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Xiao X, Cao Y, Bi K, Wang W, Yang J, Wang J, Li Y, Li C, Guan R, Zhang Y, Wang J, Song S, Zhu L, Shi H. The Triaging Effect of the Human Papillomavirus 16/18 E7 Oncoprotein Assay in HPV 16/18-Positive Patients for High-Grade Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Screening: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2023; 32:1136-1141. [PMID: 37615520 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2023.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the triaging efficacy of the human papillomavirus (HPV) 16/18 E7 oncoprotein assay for high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2+) screening in HPV 16/18-positive patients in a tertiary hospital in China. Methods: We collected 476 cervical cell samples from women who tested positive for HPV 16/18 in the gynecological clinic of Peking Union Medical College Hospital between September 2018 and September 2022 and analyzed them by the HPV 16/18 E7 oncoprotein assay before colposcopy and biopsy. The study assessed the triaging efficacy of the HPV 16/18 E7 oncoprotein assay in HPV 16/18-positive patients by analyzing its performance against the gold standard of histologically confirmed CIN2+. Results: The positive rate of the HPV 16/18 E7 oncoprotein assay was 41.0% (114/278) in the negative for intraepithelial lesions and malignancy/CIN1 group and 80.3% (159/198) in the CIN2+ group. For triage of women with a positive HPV 16/18 test for CIN2+ detection, the HPV 16/18 E7 oncoprotein assay had a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 80.3%, 59.4%, 58.5%, and 80.9%, respectively. Furthermore, longitudinal follow-up of five patients showed a good correlation between the expression of the HPV 16/18 E7 oncoprotein and cervical lesion grades. Conclusions: As a triage method for HPV 16/18-positive patients, the HPV 16/18 E7 oncoprotein assay improves the specificity, reduces the colposcopy referral rate, and has the potential for long-term monitoring of high-grade CIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Xiao
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric and Gynecologic Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Cao
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric and Gynecologic Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kaihua Bi
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric and Gynecologic Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric and Gynecologic Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Junjun Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric and Gynecologic Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric and Gynecologic Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric and Gynecologic Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Caijuan Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric and Gynecologic Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoli Guan
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric and Gynecologic Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhui Song
- Research and Development Department, FAMID Biomedical Technology (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Lan Zhu
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric and Gynecologic Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Honghui Shi
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric and Gynecologic Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Fernandez-Avila L, Castro-Amaya AM, Molina-Pineda A, Hernández-Gutiérrez R, Jave-Suarez LF, Aguilar-Lemarroy A. The Value of CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, and CXCL8 as Potential Prognosis Markers in Cervical Cancer: Evidence of E6/E7 from HPV16 and 18 in Chemokines Regulation. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2655. [PMID: 37893029 PMCID: PMC10604789 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is a serious global health issue, and it is well-known that HPV infection is the main etiological factor that triggers carcinogenesis. In cancer, chemokine ligands and receptors are involved in tumor cell growth, metastasis, leukocyte infiltration, and angiogenesis; however, information on the role played by E6/E7 of HPV16/18 in the modulation of chemokines is very limited. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether chemokines are differentially expressed in CC-derived cell lines; if E6/E7 oncoproteins from HPV16 and 18 are capable of mediating chemokine expression, what is the expression profile of chemokines in tissues derived from CC and what is their impact on the overall survival of patients with this pathology? For this purpose, RNA sequencing and real-time PCR were performed on SiHa, HeLa, and C33A tumorigenic cell lines, on the non-tumorigenic HaCaT cells, and the E6/E7 HPV-transduced HaCaT cell models. Furthermore, chemokine expression and survival analysis were executed on 304 CC and 22 normal tissue samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) repository. The results demonstrate that CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, and CXCL8 are regulated by E6/E7 of HPV16 and 18, are overexpressed in CC biopsies, and that their higher expression is related to a worse prognostic survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Fernandez-Avila
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Aribert Maryosly Castro-Amaya
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Andrea Molina-Pineda
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Guadalajara 44270, Jalisco, Mexico; (A.M.-P.); (R.H.-G.)
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONAHCYT, Mexico City 03940, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Hernández-Gutiérrez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Guadalajara 44270, Jalisco, Mexico; (A.M.-P.); (R.H.-G.)
| | - Luis Felipe Jave-Suarez
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Adriana Aguilar-Lemarroy
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
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Tasoulas J, Srivastava S, Xu X, Tarasova V, Maniakas A, Karreth FA, Amelio AL. Genetically engineered mouse models of head and neck cancers. Oncogene 2023; 42:2593-2609. [PMID: 37474617 PMCID: PMC10457205 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02783-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The head and neck region is one of the anatomic sites commonly afflicted by cancer, with ~1.5 million new diagnoses reported worldwide in 2020 alone. Remarkable progress has been made in understanding the underlying disease mechanisms, personalizing care based on each tumor's individual molecular characteristics, and even therapeutically exploiting the inherent vulnerabilities of these neoplasms. In this regard, genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) have played an instrumental role. While progress in the development of GEMMs has been slower than in other major cancer types, several GEMMs are now available that recapitulate most of the heterogeneous characteristics of head and neck cancers such as the tumor microenvironment. Different approaches have been employed in GEMM development and implementation, though each can generally recapitulate only certain disease aspects. As a result, appropriate model selection is essential for addressing specific research questions. In this review, we present an overview of all currently available head and neck cancer GEMMs, encompassing models for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and salivary and thyroid gland carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Tasoulas
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sonal Srivastava
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Xiaonan Xu
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Valentina Tarasova
- Department of Head and Neck-Endocrine Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Anastasios Maniakas
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Florian A Karreth
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Antonio L Amelio
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.
- Department of Head and Neck-Endocrine Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.
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Lifsics A, Cistjakovs M, Sokolovska L, Deksnis R, Murovska M, Groma V. The Role of the p16 and p53 Tumor Suppressor Proteins and Viral HPV16 E6 and E7 Oncoproteins in the Assessment of Survival in Patients with Head and Neck Cancers Associated with Human Papillomavirus Infections. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2722. [PMID: 37345059 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of HPV in the survival prognosis of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, especially patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) and hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPSCC), is still somewhat ambiguous. The present study aimed to explore the significance of tumor suppressor proteins and HPV16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins in the assessment of survival in patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), LSCC, and HPSCC associated with high-risk (HR-) and low-risk (LR-) HPV infections. By utilizing molecular and immunohistochemical investigations of HNSCC samples and patient data, univariate and multivariate survival analyses were conducted. The presence of HPV DNA (LR- and HR-HPV) was associated with a better 5-year OS and DSS for OPSCC and LSCC. The IHC overexpression of HPV16 E6 protein and p16 protein was associated with better survival in the univariate (for OPSCC) and multivariate (OPSCC and HPSCC) survival analyses. The overexpression of p53 was associated with better survival in OPSCC. HPV infection plays a significant role in the tumorigenesis of HNSCC, and the immunohistochemical assessment of HPV16 E6 protein expression should be interpreted as a useful prognostic marker for OPSCC and HPSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrejs Lifsics
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Riga Stradiņš University, Pilsoņu 13, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia
| | - Maksims Cistjakovs
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Riga Stradiņš University, Rātsupītes 5, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Liba Sokolovska
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Riga Stradiņš University, Rātsupītes 5, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Renars Deksnis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Riga Stradiņš University, Pilsoņu 13, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia
| | - Modra Murovska
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Riga Stradiņš University, Rātsupītes 5, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Valerija Groma
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradiņš University, Kronvalda blvd 9, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia
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Low p16 Cytoplasmic Staining Predicts Poor Treatment Outcome in Patients with p16-Negative Locally Advanced Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Receiving TPF Induction Chemotherapy. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020339. [PMID: 36830875 PMCID: PMC9953595 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been proven to be associated with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and diffuse p16 unclear staining is usually considered as HPV-positive. The aim of the current study was to investigate the role of p16 cytoplasmic staining in HNSCC prognosis. A total of 195 HNSCC patients who received docetaxel, cisplatin, and 5-fluouracil (TPF) induction chemotherapy followed by chemoradiotherapy were enrolled. The status of p16 cytoplasmic staining was determined using immunohistochemistry. The median follow-up was 26.0 months for the whole study population and 90.3 months for 51 living survivors. p16 cytoplasmic staining was low in 108 patients and high in 87 patients. Low expression of p16 cytoplasmic staining and primary tumor location in the oral cavity were both independent factors indicating a worse response rate to TPF induction chemotherapy in the univariate and multivariate analyses. The logistic regression model also showed that low expression of p16 cytoplasmic staining and clinical N2-3 status were independent prognostic factors for worse progression-free survival and overall survival. Our study showed that p16 cytoplasmic staining could predict the treatment response to TPF induction chemotherapy and is an independent prognostic factor of survival in HNSCC.
