1
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Shen J, Zhang S, Fang X, Salmon S. Advances in 3D Gel Printing for Enzyme Immobilization. Gels 2022; 8:gels8080460. [PMID: 35892719 PMCID: PMC9331464 DOI: 10.3390/gels8080460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Incorporating enzymes with three-dimensional (3D) printing is an exciting new field of convergence research that holds infinite potential for creating highly customizable components with diverse and efficient biocatalytic properties. Enzymes, nature’s nanoscale protein-based catalysts, perform crucial functions in biological systems and play increasingly important roles in modern chemical processing methods, cascade reactions, and sensor technologies. Immobilizing enzymes on solid carriers facilitates their recovery and reuse, improves stability and longevity, broadens applicability, and reduces overall processing and chemical conversion costs. Three-dimensional printing offers extraordinary flexibility for creating high-resolution complex structures that enable completely new reactor designs with versatile sub-micron functional features in macroscale objects. Immobilizing enzymes on or in 3D printed structures makes it possible to precisely control their spatial location for the optimal catalytic reaction. Combining the rapid advances in these two technologies is leading to completely new levels of control and precision in fabricating immobilized enzyme catalysts. The goal of this review is to promote further research by providing a critical discussion of 3D printed enzyme immobilization methods encompassing both post-printing immobilization and immobilization by physical entrapment during 3D printing. Especially, 3D printed gel matrix techniques offer mild single-step entrapment mechanisms that produce ideal environments for enzymes with high retention of catalytic function and unparalleled fabrication control. Examples from the literature, comparisons of the benefits and challenges of different combinations of the two technologies, novel approaches employed to enhance printed hydrogel physical properties, and an outlook on future directions are included to provide inspiration and insights for pursuing work in this promising field.
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Lu Y, Ye K, Zhu L, Cai X, Yang S, Li J, Jiang R, Fan Y, Chen X. Synthesis of a series of validoxylamine A esters and their biological activities. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:5109-5119. [PMID: 34240541 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The worldwide reduction in food production due to pests and diseases is still an important challenge facing today. Validoxylamine A (VAA) is a natural polyhydroxyl compound derived from validamycin, acting as an efficient trehalase inhibitor with insecticidal and antifungal activities. To extend the application and discover green pesticide, a series of ester derivatives were prepared based on VAA as a lead compound. Their biological activities were investigated against three typically agricultural disease, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Aphis craccivora. RESULTS This study involved 30 novel validoxylamine A fatty acid esters (VAFAEs) synthesized by Novozym 435 and they were characterized with high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H-NMR). Of these 30 derivatives, most compounds showed improved antifungal activity, and 12 novel compounds showed improved insecticidal activity. When reacted with pentadecanoic acid, compound 14 showed the highest inhibitory activity against R. solani [median effective concentration (EC50 ) 0.01 μmol L-1 ], while the EC50 value of VAA was 34.99 μmol L-1 . Furthermore, 21 novel VAFAEs showed higher inhibitory activity against S. sclerotiorum. Validoxylamine A oleic acid ester, compound 21, exhibited the highest insecticidal activity against A. craccivora [median lethal concentration (LC50 ) 39.63 μmol L-1 ], while the LC50 value of Pymetrozine was 50.45 μmol L-1 , a commercialized pesticide against A. craccivora. CONCLUSION Combining our results, esterification of VAA by introducing different acyl donors was beneficial for the development of new eco-friendly drugs in the field of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuele Lu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kang Ye
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linjing Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Cai
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Yang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruini Jiang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongxian Fan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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3
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Song Y, Waterhouse GIN, Han F, Li Y, Ai S. CeO
2
@N/C@TiO
2
Core‐shell Nanosphere Catalyst for the Aerobic Oxidation of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural to 5‐Hydroxymethyl‐2‐Furancarboxylic Acid. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Song
- College of Chemistry and Material Science Shandong Agricultural University 271018 Taian Shandong P. R. China
| | | | - Feng Han
- College of Chemistry and Material Science Shandong Agricultural University 271018 Taian Shandong P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Chemistry and Material Science Shandong Agricultural University 271018 Taian Shandong P. R. China
| | - Shiyun Ai
- College of Chemistry and Material Science Shandong Agricultural University 271018 Taian Shandong P. R. China
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Šibalić D, Šalić A, Tušek AJ, Sokač T, Brekalo K, Zelić B, Tran NN, Hessel V, Tišma M. Sustainable Production of Lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus: Process Optimization and Enzyme Characterization. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darijo Šibalić
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, Osijek HR-31000, Croatia
| | - Anita Šalić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Marulićev trg 19, Zagreb HR-10000, Croatia
| | - Ana Jurinjak Tušek
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, Zagreb HR-10000, Croatia
