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Maráz A, Kovács Z, Benjamins E, Pázmándi M. Recent developments in microbial production of high-purity galacto-oligosaccharides. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:95. [PMID: 35441950 PMCID: PMC9021073 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03279-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are used as prebiotic ingredients in various food and pharmaceutical formulations. Currently, production of GOS involves the enzymatic conversion of lactose by transgalactosylation using β-galactosidase. The purity of the resulting product is low, typically limited to up to 55% GOS on total carbohydrate basis due to the presence of non-reacted lactose, and the formation of by-products glucose and galactose. In industrial practice high-purity GOS is manufactured by removing the unwanted mono- and disaccharides from raw GOS with simulated moving bed (SMB) chromatography. This purification step is associated with high processing cost that increases the price of pure GOS and limits its marketability. The last decades have witnessed a growing interest in developing competitive biotechnological processes that could replace chromatography. This paper presents a comprehensive review on the recent advancements of microbial GOS purification, a process commonly referred to as selective fermentation or selective metabolism. Purification strategies include: (i) removal of glucose alone or together with galactose by lactose negative yeast species, that typically results in purity values below 60% due to remaining lactose; (ii) removal of both mono- and disaccharides by combining the fast monosaccharide metabolizing capacity of some yeast species with efficient lactose consumption by certain lactose positive microbes, reaching GOS purity in the range of 60–95%; and (iii) the application of selected strains of Kluyveromyces species with high lactose metabolizing activity to achieve high-purity GOS that is practically free from lactose and monosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maráz
- Department of Food Microbiology, Hygiene and Safety, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-1118, Somlói út 14-16, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zoltán Kovács
- Department of Food Process Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Melinda Pázmándi
- Department of Food Microbiology, Hygiene and Safety, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-1118, Somlói út 14-16, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Food Process Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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2
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Are We What We Eat? Impact of Diet on the Gut-Brain Axis in Parkinson's Disease. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020380. [PMID: 35057561 PMCID: PMC8780419 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms, such as defects in the gut function, which may occur before the motor symptoms. To date, there are therapies that can improve these symptoms, but there is no cure to avoid the development or exacerbation of this disorder. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota could have a crucial role in the gut–brain axis, which is a bidirectional communication between the central nervous system and the enteric nervous system. Diet can affect the microbiota composition, impacting gut–brain axis functionality. Gut microbiome restoration through probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics or other dietary means could have the potential to slow PD progression. In this review, we will discuss the influence of diet on the bidirectional communication between gut and brain, thus supporting the hypothesis that this disorder could begin in the gut. We also focus on how food-based therapies might then have an influence on PD and could ameliorate non-motor as well as motor symptoms.
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3
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Fanfaret IS, Boda D, Ion LM, Hosseyni D, Leru P, Ali S, Corcea S, Bumbacea R. Probiotics and prebiotics in atopic dermatitis: Pros and cons (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1376. [PMID: 34650624 PMCID: PMC8506923 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) represents a chronic inflammatory skin condition in which the skin barrier is impaired; thus, the permeability is increased. Hence, there is a greater risk of allergic sensitization, as well as a higher pH and lower protection against resident microbes. Since this condition is currently increasing among children, it requires further study, as little is known regarding the pathogenesis that makes the skin prone to chronic relapsing inflammation. Trying to standardize the data regarding the use of prebiotics and probiotics in AD, we encountered tremendous variability in the literature data. Literature abounds in conflicting data: studies regarding prophylactic and therapeutic applications, different types of strains and dosages, applications in young children up to 5 years of age and above, usage of probiotics alone, prebiotics alone or synbiotics combined. There are also conflicting data regarding the outcome of these studies; some confirming a positive effect of prebiotics, probiotics or synbiotics and some showing no efficacy at all. The articles were divided into those assessing probiotics or prebiotics alone and a combination of the two, with studies showing a positive effect and studies proving no efficacy at all. We tried to critically analyze those articles showing weak and strong points. In summary, the most studied probiotics were the strains of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria. The Severity Scoring of Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index was used to measure the efficacy of the treatment. Most studies compared their results with a placebo group and the efficacy when seen in moderate to severe forms of AD in patients with other allergic diseases present. However, the results are difficult to interpret, as in many studies the authors suggest that the disease may have a tendency to improve in time in some groups of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Boda