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Hashemi L, Ormsbee ME, Patel PJ, Nielson JA, Ahlander J, Padash Barmchi M. A Drosophila model of HPV16-induced cancer reveals conserved disease mechanism. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278058. [PMID: 36508448 PMCID: PMC9744332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) cause almost all cervical cancers and a significant number of vaginal, vulvar, penile, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers. HPV16 and 18 are the most prevalent types among HR-HPVs and together cause more than 70% of all cervical cancers. Low vaccination rate and lack of molecularly-targeted therapeutics for primary therapy have led to a slow reduction in cervical cancer incidence and high mortality rate. Hence, creating new models of HPV-induced cancer that can facilitate understanding of the disease mechanism and identification of key cellular targets of HPV oncogenes are important for development of new interventions. Here in this study, we used the tissue-specific expression technique, Gal4-UAS, to establish the first Drosophila model of HPV16-induced cancer. Using this technique, we expressed HPV16 oncogenes E5, E6, E7 and the human E3 ligase (hUBE3A) specifically in the epithelia of Drosophila eye, which allows simple phenotype scoring without affecting the viability of the organism. We found that, as in human cells, hUBE3A is essential for cellular abnormalities caused by HPV16 oncogenes in flies. Several proteins targeted for degradation by HPV16 oncoproteins in human cells were also reduced in the Drosophila epithelial cells. Cell polarity and adhesion were compromised, resulting in impaired epithelial integrity. Cells did not differentiate to the specific cell types of ommatidia, but instead were transformed into neuron-like cells. These cells extended axon-like structures to connect to each other and exhibited malignant behavior, migrating away to distant sites. Our findings suggest that given the high conservation of genes and signaling pathways between humans and flies, the Drosophila model of HPV16- induced cancer could serve as an excellent model for understanding the disease mechanism and discovery of novel molecularly-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Hashemi
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States of America
| | - McKenzi E. Ormsbee
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States of America
| | - Prashant J. Patel
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States of America
| | - Jacquelyn A. Nielson
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Joseph Ahlander
- Department of Natural Sciences, Northeastern State University, Broken Arrow, OK, United States of America
| | - Mojgan Padash Barmchi
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cruz-Gregorio A, Aranda-Rivera AK, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Pathological Similarities in the Development of Papillomavirus-Associated Cancer in Humans, Dogs, and Cats. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182390. [PMID: 36139250 PMCID: PMC9495210 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Papillomavirus (PV) infection affects many species, including humans and domestic animals, such as dogs and cats. Some of these infections involve the development of cancer due to the presence of PV. There are similarities in the pathology of these three PV-associated cancers, which may provide crucial insights into cancer development in these species, extrapolating both markers and possible treatment in the three species. For example, the oncoproteins E5, E6, and E7 are the main causes of the development of cancer associated with PV, and the possible therapies associated with the blockage or reduction of these oncoproteins can be of great benefit for the reduction and/or elimination of cancer associated with PV. Thus, our review focuses on the similarities in the context of pathology and biomarkers in canine, feline, and human cancers associated with PV. We review the main biomarkers, E5, E6, and E7 oncoproteins, and their overexpression in Canis familiaris, Felis catus, and human papillomavirus and their association with the development of cancer. Furthermore, we also discuss that a potential treatment for PV-related cancer is the reduction or blocking of these oncoproteins. Abstract Canis familiaris, Felis catus, and human papillomavirus are nonenveloped viruses that share similarities in the initiation and development of cancer. For instance, the three species overexpress the oncoproteins E6 and E7, and Canis familiaris and human papillomavirus overexpress the E5 oncoprotein. These similarities in the pathophysiology of cancer among the three species are beneficial for treating cancer in dogs, cats, and humans. To our knowledge, this topic has not been reviewed so far. This review focuses on the information on cancer research in cats and dogs comparable to that being conducted in humans in the context of comparative pathology and biomarkers in canine, feline, and human cancer. We also focus on the possible benefit of treatment associated with the E5, E6, and E7 oncoproteins for cancer in dogs, cats, and humans.
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Small DNA tumor viruses and human cancer: Preclinical models of virus infection and disease. Tumour Virus Res 2022; 14:200239. [PMID: 35636683 PMCID: PMC9194455 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2022.200239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human tumor viruses cause various human cancers that account for at least 15% of the global cancer burden. Among the currently identified human tumor viruses, two are small DNA tumor viruses: human papillomaviruses (HPVs) and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). The study of small DNA tumor viruses (adenoviruses, polyomaviruses, and papillomaviruses) has facilitated several significant biological discoveries and established some of the first animal models of virus-associated cancers. The development and use of preclinical in vivo models to study HPVs and MCPyV and their role in human cancer is the focus of this review. Important considerations in the design of animal models of small DNA tumor virus infection and disease, including host range, cell tropism, choice of virus isolates, and the ability to recapitulate human disease, are presented. The types of infection-based and transgenic model strategies that are used to study HPVs and MCPyV, including their strengths and limitations, are also discussed. An overview of the current models that exist to study HPV and MCPyV infection and neoplastic disease are highlighted. These comparative models provide valuable platforms to study various aspects of virus-associated human disease and will continue to expand knowledge of human tumor viruses and their relationship with their hosts.
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PI3K/mTOR inhibition prevents anal cancer in mice with established low-grade anal dysplasia. Exp Mol Pathol 2022; 125:104752. [PMID: 35183509 PMCID: PMC9018484 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2022.104752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Low-grade anal dysplasia is a disease that can progress to high-grade anal dysplasia and eventually anal cancer if left untreated. Research has shown that low-grade anal dysplasia is marked by significant autophagic dysfunction. We hypothesized that systemic induction of autophagy, via phosphoinositide 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/mTOR) inhibition, would be effective in preventing anal cancer development in human papillomavirus (HPV) mice (K14E6/E7) with established low-grade anal dysplasia. Mice began treatment at 15 weeks of age, when 75% of mice spontaneously develop low-grade anal dysplasia, and were divided into the following groups: no treatment, systemic LY3023414 (4.5 mg/kg, dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor) alone, topical 7,12 dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) alone, or systemic LY3023414 and topical DMBA. Groups were compared for final histology, PI3K activity, mTOR activity, autophagic induction (light chain 3B (LC3β)), autophagic function (p62 protein), and tumor-free survival. Untreated mice or mice treated with LY3023414 alone did not progress to cancer. There was a statistically significant decrease in the number of mice that developed histologic evidence of cancer when comparing mice that received systemic LY3203414 with topical DMBA versus those that received topical DMBA alone (p = 0.0003). PI3K and mTOR activity decreased in groups treated with systemic LY3023414 and topical DMBA as compared with those treated with topical DMBA alone (p = 0.0005 and p = 0.0271, respectively). LC3β and p62 expression was not statistically altered with systemic LY3023414 treatment. Mice developed less overt tumors and had increased tumor-free survival when treated with systemic LY3023414 in the presence of topical DMBA compared to topical DMBA alone (p = 0.0016 and p < 0.001, respectively). Systemic LY3023414 treatment is effective in anal cancer prevention in the setting of established low-grade anal dysplasia in an HPV-associated mouse model of anal cancer.
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Kooti A, Abuei H, Farhadi A, Behzad-Behbahani A, Zarrabi M. Activating transcription factor 3 mediates apoptotic functions through a p53-independent pathway in human papillomavirus 18 infected HeLa cells. Virus Genes 2022; 58:88-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01887-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION High-risk HPV infections are related to several epithelial cancers. Despite the availability of prophylactic vaccines, HPV infections are still responsible for about 5% of all human malignancies worldwide. While therapeutic vaccines are ongoing clinical trials, genotoxic agents and surgical interventions represent current clinical treatments, with no specific anti-HPV drugs yet available in the clinics. AREAS COVERED We offer a comprehensive report of small molecules in preclinical studies proposed as potential anticancer agents against HPV-driven tumors. Given the importance of HPV oncoproteins for cancer maintenance, particularly E6 and E7, we present a classification of both non-targeted and targeted agents, with a further subdivision of the latter into two categories according to their either direct or indirect activity against viral protein functions. EXPERT OPINION Prophylactic vaccines can prevent the insurgence of HPV-related cancers, but have no effect against pre-existing infections. Moreover, their high cost, genotype-restricted effect and the growing worldwide distrust for vaccines make the availability of a specific drug an unmet medical need. Different viral early proteins emerge as ideal candidates for drug development. We highlight the most promising strategies and address future challenges in this field to herald the prospect of a specific therapeutic regimen against HPV-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Messa
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, 35121, Italy
| | - Arianna Loregian
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, 35121, Italy.,Clinical Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
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Molecular Markers to Predict Prognosis and Treatment Response in Uterine Cervical Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225748. [PMID: 34830902 PMCID: PMC8616420 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Uterine cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality in women worldwide. Each year, over half a million new cases are estimated, resulting in more than 300,000 deaths. While less-invasive, fertility-preserving surgical procedures can be offered to women in early stages, treatment for locally advanced disease may include radical hysterectomy, primary chemoradiotherapy (CRT) or a combination of these modalities. Concurrent platinum-based chemoradiotherapy regimens remain the first-line treatments for locally advanced cervical cancer. Despite achievements such as the introduction of angiogenesis inhibitors, and more recently immunotherapies, the overall survival of women with persistent, recurrent or metastatic disease has not been extended significantly in the last decades. Furthermore, a broad spectrum of molecular markers to predict therapy response and survival and to identify patients with high- and low-risk constellations is missing. Implementation of these markers, however, may help to further improve treatment and to develop new targeted therapies. This review aims to provide comprehensive insights into the complex mechanisms of cervical cancer pathogenesis within the context of molecular markers for predicting treatment response and prognosis.
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Basukala O, Banks L. The Not-So-Good, the Bad and the Ugly: HPV E5, E6 and E7 Oncoproteins in the Orchestration of Carcinogenesis. Viruses 2021; 13:1892. [PMID: 34696321 PMCID: PMC8541208 DOI: 10.3390/v13101892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with HPV starts with the access of the viral particles to basal cells in the epidermis, potentially via microtraumas to the skin. The basal cells are able to keep away these pathogens in normal circumstances through a robust immune response from the host, as HPV infections are, in general, cleared within 2 to 3 weeks. However, the rare instances of persistent infection and/or in cases where the host immune system is compromised are major risk factors for the development of lesions potentially leading to malignancy. Evolutionarily, obligatory pathogens such as HPVs would not be expected to risk exposing the host to lethal cancer, as this would entail challenging their own life cycle, but infection with these viruses is highly correlated with cancer and malignancy-as in cancer of the cervix, which is almost always associated with these viruses. Despite this key associative cause and the availability of very effective vaccines against these viruses, therapeutic interventions against HPV-induced cancers are still a challenge, indicating the need for focused translational research. In this review, we will consider the key roles that the viral proteins play in driving the host cells to carcinogenesis, mainly focusing on events orchestrated by early proteins E5, E6 and E7-the not-so-good, the bad and the ugly-and discuss and summarize the major events that lead to these viruses mechanistically corrupting cellular homeostasis, giving rise to cancer and malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lawrence Banks
- Tumour Virology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, I-34149 Trieste, Italy;
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14
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Abstract
Up to 95% of all anal cancers are associated with infection by human papillomavirus (HPV); however, no established preclinical model exists for high-grade anal disease and cancer mediated by a natural papillomavirus infection. To establish an infection-mediated model, we infected both immunocompromised NSG and immunocompetent FVB/NJ mice with the recently discovered murine papillomavirus MmuPV1, with and without the additional cofactors of UV B radiation (UVB) and/or the chemical carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). Infections were tracked via lavages and swabs for MmuPV1 DNA, and pathology was assessed at the endpoint. Tissues were analyzed for biomarkers of viral infection and papillomavirus-mediated disease, and the localization of viral infection was investigated using biomarkers to characterize the anal microanatomical zones.
