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Zhang C, Zhou X, Zhu C, Zong Y, Cao H. STM studies on porphyrins and phthalocyanines at the liquid/solid interface for molecular-scale electronics. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:11017-11024. [PMID: 37529933 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01518a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrins and phthalocyanines are promising candidates for single-molecule electronics. Among the many characterization tools, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) represents a very powerful one to gain insight into the electronic properties at the molecular level, by correlating the charge transport behaviours of π-conjugated molecules with ultrahigh resolution imaging. In view of the sophistication of molecular self-assembly in the presence of a solution phase, in this frontier, we focus on STM studies on porphyrins and phthalocyanines at the liquid/solid interface, placing emphasis on the electronic and magnetic properties, as well as the switching behaviour of surface-confined or surface-anchored molecules. Furthermore, we have also addressed the topics of potential that can be exploited in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Chunlei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yufen Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Hai Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.
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2
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Hnid I, Guan L, Chatir E, Cobo S, Lafolet F, Maurel F, Lacroix JC, Sun X. Visualization and Comprehension of Electronic and Topographic Contrasts on Cooperatively Switched Diarylethene-Bridged Ditopic Ligand. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:1318. [PMID: 35458026 PMCID: PMC9029802 DOI: 10.3390/nano12081318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Diarylethene is a prototypical molecular switch that can be reversibly photoisomerized between its open and closed forms. Ligands bpy-DAE-bpy, consisting of a phenyl-diarylethene-phenyl (DAE) central core and bipyridine (bpy) terminal substituents, are able to self-organize. They are investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy at the solid-liquid interface. Upon light irradiation, cooperative photochromic switching of the ligands is recognized down to the submolecular level. The closed isomers show different electron density of states (DOS) contrasts, attributed to the HOMO or LUMO molecular orbitals observed. More importantly, the LUMO images show remarkable differences between the open and closed isomers, attributed to combined topographic and electronic contrasts mainly on the DAE moieties. The electronic contrasts from multiple HOMO or LUMO distributions, combined with topographic distortion of the open or closed DAE, are interpreted by density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Hnid
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France; (I.H.); (L.G.); (F.L.); (F.M.)
| | - Lihao Guan
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France; (I.H.); (L.G.); (F.L.); (F.M.)
| | - Elarbi Chatir
- Department of Chemistry, Université Grenoble Alpes, DCM-UMR 5250, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (E.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Saioa Cobo
- Department of Chemistry, Université Grenoble Alpes, DCM-UMR 5250, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (E.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Frédéric Lafolet
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France; (I.H.); (L.G.); (F.L.); (F.M.)
| | - François Maurel
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France; (I.H.); (L.G.); (F.L.); (F.M.)
| | - Jean-Christophe Lacroix
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France; (I.H.); (L.G.); (F.L.); (F.M.)
| | - Xiaonan Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France; (I.H.); (L.G.); (F.L.); (F.M.)
