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Shan J, Britton PN, King CL, Booy R. The immunogenicity and safety of respiratory syncytial virus vaccines in development: A systematic review. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2021; 15:539-551. [PMID: 33764693 PMCID: PMC8189192 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of acute lower respiratory infection globally. There are vaccine candidates in development, but a systematic review on immunogenicity and safety of vaccine is lacking. Methods This systematic review of RSV vaccine clinical trials was undertaken using four databases. Searches were conducted using both controlled vocabulary terms such as “Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human,” “Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections,” “Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines,” “Immunization,” “Immunization Programs” and “Vaccines” and corresponding text word terms. The included studies were limited to clinical trials published from January 2000 to 31 December 2020. RSV infection case was defined as RSV‐associated medically attended acute respiratory illness (MAARI) or RSV infection by serologically confirmed test (Western blot) during the RSV surveillance period. We calculated the relative risk of each vaccine trial with RSV infection case. Results Of 6306 publications, 38 were included and data were extracted covering four major types of RSV vaccine candidates, these being live‐attenuated/chimeric (n = 14), recombinant‐vector (n = 6), subunit (n = 12) and nanoparticle vaccines (n = 6). For RSV infection cases, nine trials were involved and none of them showed a vaccine‐related increased MAARI during RSV surveillance season. Conclusion LID ∆M2‐2, MEDI M2‐2, RSVcps2 and LID/∆M2‐2 /1030s (live‐attenuated) were considered the most promising vaccine candidates in infant and children. In the elderly, a nanoparticle F vaccine candidate and Ad26.RSV.preF were considered as two potential effective vaccines. A promising maternal vaccine candidate is still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shan
- Anhui Provincial Children Hospital, Hefei, China.,The Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip N Britton
- The Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Catherine L King
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert Booy
- The Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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2
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Hu M, Bogoyevitch MA, Jans DA. Impact of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection on Host Functions: Implications for Antiviral Strategies. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1527-1594. [PMID: 32216549 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of viral respiratory tract infection in infants, the elderly, and the immunocompromised worldwide, causing more deaths each year than influenza. Years of research into RSV since its discovery over 60 yr ago have elucidated detailed mechanisms of the host-pathogen interface. RSV infection elicits widespread transcriptomic and proteomic changes, which both mediate the host innate and adaptive immune responses to infection, and reflect RSV's ability to circumvent the host stress responses, including stress granule formation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and programmed cell death. The combination of these events can severely impact on human lungs, resulting in airway remodeling and pathophysiology. The RSV membrane envelope glycoproteins (fusion F and attachment G), matrix (M) and nonstructural (NS) 1 and 2 proteins play key roles in modulating host cell functions to promote the infectious cycle. This review presents a comprehensive overview of how RSV impacts the host response to infection and how detailed knowledge of the mechanisms thereof can inform the development of new approaches to develop RSV vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- MengJie Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marie A Bogoyevitch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David A Jans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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3
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Tang W, Li M, Liu Y, Liang N, Yang Z, Zhao Y, Wu S, Lu S, Li Y, Liu F. Small molecule inhibits respiratory syncytial virus entry and infection by blocking the interaction of the viral fusion protein with the cell membrane. FASEB J 2019; 33:4287-4299. [PMID: 30571312 PMCID: PMC6404555 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800579r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Antiviral drug development against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is urgently needed due to the public health significance of the viral infection. Here, we report the anti-RSV activity of a small molecule, (1S,3R,4R,5R)-3,4- bis{[(E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxy}-1,5-dihydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxylic methyl ester (3,4-DCQAME) or 3,4- O-Dicaffeoylquinic acid methyl ester, which can be isolated from several plants of traditional Chinese medicine. We showed for the first time that compound 3,4-DCQAME potently inhibits RSV entry and infection. In vitro, 3,4-DCQAME can interact with F(ecto), the ectodomain of RSV fusion (F) protein. In cultured cells, the compound can block the interaction of F(ecto) protein with the cellular membrane and inhibit viral fusion during RSV entry, leading to inhibition of viral gene expression and infection. In RSV-infected mice that were treated with 3,4-DCQAME, we observed a reduction of RSV-induced pathologic changes and substantial inhibition of viral infection and growth in the lung tissues. Our results provide the first direct evidence of the anti-RSV activity of 3,4-DCQAME. Furthermore, these results suggest that 3,4-DCQAME represents a promising lead compound for anti-RSV therapeutic development.-Tang, W., Li, M., Liu, Y., Liang, N., Yang, Z., Zhao, Y., Wu, S., Lu, S., Li, Y., Liu, F. Small molecule inhibits respiratory syncytial virus entry and infection by blocking the interaction of the viral fusion protein with the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Manmei Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujun Liu
- School of Public Health, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- School of Medicine, St. George’s University, Grenada, West Indies
- Guangzhou Qinheli Biotechnolgies Incorporated, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ning Liang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhu Yang
- Guangzhou Qinheli Biotechnolgies Incorporated, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Jiangsu Affynigen Biotechnolgies Incorporated, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
- Taizhou Institute of Virology, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China; and
| | - Yanxiang Zhao
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Shuai Wu
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Sangwei Lu
