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Formulation of Ethyl Cellulose Microparticles Incorporated Pheophytin A Isolated from Suaeda vermiculata for Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081501. [PMID: 30999569 PMCID: PMC6514815 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study is designed to discover a method for delivering an efficient potent pheophytin a (pheo-a) into more absorbed and small polymeric ethyl cellulose (EC) microparticles. METHODS Silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 columns were used to isolate pheo-a from the chloroform extract of the edible plant, Suaeda vermiculata. Pheo-a was incorporated into EC microparticles using emulsion-solvent techniques. The antioxidant activity of pheo-a microparticles was confirmed by the level of superoxide radical (SOD), nitric oxide (NO), and reducing power (RP) methods. Meanwhile, the cytotoxic effect of the product was investigated on MCF-7 cells using MTT assay. RESULTS Pheo-a was isolated from S. vermiculata in a 12% concentration of the total chloroform extract. The structures were confirmed by NMR and IR spectroscopic analysis. The formulated microparticles were uniform, completely dispersed in the aqueous media, compatible as ingredients, and had a mean diameter of 139 ± 1.56 µm as measured by a particle size analyzer. Pheo-a demonstrated a valuable antioxidant activity when compared with ascorbic acid. The IC50 values of pheo-a microparticles were 200.5 and 137.7 µg/mL for SOD, and NO respectively. The reducing power of pheo-a microparticles was more potent than ascorbic acid and had a 4.2 µg/mL for IC50 value. Pheo-a microparticles did not show notable cytotoxicity on the MCF-7 cell line (IC50 = 35.9 µg/mL) compared with doxorubicin (IC50 = 3.2 µg/mL). CONCLUSIONS the results showed that water-soluble pheo-a microparticles were prepared with a valuable antioxidant activity in a wide range of concentrations with a noteworthy cytotoxic effect.
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Comparative haemato-immunotoxic impacts of long-term exposure to tartrazine and chlorophyll in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 63:145-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Prachayasittikul V, Prachayasittikul S, Ruchirawat S, Prachayasittikul V. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum): A promising functional food toward the well-being. Food Res Int 2017; 105:305-323. [PMID: 29433220 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Coriandrum sativum (C. sativum) or coriander is one of the most popularly used spices in culinary worldwide, and its medicinal values has been recognized since ancient time. C. sativum contains bioactive phytochemicals that are accounted for a wide range of biological activities including antioxidant, anticancer, neuroprotective, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, analgesic, migraine-relieving, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, antimicrobial, and antiinflammatory activities. The major compound, linalool, abundantly found in seeds is remarked for its abilities to modulate many key pathogenesis pathways of diseases. Apart from the modulating effects, the potent antioxidant property of the C. sativum provides a key mechanism behind its protective effects against neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and metabolic syndrome. This review shed light on comprehensive aspects regarding the therapeutic values of the C. sativum, which indicate its significance of being a promising functional food for promoting the well-being in the era of aging and lifestyle-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veda Prachayasittikul
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | - Supaluk Prachayasittikul
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Somsak Ruchirawat
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Program in Chemical Biology, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Commission on Higher Education (CHE), Ministry of Education, Thailand
| | - Virapong Prachayasittikul
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
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Atanasov AG, Waltenberger B, Pferschy-Wenzig EM, Linder T, Wawrosch C, Uhrin P, Temml V, Wang L, Schwaiger S, Heiss EH, Rollinger JM, Schuster D, Breuss JM, Bochkov V, Mihovilovic MD, Kopp B, Bauer R, Dirsch VM, Stuppner H. Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active plant-derived natural products: A review. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1582-1614. [PMID: 26281720 PMCID: PMC4748402 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1335] [Impact Index Per Article: 148.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants have historically proven their value as a source of molecules with therapeutic potential, and nowadays still represent an important pool for the identification of novel drug leads. In the past decades, pharmaceutical industry focused mainly on libraries of synthetic compounds as drug discovery source. They are comparably easy to produce and resupply, and demonstrate good compatibility with established high throughput screening (HTS) platforms. However, at the same time there has been a declining trend in the number of new drugs reaching the market, raising renewed scientific interest in drug discovery from natural sources, despite of its known challenges. In this survey, a brief outline of historical development is provided together with a comprehensive overview of used approaches and recent developments relevant to plant-derived natural product drug discovery. Associated challenges and major strengths of natural product-based drug discovery are critically discussed. A snapshot of the advanced plant-derived natural products that are currently in actively recruiting clinical trials is also presented. Importantly, the transition of a natural compound from a "screening hit" through a "drug lead" to a "marketed drug" is associated with increasingly challenging demands for compound amount, which often cannot be met by re-isolation from the respective plant sources. In this regard, existing alternatives for resupply are also discussed, including different biotechnology approaches and total organic synthesis. While the intrinsic complexity of natural product-based drug discovery necessitates highly integrated interdisciplinary approaches, the reviewed scientific developments, recent technological advances, and research trends clearly indicate that natural products will be among the most important sources of new drugs also in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanas G. Atanasov
