtubule-associated protein 2, postsynaptic density 95 or gephyrin in cortical neurons, indicating an absence of effects of MF exposure on the development of cortical neurons. In conclusion, our data suggest that exposure to a 50 Hz MF at 2.0 mT did not elicit DNA damage effects or abnormal cellular functions in the neurogenic cells studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liling Su
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, 399 Zhimi Road, Shangrao 331000, China
| | - Aziguli Yimaer
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wei
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhengping Xu
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Environmental Health, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guangdi Chen
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Environmental Health, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Corresponding author. Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China. Tel: +86-571-88208169; Fax: +86-571-88208163;
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7
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Akbarnejad Z, Eskandary H, Vergallo C, Nematollahi-Mahani SN, Dini L, Darvishzadeh-Mahani F, Ahmadi M. Effects of extremely low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields (ELF-PEMFs) on glioblastoma cells (U87). Electromagn Biol Med 2016; 36:238-247. [PMID: 27874284 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2016.1251452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The impact of extremely low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields (ELF-PEMFs) at various frequencies and amplitudes was investigated on cell cycle, apoptosis and viability of the Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) cell line (U87), in vitro. The GBM is a malignant brain tumor with high mortality in humans and poorly responsive to the most common type of cancer treatments, such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. U87 cells with five experimental groups (I-V) were exposed to various ELF-PEMFs for 2, 4 and 24 h, as follows: (I) no exposure, control; (II) 50 Hz 100 ± 15 G; (III) 100 Hz 100 ± 15 G; (IV) 10 Hz 50 ± 10 G; (V) 50 Hz 50 ± 10 G. The morphology properties, cell viability and gene expression of proteins involved in cell cycle regulation (Cyclin-D1 and P53) and apoptosis (Caspase-3) were investigated. After 24 h, the cell viability and Cyclin-D1 expression increased in Group II (30%, 45%), whereas they decreased in Groups III (29%, 31%) and IV (21%, 34%); P53 and Caspase-3 elevated only in Group III; and no significant difference was observed in Group V, respectively, compared with the control (p < 0.05). The data suggest that the proliferation and apoptosis of human GBM are influenced by exposure to ELF-PEMFs in different time-dependent frequencies and amplitudes. The fact that some of the ELF-PEMFs frequencies and amplitudes favor U87 cells proliferation indicates precaution for the use of medical devices related to the MFs on cancer patients. On the other hand, some other ELF-PEMFs frequencies and intensities arresting U87 cells growth could open the way to develop novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Akbarnejad
- a Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology , Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran
| | - Hossein Eskandary
- a Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology , Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran.,b Afzal Research Institute (NGO) , Kerman , Iran
| | - Cristian Vergallo
- c Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology (Di.S.Te.B.A.) , University of Salento , Lecce , Italy
| | | | - Luciana Dini
- c Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology (Di.S.Te.B.A.) , University of Salento , Lecce , Italy.,e CNR Nanotec , Lecce , Italy
| | - Fatemeh Darvishzadeh-Mahani
- a Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology , Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran
| | - Meysam Ahmadi
- a Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology , Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran
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8
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Teimori F, Khaki AA, Rajabzadeh A, Roshangar L. The effects of 30 mT electromagnetic fields on hippocampus cells of rats. Surg Neurol Int 2016; 7:70. [PMID: 27453795 PMCID: PMC4946261 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.185006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the use of electromagnetic waves in the treatment of some acute and chronic diseases, application of these waves in everyday life has created several problems for humans, especially the nerve system. In this study, the effects of 30mT electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on the hippocampus is investigated. METHODS Twenty-four 5-month Wistar rats weighing 150-200 g were divided into two groups. The experimental group rats were under the influence of an EMF at an intensity of 3 mT for approximately 4 hours a day (from 8 AM to 12 PM) during 10 weeks. After the hippocampus was removed, thin slides were prepared for transmission electron microscope (TEM) to study the ultrastructural tissue. Cell death detection POD kits were used to determine the apoptosis rate. RESULTS The results of the TEM showed that, in the hippocampus of the experimental group, in comparison to the control group, there was a substantial shift; even intracellular organelles such as the mitochondria were morphologically abnormal and uncertain. The number of apoptotic cells in the exposed group compared to the control group showed significant changes. CONCLUSIONS Similar to numerous studies that have reported the effects of EMFs on nerves system, it was also confirmed in this lecture. Hence, the hippocampus which is important in regulating emotions, behavior, motivation, and memory functions, may be impaired by the negative impacts of EMFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Teimori
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir A. Khaki
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Asghar Rajabzadeh
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Leila Roshangar