- School of Public Health, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Yaolan Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fenyong Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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Hua Y, Jiao YY, Ma Y, Peng XL, Fu YH, Zheng YP, Hong T, He JS. DNA vaccine encoding central conserved region of G protein induces Th1 predominant immune response and protection from RSV infection in mice. Immunol Lett 2016; 179:95-101. [PMID: 27688078 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause serious infection in the lower respiratory tract, especially in infants, young children, the elderly and the immunocompromised population worldwide. Previous study demonstrated the polypeptide (amino acids 148-198) of RSV attachment (G) glycoprotein, corresponding to the central conserved region and encompassing CX3C chemokine motif, could induce antibodies and protection from RSV challenge in mice [1,2]. In this study, we evaluated the immune efficacy of the recombinant DNA vaccine of pVAX1/3G148-198 encoding RSV G protein polypeptide. RSV specific serum IgG antibodies with neutralizing activity were stimulated following prime-boost immunization of pVAX1/3G148-198 intramuscularly, and the ratio of IgG2a/IgG1 was 4.93, indicating a Th1 biased immune response. After challenged intranasally with RSV Long, the vaccinated mice showed both decreased lung RSV titers, pulmonary inflammation and body weight loss. The results suggest that pVAX1/3G148-198 DNA vaccine may be an effective RSV vaccine candidate, and deserves further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hua
- College of Life Sciences & Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 Shangyuan Cun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yue-Ying Jiao
- College of Life Sciences & Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 Shangyuan Cun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yao Ma
- College of Life Sciences & Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 Shangyuan Cun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiang-Lei Peng
- College of Life Sciences & Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 Shangyuan Cun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yuan-Hui Fu
- College of Life Sciences & Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 Shangyuan Cun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yan-Peng Zheng
- College of Life Sciences & Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 Shangyuan Cun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Tao Hong
- College of Life Sciences & Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 Shangyuan Cun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Jin-Sheng He
- College of Life Sciences & Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 Shangyuan Cun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100044, China.
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Nguyen TN, Power UF, Robert A, Haeuw JF, Helffer K, Perez A, Asin MA, Corvaia N, Libon C. The respiratory syncytial virus G protein conserved domain induces a persistent and protective antibody response in rodents. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34331. [PMID: 22479601 PMCID: PMC3315535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of severe upper and lower respiratory disease in infants and in the elderly. There are 2 main RSV subtypes A and B. A recombinant vaccine was designed based on the central domain of the RSV-A attachment G protein which we had previously named G2Na (aa130-230). Here we evaluated immunogenicity, persistence of antibody (Ab) response and protective efficacy induced in rodents by: (i) G2Na fused to DT (Diphtheria toxin) fragments in cotton rats. DT fusion did not potentiate neutralizing Ab responses against RSV-A or cross-reactivity to RSV-B. (ii) G2Nb (aa130-230 of the RSV-B G protein) either fused to, or admixed with G2Na. G2Nb did not induce RSV-B-reactive Ab responses. (iii) G2Na at low doses. Two injections of 3 µg G2Na in Alum were sufficient to induce protective immune responses in mouse lungs, preventing RSV-A and greatly reducing RSV-B infections. In cotton rats, G2Na-induced RSV-reactive Ab and protective immunity against RSV-A challenge that persisted for at least 24 weeks. (iv) injecting RSV primed mice with a single dose of G2Na/Alum or G2Na/PLGA [poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide]. Despite the presence of pre-existing RSV-specific Abs, these formulations effectively boosted anti-RSV Ab titres and increased Ab titres persisted for at least 21 weeks. Affinity maturation of these Abs increased from day 28 to day 148. These data indicate that G2Na has potential as a component of an RSV vaccine formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thien N Nguyen
- Microbiotechnologie, Centre de Recherche and Développement Pierre Fabre, Toulouse, France.
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Kauvar LM, Harcourt JL, Haynes LM, Tripp RA. Therapeutic targeting of respiratory syncytial virus G-protein. Immunotherapy 2011; 2:655-61. [PMID: 20874649 DOI: 10.2217/imt.10.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants and young children and an important pathogen of the elderly and immune suppressed. The only intervention currently available is a monoclonal antibody against the RSV fusion protein, which has shown utility as a prophylactic for high-risk premature infants, but which has not shown postinfection therapeutic efficacy in the specific RSV-infected populations studied. Thus, for the major susceptible populations, there remains a great need for effective treatment. Recent results support monoclonal antibody targeting of the RSV G-protein for therapeutic use. This objective encompasses a dual mechanism: reduction in the ability of RSV G-protein to distort the host innate immune response, and direct complement-mediated antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M Kauvar
- Trellis Bioscience, 2-B Corporate Drive, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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7
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Vaccination to induce antibodies blocking the CX3C-CX3CR1 interaction of respiratory syncytial virus G protein reduces pulmonary inflammation and virus replication in mice. J Virol 2009; 84:1148-57. [PMID: 19864390 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01755-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection causes substantial morbidity and some deaths in the young and elderly worldwide. There is no safe and effective vaccine available, although it is possible to reduce the hospitalization rate for high-risk children by anti-RSV antibody prophylaxis. RSV has been shown to modify the immune response to infection, a feature linked in part to RSV G protein CX3C chemokine mimicry. This study determined if vaccination with G protein polypeptides or peptides spanning the central conserved region of the G protein could induce antibodies that blocked G protein CX3C-CX3CR1 interaction and disease pathogenesis mediated by RSV infection. The results show that mice vaccinated with G protein peptides or polypeptides containing the CX3C motif generate antibodies that inhibit G protein CX3C-CX3CR1 binding and chemotaxis, reduce lung virus titers, and prevent body weight loss and pulmonary inflammation. The results suggest that RSV vaccines that induce antibodies that block G protein CX3C-CX3CR1 interaction may offer a new, safe, and efficacious RSV vaccine strategy.