| | - Tea Sokač
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Marulićev trg 19, Zagreb HR-10000, Croatia
| | - Klara Brekalo
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, Osijek HR-31000, Croatia
| | - Bruno Zelić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Marulićev trg 19, Zagreb HR-10000, Croatia
| | - Nghiep Nam Tran
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace Campus, Adelaide 5005, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, Can Tho University, Campus 2, Can Tho 900000, Vietnam
| | - Volker Hessel
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace Campus, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Marina Tišma
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, Osijek HR-31000, Croatia
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5
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Chandra P, Enespa, Singh R, Arora PK. Microbial lipases and their industrial applications: a comprehensive review. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:169. [PMID: 32847584 PMCID: PMC7449042 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01428-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipases are very versatile enzymes, and produced the attention of the several industrial processes. Lipase can be achieved from several sources, animal, vegetable, and microbiological. The uses of microbial lipase market is estimated to be USD 425.0 Million in 2018 and it is projected to reach USD 590.2 Million by 2023, growing at a CAGR of 6.8% from 2018. Microbial lipases (EC 3.1.1.3) catalyze the hydrolysis of long chain triglycerides. The microbial origins of lipase enzymes are logically dynamic and proficient also have an extensive range of industrial uses with the manufacturing of altered molecules. The unique lipase (triacylglycerol acyl hydrolase) enzymes catalyzed the hydrolysis, esterification and alcoholysis reactions. Immobilization has made the use of microbial lipases accomplish its best performance and hence suitable for several reactions and need to enhance aroma to the immobilization processes. Immobilized enzymes depend on the immobilization technique and the carrier type. The choice of the carrier concerns usually the biocompatibility, chemical and thermal stability, and insolubility under reaction conditions, capability of easy rejuvenation and reusability, as well as cost proficiency. Bacillus spp., Achromobacter spp., Alcaligenes spp., Arthrobacter spp., Pseudomonos spp., of bacteria and Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp., of fungi are screened large scale for lipase production. Lipases as multipurpose biological catalyst has given a favorable vision in meeting the needs for several industries such as biodiesel, foods and drinks, leather, textile, detergents, pharmaceuticals and medicals. This review represents a discussion on microbial sources of lipases, immobilization methods increased productivity at market profitability and reduce logistical liability on the environment and user.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Chandra
- Food Microbiology & Toxicology, Department of Microbiology, School for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central) University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226025 India
| | - Enespa
- Department of Plant Pathology, School for Agriculture, SMPDC, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007 U.P. India
| | - Ranjan Singh
- Department of Environmental Science, School for Environmental Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central) University, Lucknow, U.P. India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Arora
- Department of Microbiology, School for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central) University, Lucknow, U.P. India
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6
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Ureta MM, Martins GN, Figueira O, Pires PF, Castilho PC, Gomez-Zavaglia A. Recent advances in β-galactosidase and fructosyltransferase immobilization technology. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:2659-2690. [PMID: 32590905 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1783639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The highly demanding conditions of industrial processes may lower the stability and affect the activity of enzymes used as biocatalysts. Enzyme immobilization emerged as an approach to promote stabilization and easy removal of enzymes for their reusability. The aim of this review is to go through the principal immobilization strategies addressed to achieve optimal industrial processes with special care on those reported for two types of enzymes: β-galactosidases and fructosyltransferases. The main methods used to immobilize these two enzymes are adsorption, entrapment, covalent coupling and cross-linking or aggregation (no support is used), all of them having pros and cons. Regarding the support, it should be cost-effective, assure the reusability and an easy recovery of the enzyme, increasing its stability and durability. The discussion provided showed that the type of enzyme, its origin, its purity, together with the type of immobilization method and the support will affect the performance during the enzymatic synthesis. Enzymes' immobilization involves interdisciplinary knowledge including enzymology, nanotechnology, molecular dynamics, cellular physiology and process design. The increasing availability of facilities has opened a variety of possibilities to define strategies to optimize the activity and re-usability of β-galactosidases and fructosyltransferases, but there is still great place for innovative developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Micaela Ureta
- Center for Research and Development in Food Cryotechnology (CIDCA, CCT-CONICET La Plata), La Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Onofre Figueira
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Pedro Filipe Pires
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | | | - Andrea Gomez-Zavaglia
- Center for Research and Development in Food Cryotechnology (CIDCA, CCT-CONICET La Plata), La Plata, Argentina