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15
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Ocadiz-Delgado R, Serafin-Higuera N, Alvarez-Rios E, García-Villa E, Tinajero-Rodríguez M, Rodríguez-Uribe G, Escobar-Wilches DC, Estela Albino-Sánchez M, Ramírez-Rosas A, Sierra-Santoyo A, Hernández-Pando R, Lambert P, Gariglio P. Vitamin A deficiency in K14E7HPV expressing transgenic mice facilitates the formation of malignant cervical lesions. APMIS 2021; 129:512-523. [PMID: 34046932 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) is the main cause of cervical cancer (CC), but viral infection alone does not guarantee the development of this malignancy. Indeed, deficiencies of dietary micronutrients could favor cervical cancer development in individuals that harbor HR-HPV infections. The status of retinoid levels, natural and synthetic derivatives of vitamin A, is important in maintaining cellular differentiation of the cervical epithelium. Moreover, many studies show a link between deficient intake of retinoids or alteration of the retinoid receptors and CC development. In spite of this, the effect of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in presence of HR-HPV oncoproteins on cervical carcinogenesis in vivo has not been reported. Transgenic mice expressing E6 or E7 oncoproteins (K14E6 or K14E7 mice, respectively) were used to evaluate the possible role of VAD in the development of malignant cervical lesions. The survival of the mice in VAD condition was studied, and histopathological analysis and immunohistochemical detection of molecular cancer markers such as the tumor suppressor retinoic acid receptor beta (RARβ), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cleaved caspase 3, and the tumor suppressor protein p16INK4A (inhibitor of CDK4) were performed. Our results show that K14E6/VAD mice showed moderate cervical dysplasia; notably, K14E7/VAD mice developed severe cervical dysplasia and cervical in situ carcinoma at an early age. VAD synergizes with HPV16E7 oncoprotein expression favoring cervical carcinogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Ocadiz-Delgado
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nicolás Serafin-Higuera
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Alvarez-Rios
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Enrique García-Villa
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Manuel Tinajero-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Genaro Rodríguez-Uribe
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Derly-Constanza Escobar-Wilches
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marta Estela Albino-Sánchez
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Ramírez-Rosas
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adolfo Sierra-Santoyo
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paul Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Patricio Gariglio
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
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16
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Böttinger P, Schreiber K, Hyjek E, Krausz T, Spiotto MT, Steiner M, Idel C, Booras H, Beck-Engeser G, Riederer J, Willimsky G, Wolf SP, Karrison T, Jensen E, Weichselbaum RR, Nakamura Y, Yew PY, Lambert PF, Kurita T, Kiyotani K, Leisegang M, Schreiber H. Cooperation of genes in HPV16 E6/E7-dependent cervicovaginal carcinogenesis trackable by endoscopy and independent of exogenous estrogens or carcinogens. Carcinogenesis 2021; 41:1605-1615. [PMID: 32221533 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is necessary but insufficient for progression of epithelial cells from dysplasia to carcinoma-in situ (CIS) to invasive cancer. The combination of mutant cellular and viral oncogenes that regulate progression of cervical cancer (CC) remains unclear. Using combinations of HPV16 E6/E7 (E+), mutant Kras (mKras) (K+) and/or loss of Pten (P-/-), we generated autochthonous models of CC without exogenous estrogen, carcinogen or promoters. Furthermore, intravaginal instillation of adenoCre virus enabled focal activation of the oncogenes/inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene. In P+/+ mice, E6/E7 alone (P+/+E+K-) failed to cause premalignant changes, while mKras alone (P+/+E-K+) caused persistent mucosal abnormalities in about one-third of mice, but no cancers. To develop cancer, P+/+ mice needed both E6/E7 and mKras expression. Longitudinal endoscopies of P+/+E+K+ mice predicted carcinoma development by detection of mucosal lesions, found on an average of 23 weeks prior to death, unlike longitudinal quantitative PCRs of vaginal lavage samples from the same mice. Endoscopy revealed that individual mice differed widely in the time required for mucosal lesions to appear after adenoCre and in the time required for these lesions to progress to cancer. These cancers developed in the transition zone that extends, unlike in women, from the murine cervix to the distal vagina. The P-/-E+K+ genotype led to precipitous cancer development within a few weeks and E6/E7-independent cancer development occurred in the P-/-E-K+ genotype. In the P-/-E+K- genotype, mice only developed CIS. Thus, distinct combinations of viral and cellular oncogenes are involved in distinct steps in cervical carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Böttinger
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Karin Schreiber
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth Hyjek
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas Krausz
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael T Spiotto
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Madeline Steiner
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christian Idel
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Heather Booras
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Jessie Riederer
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gerald Willimsky
- Institute of Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Buch, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Steven P Wolf
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Institute of Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Theodore Karrison
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth Jensen
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ralph R Weichselbaum
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- Project for Immunogenomics, Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Poh Yin Yew
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paul F Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research/Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Takeshi Kurita
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kazuma Kiyotani
- Project for Immunogenomics, Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Matthias Leisegang
- Institute of Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans Schreiber
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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17
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Ocadiz-Delgado R, Cruz-Colin JL, Alvarez-Rios E, Torres-Carrillo A, Hernandez-Mendoza K, Conde-Pérezprina JC, Dominguez-Gomez GI, Garcia-Villa E, Lambert PF, Gariglio P. Expression of miR-34a and miR-15b during the progression of cervical cancer in a murine model expressing the HPV16 E7 oncoprotein. J Physiol Biochem 2021; 77:547-555. [PMID: 33937961 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-021-00818-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) E7 oncoprotein appears to be a major determinant for cell immortalization and transformation altering critical processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and immune response. This oncoprotein plays an essential role in cervical carcinogenesis, but other cofactors such as long-term use of hormonal contraceptives are necessary to modulate the risk of cervical cancer (CC). The role of HR-HPVs in the alteration of microRNA (miRNA) levels in persistent viral infections currently remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the miR-34a and miR-15b expression levels in the murine HPV16K14E7 (K14E7) transgenic model after chronic estrogen (E2) treatment and their involvement in CC. Interestingly, results showed that, although miR-34a expression is elevated by the HPVE7 oncogene, this expression was downregulated in the presence of both the E7 oncoprotein and chronic E2 in cervical carcinoma. On the other hand, miR-15b expression was upregulated along cervical carcinogenesis mainly by the effect of E2. These different changes in the expression levels of miR-34a and miR-15b along cervical carcinogenesis conduced to low apoptosis levels, high cell proliferation and finally, to cancerous cervical tissue development. In this work, we also determined the relative mRNA expression of Cyclin E2 (Ccne2), Cyclin A2 (Ccna2), and B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) (target genes of miR-34a and miR-15b); Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1), Cmyc, and Bax (miR-34a target genes); and p21/WAF1 (mir15b target gene) and the H-ras oncogene. Given the modifications in the expression levels of miR-34a and miR-15b during the development of cervical cancer, it will be useful to carry out further investigation to confirm them as molecular biomarkers of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Ocadiz-Delgado
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. IPN 2508, Colonia San Pedro Zacatenco Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, 07360, Mexico City, CP, Mexico
| | - Jose-Luis Cruz-Colin
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. IPN 2508, Colonia San Pedro Zacatenco Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, 07360, Mexico City, CP, Mexico.,Department of Genomic Diagnostic, INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Alvarez-Rios
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. IPN 2508, Colonia San Pedro Zacatenco Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, 07360, Mexico City, CP, Mexico
| | - Antonio Torres-Carrillo
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. IPN 2508, Colonia San Pedro Zacatenco Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, 07360, Mexico City, CP, Mexico
| | - Karina Hernandez-Mendoza
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. IPN 2508, Colonia San Pedro Zacatenco Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, 07360, Mexico City, CP, Mexico
| | - Juan-Cristobal Conde-Pérezprina
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. IPN 2508, Colonia San Pedro Zacatenco Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, 07360, Mexico City, CP, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe-Isabel Dominguez-Gomez
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. IPN 2508, Colonia San Pedro Zacatenco Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, 07360, Mexico City, CP, Mexico.,Subdirección de Investigación Clínica, INCan, Mexico City, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Enrique Garcia-Villa
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. IPN 2508, Colonia San Pedro Zacatenco Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, 07360, Mexico City, CP, Mexico
| | - Paul F Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Patricio Gariglio
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. IPN 2508, Colonia San Pedro Zacatenco Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, 07360, Mexico City, CP, Mexico.
