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Wawrzyńczak A, Chudzińska J, Feliczak-Guzik A. Metal and Metal Oxides Nanoparticles as Nanofillers for Biodegradable Polymers. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300823. [PMID: 38353297 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Polymeric materials, despite their many undeniable advantages, nowadays are a major environmental challenge. Thus, in recent years biodegradable polymer matrices have been widely used in various sectors, including the medicinal, chemical, and packaging industry. Their widespread use is due to the properties of biodegradable polymer matrices, among which are their adjustable physicochemical and mechanical properties, as well as lower environmental impact. The properties of biodegradable polymers can be modified with various types of nanofillers, among which clays, organic and inorganic nanoparticles, and carbon nanostructures are most commonly used. The performance of the final product depends on the size and uniformity of the used nanofillers, as well as on their distribution and dispersion in the polymer matrix. This literature review aims to highlight new research results on advances and improvements in the synthesis, physicochemical properties and applications of biodegradable polymer matrices modified with metal nanoparticles and metal oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Wawrzyńczak
- Department of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań University 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jagoda Chudzińska
- Department of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań University 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Feliczak-Guzik
- Department of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań University 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
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Suter EK, Rutto HL, Seodigeng TS, Kiambi SL, Omwoyo WN. Green isolation of cellulosic materials from recycled pulp and paper sludge: a Box-Behnken design optimization. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2024; 59:64-75. [PMID: 38511615 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2024.2331942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose was isolated from recycled pulp and paper sludge and used to synthesize cellulose nanocrystals. Response surface methodology and Box-Behnken design model were used to predict, improve, and optimize the cellulose isolation process. The optimal conditions were a reaction temperature of 87.5 °C, 180 min with 4% sodium hydroxide. SEM and TEM results revealed that the isolated cellulose had long rod-like structures of different dimensions than CNCs with short rod-like structures. The crystallinity index from XRD significantly increased from 41.33%, 63.7%, and 75.6% for Kimberly mill pulp sludge (KMRPPS), chemically purified cellulose and cellulose nanocrystals, respectively. The TGA/DTG analysis showed that the isolated cellulosic materials possessed higher thermal stability. FTIR analysis suggested that the chemical structures of cellulose and CNCs were modified by chemical treatment. The cellulose surface was highly hydrophilic compared to the CNCs based on the high water holding capacity of 65.31 ± 0.98% and 83.14 ± 1.22%, respectively. The synthesized cellulosic materials portrayed excellent properties for high-end industrial applications like biomedical engineering, advanced materials, nanotechnology, sustainable packaging, personal care products, environmental remediation, additive manufacturing, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evans K Suter
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy, Clean Technology and Applied Materials Research Group, South Africa
| | - Hilary L Rutto
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy, Clean Technology and Applied Materials Research Group, South Africa
| | - Tumisang S Seodigeng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy, Clean Technology and Applied Materials Research Group, South Africa
| | - Sammy L Kiambi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy, Clean Technology and Applied Materials Research Group, South Africa
| | - Wesley N Omwoyo
- Biotechnology and Chemistry Department, Vaal University of Technology, South Africa
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Joseph P, Tanase-Opedal M, Moe ST. Polymer properties of softwood organosolv lignins produced in two different reactor systems. Biopolymers 2023; 114:e23566. [PMID: 37795978 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Lignin, the second most abundant biopolymer on earth and with a predominantly aromatic structure, has the potential to be a raw material for valuable chemicals and other bio-based chemicals. In industry, lignin is underutilized by being used mostly as a fuel for producing thermal energy. Valorization of lignin requires knowledge of the structure and different linkages in the isolated lignin, making the study of structure of lignin important. In this article, lignin samples isolated from two types of reactors (autoclave reactor and displacement reactor) were analyzed by FT-IR, size exclusion chromatography, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Py-GC-MS. The average molecular mass of the organosolv lignins isolated from the autoclave reactor decreased at higher severities, and FT-IR showed an increase in free phenolic content with increasing severity. Except for molecular mass and molecular mass dispersity, there were only minor differences between lignins isolated from the autoclave reactor and lignins isolated from the displacement reactor. Carbohydrate analysis, Py-GC-MS and TGA showed that the lignin isolated using either of the reactor systems is of high purity, suggesting that organosolv lignin is a good candidate for valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajin Joseph