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7
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Carrasco M, Rozas JM, Alcaíno J, Cifuentes V, Baeza M. Pectinase secreted by psychrotolerant fungi: identification, molecular characterization and heterologous expression of a cold-active polygalacturonase from Tetracladium sp. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:45. [PMID: 30845994 PMCID: PMC6407229 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1092-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pectinolytic enzymes, which are used in several industries, especially in the clarification process during wine and fruit juice production, represent approximately 10% of the global enzyme market. To prevent the proliferation of undesired microorganisms, to retain labile and volatile flavor compounds, and to save energy, the current trend is to perform this process at low temperatures. However, the commercially available pectinases are highly active at temperatures approximately 50 °C and poorly active at temperatures below 35 °C, which is the reason why there is a constant search for cold-active pectinases. In preliminary studies, pectinolytic activity was detected in cold-adapted yeasts and yeast-like microorganisms isolated from Antarctica. The aim of the present work was to characterize pectinases secreted by these microorganisms and to express the best candidate in Pichia pastoris. Results Degradation of pectin by extracellular protein extracellular extracts obtained from 12 yeast cultures were assayed in plates at 4 °C to 37 °C and pH from 5.4 to 7.0, obtaining positive results in samples obtained from Dioszegia sp., Phenoliferia glacialis and Tetracladium sp. An enzyme was purified from Tetracladium sp., analyzed by peptide mass fingerprinting and compared to genome and transcriptome data from the same microorganism. Thus, the encoding gene was identified corresponding to a polygalacturonase-encoding gene. The enzyme was expressed in Pichia pastoris, and the recombinant polygalacturonase displayed higher activity at 15 °C than a mesophilic counterpart. Conclusions Extracellular pectinase activity was found in three yeast and yeast-like microorganisms from which the highest activity was displayed by Tetracladium sp., and the enzyme was identified as a polygalacturonase. The recombinant polygalacturonase produced in P. pastoris showed high activity at 15 °C, representing an attractive candidate to be applied in clarification processes in the production of fermented beverages and fruit juices. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-019-1092-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jennifer Alcaíno
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Cifuentes
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Baeza
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile.
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8
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Glasgow EM, Vander Meulen KA, Takasuka TE, Bianchetti CM, Bergeman LF, Deutsch S, Fox BG. Extent and Origins of Functional Diversity in a Subfamily of Glycoside Hydrolases. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:1217-1233. [PMID: 30685401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Some glycoside hydrolases have broad specificity for hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds, potentially increasing their functional utility and flexibility in physiological and industrial applications. To deepen the understanding of the structural and evolutionary driving forces underlying specificity patterns in glycoside hydrolase family 5, we quantitatively screened the activity of the catalytic core domains from subfamily 4 (GH5_4) and closely related enzymes on four substrates: lichenan, xylan, mannan, and xyloglucan. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that GH5_4 consists of three major clades, and one of these clades, referred to here as clade 3, displayed average specific activities of 4.2 and 1.2 U/mg on lichenan and xylan, approximately 1 order of magnitude larger than the average for active enzymes in clades 1 and 2. Enzymes in clade 3 also more consistently met assay detection thresholds for reaction with all four substrates. We also identified a subfamily-wide positive correlation between lichenase and xylanase activities, as well as a weaker relationship between lichenase and xyloglucanase. To connect these results to structural features, we used the structure of CelE from Hungateiclostridium thermocellum (PDB 4IM4) as an example clade 3 enzyme with activities on all four substrates. Comparison of the sequence and structure of this enzyme with others throughout GH5_4 and neighboring subfamilies reveals at least two residues (H149 and W203) that are linked to strong activity across the substrates. Placing GH5_4 in context with other related subfamilies, we highlight several possibilities for the ongoing evolutionary specialization of GH5_4 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Glasgow
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, WI 53706 USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Kirk A Vander Meulen
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, WI 53706 USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Taichi E Takasuka
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, WI 53706 USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA; Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589 Japan
| | - Christopher M Bianchetti
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, WI 53706 USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh, 54901 USA
| | - Lai F Bergeman
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, WI 53706 USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | | | - Brian G Fox
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, WI 53706 USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
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9