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18
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Scarth JA, Patterson MR, Morgan EL, Macdonald A. The human papillomavirus oncoproteins: a review of the host pathways targeted on the road to transformation. J Gen Virol 2021; 102:001540. [PMID: 33427604 PMCID: PMC8148304 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) is the causal factor in over 99 % of cervical cancer cases, and a significant proportion of oropharyngeal and anogenital cancers. The key drivers of HPV-mediated transformation are the oncoproteins E5, E6 and E7. Together, they act to prolong cell-cycle progression, delay differentiation and inhibit apoptosis in the host keratinocyte cell in order to generate an environment permissive for viral replication. The oncoproteins also have key roles in mediating evasion of the host immune response, enabling infection to persist. Moreover, prolonged infection within the cellular environment established by the HR-HPV oncoproteins can lead to the acquisition of host genetic mutations, eventually culminating in transformation to malignancy. In this review, we outline the many ways in which the HR-HPV oncoproteins manipulate the host cellular environment, focusing on how these activities can contribute to carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Scarth
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Molly R. Patterson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Ethan L. Morgan
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Present address: Tumour Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew Macdonald
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
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19
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Spurgeon ME, Liem A, Buehler D, Cheng J, DeCaprio JA, Lambert PF. The Merkel Cell Polyomavirus T Antigens Function as Tumor Promoters in Murine Skin. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020222. [PMID: 33435392 PMCID: PMC7827793 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Merkel cell polyomavirus, a recently discovered human virus, is linked to the development of a rare form of skin cancer called Merkel cell carcinoma. The virus does not replicate in cancer cells, yet there is continued expression of viral proteins known as T antigens. The T antigens are believed to contribute to Merkel cell carcinoma development, yet how they do so remains an active area of research. In this study, we used transgenic mice expressing the viral T antigens in their skin to determine at which stage of skin cancer development these viral proteins function. We discovered that the Merkel cell polyomavirus T antigens function as tumor promoters, rather than tumor initiators, in the skin. These findings suggest that other tumor-initiating events may cooperate with the tumor-promoting activities of the viral T antigens, thus providing important insight into how Merkel cell polyomavirus can cause cancer in human skin. Abstract Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) causes the majority of human Merkel cell carcinomas (MCC), a rare but highly aggressive form of skin cancer. We recently reported that constitutive expression of MCC tumor-derived MCPyV tumor (T) antigens in the skin of transgenic mice leads to hyperplasia, increased proliferation, and spontaneous epithelial tumor development. We sought to evaluate how the MCPyV T antigens contribute to tumor formation in vivo using a classical, multi-stage model for squamous cell carcinoma development. In this model, two chemical carcinogens, DMBA and TPA, contribute to two distinct phases of carcinogenesis—initiation and promotion, respectively—that are required for tumors to develop. By treating the MCPyV transgenic mice with each chemical carcinogen, we determined how the viral oncogenes contributed to carcinogenesis. We observed that the MCPyV T antigens synergized with the tumor initiator DMBA, but not with the tumor promoter TPA, cause tumors. Therefore, the MCPyV tumor antigens function primarily as tumor promoters, similar to that seen with human papillomavirus (HPV) oncoproteins. These studies provide insight into the role of MCPyV T antigen expression in tumor formation in vivo and contribute to our understanding of how MCPyV may function as a human DNA tumor virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Spurgeon
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
- Correspondence: (M.E.S.); (P.F.L.)
| | - Amy Liem
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
| | - Darya Buehler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
| | - Jingwei Cheng
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA;
| | - James A. DeCaprio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Paul F. Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
- Correspondence: (M.E.S.); (P.F.L.)
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20
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Olmedo-Nieva L, Muñoz-Bello JO, Manzo-Merino J, Lizano M. New insights in Hippo signalling alteration in human papillomavirus-related cancers. Cell Signal 2020; 76:109815. [PMID: 33148514 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is an etiologic factor for the development of different types of cancers, mainly attributed to the continuous expression of E6 and E7 HPV oncoproteins, which regulate several cell signalling pathways including the Hippo pathway. It has been demonstrated that E6 proteins promote the increase of the Hippo elements YAP, TAZ and TEAD, at protein level, as well as their transcriptional targets. Also, E6 and E7 oncoproteins promote nuclear YAP localization and a decrease in YAP negative regulators such as MST1, PTPN14 or SOCS6. Interestingly, Hippo signalling components modulate HPV activity, such as TEAD1 and the transcriptional co-factor VGLL1, induce the activation of HPV early and late promoters, while hyperactivation of YAP in specific cells facilitates virus infection by increasing putative HPV receptors and by evading innate immunity. Additionally, alterations in Hippo signalling elements have been found in HPV-related cancers and particularly, the involvement of HPV oncoproteins on the regulation of some of these Hippo components has been also proposed, although the precise mechanisms remain unclear. The present review addresses the recent findings describing the interplay between HPV and Hippo signalling in HPV-related cancers, a fact that highlights the importance of developing more in-depth studies in this field to establish key therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Olmedo-Nieva
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Bioquímicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - J Omar Muñoz-Bello
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sede sur, Mexico City 14330, Mexico
| | - Joaquín Manzo-Merino
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; Cátedras CONACyT-Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcela Lizano
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
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21
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Manipulation of JAK/STAT Signalling by High-Risk HPVs: Potential Therapeutic Targets for HPV-Associated Malignancies. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090977. [PMID: 32899142 PMCID: PMC7552066 DOI: 10.3390/v12090977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small, DNA viruses that cause around 5% of all cancers in humans, including almost all cervical cancer cases and a significant proportion of anogenital and oral cancers. The HPV oncoproteins E5, E6 and E7 manipulate cellular signalling pathways to evade the immune response and promote virus persistence. The Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway has emerged as a key mediator in a wide range of important biological signalling pathways, including cell proliferation, cell survival and the immune response. While STAT1 and STAT2 primarily drive immune signalling initiated by interferons, STAT3 and STAT5 have widely been linked to the survival and proliferative potential of a number of cancers. As such, the inhibition of STAT3 and STAT5 may offer a therapeutic benefit in HPV-associated cancers. In this review, we will discuss how HPV manipulates JAK/STAT signalling to evade the immune system and promote cell proliferation, enabling viral persistence and driving cancer development. We also discuss approaches to inhibit the JAK/STAT pathway and how these could potentially be used in the treatment of HPV-associated disease.
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22
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Uc PY, Miranda J, Raya-Sandino A, Alarcón L, Roldán ML, Ocadiz-Delgado R, Cortés-Malagón EM, Chávez-Munguía B, Ramírez G, Asomoza R, Shoshani L, Gariglio P, González-Mariscal L. E7 oncoprotein from human papillomavirus 16 alters claudins expression and the sealing of epithelial tight junctions. Int J Oncol 2020; 57:905-924. [PMID: 32945372 PMCID: PMC7473757 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) are cell-cell adhesion structures frequently altered by oncogenic transformation. In the present study the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 E7 oncoprotein on the sealing of TJs was investigated and also the expression level of claudins in mouse cervix and in epithelial Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells. It was found that there was reduced expression of claudins -1 and -10 in the cervix of 7-month-old transgenic K14E7 mice treated with 17β-estradiol (E2), with invasive cancer. In addition, there was also a transient increase in claudin-1 expression in the cervix of 2-month-old K14E7 mice, and claudin-10 accumulated at the border of cells in the upper layer of the cervix in FvB mice treated with E2, and in K14E7 mice treated with or without E2. These changes were accompanied by an augmented paracellular permeability of the cervix in 2- and 7-monthold FvB mice treated with E2, which became more pronounced in K14E7 mice treated with or without E2. In MDCK cells the stable expression of E7 increased the space between adjacent cells and altered the architecture of the monolayers, induced the development of an acute peak of transepithelial electrical resistance accompanied by a reduced expression of claudins -1, -2 and -10, and an increase in claudin-4. Moreover, E7 enhances the ability of MDCK cells to migrate through a 3D matrix and induces cell stiffening and stress fiber formation. These observations revealed that cell transformation induced by HPV16 E7 oncoprotein was accompanied by changes in the pattern of expression of claudins and the degree of sealing of epithelial TJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perla Yaceli Uc
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Jael Miranda
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Arturo Raya-Sandino
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Alarcón
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - María Luisa Roldán
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Ocadiz-Delgado
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Enoc Mariano Cortés-Malagón
- Research Unit on Genetics and Cancer, Research Division, Hospital Juárez de México, Mexico City 07760, Mexico
| | - Bibiana Chávez-Munguía
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Georgina Ramírez
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - René Asomoza
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Liora Shoshani
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Patricio Gariglio
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Lorenza González-Mariscal
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
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Human Papillomavirus 16-Transgenic Mice as a Model to Study Cancer-Associated Cachexia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145020. [PMID: 32708666 PMCID: PMC7404304 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by general inflammation, weight loss and muscle wasting, partly mediated by ubiquitin ligases such as atrogin-1, encoded by Fbxo32. Cancers induced by high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) include anogenital cancers and some head-and-neck cancers and are often associated with cachexia. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of cancer cachexia in HPV16-transgenic mice with or without exposure to the chemical carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). Male mice expressing the HPV16 early region under the control of the cytokeratin 14 gene promoter (K14-HPV16; HPV+) and matched wild-type mice (HPV-) received DMBA (or vehicle) topically over 17 weeks of the experiment. Food intake and body weight were assessed weekly. The gastrocnemius weights and Fbxo32 expression levels were quantified at sacrifice time. HPV-16-associated lesions in different anatomic regions were classified histologically. Although unexposed HPV+ mice showed higher food intake than wild-type matched group (p < 0.01), they presented lower body weights (p < 0.05). This body weight trend was more pronounced when comparing DMBA-exposed groups (p < 0.01). The same pattern was observed in the gastrocnemius weights (between the unexposed groups: p < 0.05; between the exposed groups: p < 0.001). Importantly, DMBA reduced body and gastrocnemius weights (p < 0.01) when comparing the HPV+ groups. Moreover, the Fbxo32 gene was overexpressed in DMBA-exposed HPV+ compared to control mice (p < 0.05). These results show that K14-HPV16 mice closely reproduce the anatomic and molecular changes associated with cancer cachexia and may be a good model for preclinical studies concerning the pathogenesis of this syndrome.