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Waltenberger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Eva-Maria Pferschy-Wenzig
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4/I, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Linder
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-OC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Wawrosch
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Pavel Uhrin
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Temml
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Limei Wang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Schwaiger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elke H. Heiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith M. Rollinger
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes M. Breuss
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Valery Bochkov
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 46/III, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Marko D. Mihovilovic
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-OC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Kopp
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Bauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4/I, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Verena M. Dirsch
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Lei W, Browning JD, Eichen PA, Brownstein KJ, Folk WR, Sun GY, Lubahn DB, Rottinghaus GE, Fritsche KL. Unveiling the anti-inflammatory activity of Sutherlandia frutescens using murine macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:254-262. [PMID: 26585972 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sutherlandia frutescens is a botanical widely used in southern Africa for treatment of inflammatory and other conditions. Previously, an ethanolic extract of S. frutescens (SFE) has been shown to inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) by murine neurons and a microglia cell line (BV-2 cells). In this study we sought to confirm the anti-inflammatory activities of SFE on a widely used murine macrophage cell line (i.e., RAW 264.7 cells) and primary mouse macrophages. Furthermore, experiments were conducted to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of the flavonol and cycloartanol glycosides found in high quantities in S. frutescens. While the SFE exhibited anti-inflammatory activities upon murine macrophages similar to that reported with the microglia cell line, this effect does not appear to be mediated by sutherlandiosides or sutherlandins. In contrast, chlorophyll in our extracts appeared to be partly responsible for some of the activity observed in our macrophage-dependent screening assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lei
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jimmy D Browning
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Peggy A Eichen
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Korey J Brownstein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - William R Folk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Grace Y Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Dennis B Lubahn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - George E Rottinghaus
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Kevin L Fritsche
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Takamoto H, Eguchi K, Kawabata T, Fujiwara Y, Takeya M, Tsukamoto S. Inhibitors for cholesterol ester accumulation in macrophages from Chinese cabbage. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:1315-9. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1023247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The cholesterol ester accumulates in macrophages in the early stage of atherosclerotic lesions, leading to the formation of foam cells. We examined the inhibitory effects of the crude extracts of 22 edible plants on foam cell formation and isolated nine chlorophyll derivatives as potent inhibitors from Chinese cabbage. The results of the present study suggest that the chlorophyll derivatives contained in edible plants may be useful for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Takamoto
- Department of Natural Medicines, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Keisuke Eguchi
- Department of Natural Medicines, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kawabata
- Department of Natural Medicines, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yukio Fujiwara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Motohiro Takeya
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tsukamoto
- Department of Natural Medicines, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Nagini S, Palitti F, Natarajan AT. Chemopreventive potential of chlorophyllin: a review of the mechanisms of action and molecular targets. Nutr Cancer 2015; 67:203-11. [PMID: 25650669 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.990573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyllin (CHL), a water soluble semisynthetic derivative of the ubiquitous plant pigment chlorophyll used as a food additive, is recognized to confer a wide range of health benefits. CHL has been shown to exhibit potent antigenotoxic, anti-oxidant, and anticancer effects. Numerous experimental and epidemiological studies have demonstrated that dietary supple-mentation of CHL lowers the risk of cancer. CHL inhibits cancer initiation and progression by targeting multiple molecules and pathways involved in the metabolism of carcinogens, cell cycle progression, apoptosis evasion, invasion, and angiogenesis. The modulatory effects of CHL on the hallmark capabilities of cancer appear to be mediated via abrogation of key oncogenic signal transduction pathways such as nuclear factor kappa B, Wnt/β-catenin, and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt signaling. This review provides insights into the molecular mechanisms of the anticancer effects of dietary CHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddavaram Nagini