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Biotechnological production of value-added compounds by ustilaginomycetous yeasts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:7789-7809. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8516-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Acebes S, Fernandez-Fueyo E, Monza E, Lucas MF, Almendral D, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ, Lund H, Martinez AT, Guallar V. Rational Enzyme Engineering Through Biophysical and Biochemical Modeling. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Acebes
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB
Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing
Center, Jordi Girona 29, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Fernandez-Fueyo
- Centro de Investigaciones
Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de
Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emanuele Monza
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB
Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing
Center, Jordi Girona 29, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Fatima Lucas
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB
Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing
Center, Jordi Girona 29, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Anaxomics Biotech, Balmes 89, 08008 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Almendral
- Centro de Investigaciones
Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de
Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Henrik Lund
- Novozymes A/S, Krogshoejvej 36, DK-2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark
| | - Angel T. Martinez
- Centro de Investigaciones
Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de
Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Guallar
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB
Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing
Center, Jordi Girona 29, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Wolf-Márquez VE, García-García E, García-Rivero M, Aguilar-Osorio G, Trujillo MAM. Batch and Pulsed Fed-Batch Cultures of Aspergillus flavipes FP-500 Growing on Lemon Peel at Stirred Tank Reactor. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 177:1201-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1807-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Kranz B, Koch M, Schapfl M, Fischer L. Investigation of the Germination of Barley and Wheat Grains with a Design of Experiments for the Production of Hydrolases. Food Technol Biotechnol 2015; 53:127-135. [PMID: 27904341 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.53.02.15.3718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of hydrolases from cereals has been examined in order to investigate food-derived enzymes as an alternative source to microbial enzymes for the use in food processes. For that, the influence of temperature on the pretreatment, imbibition and germination of barley and wheat grains was determined by measuring the β-glucosidase, β-galactosidase and lipase activities using a design of experiments. The evaluation of the statistical model showed an increase of the β-glucosidase activity with low imbibition and low germination temperature for barley grains and low imbibition and high germination temperature for wheat grains. The maximum β-glucosidase activity in wheat extracts was (585±151) nkat per g of dry mass (dm), while in barley extracts it was (109±15) nkat per g of dm. The maximum β-galactosidase activities in barley and wheat extracts were (34±12) and (63±23) nkat per g of dm, respectively. The maximum lipase activities of (6.7±0.1) and (4.6±4.4) nkat per g of dm in barley and wheat extracts, respectively, were rather low compared to the glycosidase activities. The extracts were also tested for other hydrolase activities (e.g. peptidase and α-amylase activities). The insights obtained enable the basis for the potential use of cereal hydrolases in food processing, which might be attractive to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lutz Fischer
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology,
Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Garbenstr. 25, DE-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Braaksma M, Martens-Uzunova ES, Punt PJ, Schaap PJ. An inventory of the Aspergillus niger secretome by combining in silico predictions with shotgun proteomics data. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:584. [PMID: 20959013 PMCID: PMC3091731 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ecological niche occupied by a fungal species, its pathogenicity and its usefulness as a microbial cell factory to a large degree depends on its secretome. Protein secretion usually requires the presence of a N-terminal signal peptide (SP) and by scanning for this feature using available highly accurate SP-prediction tools, the fraction of potentially secreted proteins can be directly predicted. However, prediction of a SP does not guarantee that the protein is actually secreted and current in silico prediction methods suffer from gene-model errors introduced during genome annotation. RESULTS A majority rule based classifier that also evaluates signal peptide predictions from the best homologs of three neighbouring Aspergillus species was developed to create an improved list of potential signal peptide containing proteins encoded by the Aspergillus niger genome. As a complement to these in silico predictions, the secretome associated with growth and upon carbon source depletion was determined using a shotgun proteomics approach. Overall, some 200 proteins with a predicted signal peptide were identified to be secreted proteins. Concordant changes in the secretome state were observed as a response to changes in growth/culture conditions. Additionally, two proteins secreted via a non-classical route operating in A. niger were identified. CONCLUSIONS We were able to improve the in silico inventory of A. niger secretory proteins by combining different gene-model predictions from neighbouring Aspergilli and thereby avoiding prediction conflicts associated with inaccurate gene-models. The expected accuracy of signal peptide prediction for proteins that lack homologous sequences in the proteomes of related species is 85%. An experimental validation of the predicted proteome confirmed in silico predictions.