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Kunt H, Şentürk İ, Gönül Y, Korkmaz M, Ahsen A, Hazman Ö, Bal A, Genç A, Songur A. Effects of electromagnetic radiation exposure on bone mineral density, thyroid, and oxidative stress index in electrical workers. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:745-54. [PMID: 26929645 PMCID: PMC4758783 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s94374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the literature, some articles report that the incidence of numerous diseases increases among the individuals who live around high-voltage electric transmission lines (HVETL) or are exposed vocationally. However, it was not investigated whether HVETL affect bone metabolism, oxidative stress, and the prevalence of thyroid nodule. Methods Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) bone density measurements, serum free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), RANK, RANKL, osteoprotegerin (OPG), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), phosphor, total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) levels were analyzed to investigate this effect. Results Bone mineral density levels of L1–L4 vertebrae and femur were observed significantly lower in the electrical workers. ALP, phosphor, RANK, RANKL, TOS, OSI, and anteroposterior diameter of the left thyroid lobe levels were significantly higher, and OPG, TAS, and FT4 levels were detected significantly lower in the study group when compared with the control group. Conclusion Consequently, it was observed that the balance between construction and destruction in the bone metabolism of the electrical workers who were employed in HVETL replaced toward destruction and led to a decrease in OPG levels and an increase in RANK and RANKL levels. In line with the previous studies, long-term exposure to an electromagnetic field causes disorders in many organs and systems. Thus, it is considered that long-term exposure to an electromagnetic field affects bone and thyroid metabolism and also increases OSI by increasing the TOS and decreasing the antioxidant status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halil Kunt
- Department of Science Education, Faculty of Education, Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey
| | - İhsan Şentürk
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Yücel Gönül
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Korkmaz
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ahsen
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Ömer Hazman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Bal
- Department of General Surgery, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Abdurrahman Genç
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Songur
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
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Safari M, Jadidi M, Baghian A, Hasanzadeh H. Proliferation and differentiation of rat bone marrow stem cells by 400μT electromagnetic field. Neurosci Lett 2015; 612:1-6. [PMID: 26639423 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between environment electromagnetic field (EMF) and cells can effect on various physiological processes. EMF as an external inducing factor, could effect on proliferation or differentiation of cells. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of the electromagnetic field on the viability, proliferation and differentiation rate of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) to neuron. BMSCs were obtained from 42 adult male rats. The cells incubated and cultured in 96-wells and 6-wells plates and exposed to electromagnetic field (40 or 400μT) with a selected waveform: AC (alternative current), rectified half wave (RHW) and rectified full wave (RFW), for a week. To assess the viability and proliferation rate of treated cells, MTT assay was done, and then immunocytochemistry staining Neu N was used to evaluate cell differentiation to neuron. Results showed that EMF decreases the viability and proliferation in treated groups. But in AC group's reduction was significant. Minimum viability and proliferation rate was observed in RHW 400μT group compared with sham. Immunocytochemistry showed that EMF can induce BMSC differentiation into neuron in AC 400μT and RFW 400μT. Evidences of this research support the hypothesis that EMF can induce differentiation of BMSCs to neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manouchehr Safari
- Research Center of Nervous System Stem Cells and Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Majid Jadidi
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Atefeh Baghian
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Hadi Hasanzadeh
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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Destefanis M, Viano M, Leo C, Gervino G, Ponzetto A, Silvagno F. Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields affect proliferation and mitochondrial activity of human cancer cell lines. Int J Radiat Biol 2015; 91:964-72. [PMID: 26762464 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2015.1101648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To date, the effects of electromagnetic fields on cell metabolism have been overlooked. The objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) over mitochondrial metabolism and the consequent impact on cancer cell growth. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of ELF-EMF on cancer growth were investigated in several human cancer cell lines by crystal violet assay. The modulation of mitochondrial activity was assessed by cytofluorimetric evaluation of membrane potential and by real-time quantification of mitochondrial transcription. Moreover the expression of several mitochondrial proteins and their levels in the organelle were evaluated. RESULTS The long-term exposure to ELF-EMF reduced the proliferation of several cancer cell lines and the effect was associated to an increased mitochondrial activity without evident changes in ATP levels. The results of our experiments excluded a transcriptional modulation of mitochondrial respiratory complexes, rather suggesting that ELF-EMF increased the energy demand. The altered mitochondrial metabolism led to changes in mitochondrial protein profile. In fact we found a downregulated expression of mitochondrial phospho-ERK, p53 and cytochrome c. CONCLUSION The results of the present study indicate that ELF-EMF can negatively modulate cancer cell growth increasing respiratory activity of cells and altering mitochondrial protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Viano
- a Department of Oncology , University of Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Christian Leo
- b Department of Medical Sciences , University of Torino , Torino , Italy
| | | | - Antonio Ponzetto
- b Department of Medical Sciences , University of Torino , Torino , Italy
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12
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Huang CY, Chang CW, Chen CR, Chuang CY, Chiang CS, Shu WY, Fan TC, Hsu IC. Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields cause G1 phase arrest through the activation of the ATM-Chk2-p21 pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104732. [PMID: 25111195 PMCID: PMC4128733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In daily life, humans are exposed to the extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) generated by electric appliances, and public concern is increasing regarding the biological effects of such exposure. Numerous studies have yielded inconsistent results regarding the biological effects of ELF-EMF exposure. Here we show that ELF-EMFs activate the ATM-Chk2-p21 pathway in HaCaT cells, inhibiting cell proliferation. To present well-founded results, we comprehensively evaluated the biological effects of ELF-EMFs at the transcriptional, protein, and cellular levels. Human HaCaT cells from an immortalized epidermal keratinocyte cell line were exposed to a 1.5 mT, 60 Hz ELF-EMF for 144 h. The ELF-EMF could cause G1 arrest and decrease colony formation. Protein expression experiments revealed that ELF-EMFs induced the activation of the ATM/Chk2 signaling cascades. In addition, the p21 protein, a regulator of cell cycle progression at G1 and G2/M, exhibited a higher level of expression in exposed HaCaT cells compared with the expression of sham-exposed cells. The ELF-EMF-induced G1 arrest was diminished when the CHK2 gene expression (which encodes checkpoint kinase 2; Chk2) was suppressed by specific small interfering RNA (siRNA). These findings indicate that ELF-EMFs activate the ATM-Chk2-p21 pathway in HaCaT cells, resulting in cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. Based on the precise control of the ELF-EMF exposure and rigorous sham-exposure experiments, all transcriptional, protein, and cellular level experiments consistently supported the conclusion. This is the first study to confirm that a specific pathway is triggered by ELF-EMF exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Ying Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chaang-Ray Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Shiun Chiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wun-Yi Shu