- a Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science , Annamalai University , Tamil Nadu , India
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Lin KH, Hsu CY, Huang YP, Lai JY, Hsieh WB, Huang MY, Yang CM, Chao PY. Chlorophyll-related compounds inhibit cell adhesion and inflammation in human aortic cells. J Med Food 2013; 16:886-98. [PMID: 24066944 PMCID: PMC3806384 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.2558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of chlorophyll-related compounds (CRCs) and chlorophyll (Chl) a+b on inflammation in human aortic endothelial cells. Adhesion molecule expression and interleukin (IL)-8, nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 protein, and NF-κB and activator protein (AP)-1 DNA binding were assessed. The effects of CRCs on inflammatory signaling pathways of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) and mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4, respectively induced by IL-6 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, in human aortic smooth muscle cells cultured in vitro were also investigated. HAECs were pretreated with 10 μM of CRCs, Chl a+b, and aspirin (Asp) for 18 h followed by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (2 ng/mL) for 6 h, and U937 cell adhesion was determined. TNF-α-induced monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion was significantly inhibited by CRCs. Moreover, CRCs and Chl a+b significantly attenuated vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and IL-8 expressions. Treatments also significantly decreased in NF-κB expression, DNA binding, and AP-1 DNA binding by CRCs and Asp. Thus, CRCs exert anti-inflammatory effects through modulation of NF-κB and AP-1 signaling. Ten micromoles of CRCs and Asp upregulated the expression of mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 (Drosophila) (SMAD4) in the TGF-β receptor signaling pathway, and SMAD3/4 transcription activity was also increased. Ten micromoles of CRCs were able to potently inhibit STAT3-binding activity by repressing IL-6-induced STAT3 expression. Our results provide a potential mechanism that explains the anti-inflammatory activities of these CRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Hung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yun Hsu
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chang-Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ping Huang
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science of Living, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jun-You Lai
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Bin Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Yuan Huang
- Research Center for Biodiversity, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ming Yang
- Research Center for Biodiversity, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Yu Chao
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chlorophyll revisited: anti-inflammatory activities of chlorophyll a and inhibition of expression of TNF-α gene by the same. Inflammation 2012; 35:959-66. [PMID: 22038065 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-011-9399-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In view of the folklore use of green leaves to treat inflammation, the anti-inflammatory property of chlorophylls and their degradation products were studied. Chlorophyll a and pheophytin a (magnesium-free chlorophyll a) from fresh leaves showed potent anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice and formalin-induced paw edema in rats. Chlorophyll a inhibited bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-α (a pro-inflammatory cytokine) gene expression in HEK293 cells, but it did not influence the expression of inducible nitric acid synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 genes. Chlorophyll b only marginally inhibited both inflammation and TNF-α gene expression. But both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b showed the same level of marginal inhibition on 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate-induced NF-κB activation. Chlorophylls and pheophytins showed in vitro anti-oxidant activity. The study shows that chlorophyll a and its degradation products are valuable and abundantly available anti-inflammatory agents and promising for the development of phytomedicine or conventional medicine to treat inflammation and related diseases.