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14
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Fernandes P. Enzymes in food processing: a condensed overview on strategies for better biocatalysts. Enzyme Res 2010; 2010:862537. [PMID: 21048872 PMCID: PMC2963163 DOI: 10.4061/2010/862537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Food and feed is possibly the area where processing anchored in biological agents has the deepest roots. Despite this, process improvement or design and implementation of novel approaches has been consistently performed, and more so in recent years, where significant advances in enzyme engineering and biocatalyst design have fastened the pace of such developments. This paper aims to provide an updated and succinct overview on the applications of enzymes in the food sector, and of progresses made, namely, within the scope of tapping for more efficient biocatalysts, through screening, structural modification, and immobilization of enzymes. Targeted improvements aim at enzymes with enhanced thermal and operational stability, improved specific activity, modification of pH-activity profiles, and increased product specificity, among others. This has been mostly achieved through protein engineering and enzyme immobilization, along with improvements in screening. The latter has been considerably improved due to the implementation of high-throughput techniques, and due to developments in protein expression and microbial cell culture. Expanding screening to relatively unexplored environments (marine, temperature extreme environments) has also contributed to the identification and development of more efficient biocatalysts. Technological aspects are considered, but economic aspects are also briefly addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Fernandes
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Avenue Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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Kim C, Cadet P. Environmental toxin 4-nonylphenol and autoimmune diseases: using DNA microarray to examine genetic markers of cytokine expression. Arch Med Sci 2010; 6:321-7. [PMID: 22371766 PMCID: PMC3282507 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2010.14250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 05/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adverse progression of autoimmune diseases is linked to the dysregulation of cytokines. In this regard we investigated the role of 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), as a potential contributing factor in the development of immune diseases and compared it to estrogens actions since 4-NP may work via estrogen processes. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study made cytokine level expression changes in U937 cells by microarray technology coupled to RT PCR as a validating technique. RESULTS It was determined that 4-NP significantly up-regulated proinflammatory cytokine expression (toll-like-receptor [TLR]-6, TLR-10, interleukin [IL]-1, IL-5, IL-6, IL-17C, IL-23A, IL-8RB, IL-receptor-associated-kinase [IRAK-2], tumor-necrosis-factor-receptor [TNFR]-5, and TNFR-10). Estrogen caused insignificant increases but the changes parralelled that of 4-NP. Simultaneously, 4-NP down-regulated the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10), while estrogen up-regulated them. CONCLUSIONS 4-Nonylphenol may initiate its toxic effects and pose a risk to autoimmunity-prone individuals by eliciting effects up to 4 times more potent than estrogen. Overall, exposure to 4-NP may contribute to autoimmune susceptibility and/or exacerbate existing autoimmune conditions by dys-regulating normal expression of cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celline Kim
- Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York, College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, USA
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Yang F, Li L, Li Q, Tan W, Liu W, Xian M. Enhancement of enzymatic in situ saccharification of cellulose in aqueous-ionic liquid media by ultrasonic intensification. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Foophow T, Tanaka S, Koga Y, Takano K, Kanaya S. Subtilisin-like serine protease from hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakaraensis with N- and C-terminal propeptides. Protein Eng Des Sel 2010; 23:347-55. [PMID: 20100702 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzp092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakaraensis contains three genes encoding subtilisin-like serine proteases, Tk-1689, Tk-0076 and Tk-subtilisin. Of them, the structure and function of Tk-subtilisin have been extensively studied. To examine whether Tk-1689 is matured to an active form and functions as a hyperthermostable protease as is Tk-subtilisin, the gene encoding the Tk-1689 derivative without a putative N-terminal signal sequence, termed Pro-Tk-SP, was overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Pro-Tk-SP is composed of 640 amino acid residues and its molecular mass is 68.6 kDa. The recombinant protein was purified, however, as an active 44 kDa protease, termed Tk-SP, which lacks the N-terminal 113 and C-terminal 101 amino acid residues. This result suggests that Pro-Tk-SP consists of an N-terminal propeptide (Ala1-Ala113), a mature