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Spurgeon ME, Lambert PF. Mus musculus Papillomavirus 1: a New Frontier in Animal Models of Papillomavirus Pathogenesis. J Virol 2020; 94:e00002-20. [PMID: 32051276 PMCID: PMC7163119 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00002-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models of viral pathogenesis are essential tools in human disease research. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a significant public health issue due to their widespread sexual transmission and oncogenic potential. Infection-based models of papillomavirus pathogenesis have been complicated by their strict species and tissue specificity. In this Gem, we discuss the discovery of a murine papillomavirus, Mus musculus papillomavirus 1 (MmuPV1), and how its experimental use represents a major advancement in models of papillomavirus-induced pathogenesis/carcinogenesis, and their transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Spurgeon
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Paul F Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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25
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Roberts S, Evans D, Mehanna H, Parish JL. Modelling human papillomavirus biology in oropharyngeal keratinocytes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 374:20180289. [PMID: 30955493 PMCID: PMC6501899 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most human papillomavirus (HPV) positive head and neck cancers arise in the tonsil crypts; deep invaginations at the tonsil surface that are lined with reticulated epithelium infiltrated by immune cells. As in cervical HPV infections, HPV16 is the most prevalent high-risk type in the oropharyngeal cancers, and a genital-oral route of infection is most likely. However, the natural history of HPV-driven oropharyngeal pathogenesis is an enigma, although there is evidence that it is different to that of cervical disease. It is not known if the virus establishes a productive or abortive infection in keratinocytes of the tonsil crypt, or if viral infections progress to cancer via a neoplastic phase, as in cervical HPV infection. The HPV DNA is more frequently found unintegrated in the cancers of the oropharynx compared to those that arise in the cervix, and may include novel HPV-human DNA hybrids episomes. Here, we review current understanding of HPV biology in the oropharynx and discuss the cell-based systems being used to model the HPV life cycle in tonsil keratinocytes and how they can be used to inform on HPV-driven neoplastic progression in the oropharynx. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Silent cancer agents: multi-disciplinary modelling of human DNA oncoviruses’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Roberts
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT , UK
| | - Dhananjay Evans
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT , UK
| | - Hisham Mehanna
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT , UK
| | - Joanna L Parish
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT , UK
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26
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Wang W, Uberoi A, Spurgeon M, Gronski E, Majerciak V, Lobanov A, Hayes M, Loke A, Zheng ZM, Lambert PF. Stress keratin 17 enhances papillomavirus infection-induced disease by downregulating T cell recruitment. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008206. [PMID: 31968015 PMCID: PMC6975545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause 5% of human cancers. Despite the availability of HPV vaccines, there remains a strong urgency to find ways to treat persistent HPV infections, as current HPV vaccines are not therapeutic for individuals already infected. We used a mouse papillomavirus infection model to characterize virus-host interactions. We found that mouse papillomavirus (MmuPV1) suppresses host immune responses via overexpression of stress keratins. In mice deficient for stress keratin K17 (K17KO), we observed rapid regression of papillomas dependent on T cells. Cellular genes involved in immune response were differentially expressed in the papillomas arising on the K17KO mice correlating with increased numbers of infiltrating CD8+ T cells and upregulation of IFNγ-related genes, including CXCL9 and CXCL10, prior to complete regression. Blocking the receptor for CXCL9/CXCL10 prevented early regression. Our data provide a novel mechanism by which papillomavirus-infected cells evade host immunity and defines new therapeutic targets for treating persistent papillomavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Aayushi Uberoi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Megan Spurgeon
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Ellery Gronski
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Majerciak
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Alexei Lobanov
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource (CCBR), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Mitchell Hayes
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Amanda Loke
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Zhi-Ming Zheng
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Paul F. Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Li S, Hong X, Wei Z, Xie M, Li W, Liu G, Guo H, Yang J, Wei W, Zhang S. Ubiquitination of the HPV Oncoprotein E6 Is Critical for E6/E6AP-Mediated p53 Degradation. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2483. [PMID: 31749782 PMCID: PMC6842930 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) types are associated with more than 90% of premalignant and malignant squamous lesions of the uterine cervix. The E6 oncoprotein of high-risk HPVs is a key determinant in cell transformation because it induces the degradation of the host pro-apoptotic tumor suppressor p53. E6 recruits the intracellular ubiquitin ligase E6AP and subsequently induces proteasome-dependent p53 degradation. Neither E6 nor E6AP alone interact with p53; however, the precise mechanism of the functional regulation of the E6/E6AP/p53 complex is unclear. Here, we showed that the high-risk HPV E6 proteins are ubiquitinated during E6/E6AP/p53 complex assembly and degraded by the proteasome system. Increasing p53 expression enhanced E6/E6AP/p53 assembly and facilitated E6 ubiquitination and degradation. The dominant negative mutant of p53 R175H, which does not efficiently bind E6, decreased E6 ubiquitination and increased stability. Furthermore, we showed that the ubiquitin ligase E6AP is essential for E6 ubiquitination, and downregulation of E6AP expression increased E6 stability. We also showed that p53 R175H inhibited E6-mediated p53 degradation. Consistently, the host deubiquitinating enzyme USP15 removed ubiquitin chains from E6 proteins and inhibited E6-mediated p53 degradation. Crucially, ectopic expression of either p53 R175H or USP15 promoted p53-triggered apoptosis in human cervical cancer cells. Considering the importance of ubiquitinated E6 on p53 degradation, the disruption of E6 ubiquitination represents an attractive pharmacological intervention against HPV-positive human cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoling Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhentong Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Min Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wanying Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guanchen Liu
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haoran Guo
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Songling Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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28
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Liu X, Fuentes EJ. Emerging Themes in PDZ Domain Signaling: Structure, Function, and Inhibition. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 343:129-218. [PMID: 30712672 PMCID: PMC7185565 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Post-synaptic density-95, disks-large and zonula occludens-1 (PDZ) domains are small globular protein-protein interaction domains widely conserved from yeast to humans. They are composed of ∼90 amino acids and form a classical two α-helical/six β-strand structure. The prototypical ligand is the C-terminus of partner proteins; however, they also bind internal peptide sequences. Recent findings indicate that PDZ domains also bind phosphatidylinositides and cholesterol. Through their ligand interactions, PDZ domain proteins are critical for cellular trafficking and the surface retention of various ion channels. In addition, PDZ proteins are essential for neuronal signaling, memory, and learning. PDZ proteins also contribute to cytoskeletal dynamics by mediating interactions critical for maintaining cell-cell junctions, cell polarity, and cell migration. Given their important biological roles, it is not surprising that their dysfunction can lead to multiple disease states. As such, PDZ domain-containing proteins have emerged as potential targets for the development of small molecular inhibitors as therapeutic agents. Recent data suggest that the critical binding function of PDZ domains in cell signaling is more than just glue, and their binding function can be regulated by phosphorylation or allosterically by other binding partners. These studies also provide a wealth of structural and biophysical data that are beginning to reveal the physical features that endow this small modular domain with a central role in cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Ernesto J. Fuentes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Corresponding author: E-mail:
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29
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Modulation of radiation sensitivity and antitumor immunity by viral pathogenic factors: Implications for radio-immunotherapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1871:126-137. [PMID: 30605716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several DNA viruses including Human Papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) are mechanistically associated with the development of human cancers (HPV, EBV) and/or modulation of the immune system (HCMV). Moreover, a number of distinct mechanisms have been described regarding the modulation of tumor cell response to ionizing radiation and evasion from the host immune system by viral factors. There is further accumulating interest in the treatment with immune-modulatory therapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors for malignancies with a viral etiology. Also, patients with HPV-positive tumors have a significantly improved prognosis that is attributable to increased intrinsic radiation sensitivity and may also arise from modulation of a cytotoxic T cell response in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review, we will highlight recent advances in the understanding of the biological basis of radiation response mediated by viral pathogenic factors and evasion from and modulation of the immune system by viruses.
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30
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Shin MK, Payne S, Bilger A, Matkowskyj KA, Carchman E, Meyer DS, Bentires-Alj M, Deming DA, Lambert PF. Activating Mutations in Pik3ca Contribute to Anal Carcinogenesis in the Presence or Absence of HPV-16 Oncogenes. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:1889-1900. [PMID: 30530704 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Over 95% of human anal cancers are etiologically associated with high-risk HPVs, with HPV type 16 (HPV16) the genotype most commonly found. Activating mutations in the catalytic subunit of Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate kinase (PI3K), encoded by the Pik3ca gene, are detected in approximately 20% of human anal cancers.Experimental Design: We asked if common activating mutations in Pik3ca contribute to anal carcinogenesis using an established mouse model for anal carcinogenesis in which mice are topically treated with the chemical carcinogen 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). Mice expressing in their anal epithelium one of two activating mutations in Pik3ca genes, Pik3caH1047R or Pik3caE545K , were monitored for anal carcinogenesis in the presence or absence of transgenes expressing the HPV16 E6 and E7 oncogenes. RESULTS Both mutant forms of Pik3ca increased susceptibility to anal carcinogenesis in the absence of HPV16 oncogenes, and cooperated with HPV16 oncogenes to induce the highest level and earliest onset of anal cancers. The combination of HPV16 oncogenes and Pik3ca mutations led to anal cancers even in the absence of treatment with DMBA. We further observed that the investigational mTOR1/2 dual inhibitor, TAK-228, significantly reduced the size of anal cancer-derived tumor spheroids in vitro and reduced the growth rates of anal cancer-derived tumor grafts in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that activating mutations in Pik3ca drive anal carcinogenesis together with HPV16 oncogenes, and that the PI3K/mTOR pathway is a relevant target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong-Kyun Shin
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Susan Payne
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Andrea Bilger
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kristina A Matkowskyj
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Evie Carchman
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Dominique S Meyer
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Bentires-Alj
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dustin A Deming
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Paul F Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin. .,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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Human papillomavirus 16 E6 modulates the expression of miR-496 in oropharyngeal cancer. Virology 2018; 521:149-157. [PMID: 29935424 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV), notably type 16, is a risk factor for up to 75% of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). It has been demonstrated that small non-coding RNAs known as microRNAs play a vital role in the cellular transformation process. In this study, we used an LNA array to further investigate the impact of HPV16 on the expression of microRNAs in oropharyngeal (tonsillar) cancer. A number of miRNAs were found to be deregulated, with miR-496 showing a four-fold decrease. Over-expression of the high risk E6 oncoprotein down-regulated miR-496, impacting upon the post-transcriptional control of the transcription factor E2F2. These HPV specific miRNAs were integrated with the HPV16 interactome to identify possible mechanistic pathways. These analyses provide insights into novel molecular interactions between HPV16 and miRNAs in oropharyngeal cancers.
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HPV16-E6 Oncoprotein Activates TGF- β and Wnt/ β-Catenin Pathways in the Epithelium-Mesenchymal Transition of Cataracts in a Transgenic Mouse Model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:2847873. [PMID: 29888254 PMCID: PMC5977056 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2847873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective This work aimed to determine if cataractous changes associated with EMT occurring in the K14E6 mice lenses are associated with TGF-β and Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation. Materials and Methods Cataracts of K14E6 mice were analysed histologically; and components of TGF-β and Wnt/β-catenin signaling were evaluated by Western blot, RT-qPCR, in situ RT-PCR, IHC, or IF technics. Metalloproteinases involved in EMT were also assayed using zymography. The endogenous stabilisation of Smad7 protein was also assessed using an HDAC inhibitor. Results The K14E6 mice, which displayed binocular cataracts in 100% of the animals, exhibited loss of tissue organisation, cortical liquefaction, and an increase in the number of hyperproliferative-nucleated cells with mesenchymal-like characteristics in the lenses. Changes in lenses' cell morphology were due to actin filaments reorganisation, activation of TGF-β and Wnt/β-catenin pathways, and the accumulation of MTA1 protein. Finally, the stabilisation of Smad7 protein diminishes cell proliferation, as well as MTA1 protein levels. Conclusion The HPV16-E6 oncoprotein induces EMT in transgenic mice cataracts. The molecular mechanism may involve TGF-β and Wnt/β-catenin pathways, suggesting that the K14E6 transgenic mouse could be a useful model for the study or treatment of EMT-induced cataracts.