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Størker T Moe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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Worku LA, Bachheti A, Bachheti RK, Rodrigues Reis CE, Chandel AK. Agricultural Residues as Raw Materials for Pulp and Paper Production: Overview and Applications on Membrane Fabrication. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:228. [PMID: 36837731 PMCID: PMC9959550 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The need for pulp and paper has risen significantly due to exponential population growth, industrialization, and urbanization. Most paper manufacturing industries use wood fibers to meet pulp and paper requirements. The shortage of fibrous wood resources and increased deforestation are linked to the excessive dependence on wood for pulp and paper production. Therefore, non-wood substitutes, including corn stalks, sugarcane bagasse, wheat, and rice straw, cotton stalks, and others, may greatly alleviate the shortage of raw materials used to make pulp and paper. Non-woody raw materials can be pulped easily using soda/soda-AQ (anthraquinone), organosolv, and bio-pulping. The use of agricultural residues can also play a pivotal role in the development of polymeric membranes separating different molecular weight cut-off molecules from a variety of feedstocks in industries. These membranes range in applications from water purification to medicinal uses. Considering that some farmers still burn agricultural residues on the fields, resulting in significant air pollution and health issues, the use of agricultural residues in paper manufacturing can eventually help these producers to get better financial outcomes from the grown crop. This paper reviews the current trends in the technological pitch of pulp and paper production from agricultural residues using different pulping methods, with an insight into the application of membranes developed from lignocellulosic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limenew Abate Worku
- Centre of Excellence in Nanotechnology, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 16417, Ethiopia
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 16417, Ethiopia
| | - Archana Bachheti
- Department of Environment Science, Graphic Era University, Dehradun 248002, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Bachheti
- Centre of Excellence in Nanotechnology, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 16417, Ethiopia
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 16417, Ethiopia
| | | | - Anuj Kumar Chandel
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena (EEL), Estrada Municipal do Campinho, University of São Paulo (USP), Lorena 12602-810, São Paulo, Brazil
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Monção M, Wretborn T, Rova U, Matsakas L, Christakopoulos P. Salicornia dolichostachya organosolv fractionation: towards establishing a halophyte biorefinery. RSC Adv 2022; 12:28599-28607. [PMID: 36320546 PMCID: PMC9540244 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04432c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Halophytes are a potential source of lignocellulosic material for biorefinery, as they can be grown in areas unsuitable for the cultivation of crops aimed at food production. To enable the viable use of halophytes in biorefineries, the present study investigated how different organosolv process parameters affected the fractionation of green pressed fibers of Salicornia dolichostachya. We produced pretreated solids characterized by up to 51.3% ± 1.7% cellulose, a significant increase from 25.6% ± 1.3% in untreated fibers. A delignification yield of as high as 60.7%, and hemicellulose removal of as high as 86.1% were also achieved in the current study. The obtained cellulose could be completely converted to glucose via enzymatic hydrolysis within 24 h. The lignin fractions obtained were of high purity, with sugar contamination of only 1.22% w/w and ashes below 1% w/w in most samples. Finally, up to 29.1% ± 0.4% hemicellulose was recovered as a separate product, whose proportion of oligomers to total sugars was 69.9% ± 3.0%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in which Salicornia fibers are shown to be a suitable feedstock for organosolv biomass fractionation. These results expand the portfolio of biomass sources for biorefinery applications. An organosolv method was developed for the fractionation of fibers of a halophyte plant in a biorefinery approach. Salicornia dolichostachya was used as raw material allowing the production of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin fractions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwel Monção
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå Tekniska UniversitetSE-971 87LuleåSweden+46 (0) 920 493043
| | - Tobias Wretborn
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå Tekniska UniversitetSE-971 87LuleåSweden+46 (0) 920 493043
| | - Ulrika Rova
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå Tekniska UniversitetSE-971 87LuleåSweden+46 (0) 920 493043
| | - Leonidas Matsakas
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå Tekniska UniversitetSE-971 87LuleåSweden+46 (0) 920 493043
| | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå Tekniska UniversitetSE-971 87LuleåSweden+46 (0) 920 493043
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Hussin MH, Appaturi JN, Poh NE, Latif NHA, Brosse N, Ziegler-Devin I, Vahabi H, Syamani FA, Fatriasari W, Solihat NN, Karimah A, Iswanto AH, Sekeri SH, Ibrahim MNM. A recent advancement on preparation, characterization and application of nanolignin. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 200:303-326. [PMID: 34999045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Each year, 50 to 70 million tonnes of lignin are produced worldwide as by-products from pulp industries and biorefineries through numerous processes. Nevertheless, about 98% of lignin is directly burnt to produce steam to generate energy for the pulp mills and only a handful of isolated lignin is used as a raw material for the chemical conversion and for the preparation of various substances as well as modification of lignin into nanomaterials. Thus, thanks to its complex structure, the conversion of lignin to nanolignin, attracting growing attention and generating considerable interest in the scientific community. The objective of this review is to provide a complete understanding and knowledge of the synthesis methods and functionalization of various lignin nanoparticles (LNP). The characterization of LNP such as structural, thermal, molecular weight properties together with macromolecule and quantification assessments are also reviewed. In particular, emerging applications in different areas such as UV barriers, antimicrobials, drug administration, agriculture, anticorrosives, the environment, wood protection, enzymatic immobilization and others were highlighted. In addition, future perspectives and challenges related to the development of LNP are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hazwan Hussin
