1
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Lelis A, Skoulikas N, Papathanasopoulou M, Voreakos K, Georgiadis D. Diastereoselective Synthesis of Phosphinic Dipeptide Isosteres: Domino Chirality Transfer during a Stereocontrolled P-Michael Reaction. Org Lett 2023; 25:6623-6627. [PMID: 37669620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
A highly diastereoselective P-Michael addition of chiral aminophosphinic acids to achiral acrylates has been developed, leading to phosphinic dipeptide isosteres in high yields and dr of up to >50:1. The method allows for the diastereoselective preparation of target compounds without the need for chiral auxiliaries or P-chiral substrates. A possible mechanistic explanation involves a domino chirality transfer from the aminophosphinic acid to the P center, amplified by a crucial benzhydryl ester group, and then to the α-carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos Lelis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Skoulikas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Mirto Papathanasopoulou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Kostas Voreakos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Georgiadis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece
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2
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Georgiadis D, Skoulikas N, Papakyriakou A, Stratikos E. Phosphinic Peptides as Tool Compounds for the Study of Pharmacologically Relevant Zn-Metalloproteases. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:1228-1253. [PMID: 36524013 PMCID: PMC9745897 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phosphinic peptides constitute an important class of bioactive compounds that have found a wide range of applications in the field of biology and pharmacology of Zn-metalloproteases, the largest family of proteases in humans. They are designed to mimic the structure of natural substrates during their proteolysis, thus acting as mechanism-based, transition state analogue inhibitors. A combination of electrostatic interactions between the phosphinic acid group and the Zn cation as well as optimal noncovalent enzyme-ligand interactions can result in both high binding affinity for the desired target and selectivity against other proteases. Due to these unique properties, phosphinic peptides have been mainly employed as tool compounds for (a) the purposes of rational drug design by serving as ligands in X-ray crystal structures of target enzymes and allowing the identification of crucial interactions that govern optimal molecular recognition, and (b) the delineation of biological pathways where Zn-metalloproteases are key regulators. For the latter objective, inhibitors of the phosphinopeptidic type have been used either unmodified or after being transformed to probes of various types, thus expanding the arsenal of functional tools available to researchers. The aim of this review is to summarize all recent research achievements in which phosphinic peptides have played a central role as tool compounds in the understanding of the mechanism and biological functions of Zn-metalloproteases in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Georgiadis
- Department
of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian
University of Athens, GR-15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Skoulikas
- Department
of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian
University of Athens, GR-15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Papakyriakou
- National
Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi GR-15341 Athens, Greece
| | - Efstratios Stratikos
- Department
of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian
University of Athens, GR-15784 Athens, Greece
- National
Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi GR-15341 Athens, Greece
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3
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Kokkala P, Voreakos K, Lelis A, Patiniotis K, Skoulikas N, Devel L, Ziotopoulou A, Kaloumenou E, Georgiadis D. Practical Synthesis of Phosphinic Dipeptides by Tandem Esterification of Aminophosphinic and Acrylic Acids under Silylating Conditions. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041242. [PMID: 35209031 PMCID: PMC8876710 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, a synthetic protocol for the preparation of phosphinic dipeptides of type 5 is presented. These compounds serve as valuable building blocks for the development of highly potent phosphinopeptidic inhibitors of medicinally relevant Zn-metalloproteases and aspartyl proteases. The proposed method is based on the tandem esterification of α-aminophosphinic and acrylic acids under silylating conditions in order to subsequently participate in a P-Michael reaction. The scope of the transformation was investigated by using a diverse set of readily available acrylic acids and (R)-α-aminophosphinic acids, and high yields were achieved in all cases. In most examples reported herein, the isolation of biologically relevant (R,S)-diastereoisomers became possible by simple crystallization from the crude products, thus enhancing the operational simplicity of the proposed method. Finally, functional groups corresponding to acidic or basic natural amino acids are also compatible with the reaction conditions. Based on the above, we expect that the practicality of the proposed protocol will facilitate the discovery of pharmacologically useful bioactive phosphinic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Kokkala
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece; (P.K.); (K.V.); (A.L.); (K.P.); (N.S.); (A.Z.); (E.K.)
| | - Kostas Voreakos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece; (P.K.); (K.V.); (A.L.); (K.P.); (N.S.); (A.Z.); (E.K.)
| | - Angelos Lelis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece; (P.K.); (K.V.); (A.L.); (K.P.); (N.S.); (A.Z.); (E.K.)