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Thiyagarajan P, Senthil Murugan R, Kavitha K, Anitha P, Prathiba D, Nagini S. Dietary chlorophyllin inhibits the canonical NF-κB signaling pathway and induces intrinsic apoptosis in a hamster model of oral oncogenesis. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 50:867-76. [PMID: 22210229 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyllin, a water-soluble, semi-synthetic derivative of the ubiquitous green pigment chlorophyll is shown to exert potent anticarcinogenic effects. In the present study, we investigated the chemopreventive effects of chlorophyllin on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced hamster buccal pouch (HBP) carcinogenesis by analyzing the expression of NF-κB family members and markers of intrinsic apoptosis. Dietary administration of chlorophyllin (4 mg/kg bw) suppressed the development of HBP carcinomas by inhibiting the canonical NF-κB signaling pathway by downregulating IKKβ, preventing the phosphorylation of IκB-α, and reducing the expression of nuclear NF-κB. Inactivation of NF-κB signaling by chlorophyllin was associated with the induction of intrinsic apoptosis as evidenced by modulation of Bcl-2 family proteins, enforced nuclear localization of survivin, upregulation of apoptogenic molecules, activation of caspases, and cleavage of PARP. The results of the present study demonstrate that chlorophyllin inhibits the development of DMBA-induced HBP carcinogenesis by targeting NF-κB and the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Thus, dietary agents such as chlorophyllin that simultaneously target divergent pathways of cell survival and cell death are novel candidates for cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Thiyagarajan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
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Wu TT, Tsai CW, Yao HT, Lii CK, Chen HW, Wu YL, Chen PY, Liu KL. Suppressive effects of extracts from the aerial part of Coriandrum sativum L. on LPS-induced inflammatory responses in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2010; 90:1846-54. [PMID: 20549653 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coriandrum sativum is used not only as a spice to aid flavour and taste values in food, but also as a folk medicine in many countries. Since little is known about the anti-inflammatory ability of the aerial parts (stem and leaf) of C. sativum, the present study investigated the effect of aerial parts of C. sativum on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. We further explored the molecular mechanism underlying these pharmacological properties of C. sativum. RESULTS Ethanolic extracts from both stem and leaf of C. sativum (CSEE) significantly decreased LPS-induced nitric oxide and prostaglandin E(2) production as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and pro-interleukin-1beta expression. Moreover, LPS-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation and nuclear p65 protein expression as well as nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) nuclear protein-DNA binding affinity and reporter gene activity were dramatically inhibited by aerial parts of CSEE. Exogenous addition of CSEE stem and leaf significantly reduced LPS-induced expression of phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). CONCLUSION Our data demonstrated that aerial parts of CSEE have a strong anti-inflammatory property which inhibits pro-inflammatory mediator expression by suppressing NF-kappaB activation and MAPK signal transduction pathway in LPS-induced macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang-Tiau Wu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Yu JW, Yang R, Kim YS. Differential cytoprotective effect of copper- and iron-containing chlorophyllins against oxidative stress-mediated cell death. Free Radic Res 2010; 44:655-67. [DOI: 10.3109/10715761003733893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Cho EJ, Li L, Piao XL, Lee SH, Kim HY. Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Butanol Fraction from the Fruit of Citrus junos. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.3746/jfn.2009.14.1.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Yi NR, Hwang JY, Han JS. Hypoglycemic Effect of Fermented Soymilk Extract in STZ-induced Diabetic Mice. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.3746/jfn.2009.14.1.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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KIM HY, OI Y, KIM M, YOKOZAWA T. Protective Effect of Lipoic Acid against Methylglyoxal-Induced Oxidative Stress in LLC-PK1 Cells. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2008; 54:99-104. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.54.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Yokozawa T, Kim YA, Kim HY, Lee YA, Nonaka GI. Protective effect of persimmon peel polyphenol against high glucose-induced oxidative stress in LLC-PK1 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:1979-87. [PMID: 17574318 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2005] [Revised: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of persimmon peel polyphenol (PPP) on high glucose-induced oxidative stress was investigated using LLC-PK(1) cells, which is susceptible to oxidative stress. High-concentration glucose (30 mM) treatment induced LLC-PK(1) cell death, but high molecular-PPP (HMPPP) and low molecular-PPP (LMPPP), at concentrations of 5 or 10 microg/ml, significantly inhibited the high glucose-induced cytotoxicity. Furthermore, treatment with HMPPP or LMPPP dose-dependently reduced the intracellular reactive oxygen species level increased by 30 mM glucose. In addition, nitric oxide, superoxide and peroxynitrite levels were increased by 30 mM glucose treatment, but they were concentration-dependently inhibited by HMPPP or LMPPP treatment. High glucose levels induced the overexpressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) proteins, but HMPPP or LMPPP treatment reduced the overexpressions of these proteins. HMPPP or LMPPP also inhibited the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) induced by 30 mM glucose in LLC-PK(1) cells. In particular, LMPPP exhibited stronger inhibitory activities on high glucose induced oxidative stress than HMPPP. These findings indicate the potential benefits of persimmon peel as a valuable source of antioxidants in the diabetic condition which will reduce the oxidative stress induced by hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Yokozawa
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