- Materials Technology Research Group (MaTReC), School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Jimmy Nelson Appaturi
- Materials Technology Research Group (MaTReC), School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ng Eng Poh
- Materials Technology Research Group (MaTReC), School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nur Hanis Abd Latif
- Materials Technology Research Group (MaTReC), School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nicolas Brosse
- Laboratoire d'Etude et de Recherche sur le MAteriau Bois (LERMAB), Faculte des Sciences et Technologies, Universite de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Isabelle Ziegler-Devin
- Laboratoire d'Etude et de Recherche sur le MAteriau Bois (LERMAB), Faculte des Sciences et Technologies, Universite de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Henri Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000, Metz, France
| | - Firda Aulya Syamani
- Research Center for Biomaterial, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor 16911, Indonesia
| | - Widya Fatriasari
- Research Center for Biomaterial, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor 16911, Indonesia
| | - Nissa Nurfajrin Solihat
- Research Center for Biomaterial, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor 16911, Indonesia
| | - Azizatul Karimah
- Research Center for Biomaterial, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor 16911, Indonesia
| | - Apri Heri Iswanto
- Department of Forest Product, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia; JATI-Sumatran Forestry Analysis Study Center, Jl. Tridharma Ujung No. 1, Kampus USU, Medan 20155, North Sumatera, Indonesia
| | - Siti Hajar Sekeri
- Materials Technology Research Group (MaTReC), School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim
- Materials Technology Research Group (MaTReC), School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
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Liu X, Bouxin FP, Fan J, Budarin VL, Hu C, Clark JH. Recent Advances in the Catalytic Depolymerization of Lignin towards Phenolic Chemicals: A Review. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4296-4317. [PMID: 32662564 PMCID: PMC7540457 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The efficient valorization of lignin could dictate the success of the 2nd generation biorefinery. Lignin, accounting for on average a third of the lignocellulosic biomass, is the most promising candidate for sustainable production of value-added phenolics. However, the structural alteration induced during lignin isolation is often depleting its potential for value-added chemicals. Recently, catalytic reductive depolymerization of lignin has appeared to be a promising and effective method for its valorization to obtain phenolic monomers. The present study systematically summarizes the far-reaching and state-of-the-art lignin valorization strategies during different stages, including conventional catalytic depolymerization of technical lignin, emerging reductive catalytic fractionation of protolignin, stabilization strategies to inhibit the undesired condensation reactions, and further catalytic upgrading of lignin-derived monomers. Finally, the potential challenges for the future researches on the efficient valorization of lignin and possible solutions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and TechnologyMinistry of EducationDepartment of ChemistrySichuan UniversityWangjiang RoadChengdu610064P.R. China
- Green Chemistry Center of ExcellenceDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Florent P. Bouxin
- Green Chemistry Center of ExcellenceDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Jiajun Fan
- Green Chemistry Center of ExcellenceDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Vitaliy L. Budarin
- Green Chemistry Center of ExcellenceDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Changwei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and TechnologyMinistry of EducationDepartment of ChemistrySichuan UniversityWangjiang RoadChengdu610064P.R. China
| | - James H. Clark
- Green Chemistry Center of ExcellenceDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
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Marinho NP, Cademartori PHGD, Nisgoski S, Tanobe VODA, Klock U, Muñiz GIBD. Feasibility of ramie fibers as raw material for the isolation of nanofibrillated cellulose. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 230:115579. [PMID: 31887914 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a strategy was adopted to enhance the use of ramie fibers as raw material for isolation of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs). Ramie pulp was produced by alkaline organosolv followed by bleaching. CNFs were produced by mechanical defibrillation, and films were fabricated via casting. Effects of number of passes in the mechanical grinding on physical and mechanical properties of CNF films were comprehensively studied. Potential of ramie fibers was proved by fabricating homogeneous nanofibers with average thickness of 8.72 nm, which led to CNF films with dense and non-porous networks, and crystallinity index of 76-78%. Tensile strength (42-82 MPa) and dynamic mechanical (9-11 GPa) performance were good only for less severe mechanical defibrillation. Lower solubility (1.85-2.43%). and activity (0.69) in water, and outstanding barrier properties against water vapor and oxygen make ramie suitable for more sustainable extraction of cellulose nanofibers and production of CNF films for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Potenciano Marinho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Florestal (PPGEF), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 80210 170, Brazil.