domain (Tk-SP, Val114-Val539) and a C-terminal propeptide (Asp540-Gly640). Like Tk-subtilisin, Tk-SP showed a broad substrate specificity and was highly thermostable. Its optimum temperature for activity was approximately 100 degrees C and its half-life at 100 degrees C was 100 min. It was fully resistant to treatment with 5% SDS, 8 M urea or 10% Triton X-100. However, unlike Tk-subtilisin and bacterial subtilisins, Tk-SP requires neither Ca2+ nor propeptide for folding. As a result, Tk-SP was fully active even in the presence of 10 mM EDTA. Thus, Tk-SP has a great advantage over other proteases in high resistance to heat, denaturants, detergents and chelating agents and therefore has great potential for application in biotechnology fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Foophow
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Veazey RS, Ling B, Green LC, Ribka EP, Lifson JD, Piatak M, Lederman MM, Mosier D, Offord R, Hartley O. Topically applied recombinant chemokine analogues fully protect macaques from vaginal simian-human immunodeficiency virus challenge. J Infect Dis 2009; 199:1525-7. [PMID: 19331577 DOI: 10.1086/598685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective strategies for preventing human immunodeficiency virus infection are urgently needed, but recent failures in key clinical trials of vaccines and microbicides highlight the need for new approaches validated in relevant animal models. Here, we show that 2 new chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 inhibitors, 5P12-RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) and 6P4-RANTES, fully protect against infection in the rhesus vaginal challenge model. These highly potent molecules, which are amenable to low-cost production, represent promising new additions to the microbicides pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald S Veazey
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
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Gorbanev YY, Klitgaard SK, Woodley JM, Christensen CH, Riisager A. Gold-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in water at ambient temperature. CHEMSUSCHEM 2009; 2:672-5. [PMID: 19593753 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.200900059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The aerobic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, a versatile biomass-derived chemical, is examined in water with a titania-supported gold-nanoparticle catalyst at ambient temperature (30 °C). The selectivity of the reaction towards 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid and the intermediate oxidation product 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid is found to depend on the amount of added base and the oxygen pressure, suggesting that the reaction proceeds via initial oxidation of the aldehyde moiety followed by oxidation of the hydroxymethyl group of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Under optimized reaction conditions, a 71% yield of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid is obtained at full 5-hydroxymethylfurfural conversion in the presence of excess base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Y Gorbanev
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Building 207, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Highly potent, fully recombinant anti-HIV chemokines: reengineering a low-cost microbicide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:17706-11. [PMID: 19004761 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0805098105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
New prevention strategies for use in developing countries are urgently needed to curb the worldwide HIV/AIDS epidemic. The N-terminally modified chemokine PSC-RANTES is a highly potent entry inhibitor against R5-tropic HIV-1 strains, with an inhibitory mechanism involving long-term intracellular sequestration of the HIV coreceptor, CCR5. PSC-RANTES is fully protective when applied topically in a macaque model of vaginal HIV transmission, but it has 2 potential disadvantages related to further development: the requirement for chemical synthesis adds to production costs, and its strong CCR5 agonist activity might induce local inflammation. It would thus be preferable to find a recombinant analogue that retained the high potency of PSC-RANTES but lacked its agonist activity. Using a strategy based on phage display, we set out to discover PSC-RANTES analogs that contain only natural amino acids. We sought molecules that retain the potency and inhibitory mechanism of PSC-RANTES, while trying to reduce CCR5 signaling to as low a level as possible. We identified 3 analogues, all of which exhibit in vitro potency against HIV-1 comparable to that of PSC-RANTES. The first, 6P4-RANTES, resembles PSC-RANTES in that it is a strong agonist that induces prolonged intracellular sequestration of CCR5. The second, 5P12-RANTES, has no detectable G protein-linked signaling activity and does not bring about receptor sequestration. The third, 5P14-RANTES, induces significant levels of CCR5 internalization without detectable G protein-linked signaling activity. These 3 molecules represent promising candidates for further development as topical HIV prevention strategies.
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