- Institute of Statistics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Ching Fan
- Magnet Group, Instrumentation Development Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ian C. Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Delle Monache S, Angelucci A, Sanità P, Iorio R, Bennato F, Mancini F, Gualtieri G, Colonna RC. Inhibition of angiogenesis mediated by extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs). PLoS One 2013; 8:e79309. [PMID: 24244477 PMCID: PMC3828379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of new blood vessels is an essential therapeutic target in many diseases such as cancer, ischemic diseases, and chronic inflammation. In this regard, extremely low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) seem able to inhibit vessel growth when used in a specific window of amplitude. To investigate the mechanism of anti-angiogenic action of ELF-EMFs we tested the effect of a sinusoidal magnetic field (MF) of 2 mT intensity and frequency of 50 Hz on endothelial cell models HUVEC and MS-1 measuring cell status and proliferation, motility and tubule formation ability. MS-1 cells when injected in mice determined a rapid tumor-like growth that was significantly reduced in mice inoculated with MF-exposed cells. In particular, histological analysis of tumors derived from mice inoculated with MF-exposed MS-1 cells indicated a reduction of hemangioma size, of blood-filled spaces, and in hemorrhage. In parallel, in vitro proliferation of MS-1 treated with MF was significantly inhibited. We also found that the MF-exposure down-regulated the process of proliferation, migration and formation of tubule-like structures in HUVECs. Using western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis, we collected data about the possible influence of MF on the signalling pathway activated by the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In particular, MF exposure significantly reduced the expression and activation levels of VEGFR2, suggesting a direct or indirect influence of MF on VEGF receptors placed on cellular membrane. In conclusion MF reduced, in vitro and in vivo, the ability of endothelial cells to form new vessels, most probably affecting VEGF signal transduction pathway that was less responsive to activation. These findings could not only explain the mechanism of anti-angiogenic action exerted by MFs, but also promote the possible development of new therapeutic applications for treatment of those diseases where excessive angiogenesis is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Delle Monache
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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Portelli LA, Schomay TE, Barnes FS. Inhomogeneous background magnetic field in biological incubators is a potential confounder for experimental variability and reproducibility. Bioelectromagnetics 2013; 34:337-48. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.21787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Abstract
Astrocytes, the most abundant cell type in the brain, proliferate during brain development. While it is generally accepted that mature astrocytes do not proliferate, neural stem cells, which have characteristics of astrocytes, retain the ability of self-renewal. Furthermore, astrocytes can regain their proliferative properties under pathological situations, such as reactive astrogliosis, a consequence of brain injury and brain tumors. Measurements of astrocyte proliferation can thus be used in investigations of physiological and pathological processes occurring in the developing and the adult brain. This chapter describes two methods for the determination of astrocyte proliferation: the incorporation of a radioactive nucleotide [(3)H]thymidine into DNA, which occurs during the process of DNA synthesis preceding cell division, and the flow cytometric analysis of cell cycle progression through the different phases of the cell cycle by BrDu/Hoechst and ethidium bromide labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Guizzetti
- Department of Psychiatry, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Kovacic P, Somanathan R. Electromagnetic fields: mechanism, cell signaling, other bioprocesses, toxicity, radicals, antioxidants and beneficial effects. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2010; 30:214-26. [DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2010.488650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Juutilainen J, Kumlin T, Naarala J. Do extremely low frequency magnetic fields enhance the effects of environmental carcinogens? A meta-analysis of experimental studies. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 82:1-12. [PMID: 16546898 DOI: 10.1080/09553000600577839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This paper is a meta-analysis of data from in vitro studies and short-term animal studies that have combined extremely low frequency magnetic fields with known carcinogens or other toxic physical or chemical agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS The data was analyzed by systematic comparison of study characteristics between positive and negative studies to reveal possible consistent patterns. RESULTS The majority of the studies reviewed were positive, suggesting that magnetic fields do interact with other chemical and physical exposures. Publication bias is unlikely to explain the findings. Interestingly, a nonlinear 'dose-response' was found, showing a minimum percentage of positive studies at fields between 1 and 3 mT. The radical pair mechanism (magnetic field effects on recombination of radical pairs) is a good candidate mechanism for explaining the biphasic dose-response seen in the present analysis. CONCLUSIONS Most of the studies reviewed used magnetic fields of 100 microT or higher, so the findings are not directly relevant for explaining the epidemiological findings suggesting increased risk of childhood leukemia above 0.4 microT. However, confirmed adverse effects even at 100 microT would have implications for risk assessment and management, including the need to reconsider the exposure limits for magnetic fields. There is an obvious need for further studies on combined effects with magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Juutilainen
- University of Kuopio, Department of Environmental Sciences, Kuopio, Finland.