- Dermatology Department, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Pediatrics Department, 'Ponderas' Academic Hospital, 014142 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Laura Mihaela Ion
- Pediatrics Department, 'Ponderas' Academic Hospital, 014142 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela Hosseyni
- Public Health Department, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, ECPE, PPCR Program, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Poliana Leru
- Internal Medicine, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Selda Ali
- Allergy Department, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Allergy Department, 'Dr. Carol Davila' Clinical Nephrology Hospital, 010731 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sabina Corcea
- Allergy Department, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Roxana Bumbacea
- Allergy Department, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Allergy Department, 'Dr. Carol Davila' Clinical Nephrology Hospital, 010731 Bucharest, Romania
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4
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Lei Q, Wu T, Wu J, Hu X, Guan Y, Wang Y, Yan J, Shi G. Roles of α‑synuclein in gastrointestinal microbiome dysbiosis‑related Parkinson's disease progression (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:734. [PMID: 34414447 PMCID: PMC8404091 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease amongst the middle-aged and elderly populations. Several studies have confirmed that the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) serves a key role in the pathogenesis of PD. Changes to the gastrointestinal microbiome (GM) cause misfolding and abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) in the intestine. Abnormal α-syn is not eliminated via physiological mechanisms and is transported into the central nervous system (CNS) via the vagus nerve. The abnormal levels of α-syn aggregate in the substantia nigra pars compacta, not only leading to the formation of eosinophilic Lewis Bodies in the cytoplasm and mitochondrial dysfunction in dopaminergic (DA) neurons, but also leading to the stimulation of an inflammatory response in the microglia. These pathological changes result in an increase in oxidative stress (OS), which triggers nerve cell apoptosis, a characteristic of PD. This increase in OS further oxidizes and intensifies abnormal aggregation of α-syn, eventually forming a positive feedback loop. The present review discusses the abnormal accumulation of α-syn in the intestine caused by the GM changes and the increased levels of α-syn transport to the CNS via the MGBA, resulting in the loss of DA neurons and an increase in the inflammatory response of microglial cells in the brain of patients with PD. In addition, relevant clinical therapeutic strategies for improving the GM and reducing α-syn accumulation to relieve the symptoms and progression of PD are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchun Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China
| | - Jin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Puer People's Hospital, Pu'er, Yunnan 665000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaogang Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Puer People's Hospital, Pu'er, Yunnan 665000, P.R. China
| | - Yingxia Guan
- Department of Vasculocardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650021, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China
| | - Jinyuan Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China
| | - Guolin Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China
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5
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Fan R, Burghardt JP, Huang J, Xiong T, Czermak P. Purification of Crude Fructo-Oligosaccharide Preparations Using Probiotic Bacteria for the Selective Fermentation of Monosaccharide Byproducts. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:620626. [PMID: 33584587 PMCID: PMC7874009 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.620626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are microbes that promote health when consumed in sufficient amounts. They are present in many fermented foods or can be provided directly as supplements. Probiotics utilize non-digestible prebiotic oligosaccharides for growth in the intestinal tract, contributing to a healthy microbiome. The oligosaccharides favored by probiotics are species-dependent, as shown by the selective utilization of substrates in mixed sugar solutions such as crude fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS). Enzymatically produced crude FOS preparations contain abundant monosaccharide byproducts, residual sucrose, and FOS varying in chain length. Here we investigated the metabolic profiles of four probiotic bacteria during the batch fermentation of crude FOS under controlled conditions. We found that Bacillus subtilis rapidly utilized most of the monosaccharides but little sucrose or FOS. We therefore tested the feasibility of a microbial fed-batch fermentation process for the purification of FOS from crude preparations, which increased the purity of FOS from 59.2 to 82.5% with a final concentration of 140 g·l-1. We also tested cell immobilization in alginate beads as a means to remove monosaccharides from crude FOS. This encapsulation concept establishes the basis for new synbiotic formulations that combine probiotic microbes and prebiotic oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Fan