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Poluektov G, Keller TJ, Jochemich A, Krönert A, Müller U, Spicher S, Grimme S, Jester S, Höger S. Supramolecular Nanopatterns of Molecular Spoked Wheels with Orthogonal Pillars: The Observation of a Fullerene Haze. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgiy Poluektov
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Tristan J. Keller
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Anna Jochemich
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Anna Krönert
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Ute Müller
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Sebastian Spicher
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Beringstr. 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Beringstr. 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Stefan‐S. Jester
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Sigurd Höger
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 53121 Bonn Germany
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Poluektov G, Keller TJ, Jochemich A, Krönert A, Müller U, Spicher S, Grimme S, Jester S, Höger S. Supramolecular Nanopatterns of Molecular Spoked Wheels with Orthogonal Pillars: The Observation of a Fullerene Haze. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:27264-27270. [PMID: 34672411 PMCID: PMC9298702 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Molecular spoked wheels with intraannular functionalizable pillars are synthesized in a modular approach. The functionalities at their ends are variable, and a propargyl alcohol, a [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyrate, and a perylene monoimide are investigated. All compounds form two-dimensional crystals on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite at the solid-liquid interface. As determined by submolecularly resolved scanning tunneling microscopy, the pillars adopt equilibrium distances of 6.0 nm. The fullerene has a residual mobility, limited by the length of the flexible connector unit. The experimental results are supported and rationalized by molecular dynamics simulations. These also show that, in contrast, the more rigidly attached perylene monoimide units remain oriented along the surface normal and maintain a smallest distance of 2 nm above the graphite substrate. The robust packing concept also holds for cocrystals with molecular hexagons that expand the pillar-pillar distances by 15 % and block unspecific intercalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgiy Poluektov
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str. 153121BonnGermany
| | - Tristan J. Keller
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str. 153121BonnGermany
| | - Anna Jochemich
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str. 153121BonnGermany
| | - Anna Krönert
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str. 153121BonnGermany
| | - Ute Müller
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str. 153121BonnGermany
| | - Sebastian Spicher
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität BonnBeringstr. 453115BonnGermany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität BonnBeringstr. 453115BonnGermany
| | - Stefan‐S. Jester
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str. 153121BonnGermany
| | - Sigurd Höger
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str. 153121BonnGermany
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Maier S, Stöhr M. Molecular assemblies on surfaces: towards physical and electronic decoupling of organic molecules. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 12:950-956. [PMID: 34540518 PMCID: PMC8404214 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.12.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Maier
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Meike Stöhr
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
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Das S, Nascimbeni G, de la Morena RO, Ishiwari F, Shoji Y, Fukushima T, Buck M, Zojer E, Zharnikov M. Porous Honeycomb Self-Assembled Monolayers: Tripodal Adsorption and Hidden Chirality of Carboxylate Anchored Triptycenes on Ag. ACS NANO 2021; 15:11168-11179. [PMID: 34125529 PMCID: PMC8320238 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c03626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Molecules with tripodal anchoring to substrates represent a versatile platform for the fabrication of robust self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), complementing the conventional monopodal approach. In this context, we studied the adsorption of 1,8,13-tricarboxytriptycene (Trip-CA) on Ag(111), mimicked by a bilayer of silver atoms underpotentially deposited on Au. While tripodal SAMs frequently suffer from poor structural quality and inhomogeneous bonding configurations, the triptycene scaffold featuring three carboxylic acid anchoring groups yields highly crystalline SAM structures. A pronounced polymorphism is observed, with the formation of distinctly different structures depending on preparation conditions. Besides hexagonal molecular arrangements, the occurrence of a honeycomb structure is particularly intriguing as such an open structure is unusual for SAMs consisting of upright-standing molecules. Advanced spectroscopic tools reveal an equivalent bonding of all carboxylic acid anchoring groups. Notably, density functional theory calculations predict a chiral arrangement of the molecules in the honeycomb network, which, surprisingly, is not apparent in experimental scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images. This seeming discrepancy between theory and experiment can be resolved by considering the details of the actual electronic structure of the adsorbate layer. The presented results represent an exemplary showcase for the intricacy of interpreting STM images of complex molecular films. They are also further evidence for the potential of triptycenes as basic building blocks for generating well-defined layers with unusual structural motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saunak Das
- Angewandte
Physikalische Chemie, Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Giulia Nascimbeni
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz
University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Fumitaka Ishiwari
- Laboratory
for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta,
Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Shoji
- Laboratory
for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta,
Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Takanori Fukushima
- Laboratory
for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta,
Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Manfred Buck
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, U.K.