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Yokozawa T, Kim YA, Kim HY, Okamoto T, Sei Y. Protective effect of the Chinese prescription Kangen-karyu against high glucose-induced oxidative stress in LLC-PK1 cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 109:113-20. [PMID: 16949779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2006] [Revised: 06/01/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of Chinese prescription Kangen-karyu on high glucose-induced oxidative stress using LLC-PK(1) cells, renal tubular cells, which are the most vulnerable renal tissue to oxidative stress. High-concentration glucose (30mM) treatment induced LLC-PK(1) cell death, but Kangen-karyu, at a concentration of 5, 10 or 50 microg/ml, significantly inhibited high glucose-induced cytotoxicity. In addition, the intracellular reactive oxygen species level was increased by 30mM glucose treatment, but it was concentration-dependently inhibited by Kangen-karyu treatment. Moreover, 30mM glucose treatment induced high levels of superoxide anion, nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. However, Kangen-karyu treatment significantly reduced the radical overproduction induced by high glucose, suggesting Kangen-karyu has radical-scavenging activity that would protect against oxidative stress induced by high glucose. Kangen-karyu also reduced the overexpression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 proteins induced by high glucose. Furthermore, treatment with Kangen-karyu, at a concentration of 50mug/ml, inhibited the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B induced by 30mM glucose in LLC-PK(1) cells. These findings indicate that Kangen-karyu is a potential therapeutic agent that will reduce the damage caused by hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress associated with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Yokozawa
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
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Son CG, Shin JW, Cho JH, Cho CK, Yun CH, Chung W, Han SH. Macrophage activation and nitric oxide production by water soluble components of Hericium erinaceum. Int Immunopharmacol 2006; 6:1363-9. [PMID: 16782550 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2006.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Revised: 11/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Hericium erinaceum is a medicinal and edible mushroom with anti-microbial and anti-cancer activities. To evaluate the immunoregulatory functions of H. erinaceum, we prepared water extract from H. erinaceum (WEHE) and investigated its ability to activate macrophages and to induce nitric oxide (NO) production in macrophages. Rat peritoneal macrophages stimulated with 1 to 100 mug/ml of WEHE for 24, 48, or 72 h produced NO in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that WEHE augmented the steady-state level of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) mRNA in both the peritoneal macrophages and a murine macrophage cell-line, RAW 264.7. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that WEHE increased DNA binding activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB, which is responsible for iNOS gene expression. Furthermore, its trans-acting activity was confirmative as determined by in vitro transfection assay using a reporter gene construct, p(NF-kappaB)(3)-CAT, whose expression is solely regulated by the activity of NF-kappaB. Concomitantly with the activation of NF-kappaB, WEHE markedly decreased intracellular IkappaBalpha level as demonstrated by Western blot assay. These results suggested that WEHE induces iNOS gene expression followed by NO production in macrophages via enhancing the activation of transcription factor, NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Gue Son
- East-West Cancer Center, Dunsan Oriental Hospital of Daejon University, Daejon 301-724, Republic of Korea
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Yun CH, Jung U, Son CG, Ju HR, Han SH. 3-Amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-1), a food-born carcinogenic heterocyclic amine, promotes nitric oxide production in murine macrophages. Toxicol Lett 2006; 161:18-26. [PMID: 16139443 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2005] [Revised: 07/20/2005] [Accepted: 07/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A heterocyclic amine, 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-1) is one of the potent food-born dietary carcinogens derived mainly from burnt meat products. In the present study, we investigated the inductive effect of Trp-P-1 on nitric oxide (NO) production in murine macrophages since NO and its oxidized derivatives are directly involved in triggering mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. Our results show that Trp-P-1 induced mRNA expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and NO production without co-stimulation in murine peritoneal macrophages and RAW 264.7 cells. Trp-P-1 further enhanced both iNOS mRNA expression and NO production, which were primarily induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Electrophoretic mobility shift assay demonstrated that Trp-P-1, alone or in the presence of LPS, facilitated the DNA binding activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB, and the trans-acting activity of the NF-kappaB was confirmative as determined by in vitro transfection and a luciferase reporter gene assay. Moreover, Trp-P-1 induced increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play an important role in NF-kappaB activation. These results suggest that Trp-P-1 induces NO production mediated by an increased intracellular ROS, NF-kappaB activation, and subsequent iNOS gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol-Heui Yun
- Laboratory Sciences Division, International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, San 4-8 Bongcheon-7 dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul 151-818, Republic of Korea