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jan Philipp Burghardt
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jinqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tao Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Giessen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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6
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Julio-Gonzalez LC, Moreno FJ, Jimeno ML, Doyagüez EG, Olano A, Corzo N, Hernandez-Hernandez O. Hydrolysis and transglycosylation activities of glycosidases from small intestine brush-border membrane vesicles. Food Res Int 2020; 139:109940. [PMID: 33509494 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In order to know the catalytic activities of the disaccharidases expressed in the mammalian small intestinal brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV) high concentrated solutions of sucrose, maltose, isomaltulose, trehalose and the mixture sucrose:lactose were incubated with pig small intestine disaccharidases. The hydrolysis and transglycosylation reactions generated new di- and trisaccharides, characterized and quantified by GC-MS and NMR, except for trehalose where only hydrolysis was detected. In general, α-glucosyl-glucoses and α-glucosyl-fructoses were the most abundant structures, whereas no fructosyl-fructoses or fructosyl-glucoses were found. The in-depth structural characterization of the obtained carbohydrates represents a new alternative to understand the potential catalytic activities of pig small intestinal disaccharidases. The hypothesis that the oligosaccharides synthesized by glycoside hydrolases could be also hydrolysed by the same enzymes was confirmed. This information could be extremely useful in the design of new non-digestible or partially digestible oligosaccharides with potential prebiotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Javier Moreno
- Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Jimeno
- Centro de Química Orgánica "Lora Tamayo" (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa G Doyagüez
- Centro de Química Orgánica "Lora Tamayo" (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín Olano
- Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nieves Corzo
- Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Fan R, Burghardt JP, Dresler J, Czermak P. Process Design for the Production of Prebiotic Oligosaccharides in an Enzyme Membrane Bioreactor: Interaction between Enzymatic Reaction and Membrane Filtration. CHEM-ING-TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202000127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Fan
- University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology Wiesenstraße 14 35390 Giessen Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME) Institute Part Bioresources Ohlebergsweg 12 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Jan Philipp Burghardt
- University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology Wiesenstraße 14 35390 Giessen Germany
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen Faculty of Biology and Chemistry Heinreich-Buff-Ring 17–19 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Josephine Dresler
- University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology Wiesenstraße 14 35390 Giessen Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology Wiesenstraße 14 35390 Giessen Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME) Institute Part Bioresources Ohlebergsweg 12 35392 Giessen Germany
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen Faculty of Biology and Chemistry Heinreich-Buff-Ring 17–19 35392 Giessen Germany
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8
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Cao T, Pázmándi M, Galambos I, Kovács Z. Continuous Production of Galacto-Oligosaccharides by an Enzyme Membrane Reactor Utilizing Free Enzymes. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10090203. [PMID: 32867283 PMCID: PMC7560224 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10090203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are prebiotic compounds widely used for their health-promoting effects. Conventionally, GOS is produced by the enzymatic conversion of lactose in stirred tank reactors (STR). The high operational costs associated with enzyme inactivation and removal might be reduced by the application of enzyme membrane reactors (EMR). In this study, we aimed to assess the potential of continuous GOS production by EMR using soluble Biolacta N5, a Bacillus circulans-derived commercial enzyme preparation. The steady-state performance of the EMR equipped with an ultrafiltration module was investigated as function of residence time (1.1-2.8 h) and enzyme load (17-190 U·g-1) under fixed operational settings of temperature (50 °C), pH (6.0), lactose feed concentration (300 g·kg-1), and recirculation flow-rate (0.18 m3·h-1). Results indicate that the yield of oligosaccharides with higher degree of polymerization (DP3-6) in STR (approx. 38% on total carbohydrate basis) exceeds that measured in EMR (ranging from 24% to 33%). However, a stable catalytic performance without a significant deterioration in product quality was observed when operating the EMR for an extended period of time (> 120 h). Approx. 1.4 kg of DP3-6 was produced per one gram of crude enzyme preparation over the long-term campaigns, indicating that EMR efficiently recovers enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Cao
- Department of Food Engineering, Szent István University, 1118 Budapest, Hungary; (T.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Melinda Pázmándi
- Department of Food Engineering, Szent István University, 1118 Budapest, Hungary; (T.C.); (M.P.)