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Koh EK, Ryu BK, Jeong DY, Bang IS, Nam MH, Chae KS. A 60-Hz sinusoidal magnetic field induces apoptosis of prostate cancer cells through reactive oxygen species. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 84:945-55. [PMID: 19016143 DOI: 10.1080/09553000802460206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the effects of power frequency magnetic fields (MF) on cell growth in prostate cancer, DU145, PC3, and LNCaP cells were examined in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS The cells were exposed to various intensities and durations of 60-Hz sinusoidal MF in combination with various serum concentrations in the media. To analyze MF effects on cell growth, cell counting, trypan blue exclusion assay, Western blot analysis, flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), fluorescence microscopy, and spectrofluorometry were used. RESULTS MF exposure induced significant cell growth inhibition and apoptosis in an intensity- and time-dependent manner, in which cell cycle arrest, cleaved Caspase-3, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased. Pretreatment with a Caspase-3 inhibitor or antioxidant, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), significantly attenuated MF-induced cell growth inhibition and cell death. Media replacement experiments failed to show any notable change in the MF effects. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate 60-Hz sinusoidal MF-activated cell growth inhibition of prostate cancer in vitro. Apoptosis together with cell cycle arrest were the dominant causes of the MF-elicited cell growth inhibition, mediated by MF-induced ROS. These results suggest that a possibility of using 60-Hz MF in radiation therapy of prostate cancer could usefully be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui Kwan Koh
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, Korea
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Vianale G, Reale M, Amerio P, Stefanachi M, Di Luzio S, Muraro R. Extremely low frequency electromagnetic field enhances human keratinocyte cell growth and decreases proinflammatory chemokine production. Br J Dermatol 2008; 158:1189-96. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08540.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
This study investigated that whether a 2 mT, 60 Hz, sinusoidal electromagnetic field (EMF) alters the structure and function of cells. This research compared the effects of EMF on four kinds of cell lines: hFOB 1.19 (fetal osteoblast), T/G HA-VSMC (aortic vascular smooth muscle cell), RPMI 7666 (B lymphoblast), and HCN-2 (cortical neuronal cell). Over 14 days, cells were exposed to EMF for 1, 3, or 6 hours per day (hrs/d). The results pointed to a cell type-specific reaction to EMF exposure. In addition, the cellular responses were dependent on duration of EMF exposure. In the present study, cell proliferation was the trait most sensitive to EMF. EMF treatment promoted growth of hFOB 1.19 and HCN-2 compared with control cells at 7 and 14 days of incubation. When the exposure time was 3 hrs/d, EMF enhanced the proliferation of RPMI 7666 but inhibited that of T/G HA- VSMC. On the other hand, the effects of EMF on cell cycle distribution, cell differentiation, and actin distribution were unclear. Furthermore, we hardly found any correlation between EMF exposure and gap junctional intercellular communication in hFOB 1.19. This study revealed that EMF might serve as a potential tool for manipulating cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah Ram Sul
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Si-Nae Park
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- National BK21 Project Team of Nanobiomaterials for the Cell-based Implants, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwal Suh
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- National BK21 Project Team of Nanobiomaterials for the Cell-based Implants, Seoul, Korea
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Dorsey WC, Ford BD, Roane L, Haynie DT, Tchounwou PB. Induced mitogenic activity in AML-12 mouse hepatocytes exposed to low-dose ultra-wideband electromagnetic radiation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2006; 2:24-30. [PMID: 16705798 PMCID: PMC3814693 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph2005010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ultra–wideband (UWB) technology has increased with the use of various civilian and military applications. In the present study, we hypothesized that low-dose UWB electromagnetic radiation (UWBR) could elicit a mitogenic effect in AML-12 mouse hepatocytes, in vitro. To test this hypothesis, we exposed AML-12 mouse hepatocytes, to UWBR in a specially constructed gigahertz transverse electromagnetic mode (GTEM) cell. Cells were exposed to UWBR for 2 h at a temperature of 23°C, a pulse width of 10 ns, a repetition rate of 1 kHz, and field strength of 5–20 kV/m. UWB pulses were triggered by an external pulse generator for UWBR exposure but were not triggered for the sham exposure. We performed an MTT Assay to assess cell viability for UWBR-treated and sham-exposed hepatocytes. Data from viability studies indicated a time-related increase in hepatocytes at time intervals from 8–24 h post exposure. UWBR exerted a statistically significant (p < 0.05) dose-dependent response in cell viability in both serum-treated and serum free medium (SFM) -treated hepatocytes. Western blot analysis of hepatocyte lysates demonstrated that cyclin A protein was induced in hepatocytes, suggesting that increased MTT activity after UWBR exposure was due to cell proliferation. This study indicates that UWBR has a mitogenic effect on AML-12 mouse hepatocytes and implicates a possible role for UWBR in hepatocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. C. Dorsey
- Wildlife Biology Unit, Grambling State University, Grambling, LA. USA
| | - B. D. Ford
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA. USA
| | - L. Roane
- Wildlife Biology Unit, Grambling State University, Grambling, LA. USA
| | - D. T. Haynie
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA. USA
| | - P. B. Tchounwou
- Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratory, NIH-Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
- Correspondence to Dr. Paul B. Tchounwou.