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Beck A, Klinguer-Hamour C, Bussat MC, Champion T, Haeuw JF, Goetsch L, Wurch T, Sugawara M, Milon A, Van Dorsselaer A, Nguyen T, Corvaïa N. Peptides as tools and drugs for immunotherapies. J Pept Sci 2007; 13:588-602. [PMID: 17602441 DOI: 10.1002/psc.852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Peptides are essential tools for discovery and pre-clinical and pharmaceutical development of viral and cancer vaccines ('active immunotherapies') as well as for therapeutic antibodies ('passive immunotherapies'). They help to trigger and analyze immune responses at a molecular level (B-cell, T-helper and CTL epitopes). They contribute largely to the design of new vaccine candidates and to the generation of monoclonal antibodies. They are also valuable analytical reference compounds for the structural characterisation by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry of recombinant proteins used as biopharmaceuticals. As for other therapeutic applications, formulation, solubilisation, batch consistency and stability, issues have to be addressed to allow the pre-clinical and clinical development of this class of compounds as immunotherapeutic drugs. In the present review, three case studies dealing with (i) the design and the characterisation of Respiratory Syntycial Virus subunit vaccines, (ii) peptide-based melanoma vaccines, and (iii) therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, all investigated in clinical trials, are reported and discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Mice
- Models, Immunological
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptide Mapping
- Peptides/immunology
- Peptides/therapeutic use
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Beck
- Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre, 5 Avenue Napoléon III, F74164 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, Cedex, France.
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Falcone V, Mihm D, Neumann-Haefelin D, Costa C, Nguyen T, Pozzi G, Ricci S. Systemic and mucosal immunity to respiratory syncytial virus induced by recombinantStreptococcus gordoniisurface-displaying a domain of viral glycoprotein G. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 48:116-22. [PMID: 16965359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2006.00130.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A conserved fragment comprising amino acid residues 130-230 of the G glycoprotein of human respiratory syncytial virus subtype A was expressed in the commensal bacterium Streptococcus gordonii. Recombinant streptococci displaying the G domain at the cell surface were used to immunize mice via both parenteral and mucosal routes. Subcutaneous immunization induced respiratory syncytial virus-specific serum immunoglobin G (IgG) capable of partially controlling virus replication in the lungs. Intranasal immunization with live bacteria stimulated the production of IgA against both the whole virus and the G domain in serum and bronchoalveolar fluid. Upon challenge, immunized animals had significantly lower virus titres in the lungs than the controls. Our results show for the first time that the G domain-expressing S. gordonii strain elicits both systemic and mucosal immunity that reduced respiratory syncytial virus replication in the lungs of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Falcone
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Bacterial sepsis is a leading cause of death in the United States, accounting for over 200,000 fatalities annually. Approximately half of bacterial sepsis cases occur following acute respiratory infections, and the lungs are the most common organs to fail. Notably, outbreaks of respiratory viral infections are associated with an increased incidence or severity of bacterial co-infections, with normally innocuous infections often becoming fatal. Understanding the 'lethal synergism' associated with concomitant infections may point the way toward improved anti-sepsis treatments. RECENT FINDINGS Murine models of viral and bacterial co-infection mimic the lethal synergism observed in humans and reveal at least two mechanisms of interaction. First, bacterial infiltration is heightened during acute viral infection. Secondly, the nature of responding cell populations is dramatically altered during concomitant infections. Although natural killer cells and macrophages are predominant cell populations responding to bacterial infection in a naïve host, there is also a large T cell component that is activated upon viral infection. Inflammatory cytokines produced by these cells contribute to lethal immunopathology, and therapeutic strategies need to target the initial causative microbes as well as subsequent inflammatory responses. Current therapies directed only at the host immune response have not been overly successful, owing largely to difficulties in reversing the severe immunopathology associated with sepsis. SUMMARY Respiratory viral infections may facilitate secondary bacterial infections and increase host immunopathology through the overproduction of inflammatory cytokines. Preventive measures, including vaccination and aggressive antimicrobial therapy early in the course of infection, may significantly reduce the morbidity and mortality of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Beadling
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
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