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VEGF Upregulation in Viral Infections and Its Possible Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061642. [PMID: 29865171 PMCID: PMC6032371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several viruses are recognized as the direct or indirect causative agents of human tumors and other severe human diseases. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is identified as a principal proangiogenic factor that enhances the production of new blood vessels from existing vascular network. Therefore, oncogenic viruses such as Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and non-oncogenic viruses such as herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) and dengue virus, which lack their own angiogenic factors, rely on the recruitment of cellular genes for angiogenesis in tumor progression or disease pathogenesis. This review summarizes how human viruses exploit the cellular signaling machinery to upregulate the expression of VEGF and benefit from its physiological functions for their own pathogenesis. Understanding the interplay between viruses and VEGF upregulation will pave the way to design targeted and effective therapeutic approaches for viral oncogenesis and severe diseases.
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34
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Purification and Characterization of Antibodies in Single-Chain Format against the E6 Oncoprotein of Human Papillomavirus Type 16. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6583852. [PMID: 29888271 PMCID: PMC5985123 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6583852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In Human Papillomaviruses- (HPV-) associated carcinogenesis, continuous expression of the E6 oncoprotein supports its value as a potential target for the development of diagnostics and therapeutics for HPV cancer. We previously reported that the I7 single-chain antibody fragment (scFv) specific for HPV16 E6, expressed as an intrabody by retroviral system, could inhibit significantly the growth of cervical cancer cells in vitro and was even able to reduce tumor development in experimental HPV-related cancer models. Nevertheless, for the development of therapeutic tools to be employed in humans, it is important to achieve maximum safety guarantee, which can be provided by the protein format. In the current study, two anti-16E6 scFvs derived from I7 were expressed in E. coli and purified in soluble form by affinity chromatography. Specificity, sensitivity and stability in physiologic environment of the purified scFvs were demonstrated by binding studies using recombinant 16E6 as an antigen. The scFvs functionality was confirmed by immunofluorescence in cervical cancer cells, where the scFvs were able to recognize the nuclear E6. Furthermore, an antiproliferative activity of the scFvI7nuc delivered in protein format to HPV16-positive cell lines was observed. Our results demonstrate that functional anti-16E6 scFvs can be produced in E. coli, suggesting that such purified antibodies could be used in the diagnosis and treatment of HPV-induced malignancies.
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Upsetting the Balance: When Viruses Manipulate Cell Polarity Control. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3481-3503. [PMID: 29680664 PMCID: PMC7094317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The central importance of cell polarity control is emphasized by the frequency with which it is targeted by many diverse viruses. It is clear that in targeting key polarity control proteins, viruses affect not only host cell polarity, but also influence many cellular processes, including transcription, replication, and innate and acquired immunity. Examination of the interactions of different virus proteins with the cell and its polarity controls during the virus life cycles, and in virally‐induced cell transformation shows ever more clearly how intimately all cellular processes are linked to the control of cell polarity. Multiple viruses target cell polarity. Viral targeting of polarity frequently occurs through PDZ recognition. Biological effects include immune-avoidance, cell proliferation and apoptosis inhibition.
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The PDZ-Binding Motif of HPV16-E6 Oncoprotein Modulates the Keratinization and Stemness Transcriptional Profile In Vivo. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7868645. [PMID: 29130045 PMCID: PMC5654334 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7868645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective The aim of this work was to compare the early gene expression profiles in the skin of HPV16-E6 transgenic mice regulated by the E6 PDZ-binding motif. Materials and Methods The global transcriptional profiles in dorsal skin biopsies from K14E6 and K14E6Δ146-151 transgenic mice were compared using microarrays. Relevant genes obtained from the most differentially expressed processes were further examined by RT-qPCR, in situ RT-PCR, Western blot, or immunofluorescence. Results The transcriptomic landscape of K14E6 versus K14E6Δ146-151 shows that the most affected expression profiles were those related to keratinocyte differentiation, stem cell maintenance, and keratinization. Additionally, downregulation of epidermal stemness markers such as K15 and CD34, as well as the upregulation of cytokeratin 6b, appeared to be dependent on the E6 PDZ-binding motif. Finally, wound healing, a physiological process linked to stemness, is impaired in the K14E6 mice compared to K14E6Δ146-151. Conclusion The E6 PDZ-binding motif appears to affect stemness and keratinization during early stages of skin carcinogenesis. As E6 plays a significant role in HPV-induced skin carcinogenesis, the K14E6 versus K14E6Δ146-151 transcriptional profile provides a source of valuable data to uncover novel E6 functions in the skin.
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Abstract
Genetically engineered mice (GEMs) have provided valuable insights into the carcinogenic properties of various human tumor viruses, which, in aggregate, are etiologically associated with over 15% of all human cancers. This review provides an overview of seminal discoveries made through the use of GEM models for human DNA tumor viruses. Emphasis is placed on the discoveries made in the study of human papillomaviruses, Merkel cell carcinoma-associated polyomavirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, because GEMs have contributed extensively to our understanding of how these DNA tumor viruses directly contribute to human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705;
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Spurgeon ME, den Boon JA, Horswill M, Barthakur S, Forouzan O, Rader JS, Beebe DJ, Roopra A, Ahlquist P, Lambert PF. Human papillomavirus oncogenes reprogram the cervical cancer microenvironment independently of and synergistically with estrogen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E9076-E9085. [PMID: 29073104 PMCID: PMC5664542 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1712018114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect epithelial cells and are causally associated with cervical cancer, but HPV infection is not sufficient for carcinogenesis. Previously, we reported that estrogen signaling in the stromal tumor microenvironment is associated with cervical cancer maintenance and progression. We have now determined how HPV oncogenes and estrogen treatment affect genome-wide host gene expression in laser-captured regions of the cervical epithelium and stroma of untreated or estrogen-treated nontransgenic and HPV-transgenic mice. HPV oncogene expression in the cervical epithelium elicited significant gene-expression changes in the proximal stromal compartment, and estrogen treatment uniquely affected gene expression in the cervical microenvironment of HPV-transgenic mice compared with nontransgenic mice. Several potential estrogen-induced paracrine-acting factors were identified in the expression profile of the cervical tumor microenvironment. The microenvironment of estrogen-treated HPV-transgenic mice was significantly enriched for chemokine/cytokine activity and inflammatory and immune functions associated with carcinogenesis. This inflammatory signature included several proangiogenic CXCR2 receptor ligands. A subset of the same CXCR2 ligands was likewise increased in cocultures of early-passage cells from human cervical samples, with levels highest in cocultures of cervical fibroblasts and cancer-derived epithelial cells. Our studies demonstrate that high-risk HPV oncogenes profoundly reprogram the tumor microenvironment independently of and synergistically with estrogen. These observations illuminate important means by which HPVs can cause cancer through alterations in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Spurgeon
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Johan A den Boon
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715
| | - Mark Horswill
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715
| | - Sonalee Barthakur
- Department of Physiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | | | - Janet S Rader
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - David J Beebe
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Avtar Roopra
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Paul Ahlquist
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706;
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Paul F Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706;
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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Carchman EH, Matkowskyj KA, Meske L, Lambert PF. Dysregulation of Autophagy Contributes to Anal Carcinogenesis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164273. [PMID: 27706233 PMCID: PMC5051741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic process that removes and recycles unnecessary/dysfunctional cellular components, contributing to cellular health and survival. Autophagy is a highly regulated cellular process that responds to several intracellular signals, many of which are deregulated by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection through the expression of HPV-encoded oncoproteins. This adaptive inhibitory response helps prevent viral clearance. A strong correlation remains between HPV infection and the development of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the anus, particularly in HIV positive and other immunosuppressed patients. We hypothesize that autophagy is inhibited by HPV–encoded oncoproteins thereby promoting anal carcinogenesis (Fig 1). Materials and Methods HPV16 transgenic mice (K14E6/E7) and non-transgenic mice (FVB/N), both of which do not spontaneously develop anal tumors, were treated topically with the chemical carcinogen, 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), to induce anal cancer. The anuses at different time points of treatment (5, 10, 15 and 20 weeks) were analyzed using immunofluorescence (IF) for two key autophagy marker proteins (LC3β and p62) in addition to histological grading. The anuses from the K14E6/E7 mice were also analyzed for visual evidence of autophagic activity by electron microscopy (EM). To see if there was a correlation to humans, archival anal specimens were assessed histologically for grade of dysplasia and then analyzed for LC3β and p62 protein content. To more directly examine the effect of autophagic inhibition on anal carcinogenesis, nontransgenic mice that do not develop anal cancer with DMBA treatment were treated with a known pharmacologic inhibitor of autophagy, chloroquine, and examined for tumor development and analyzed by IF for autophagic proteins. Results Histologically, we observed the progression of normal anoderm to invasive SCC with DMBA treatment in K14E6/E7 mice but not in nontransgenic, syngeneic FVB/N background control mice. With the development of low-grade dysplasia in the K14E6/E7 mice, there was an increase in both punctate LC3β and p62 expression while EM revealed increased autophagosomes without evidence of autophagolysosomes. These observations are consistent with autophagy being inhibited at a later stage in the autophagic process. In contrast, in high-grade dysplasia and SCC in the DMBA-treated K14E6/E7 mice, there were decreased levels of p62 with a continued increase in punctate LC3β expression by IF, while autophagolysosomes were seen on EM, consistent with the process of autophagy proceeded to completion. Similar findings, including histological grade dependent changes in LC3β and p62 expression, were noted with human samples upon analysis of IF. Finally, with pharmacologic inhibition of autophagy in DMBA-treated, nontrangenic FVB/N mice, there was a significant increase in anal cancer development similar to that observed in DMBA- treated K14E6/E7 mice. Conclusion Autophagic dysregulation is noted early on in HPV-associated anal carcinogenesis (low-grade dysplasia), with normalization of the autophagic process arising in late stages of HPV-associated anal carcinogenesis (high-grade dysplasia and invasive carcinoma).