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. ARS, . SNP, . HS. Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Structure and Function of Rat Glioma Cell Line. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.3923/jm.2006.124.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Miyakoshi Y, Yoshioka H, Toyama Y, Suzuki Y, Shimizu H. The frequencies of micronuclei induced by cisplatin in newborn rat astrocytes are increased by 50-Hz, 7.5- and 10-mT electromagnetic fields. Environ Health Prev Med 2005; 10:138-43. [PMID: 21432152 PMCID: PMC2723253 DOI: 10.1007/bf02900806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2004] [Accepted: 03/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Epidemiological studies have suggested that exposure to environmental and occupational electromagnetic fields (EMFs) contribute to the induction of brain tumors, leukemia, and other neoplasms. The aim of this study was to investigate the genotoxic effects of exposure to 50-Hz EMFs. and of co-exposure to cisplatin, a mutagen and carcinogen, and 50-Hz EMFs, using an in vivo newborn rat astrocyte micronucleus assay. METHODS Three day-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were co-exposed to 50-Hz EMFs and 1.25 or 2.5 mg/kg of cisplatin. Brain cells were dissociated into single cells and cultured for 96 hours, then stained with acridine orange and an antibody against glial fibrillary acidic protein. The frequency of micronucleated astrocytes was counted with a fluorescent microscope. RESULTS The frequency of micronuclei was not increased in rat astrocytes exposed to EMFs alone. However, the frequencies of micronuclei in co-exposure to 2.5 mg/kg cisplatin and EMFs (7.5- and 10-mT) were significantly increased, compared with those in exposure to 2.5 mg/kg cisplatin alone (sham-exposure, 0-mT EMFs) for 72 hours (p<0.01). CONCLUSION Exposure to EMFs alone did not have a genotoxic effect but co-exposure to EMFs increased the genotoxic activity induced by cisplatin. Our findings suggest that EMFs enhance the genotoxic effects of cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Miyakoshi
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishishinbashi, Minato-ku, 105-8461, Tokyo, Japan,
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Erdal N, Erdal ME, Gürgül S. Lack of Effect of Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 Inhibitor Gene p18INK4C in Electric Energy Workers. Arch Med Res 2005; 36:120-3. [PMID: 15847943 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2004.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2004] [Accepted: 11/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs) may be a risk factor for human cancer. One mechanism through which ELF-MFs could influence neoplastic development is the deletion/mutation of cancer-related genes. Cellular proliferation follows an orderly progression through the cell cycle, which is governed by different cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs). The putative tumor suppressor gene p18(INK4C) encodes a specific inhibitor of cyclin D-cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor complexes having an important role in cell-cyclin regulation. It has been found to be deleted/mutated in a variety of human cancers. Therefore, this study is to investigate whether or not long-term extremely low frequency electromagnetic field exposure may be a risk factor for human cancer due to the gene p18(INK4C) deletion/mutation. METHODS The study was carried out on 31 male electric workers and 30 healthy males between 30 and 40 years of age from the same geographic area and with similar lifestyles. We studied both groups by polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP). RESULTS In comparison to the controls, band migration of exon 1 was found to be indifferent in all the subjects tested. However, only exon 2 of two electric workers was slow in migration with respect to both control and other subjects in the same class. This slow migration suggests that point mutations or polymorphisms may exist in this region of the p18(INK4C) gene. The relative risk (RR) for the unmatched analysis was 1,069 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.975-1.172). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that long-term ELF-MFs exposure does not significantly increase the risk of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurten Erdal
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Mersin, Mersin, Turkey.