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Yun CH, Jeon YJ, Yang Y, Ju HR, Han SH. Chlorophyllin suppresses interleukin-1 beta expression in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2006; 6:252-9. [PMID: 16399630 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2005] [Revised: 07/27/2005] [Accepted: 08/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Our previous findings demonstrated that chlorophyllin (CHL) inhibits inducible nitric oxide gene expression in macrophages. In the present study, we show that CHL inhibited IL-1beta production and its mRNA expression in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine macrophage cell-line, RAW 264.7. The inhibitory effect of CHL on IL-1beta gene expression was further supported by an in vitro transfection assay using a pIL-1(870 bp)-CAT construct, where CHL inhibited the activation of the IL-1beta promoter. Furthermore, CHL attenuated the activation of NF-kappaB, NF-IL6 and AP-1, which are known to be responsible for IL-1beta gene expression, as determined by an electrophoretic mobility shift assay and an in vitro transfection assay using p(NF-kappaB)3-CAT, p(NF-IL6)3-CAT, and p(AP-1)3-CAT, respectively. However, it was evident that the inhibitory activity of CHL on IL-1beta expression in the LPS-stimulated macrophages was independent of CRE/ATF. The immunoblot experiment demonstrated that CHL also caused a substantial decrease in the phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7. These results suggest that CHL inhibits IL-1beta production in macrophages stimulated with LPS at transcriptional level by blocking the phosphorylation of p38 and by suppressing the activation of transcription factors, NF-kappaB, NF-IL6, and AP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol-Heui Yun
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, 151-818, Republic of Korea
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Yun CH, Son CG, Chung DK, Han SH. Chlorophyllin attenuates IFN-γ expression in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine splenic mononuclear cells via suppressing IL-12 production. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 5:1926-35. [PMID: 16275627 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2005] [Revised: 05/24/2005] [Accepted: 06/20/2005] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyllin (CHL) is a chlorophyll derivative with anticarcinogen and antioxidant activities. Despite clinical importance of CHL as a potential therapeutics for treating cancer patients, little is known about the immunological properties of CHL. In the present study, we investigated the effect of CHL on the activation of murine splenocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). RT-PCR analysis showed that LPS-activated IFN-gamma expression gradually declined by CHL treatment in a dose dependent manner while mRNA production of TNF-alpha, IL-2, and FasL was not changed. CHL also suppressed IL-12 production (p70, a heterodimer of p40 and p35) and the mRNA expression of IL-12 p40 and IL-12 receptors (both IL-12Rbeta1 and IL-12Rbeta2), which are involved in the induction of IFN-gamma expression. Furthermore, an electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that CHL inhibited DNA binding activity of NF-kappaB, STAT-3, and STAT-4 to their cognate DNA recognition motifs, all of which contribute to the IL-12-induced IFN-gamma transcription. Exogenous addition of recombinant IL-12 abrogated the inhibitory effect of CHL on IFN-gamma and its mRNA expression in LPS-activated splenocytes. Collectively, these results show that CHL inhibits IFN-gamma production by LPS-stimulated splenic mononuclear cells due to down-regulation of IL-12 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol-Heui Yun
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, 151-818, Republic of Korea
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Park HJ, Lee SH, Son DJ, Oh KW, Kim KH, Song HS, Kim GJ, Oh GT, Yoon DY, Hong JT. Antiarthritic effect of bee venom: Inhibition of inflammation mediator generation by suppression of NF-?B through interaction with the p50 subunit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 50:3504-15. [PMID: 15529353 DOI: 10.1002/art.20626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the molecular mechanisms of the antiarthritic effects of bee venom (BV) and melittin (a major component of BV) in a murine macrophage cell line (Raw 264.7) and in synoviocytes obtained from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS We evaluated the antiarthritic effects of BV in a rat model of carrageenan-induced acute edema in the paw and in a rat model of chronic adjuvant-induced arthritis. The inhibitory effects of BV and melittin on inflammatory gene expression were measured by Western blotting, and the generation of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and nitric oxide (NO) and the intracellular calcium level were assayed. NF-kappaB DNA binding and transcriptional activity were determined by gel mobility shift assay or by luciferase assay. Direct binding of BV and melittin to the p50 subunit of NF-kappaB was determined with a surface plasmon resonance analyzer. RESULTS BV (0.8 and 1.6 mug/kg) reduced the effects of carrageenan- and adjuvant-induced arthritis. This reducing effect was consistent with the inhibitory effects of BV (0.5, 1, and 5 mug/ml) and melittin (5 and 10 mug/ml) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1 mug/ml)-induced expression of cyclooxygenase 2, cytosolic phospholipase A(2), inducible NO synthase, generation of PGE(2) and NO, and the intracellular calcium level. BV and melittin prevented LPS-induced transcriptional and DNA binding activity of NF-kappaB via the inhibition of IkappaB release and p50 translocation. BV (affinity [K(d)] = 4.6 x 10(-6)M) and melittin (K(d) = 1.2 x 10(-8)M) bound directly to p50. CONCLUSION Target inactivation of NF-kappaB by directly binding to the p50 subunit is an important mechanism of the antiarthritic effects of BV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ji Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 48 Gaesin-dong, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, South Korea
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