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MESH Headings
- 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene/adverse effects
- Animals
- Anus Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Anus Neoplasms/metabolism
- Anus Neoplasms/pathology
- Anus Neoplasms/virology
- Autophagy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/chemically induced
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/virology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Human papillomavirus 16/genetics
- Human papillomavirus 16/metabolism
- Human papillomavirus 16/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/metabolism
- Papillomavirus E7 Proteins/genetics
- Papillomavirus E7 Proteins/metabolism
- Papillomavirus Infections/metabolism
- Papillomavirus Infections/pathology
- RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Evie H. Carchman
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kristina A. Matkowskyj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Louise Meske
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Paul F. Lambert
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
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Illiano E, Bissa M, Paolini F, Zanotto C, De Giuli Morghen C, Franconi R, Radaelli A, Venuti A. Prime-boost therapeutic vaccination in mice with DNA/DNA or DNA/Fowlpox virus recombinants expressing the Human Papilloma Virus type 16 E6 and E7 mutated proteins fused to the coat protein of Potato virus X. Virus Res 2016; 225:82-90. [PMID: 27664839 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic antitumor potency of a prime-boost vaccination strategy was explored, based on the mutated, nontransforming forms of the E6 (E6F47R) and E7 (E7GGG) oncogenes of Human Papilloma Virus type 16 (HPV16), fused to the Potato virus X (PVX) coat protein (CP) sequence. Previous data showed that CP fusion improves the immunogenicity of tumor-associated antigens and may thus increase their efficacy. After verifying the correct expression of E6F47RCP and E7GGGCP inserted into DNA and Fowlpox virus recombinants by Western blotting and immunofluorescence, their combined use was evaluated for therapy in a pre-clinical mouse model of HPV16-related tumorigenicity. Immunization protocols were applied using homologous (DNA/DNA) or heterologous (DNA/Fowlpox) prime-boost vaccine regimens. The humoral immune responses were determined by ELISA, and the therapeutic efficacy evaluated by the delay in tumor appearance and reduced tumor volume after inoculation of syngeneic TC-1* tumor cells. Homologous DNA/DNA genetic vaccines were able to better delay tumor appearance and inhibit tumor growth when DNAE6F47RCP and DNAE7GGGCP were administered in combination. However, the heterologous DNA/Fowlpox vaccination strategy was able to delay tumor appearance in a higher number of animals when E6F47RCP and in particular E7GGGCP were administered alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Illiano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Bissa
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Francesca Paolini
- Laboratory of Virology HPV-UNIT, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.
| | - Carlo Zanotto
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Carlo De Giuli Morghen
- Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Section, CNR Institute of Neurosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Catholic University "Our Lady of Good Counsel", Tirana, Albania.
| | - Rosella Franconi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Division of Health Protection Technologies, Department for Sustainability, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Centre, Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonia Radaelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Section, CNR Institute of Neurosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Aldo Venuti
- Laboratory of Virology HPV-UNIT, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.
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Padash Barmchi M, Gilbert M, Thomas M, Banks L, Zhang B, Auld VJ. A Drosophila Model of HPV E6-Induced Malignancy Reveals Essential Roles for Magi and the Insulin Receptor. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005789. [PMID: 27537218 PMCID: PMC4990329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death in women worldwide. The causative agents of cervical cancers, high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), cause cancer through the action of two oncoproteins, E6 and E7. The E6 oncoprotein cooperates with an E3 ubiquitin ligase (UBE3A) to target the p53 tumour suppressor and important polarity and junctional PDZ proteins for proteasomal degradation, activities that are believed to contribute towards malignancy. However, the causative link between degradation of PDZ proteins and E6-mediated malignancy is largely unknown. We have developed an in vivo model of HPV E6-mediated cellular transformation using the genetic model organism, Drosophila melanogaster. Co-expression of E6 and human UBE3A in wing and eye epithelia results in severe morphological abnormalities. Furthermore, E6, via its PDZ-binding motif and in cooperation with UBE3A, targets a suite of PDZ proteins that are conserved in human and Drosophila, including Magi, Dlg and Scribble. Similar to human epithelia, Drosophila Magi is a major degradation target. Magi overexpression rescues the cellular abnormalities caused by E6+UBE3A coexpression and this activity of Magi is PDZ domain-dependent. Drosophila p53 was not targeted by E6+UBE3A, and E6+UBE3A activity alone is not sufficient to induce tumorigenesis, which only occurs when E6+UBE3A are expressed in conjunction with activated/oncogenic forms of Ras or Notch. Finally, through a genetic screen we have identified the insulin receptor signaling pathway as being required for E6+UBE3A induced hyperplasia. Our results suggest a highly conserved mechanism of HPV E6 mediated cellular transformation, and establish a powerful genetic model to identify and understand the cellular mechanisms that underlie HPV E6-induced malignancy. Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are the causative agents of cervical cancer, one of the leading causes of cancer death in women worldwide. The E6 oncoprotein encoded by HPV has been implicated in the progression of primary tumors to metastatic disease and we have developed a new model in the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) to study the cellular effects of E6. The E6 protein recruits an E3 ubiquitin ligase (UBE3A) to induce the degradation of a number of cellular proteins, including members of the MAGUK family of scaffolding proteins that control the structure and polarity of epithelial cells: Dlg, Scribble and Magi. Expression of E6 and human UBE3A in the wing and eye of Drosophila disrupted these tissues. Similar to human cells we found that Drosophila Magi was a major E6 degradation target and that overexpression of Magi rescued the tissue disruption. However, Drosophila p53 was not degraded by E6/UBE3A, making our fly model potentially useful for studying the p53-independent activities of the E6+UBE3A complex. When we paired E6 expression with oncogenic proteins, including activated Ras, we observed that epithelia were transformed into mesechymal-like cells that left the epithelium and spread through the body. As a test of the potential of our system, we carried out a pilot genetic screen and identified the insulin receptor as a strong modulator of the E6-mediated disruption of Drosophila tissues. Therefore, we have developed a new system and approach to help us better understand the mechanisms that underlie how HPV infection leads to cell transformation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Padash Barmchi
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MPB); (BZ); (VJA)
| | - Mary Gilbert
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Miranda Thomas
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lawrence Banks
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MPB); (BZ); (VJA)
| | - Vanessa J. Auld
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- * E-mail: (MPB); (BZ); (VJA)
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Callejas-Valera JL, Iglesias-Bartolome R, Amornphimoltham P, Palacios-Garcia J, Martin D, Califano JA, Molinolo AA, Gutkind JS. mTOR inhibition prevents rapid-onset of carcinogen-induced malignancies in a novel inducible HPV-16 E6/E7 mouse model. Carcinogenesis 2016; 37:1014-25. [PMID: 27538837 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated malignancies, especially for oropharyngeal cancers, has highlighted the urgent need to understand how the interplay between high-risk HPV oncogenes and carcinogenic exposure results in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) development. Here, we describe an inducible mouse model expressing high risk HPV-16 E6/E7 oncoproteins in adults, bypassing the impact of these viral genes during development. HPV-16 E6/E7 genes were targeted to the basal squamous epithelia in transgenic mice using a doxycycline inducible cytokeratin 5 promoter (cK5-rtTA) system. After doxycycline induction, both E6 and E7 were highly expressed, resulting in rapid epidermal hyperplasia with a remarkable expansion of the proliferative cell compartment to the suprabasal layers. Surprisingly, in spite of the massive growth of epithelial cells and their stem cell progenitors, HPV-E6/E7 expression was not sufficient to trigger mTOR activation, a key oncogenic driver in HPV-associated malignancies, and malignant progression to SCC. However, these mice develop SCC rapidly after a single exposure to a skin carcinogen, DMBA, which was increased by the prolonged exposure to a tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Thus, only few oncogenic hits may be sufficient to induce cancer in E6/E7 expressing cells. All HPV-E6/E7 expressing SCC lesions exhibited increased mTOR activation. Remarkably, rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, abolished tumor development when administered to HPV-E6/E7 mice prior to DMBA exposure. Our findings revealed that mTOR inhibition protects HPV-E6/E7 expressing tissues form SCC development upon carcinogen exposure, thus supporting the potential clinical use of mTOR inhibitors as a molecular targeted approach for prevention of HPV-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Martin
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, NIH/NIDCR, Building 30, Bethesda, MD 20892-2190, USA
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Spence T, Bruce J, Yip KW, Liu FF. HPV Associated Head and Neck Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:E75. [PMID: 27527216 PMCID: PMC4999784 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8080075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancers (HNCs) are a highly heterogeneous group of tumours that are associated with diverse clinical outcomes. Recent evidence has demonstrated that human papillomavirus (HPV) is involved in up to 25% of HNCs; particularly in the oropharyngeal carcinoma (OPC) subtype where it can account for up to 60% of such cases. HPVs are double-stranded DNA viruses that infect epithelial cells; numerous HPV subtypes, including 16, 18, 31, 33, and 35, drive epithelial cell transformation and tumourigenesis. HPV positive (HPV+) HNC represents a distinct molecular and clinical entity from HPV negative (HPV-) disease; the biological basis for which remains to be fully elucidated. HPV positivity is strongly correlated with a significantly superior outcome; indicating that such tumours should have a distinct management approach. This review focuses on the recent scientific and clinical investigation of HPV+ HNC. In particular, we discuss the importance of molecular and clinical evidence for defining the role of HPV in HNC, and the clinical impact of HPV status as a biomarker for HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Spence
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
| | - Jeff Bruce
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
| | - Kenneth W Yip
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
| | - Fei-Fei Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada.