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Wolf FI, Torsello A, Tedesco B, Fasanella S, Boninsegna A, D'Ascenzo M, Grassi C, Azzena GB, Cittadini A. 50-Hz extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields enhance cell proliferation and DNA damage: possible involvement of a redox mechanism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2005; 1743:120-9. [PMID: 15777847 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2004.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2004] [Revised: 09/02/2004] [Accepted: 09/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
HL-60 leukemia cells, Rat-1 fibroblasts and WI-38 diploid fibroblasts were exposed for 24-72 h to 0.5-1.0-mT 50-Hz extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF). This treatment induced a dose-dependent increase in the proliferation rate of all cell types, namely about 30% increase of cell proliferation after 72-h exposure to 1.0 mT. This was accompanied by increased percentage of cells in the S-phase after 12- and 48-h exposure. The ability of ELF-EMF to induce DNA damage was also investigated by measuring DNA strand breaks. A dose-dependent increase in DNA damage was observed in all cell lines, with two peaks occurring at 24 and 72 h. A similar pattern of DNA damage was observed by measuring formation of 8-OHdG adducts. The effects of ELF-EMF on cell proliferation and DNA damage were prevented by pretreatment of cells with an antioxidant like alpha-tocopherol, suggesting that redox reactions were involved. Accordingly, Rat-1 fibroblasts that had been exposed to ELF-EMF for 3 or 24 h exhibited a significant increase in dichlorofluorescein-detectable reactive oxygen species, which was blunted by alpha-tocopherol pretreatment. Cells exposed to ELF-EMF and examined as early as 6 h after treatment initiation also exhibited modifications of NF kappa B-related proteins (p65-p50 and I kappa B alpha), which were suggestive of increased formation of p65-p50 or p65-p65 active forms, a process usually attributed to redox reactions. These results suggest that ELF-EMF influence proliferation and DNA damage in both normal and tumor cells through the action of free radical species. This information may be of value for appraising the pathophysiologic consequences of an exposure to ELF-EMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica I Wolf
- Institute of General Pathology and Giovanni XXIII Cancer Research Center, L.go F. Vito, 1-00168 Rome, Italy.
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Simkó M, Mattsson MO. Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields as effectors of cellular responses in vitro: Possible immune cell activation. J Cell Biochem 2004; 93:83-92. [PMID: 15352165 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is presently an intense discussion if electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure has consequences for human health. This include exposure to structures and appliances that emit in the extremely low frequency (ELF) range of the electromagnetic spectrum, as well as emission coming from communication devices using the radiofrequency part of the spectrum. Biological effects of such exposures have been noted frequently, although the implication for specific health effects is not that clear. The basic interaction mechanism(s) between such fields and living matter is unknown. Numerous hypotheses have been suggested, although none is convincingly supported by experimental data. Various cellular components, processes, and systems can be affected by EMF exposure. Since it is unlikely that EMF can induce DNA damage directly, most studies have examined EMF effects on the cell membrane level, general and specific gene expression, and signal transduction pathways. In addition, a large number of studies have been performed regarding cell proliferation, cell cycle regulation, cell differentiation, metabolism, and various physiological characteristics of cells. Although 50/60 Hz EMF do not directly lead to genotoxic effects, it is possible that certain cellular processes altered by exposure to EMF indirectly affect the structure of DNA causing strand breaks and other chromosomal aberrations. The aim of this article is to present a hypothesis of a possible initial cellular event affected by exposure to ELF EMF, an event which is compatible with the multitude of effects observed after exposure. Based on an extensive literature review, we suggest that ELF EMF exposure is able to perform such activation by means of increasing levels of free radicals. Such a general activation is compatible with the diverse nature of observed effects. Free radicals are intermediates in natural processes like mitochondrial metabolism and are also a key feature of phagocytosis. Free radical release is inducible by ionizing radiation or phorbol ester treatment, both leading to genomic instability. EMF might be a stimulus to induce an "activated state" of the cell such as phagocytosis, which then enhances the release of free radicals, in turn leading to genotoxic events. We envisage that EMF exposure can cause both acute and chronic effects that are mediated by increased free radical levels: (1) Direct activation of, for example macrophages (or other cells) by short-term exposure to EMF leads to phagocytosis (or other cell specific responses) and consequently, free radical production. This pathway may be utilized to positively influence certain aspects of the immune response, and could be useful for specific therapeutic applications. (2) EMF-induced macrophage (cell) activation includes direct stimulation of free radical production. (3) An increase in the lifetime of free radicals by EMF leads to persistently elevated free radical concentrations. In general, reactions in which radicals are involved become more frequent, increasing the possibility of DNA damage. (4) Long-term EMF exposure leads to a chronically increased level of free radicals, subsequently causing an inhibition of the effects of the pineal gland hormone melatonin. Taken together, these EMF induced reactions could lead to a higher incidence of DNA damage and therefore, to an increased risk of tumour development. While the effects on melatonin and the extension of the lifetime of radicals can explain the link between EMF exposure and the incidence of for example leukaemia, the two additional mechanisms described here specifically for mouse macrophages, can explain the possible correlation between immune cell system stimulation and EMF exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrtill Simkó
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Institute of Cell Biology and Biosystems Technology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, D-18059 Rostock, Germany.