| | - Egbert Zojer
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz
University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Zharnikov
- Angewandte
Physikalische Chemie, Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Johnson KN, Hurlock MJ, Zhang Q, Hipps KW, Mazur U. Balancing Noncovalent Interactions in the Self-Assembly of Nonplanar Aromatic Carboxylic Acid MOF Linkers at the Solution/Solid Interface: HOPG vs Au(111). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:5271-5280. [PMID: 30945877 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study explores directed noncovalent bonding in the self-assembly of nonplanar aromatic carboxylic acids on gold and graphite surfaces. It is the first step in developing a new design strategy to create two-dimensional surface metal-organic frameworks (SURFMOFs). The acid molecules used are tetraphenylethene-based and are typically employed in the synthesis of three-dimensional (3D) MOF crystalline solids. They include tetraphenylethene tetracarboxylic acid, tetraphenylethene bisphenyl carboxylic acid, and tetraphenylethene tetrakis-phenyl carboxylic acid. The two-dimensional structures formed from these molecules on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and Au(111) are studied by scanning tunneling microscopy in a solution environment. The process of monolayer formation and final surface linker structures are found to be strongly dependent on the combination of the molecule and substrate used and are discussed in terms of intermolecular and molecule-substrate interactions, bonding geometry, and symmetry of the acid molecules. In the case of linker self-assembly on HOPG, the molecule-substrate interactions play a significant role in the resulting surface structure. When the acid molecules are adsorbed on Au(111), the intermolecular interactions tend to dominate over the weaker molecule-substrate bonding. Additionally, the interplay of π-π interactions and hydrogen bonding that directs the surface self-assembly on different supports can be modified by varying the linker concentration. This is particularly applicable for the case of the acid molecules adsorbing on the Au(111) substrate. Precise control over predesigned surface structures and orientation of the nonplanar aromatic carboxylic linkers open up an exciting prospect for manipulating the direction of SURFMOF growth in two dimensions and potentially in 3D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen N Johnson
- Department of Chemistry , Washington State University , Pullman , Washington 99163-4630 , United States
| | - Matthew J Hurlock
- Department of Chemistry , Washington State University , Pullman , Washington 99163-4630 , United States
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , Washington State University , Pullman , Washington 99163-4630 , United States
| | - K W Hipps
- Department of Chemistry , Washington State University , Pullman , Washington 99163-4630 , United States
- Materials Science & Engineering Program , Washington State University , Pullman , Washington 99163-2711 , United States
| | - Ursula Mazur
- Department of Chemistry , Washington State University , Pullman , Washington 99163-4630 , United States
- Materials Science & Engineering Program , Washington State University , Pullman , Washington 99163-2711 , United States
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Xu LP, Liu Y, Zhang X. Interfacial self-assembly of amino acids and peptides: scanning tunneling microscopy investigation. NANOSCALE 2011; 3:4901-4915. [PMID: 22057641 DOI: 10.1039/c1nr11070e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Proteins play important roles in human daily life. To take advantage of the lessons learned from nature, it is essential to investigate the self-assembly of subunits of proteins, i.e., amino acids and polypeptides. Due to its high resolution and versatility of working environment, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has become a powerful tool for studying interfacial molecular assembly structures. This review is intended to reflect the progress in studying interfacial self-assembly of amino acids and peptides by STM. In particular, we focus on environment-induced polymorphism, chiral recognition, and coadsorption behavior with molecular templates. These studies would be highly beneficial to research endeavors exploring the mechanism and nanoscale-controlling molecular assemblies of amino acids and polypeptides on surfaces, understanding the origin of life, unravelling the essence of disease at the molecular level and deeming what is necessary for the "bottom-up" nanofabrication of molecular devices and biosensors being constructed with useful properties and desired performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Xu
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
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Xu H, Wolffs M, Tomović Ž, Meijer EW, Schenning APHJ, De Feyter S. A multivalent hexapod having 24 stereogenic centers: chirality and conformational dynamics in homochiral and heterochiral systems. CrystEngComm 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ce05433c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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10
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Puigmartí-Luis J, Minoia A, Lei S, Geskin V, Li B, Lazzaroni R, De Feyter S, Amabilino DB. Self-assembly of supramolecular wires and cross-junctions and efficient electron tunnelling across them. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00330e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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De Cat I, Röger C, Lee CC, Hoeben FJM, Pouderoijen MJ, Schenning APHJ, Würthner F, De Feyter S. Identification of oligo(p-phenylene vinylene)–naphthalene diimide heterocomplexes by scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy at the liquid–solid interface. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:5496-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b811961a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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