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Szent István University, 1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Galambos
- Soós Ernő Water Technology Research and Development Center, University of Pannonia, 8200 Nagykanizsa, Hungary;
| | - Zoltán Kovács
- Department of Food Engineering, Szent István University, 1118 Budapest, Hungary; (T.C.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-1482-6234
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9
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Pázmándi M, Kovács Z, Balga E, Kovács M, Maráz A. Production of high-purity galacto-oligosaccharides by depleting glucose and lactose from galacto-oligosaccharide syrup with yeasts. Yeast 2020; 37:515-530. [PMID: 32602234 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are prebiotic compounds, widely used as ingredients in various food, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products. Enzymatic synthesis of GOS results in low-purity products that contain high amounts of glucose and lactose beside the valuable GOS. In this study, a systematic approach was used to develop yeast-based fermentation strategies to purify crude GOS. Potentially applicable yeast strains were identified based on an extensive search in literature databases followed by a series of laboratory-scale fermentation tests. Single- and two-step fermentation processes were designed for the removal of glucose alone or together with lactose from crude GOS syrup. Single-step fermentation trials with two strains of previously unreported species, Cyberlindnera jadinii NCAIM Y.00499 and Kluyveromyces nonfermentans NCAIM Y.01443, resulted in purified products free of both glucose and ethanol from a crude GOS syrup diluted to 15 and 10 w/v%, respectively. Simultaneous removal of glucose and lactose was achieved by Kluyveromyces marxianus DMB Km-RK in a single-step fermentation process with a yield of 97.5% and final purity of 100%. A two-step fermentation approach was designed to allow conversion of a glucose-free product into a high-purity GOS by removing glucose with C. jadinii Y.00499 in the first step, and lactose by Kluyveromyces lactis DMB Kl-RK in the second step, resulting in a final product with a yield of 100% and a final purity of 92.1%. These results indicate that the selected nonconventional yeasts are promising candidates for the removal of non-GOS components from commercial crude GOS products by selective fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Pázmándi
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Food Process Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kovács
- Department of Food Process Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edina Balga
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mónika Kovács
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Maráz
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
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10
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Ademakinwa AN, Agboola FK. Some biochemical, catalytic, thermodynamic and kinetic properties of purified fructosyltransferase from wild and improved mutant-typeAureobasidium pullulansNAC8. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2019.1671376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adedeji N. Ademakinwa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Elizade University, Ilara-Mokin, Nigeria
| | - Femi K. Agboola
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
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Kalampokini S, Becker A, Fassbender K, Lyros E, Unger MM. Nonpharmacological Modulation of Chronic Inflammation in Parkinson's Disease: Role of Diet Interventions. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2019; 2019:7535472. [PMID: 31534664 PMCID: PMC6732577 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7535472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is increasingly recognized as an important pathophysiological feature of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent evidence suggests that neuroinflammation in PD might originate in the intestine and the bidirectional communication between the central and enteric nervous system, the so-called "gut-brain axis," has received growing attention due to its contribution to the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. Diet targets mediators of inflammation with various mechanisms and combined with dopaminergic treatment can exert various beneficial effects in PD. Food-based therapies may favorably modulate gut microbiota composition and enhance the intestinal epithelial integrity or decrease the proinflammatory response by direct effects on immune cells. Diets rich in pre- and probiotics, polyunsaturated fatty acids, phenols including flavonoids, and vitamins, such as the Mediterranean diet or a plant-based diet, may attenuate chronic inflammation and positively influence PD symptoms and even progression of the disease. Dietary strategies should be encouraged in the context of a healthy lifestyle with physical activity, which also has neuroimmune-modifying properties. Thus, diet adaptation appears to be an effective additive, nonpharmacological therapeutic strategy that can attenuate the chronic inflammation implicated in PD, potentially slow down degeneration, and thereby modify the course of the disease. PD patients should be highly encouraged to adopt corresponding lifestyle modifications, in order to improve not only PD symptoms, but also general quality of life. Future research should focus on planning larger clinical trials with dietary interventions in PD in order to obtain hard evidence for the hypothesized beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Kalampokini
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Saarland, Kirrberger Straße, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Anouck Becker
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Saarland, Kirrberger Straße, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Fassbender
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Saarland, Kirrberger Straße, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Epameinondas Lyros
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Saarland, Kirrberger Straße, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Marcus M. Unger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Saarland, Kirrberger Straße, 66421 Homburg, Germany
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12
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Two-Step Production of Neofructo-Oligosaccharides Using Immobilized Heterologous Aspergillus terreus 1F-Fructosyltransferase Expressed in Kluyveromyces lactis and Native Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous G6-Fructosyltransferase. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9080673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) are prebiotic low-calorie sweeteners that are synthesized by the transfer of fructose units from sucrose by enzymes known as fructosyltransferases. If these enzymes generate β-(2,6) glycosidic bonds, the resulting oligosaccharides belong to the neoseries (neoFOS). Here, we characterized the properties of three different fructosyltransferases using a design of experiments approach based on response surface methodology with a D-optimal design. The reaction time, pH, temperature, and substrate concentration were used as parameters to predict three responses: The total enzyme activity, the concentration of neoFOS and the neoFOS yield relative to the initial concentration of sucrose. We also conducted immobilization studies to establish a cascade reaction for neoFOS production with two different fructosyltransferases, achieving a total FOS yield of 47.02 ± 3.02%. The resulting FOS mixture included 53.07 ± 1.66 mM neonystose (neo-GF3) and 20.8 ± 1.91 mM neo-GF4.