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Grassi C, D'Ascenzo M, Torsello A, Martinotti G, Wolf F, Cittadini A, Azzena GB. Effects of 50Hz electromagnetic fields on voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and their role in modulation of neuroendocrine cell proliferation and death. Cell Calcium 2004; 35:307-15. [PMID: 15036948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2003.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2003] [Revised: 08/07/2003] [Accepted: 09/07/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Possible correlation between the effects of electromagnetic fields (EFs) on voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels, cell proliferation and apoptosis was investigated in neural and neuroendocrine cells. Exposure to 50 Hz EFs significantly enhanced proliferation in human neuroblastoma IMR32 (+40%) and rat pituitary GH3 cells (+38%). In IMR32 cells EF stimulation also inhibited puromycin- and H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis (-22 and -33%, respectively). EF effects on proliferation and apoptosis were counteracted by Ca(2+) channel blockade. In whole-cell patch-clamp experiments 24-72 h exposure to EFs increased macroscopic Ba(2+)-current density in both GH3 (+67%) and IMR32 cells (+40%). Single-channel recordings showed that gating of L and N channels was instead unaffected, thus suggesting that the observed enhancement of current density was due to increased number of voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels. Western blot analysis of plasma membrane-enriched microsomal fractions of GH3 and IMR32 cells confirmed enhanced expression of Ca(2+) channel subunit alpha(1) following exposure to EFs. These data provide the first direct evidence that EFs enhance the expression of voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels on plasma membrane of the exposed cells. The consequent increase in Ca(2+) influx is likely responsible for the EF-induced modulation of neuronal cell proliferation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Grassi
- Institute of Human Physiology, Medical School, Catholic University S. Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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Abstract
An excess pattern of winter and spring birth, of those later diagnosed as schizophrenic, has been clearly identified in most Northern Hemisphere samples with none or lesser variation in Equatorial or Southern Hemisphere samples. Pregnancy and birth complications, seasonal variations in light, weather, temperature, nutrition, toxins, body chemistry and gene expression have all been hypothesized as possible causes. In this study, the hypothesis was tested that seasonal variation in the geomagnetic field of the earth primarily as a result of geomagnetic storms (GMS) at crucial periods in intrauterine brain development, during months 2 to 7 of gestation could affect the later rate of development of schizophrenia. The biological plausibility of this hypothesis is also briefly reviewed. A sample of eight representative published studies of schizophrenic monthly birth variation were compared with averaged geomagnetic disturbance using two global indices (AA*) and (aa). Three samples showed a significant negative correlation to both geomagnetic indices, a further three a significant negative correlation to one of the geomagnetic indices, one showed no significant correlation to either index and one showed a significant positive correlation to one index. It is suggested that these findings are all consistent with the hypothesis and that geomagnetic disturbance or factors associated with this disturbance should be further investigated in birth seasonality studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald W Kay
- Ross University School of Medicine, Portsmouth Campus, Roseau, Dominica.
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Pirozzoli MC, Marino C, Lovisolo GA, Laconi C, Mosiello L, Negroni A. Effects of 50 Hz electromagnetic field exposure on apoptosis and differentiation in a neuroblastoma cell line. Bioelectromagnetics 2003; 24:510-6. [PMID: 12955756 DOI: 10.1002/bem.10130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Experiments were carried out to assess whether a magnetic field of 50 Hz and 1 mT can influence apoptosis and proliferation in the human neuroblastoma cell line LAN-5. TUNEL assays and poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) expression analysis were performed to test apoptosis induction, and the WST-1 assay was used to calculate the proliferation index in a long term exposure. No alterations were found in cellular ability to undergo programmed cell death, but a small increase in the proliferation index was evidenced after 7 days of continuous exposure. Also, a slight and transient increase of B-myb oncogene expression was detected after 5 days of exposure. Combined exposures of cells to EMF and to chemical agents which interfere with proliferation, such as the differentiative agent retinoic acid and the apoptotic inducer camptothecin, showed an antagonistic effect of magnetic fields against the differentiation of the LAN-5 cells and a protective effect towards apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Pirozzoli
- Ente Nuove tecnologie Energia e Ambiente (ENEA) Section of Toxicology and Biomedical Sciences, Rome, Italy