| | - Pedro Henrique Gonzalez de Cademartori
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Florestal (PPGEF), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 80210 170, Brazil; Departamento de Engenharia e Tecnologia Florestal (DETF), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 80210 170, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia e Ciência dos Materiais (PIPE), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil.
| | - Silvana Nisgoski
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Florestal (PPGEF), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 80210 170, Brazil; Departamento de Engenharia e Tecnologia Florestal (DETF), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 80210 170, Brazil.
| | - Valcineide Oliveira de Andrade Tanobe
- Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba 80050-540, Brazil; Departamento de Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías - CUCEI, Blvd. Marcelino Barragán, 1421 esq. Calzada Olimpica, Col. Olimpica, C.P.44430, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco-México.
| | - Umberto Klock
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Florestal (PPGEF), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 80210 170, Brazil; Departamento de Engenharia e Tecnologia Florestal (DETF), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 80210 170, Brazil.
| | - Graciela Inés Bolzon de Muñiz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Florestal (PPGEF), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 80210 170, Brazil; Departamento de Engenharia e Tecnologia Florestal (DETF), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 80210 170, Brazil.
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Galbe M, Wallberg O. Pretreatment for biorefineries: a review of common methods for efficient utilisation of lignocellulosic materials. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:294. [PMID: 31890022 PMCID: PMC6927169 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1634-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of biorefineries based on lignocellulosic materials as an alternative to fossil-based refineries calls for efficient methods for fractionation and recovery of the products. The focus for the biorefinery concept for utilisation of biomass has shifted, from design of more or less energy-driven biorefineries, to much more versatile facilities where chemicals and energy carriers can be produced. The sugar-based biorefinery platform requires pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials, which can be very recalcitrant, to improve further processing through enzymatic hydrolysis, and for other downstream unit operations. This review summarises the development in the field of pretreatment (and to some extent, of fractionation) of various lignocellulosic materials. The number of publications indicates that biomass pretreatment plays a very important role for the biorefinery concept to be realised in full scale. The traditional pretreatment methods, for example, steam pretreatment (explosion), organosolv and hydrothermal treatment are covered in the review. In addition, the rapidly increasing interest for chemical treatment employing ionic liquids and deep-eutectic solvents are discussed and reviewed. It can be concluded that the huge variation of lignocellulosic materials makes it difficult to find a general process design for a biorefinery. Therefore, it is difficult to define "the best pretreatment" method. In the end, this depends on the proposed application, and any recommendation of a suitable pretreatment method must be based on a thorough techno-economic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Galbe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ola Wallberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Raghavendran V, Nitsos C, Matsakas L, Rova U, Christakopoulos P, Olsson L. A comparative study of the enzymatic hydrolysis of batch organosolv-pretreated birch and spruce biomass. AMB Express 2018; 8:114. [PMID: 29992363 PMCID: PMC6039347 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0643-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A shift towards a sustainable and green society is vital to reduce the negative effects of climate change associated with increased CO2 emissions. Lignocellulosic biomass is both renewable and abundant, but is recalcitrant to deconstruction. Among the methods of pretreatment available, organosolv (OS) delignifies cellulose efficiently, significantly improving its digestibility by enzymes. We have assessed the hydrolysability of the cellulose-rich solid fractions from OS-pretreated spruce and birch at 2% w/v loading (dry matter). Almost complete saccharification of birch was possible with 80 mg enzyme preparation/gsolids (12 FPU/gsolids), while the saccharification yield for spruce was only 70%, even when applying 60 FPU/gsolids. As the cellulose content is enriched by OS, the yield of glucose was higher than in their steam-exploded counterparts. The hydrolysate was a transparent liquid due to the absence of phenolics and was also free from inhibitors. OS pretreatment holds potential for use in a large-scale, closed-loop biorefinery producing fuels from the cellulose fraction and platform chemicals from the hemicellulose and lignin fractions respectively.
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