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13
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Uyar GÖ, Yildiran H. A nutritional approach to microbiota in Parkinson's disease. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2019; 38:115-127. [PMID: 31763115 PMCID: PMC6856517 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.19-002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor impairment and the accumulation of alpha-synucleinopathy (α-syn), which can affect different levels of the
brain-gut axis. There is a two-way communication between the gastrointestinal tract, and brain that includes the gut microbiota. This bidirectional communication between the gut microbiota
and the brain includes many pathways, such as immune mechanisms, the vagus nerve, and microbial neurometabolite production. The common cause of constipation in PD is thought to be the
accumulation of α-syn proteins in the enteric nervous system. Recent studies have focused on changes in microbial metabolites and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Microbiota dysbiosis is associated
with increased intestinal permeability, intestinal inflammation, and neuroinflammation. Many factors, such as unbalanced nutrition, antibiotic use, age, and infection, result in alteration
of microbial metabolites, triggering α-syn accumulation in the intestinal mucosa cells. Increased evidence indicates that the amount, type, and balance of dietary macronutrients
(carbohydrates, proteins, and fats); high consumption of vegetables, fruits, and omega-3 fatty acids; and healthy diet patterns such as the Mediterranean diet may have a great protective
impact on PD. This review focuses on the potential benefits of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics to regulate microbiota dysbiosis along with the effect of diet on the gut microbiota in
PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Özata Uyar
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hilal Yildiran
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey
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14
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Kawee-Ai A, Chaisuwan W, Manassa A, Seesuriyachan P. Effects of ultra-high pressure on effective synthesis of fructooligosaccharides and fructotransferase activity using Pectinex Ultra SP-L and inulinase from Aspergillus niger. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 49:649-658. [PMID: 31012794 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2019.1599392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, various levels of ultra-high pressure (UHP) were combined with the enzymatic synthesis of the fructooligosaccharide (FOS) using Pectinex Ultra SP-L and inulinase. The combination enhanced the FOS yields up to 2.5- and 1.5-fold, respectively, compared to atmospheric condition (0.1 MPa). However, the enzymatic reaction was dependent on the levels of pressure, the reaction times, and the initial sucrose concentrations. The combined UHP and inulinase showed that the maximum FOS yield (71.81%) was obtained under UHP at 200 MPa for 20 min with 300 g/L of initial sucrose as a substrate, while the FOS yield (57.13%) using Pectinex Ultra SP-L was obtained under UHP at 300 MPa for 15 min with 600 g/L of initial sucrose as a substrate. The FOS composition produced by Pectinex Ultra SP-L under the UHP was 1-kestose (GF2), nystose (GF3), and 1F-fructofuranosylnystose (GF4), whereas the FOS produced by inulinase composed of only GF2 and GF3. The combined UHP is a useful tool in the industrial application for FOS production. Highlights UHP activated the activity of Pectinex Ultra SP-L yet inactivated inulinase Pressure level, time, and sucrose concentration significantly affect FOS yields under UHP UHP enhanced FOS production with time-saving benefits within 15-20 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthitaya Kawee-Ai
- a Faculty of Agro-Industry , Chiang Mai University , Mea Hea, Mueang Chiang Mai , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Worraprat Chaisuwan
- a Faculty of Agro-Industry , Chiang Mai University , Mea Hea, Mueang Chiang Mai , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Apisit Manassa
- a Faculty of Agro-Industry , Chiang Mai University , Mea Hea, Mueang Chiang Mai , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Phisit Seesuriyachan
- a Faculty of Agro-Industry , Chiang Mai University , Mea Hea, Mueang Chiang Mai , Chiang Mai , Thailand
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15
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Chen Y, Barreto V, Woodruff A, Lu Z, Liu Y, Pohl C. Dual Electrolytic Eluent Generation for Oligosaccharides Analysis Using High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10910-10916. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjing Chen
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 1228 Titan Way, Sunnyvale, California 94088-3603, United States
| | - Victor Barreto
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 1228 Titan Way, Sunnyvale, California 94088-3603, United States
| | - Andy Woodruff
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 1228 Titan Way, Sunnyvale, California 94088-3603, United States
| | - Zhongqing Lu
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 1228 Titan Way, Sunnyvale, California 94088-3603, United States
| | - Yan Liu
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 1228 Titan Way, Sunnyvale, California 94088-3603, United States
| | - Christopher Pohl
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 1228 Titan Way, Sunnyvale, California 94088-3603, United States
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16