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Lei ZG, Ren XH, Wang SS, Liang XH, Tang YL. Immunocompromised and immunocompetent mouse models for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:545-55. [PMID: 26869799 PMCID: PMC4734789 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s95633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse models can closely mimic human oral squamous epithelial carcinogenesis, greatly expand the in vivo research possibilities, and play a critical role in the development of diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. With the development of the recent research on the contribution of immunity/inflammation to cancer initiation and progression, mouse models have been divided into two categories, namely, immunocompromised and immunocompetent mouse models. And thus, this paper will review these two kinds of models applied in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma to provide a platform to understand the complicated histological, molecular, and genetic changes of oral squamous epithelial tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Ge Lei
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Hua Ren
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Medical Science Academy and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha-Sha Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Hua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ling Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China; Department of Oral Pathology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Loizides C, Iacovides D, Hadjiandreou MM, Rizki G, Achilleos A, Strati K, Mitsis GD. Model-Based Tumor Growth Dynamics and Therapy Response in a Mouse Model of De Novo Carcinogenesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143840. [PMID: 26649886 PMCID: PMC4674149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis is a complex, multistep process that depends on numerous alterations within the cell and contribution from the surrounding stroma. The ability to model macroscopic tumor evolution with high fidelity may contribute to better predictive tools for designing tumor therapy in the clinic. However, attempts to model tumor growth have mainly been developed and validated using data from xenograft mouse models, which fail to capture important aspects of tumorigenesis including tumor-initiating events and interactions with the immune system. In the present study, we investigate tumor growth and therapy dynamics in a mouse model of de novo carcinogenesis that closely recapitulates tumor initiation, progression and maintenance in vivo. We show that the rate of tumor growth and the effects of therapy are highly variable and mouse specific using a Gompertz model to describe tumor growth and a two-compartment pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic model to describe the effects of therapy in mice treated with 5-FU. We show that inter-mouse growth variability is considerably larger than intra-mouse variability and that there is a correlation between tumor growth and drug kill rates. Our results show that in vivo tumor growth and regression in a double transgenic mouse model are highly variable both within and between subjects and that mathematical models can be used to capture the overall characteristics of this variability. In order for these models to become useful tools in the design of optimal therapy strategies and ultimately in clinical practice, a subject-specific modelling strategy is necessary, rather than approaches that are based on the average behavior of a given subject population which could provide erroneous results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalambos Loizides
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering & KIOS Research Center for Intelligent Systems & Networks, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Demetris Iacovides
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Marios M. Hadjiandreou
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering & KIOS Research Center for Intelligent Systems & Networks, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Gizem Rizki
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Achilleas Achilleos
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering & KIOS Research Center for Intelligent Systems & Networks, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Katerina Strati
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
- * E-mail: (KS); (GM)
| | - Georgios D. Mitsis
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering & KIOS Research Center for Intelligent Systems & Networks, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal QC, Canada
- * E-mail: (KS); (GM)
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Swick AD, Chatterjee A, De Costa AMA, Kimple RJ. Modulation of therapeutic sensitivity by human papillomavirus. Radiother Oncol 2015; 116:342-5. [PMID: 26364887 PMCID: PMC4609293 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small double-stranded DNA viruses that pose significant public health concerns as the causative agent of approximately 5% of worldwide cancers. The HPV oncogenes E6 and E7 play key roles in carcinogenesis. In the last 15years there has been a significant increase in the incidence of HPV-related head and neck cancers arising primarily in the oropharynx. Patients with HPV-positive head and neck cancers (HNCs) have a significantly improved prognosis compared to those with HPV-negative disease. In this review we will discuss data suggesting how HPV oncogenes modulate both the intrinsic radiation sensitivity of HNCs and also have important effects upon the tumor microenvironment. Together, these findings contribute to the improved outcomes seen in patients with HPV-positive HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Swick
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Anirban Chatterjee
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Anna-Maria A De Costa
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Randall J Kimple
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA; University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA.
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Popoca-Cuaya M, Diaz-Chavez J, Hernandez-Monge J, Alvarez-Rios E, Lambert PF, Gariglio P. The HPV16 E6 oncoprotein and UVB irradiation inhibit the tumor suppressor TGFβ pathway in the epidermis of the K14E6 transgenic mouse. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:430-5. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Popoca-Cuaya
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV); Mexico City Mexico
| | - Jose Diaz-Chavez
- Unit of Biomedical Research in Cancer; UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan); Mexico City Mexico
| | - Jesus Hernandez-Monge
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV); Mexico City Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Alvarez-Rios
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV); Mexico City Mexico
| | - Paul F. Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research; University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; Madison WI USA
| | - Patricio Gariglio
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV); Mexico City Mexico
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Seiki T, Nagasaka K, Kranjec C, Kawana K, Maeda D, Nakamura H, Taguchi A, Matsumoto Y, Arimoto T, Wada-Hiraike O, Oda K, Nakagawa S, Yano T, Fukayama M, Banks L, Osuga Y, Fujii T. HPV-16 impairs the subcellular distribution and levels of expression of protein phosphatase 1γ in cervical malignancy. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:230. [PMID: 25886518 PMCID: PMC4399203 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1141-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The high risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) E6 oncoproteins play an essential role in the development of cervical malignancy. Important cellular targets of E6 include p53 and the PDZ domain containing substrates such as hScrib and Dlg. We recently showed that hScrib activity was mediated in part through recruitment of protein phosphatase 1γ (PP1γ). Methods Expression patterns of hScrib and PP1γ were assessed by immunohistochemistry of HPV-16 positive cervical intraepithelial neoplasm (CIN), classified as CIN1 (n = 4), CIN2 (n = 8), CIN3 (n = 8), cervical carcinoma tissues (n = 11), and HPV-negative cervical tissues (n = 8), as well as by subfractionation assay of the HPV-16 positive cervical cancer cell lines, CaSki and SiHa. To explore the effects of the HPV-16 oncoproteins, we have performed siRNA knockdown of E6/E7 expression, and monitored the effects on the expression patterns of hScrib and PP1γ. Results We show that PP1γ levels in HPV-16 positive tumour cells are reduced in an E6/E7 dependent manner. Residual PP1γ in these cells is found mostly in the cytoplasm as opposed to the nucleus where it is predominantly found in normal cells. We have found a striking concordance with redistribution in the pattern of expression (9/11; 81.8%) and loss of PP1γ expression in HPV-16 positive cervical tumours (2/11; 18.2%). Furthermore, this loss of PP1γ expression and redistribution in the pattern of expression occurs progressively as the lesions develop (8/8; 100%). Conclusion Together, these results suggest that PP1γ may be a novel target of the HPV-16 oncoproteins and indicate that it might be a potential novel biomarker for HPV-16 induced malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Seiki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Kazunori Nagasaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Christian Kranjec
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano-99, I-34012, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Kei Kawana
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Daichi Maeda
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Hiroe Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Ayumi Taguchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Yoko Matsumoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Takahide Arimoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Osamu Wada-Hiraike
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Katsutoshi Oda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Nakagawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Tetsu Yano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan.
| | - Masashi Fukayama
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Lawrence Banks
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano-99, I-34012, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Yutaka Osuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Tomoyuki Fujii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
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Bissa M, Illiano E, Pacchioni S, Paolini F, Zanotto C, De Giuli Morghen C, Massa S, Franconi R, Radaelli A, Venuti A. A prime/boost strategy using DNA/fowlpox recombinants expressing the genetically attenuated E6 protein as a putative vaccine against HPV-16-associated cancers. J Transl Med 2015; 13:80. [PMID: 25763880 PMCID: PMC4351974 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0437-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considering the high number of new cases of cervical cancer each year that are caused by human papilloma viruses (HPVs), the development of an effective vaccine for prevention and therapy of HPV-associated cancers, and in particular against the high-risk HPV-16 genotype, remains a priority. Vaccines expressing the E6 and E7 proteins that are detectable in all HPV-positive pre-cancerous and cancer cells might support the treatment of HPV-related lesions and clear already established tumors. METHODS In this study, DNA and fowlpox virus recombinants expressing the E6F47R mutant of the HPV-16 E6 oncoprotein were generated, and their correct expression verified by RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Immunization protocols were tested in a preventive or therapeutic pre-clinical mouse model of HPV-16 tumorigenicity using heterologous (DNA/FP) or homologous (DNA/DNA and FP/FP) prime/boost regimens. The immune responses and therapeutic efficacy were evaluated by ELISA, ELISPOT assays, and challenge with TC-1* cells. RESULTS In the preventive protocol, while an anti-E6-specific humoral response was just detectable, a specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T-cell response was elicited in immunized mice. After the challenge, there was a delay in cancer appearance and a significant reduction of tumor volume in the two groups of E6-immunized mice, thus confirming the pivotal role of the CD8(+) T-cell response in the control of tumor growth in the absence of E6-specific antibodies. In the therapeutic protocol, in-vivo experiments resulted in a higher number of tumor-free mice after the homologous DNA/DNA or heterologous DNA/FP immunization. CONCLUSIONS These data establish a preliminary indication for the prevention and treatment of HPV-related tumors by the use of DNA and avipox constructs as safe and effective immunogens following a prime/boost strategy. The combined use of recombinants expressing both E6 and E7 proteins might improve the antitumor efficacy, and should represent an important approach to control HPV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Bissa
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Elena Illiano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Sole Pacchioni
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Francesca Paolini
- Laboratory of Virology HPV-UNIT, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.
| | - Carlo Zanotto
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Carlo De Giuli Morghen
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy. .,Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Section, CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Silvia Massa
- Technical Unit of Radiation Biology and Human Health, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Centre, Rome, Italy.
| | - Rosella Franconi
- Technical Unit of Radiation Biology and Human Health, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Centre, Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonia Radaelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy. .,Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Section, CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Aldo Venuti
- Laboratory of Virology HPV-UNIT, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.
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Viruses and human cancers: a long road of discovery of molecular paradigms. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015; 27:463-81. [PMID: 24982317 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00124-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
About a fifth of all human cancers worldwide are caused by infectious agents. In 12% of cancers, seven different viruses have been causally linked to human oncogenesis: Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis B virus, human papillomavirus, human T-cell lymphotropic virus, hepatitis C virus, Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus, and Merkel cell polyomavirus. Here, we review the many molecular mechanisms of oncogenesis that have been discovered over the decades of study of these viruses. We discuss how viruses can act at different stages in the complex multistep process of carcinogenesis. Early events include their involvement in mutagenic events associated with tumor initiation such as viral integration and insertional mutagenesis as well as viral promotion of DNA damage. Also involved in tumor progression is the dysregulation of cellular processes by viral proteins, and we describe how this has been investigated by studies in cell culture and in experimental animals and by molecular cellular approaches. Also important are the molecular mechanisms whereby viruses interact with the immune system and the immune evasion strategies that have evolved.
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