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James WH. Evidence that non-ionizing radiation alters men's hormone levels. J Occup Environ Med 2002; 44:305-7; author reply 307. [PMID: 11977413 DOI: 10.1097/00043764-200204000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tian F, Nakahara T, Yoshida M, Honda N, Hirose H, Miyakoshi J. Exposure to power frequency magnetic fields suppresses X-ray-induced apoptosis transiently in Ku80-deficient xrs5 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 292:355-61. [PMID: 11906169 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2002.6661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to determine whether exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields can affect cells, Ku80-deficient cells (xrs5) and Ku80-proficient cells (CHO-K1) were exposed to ELF electromagnetic fields. Cell survival, and the levels of the apoptosis-related genes p21, p53, phospho-p53 (Ser(15)), caspase-3 and the anti-apoptosis gene bcl-2 were determined in xrs5 and CHO-K1 cells following exposure to ELF electromagnetic fields and X-rays. It was found that exposure of xrs5 and CHO-K1 cells to 60 Hz ELF electromagnetic fields had no effect on cell survival, cell cycle distribution and protein expression. Exposure of xrs5 cells to 60 Hz ELF electromagnetic fields for 5 h after irradiation significantly inhibited G(1) cell cycle arrest induced by X-rays (1 Gy) and resulted in elevated bcl-2 expression. A significant decrease in the induction of p53, phospho-p53, caspase-3 and p21 proteins was observed in xrs5 cells when irradiation by X-rays (8 Gy) was followed by exposure to 5 mT ELF magnetic fields. Exposure of xrs5 cells to the ELF electromagnetic fields for 10 h following irradiation significantly decreased X-ray-induced apoptosis from about 1.7% to 0.7%. However, this effect was not found in CHO-K1 cells within 24 h of irradiation by X-rays alone and by X-rays combined with ELF electromagnetic fields. Exposure of xrs5 cells to 60 Hz ELF electromagnetic fields following irradiation can affect cell cycle distribution and transiently suppress apoptosis by decreasing the levels of caspase-3, p21, p53 and phospho-p53 and by increasing bcl-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furong Tian
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Villeneuve PJ, Agnew DA, Johnson KC, Mao Y. Brain cancer and occupational exposure to magnetic fields among men: results from a Canadian population-based case-control study. Int J Epidemiol 2002; 31:210-7. [PMID: 11914323 DOI: 10.1093/ije/31.1.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between occupational exposure to magnetic fields and brain cancer in men was investigated using population-based case-control data collected in eight Canadian provinces. Emphasis was placed on examining the variations in risk across different histological types. METHODS A list of occupations was compiled for 543 cases and 543 controls that were individually matched by age. Occupations were categorized according to their average magnetic field exposure through blinded expert review (<0.3, 0.3-<0.6, and > or = 0.6 microT). In total, 133 cases (14%) and 123 controls (12%) were estimated to have at least one occupation whereby magnetic field exposures exceeded 0.3 microT. Odds ratios (OR) were generated using conditional logistic regression, and were adjusted for suspected occupational risk factors for brain cancer. RESULTS A non-significantly increased risk of brain cancer was observed among men who had ever held a job with an average magnetic field exposure >0.6 microT relative to those with exposures <0.3 microT (OR = 1.33, 95% CI : 0.75-2.36). A more pronounced risk was observed among men diagnosed with glioblastoma multiforme (OR = 5.36, 95% CI : 1.16-24.78). Moreover, a cumulative time weighted index score of magnetic field exposure was significantly related to glioblastoma multiforme (P = 0.02). In contrast, magnetic field exposures were not associated with astrocytoma or other brain cancers. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the hypothesis that occupational magnetic field exposure increases the risk of glioblastoma multiforme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Villeneuve
- Environmental Risk Assessment and Case Surveillance Division, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0L2.
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Ding GR, Nakahara T, Tian FR, Guo Y, Miyakoshi J. Transient suppression of X-ray-induced apoptosis by exposure to power frequency magnetic fields in MCF-7 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 286:953-7. [PMID: 11527392 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that exposure to power frequency magnetic fields may be a risk factor for breast cancer in humans. To study the relationship between exposure to 60-Hz magnetic fields (MFs) and breast cancer, cell cycle distribution, apoptosis, and the expression of related proteins (p21, Bax, and Bcl-2) were determined in MCF-7 cells following exposure to magnetic fields (60 Hz, 5 mT) alone or in combination with X rays. It was found that exposure of MCF-7 cells to 60-Hz MFs for 4, 8, and 24 h had no effect on cell cycle distribution. Furthermore, 60-Hz MFs failed to affect cell growth arrest and p21 expression induced by X rays (4 Gy). Similarly, 60-Hz MFs did not induce apoptosis or the expression of Bax and Bcl-2, two proteins related to apoptosis. However, exposure of cells to 60-Hz MFs for 24 h after irradiation by X rays (12 Gy) significantly decreased apoptosis and Bax expression but increased Bcl-2 expression. The effects of exposure to 60-Hz MFs on X-ray-induced apoptosis and Bax and Bcl-2 expressions were not observed at 72 h. These data suggest that exposure to 60-Hz MFs has no effects on the growth of MCF-7 cells, but it might transiently suppress X-ray-induced apoptosis through increasing the Bcl-2/Bax ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Ding
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
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Sun WJ, Yu YN, Chiang H, Fu YD, Lu DQ. EFFECTS OF 50 Hz MAGNETIC FIELD EXPOSURE ON PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION IN CULTURED CELLS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1081/jbc-100104144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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