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Pázmándi M, Maráz A, Ladányi M, Kovács Z. The impact of membrane pretreatment on the enzymatic production of whey-derived galacto-oligosaccharides. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Pázmándi
- Department of Food Engineering; Szent István University; Budapest Hungary
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology; Szent István University; Budapest Hungary
| | - Anna Maráz
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology; Szent István University; Budapest Hungary
| | - Márta Ladányi
- Department of Biometrics and Agricultural Informatics; Szent István University; Budapest Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kovács
- Department of Food Engineering; Szent István University; Budapest Hungary
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17
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Reaction kinetics and galactooligosaccharide product profiles of the β-galactosidases from Bacillus circulans, Kluyveromyces lactis and Aspergillus oryzae. Food Chem 2017; 225:230-238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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18
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Vera C, Córdova A, Aburto C, Guerrero C, Suárez S, Illanes A. Synthesis and purification of galacto-oligosaccharides: state of the art. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:197. [PMID: 27757792 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lactose-derived non-digestible oligosaccharides are prominent components of functional foods. Among them, galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) outstand for being prebiotics whose health-promoting effects are supported on strong scientific evidences, having unique properties as substitutes of human milk oligosaccharides in formulas for newborns and infants. GOS are currently produced enzymatically in a kinetically-controlled reaction of lactose transgalactosylation catalyzed by β-galactosidases from different microbial strains. The enzymatic synthesis of GOS, although being an established technology, still offers many technological challenges and opportunities for further development that has to be considered within the framework of functional foods which is the most rapidly expanding market within the food sector. This paper presents the current technological status of GOS production, its main achievements and challenges. Most of the problems yet to be solved refer to the rather low GOS yields attainable that rarely exceed 40 %, corresponding to lactose conversions around 60 %. This means that the product or reaction (raw GOS) contains significant amounts of residual lactose and monosaccharides (glucose and galactose). Efforts to increase such yields have been for the most part unsuccessful, even though improvements by genetic and protein engineering strategies are to be expected in the near future. Low yields impose a burden on downstream processing to obtain a GOS product of the required purity. Different strategies for raw GOS purification are reviewed and their technological significance is appraised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Vera
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Brasil, 2085, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Andrés Córdova
- School of Food Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Waddington 716, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Carla Aburto
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Brasil, 2085, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Cecilia Guerrero
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Brasil, 2085, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Sebastián Suárez
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Brasil, 2085, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Andrés Illanes
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Brasil, 2085, Valparaíso, Chile
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19
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Ur Rehman A, Kovacs Z, Quitmann H, Ebrahimi M, Czermak P. Enzymatic production of fructo-oligosaccharides from inexpensive and abundant substrates using a membrane reactor system. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2016.1167740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Facile, high quality sequencing of bacterial genomes from small amounts of DNA. Int J Genomics 2014; 2014:434575. [PMID: 25478564 PMCID: PMC4247979 DOI: 10.1155/2014/434575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequencing bacterial genomes has traditionally required large amounts of genomic DNA (~1 μg). There have been few studies to determine the effects of the input DNA amount or library preparation method on the quality of sequencing data. Several new commercially available library preparation methods enable shotgun sequencing from as little as 1 ng of input DNA. In this study, we evaluated the NEBNext Ultra library preparation reagents for sequencing bacterial genomes. We have evaluated the utility of NEBNext Ultra for resequencing and de novo assembly of four bacterial genomes and compared its performance with the TruSeq library preparation kit. The NEBNext Ultra reagents enable high quality resequencing and de novo assembly of a variety of bacterial genomes when using 100 ng of input genomic DNA. For the two most challenging genomes (Burkholderia spp.), which have the highest GC content and are the longest, we also show that the quality of both resequencing and de novo assembly is not decreased when only 10 ng of input genomic DNA is used.
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