| | - Konstantinos Patiniotis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece; (P.K.); (K.V.); (A.L.); (K.P.); (N.S.); (A.Z.); (E.K.)
| | - Nikolaos Skoulikas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece; (P.K.); (K.V.); (A.L.); (K.P.); (N.S.); (A.Z.); (E.K.)
| | - Laurent Devel
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), CEA, INRAE, SIMoS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
| | - Angeliki Ziotopoulou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece; (P.K.); (K.V.); (A.L.); (K.P.); (N.S.); (A.Z.); (E.K.)
| | - Eleni Kaloumenou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece; (P.K.); (K.V.); (A.L.); (K.P.); (N.S.); (A.Z.); (E.K.)
| | - Dimitris Georgiadis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece; (P.K.); (K.V.); (A.L.); (K.P.); (N.S.); (A.Z.); (E.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2107274903
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4
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Mpakali A, Georgiadis D, Stratikos E, Giastas P. Inhibitor-Dependent Usage of the S1' Specificity Pocket of ER Aminopeptidase 2. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:218-224. [PMID: 35178178 PMCID: PMC8842112 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 2 (ERAP2) is an intracellular enzyme involved in the processing of antigenic peptides intended for presentation by major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) molecules. Because of its role in regulating immune responses, ERAP2 is an emerging pharmacological target. Phosphinic pseudopeptides are potent transition-state analogue inhibitors of ERAP2. Previous structure-activity studies have revealed a complex but ambiguous relationship between the occupation of putative specificity pockets and the inhibitor efficacy. To address these problems, we solved crystal structures of ERAP2 in complex with two phosphinic pseudotripeptide inhibitors. Both compounds are found in the catalytic site in a canonical orientation for transition-state analogues and utilize the S1 and S2' pockets in a similar fashion. Strikingly, their P1' side chains exhibit different orientations and make interactions with distinct shallow pockets near the ERAP2 active site. These structures suggest that S1' pocket usage in ERAP2 may be inhibitor-dependent and constitute useful starting templates for the further optimization of this class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Mpakali
- National
Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Agia Paraskevi, Athens 15341, Greece,
| | - Dimitris Georgiadis
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Efstratios Stratikos
- National
Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Agia Paraskevi, Athens 15341, Greece,Laboratory
of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens 15771 Greece
| | - Petros Giastas
- Department
of Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens 11521, Greece,Department
of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology & Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens 11855, Greece,
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5
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Shevchenko KV, Dmitriev ME, Vinyukov AV, Shevchenko VP, Kalashnikova IP, Nagaev IY, Ragulin VV, Myasoedov NF. Synthesis and Study of Properties of Phosphinic Pseudo-Prolylglycylproline. DOKLADY CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s001250082102004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Kokkala P, Rajeshkumar T, Mpakali A, Stratikos E, Vogiatzis KD, Georgiadis D. A Carbodiimide-Mediated P-C Bond-Forming Reaction: Mild Amidoalkylation of P-Nucleophiles by Boc-Aminals. Org Lett 2021; 23:1726-1730. [PMID: 33617265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The first example of a carbodiimide-mediated P-C bond-forming reaction is described. The reaction involves activation of β-carboxyethylphosphinic acids and subsequent reaction with Boc-aminals using acid-catalysis. Mechanistic experiments using 31P NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations support the contribution of unusually reactive cyclic phosphinic/carboxylic mixed anhydrides in a reaction pathway involving ion-pair "swapping". The utility of this protocol is highlighted by the direct synthesis of Boc-protected phosphinic dipeptides, as precursors to potent Zn-aminopeptidase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Kokkala
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Thayalan Rajeshkumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Anastasia Mpakali
- National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Patriarchou Gregoriou and Neapoleos 27, Agia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, Greece
| | - Efstratios Stratikos
- National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Patriarchou Gregoriou and Neapoleos 27, Agia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, Greece.,Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Biochemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos D Vogiatzis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Dimitris Georgiadis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15784, Athens, Greece
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7
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Dmitriev ME, Golovash SR, Borodachev AV, Ragulin VV. Mechanism of Phosphorus-Carbon Bond Formation in the Amidoalkylation of Phosphonous Carboxylic Acids. J Org Chem 2021; 86:593-600. [PMID: 33352042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An unusual greater reactivity of phosphonous propionic acids was found in comparison with phosphonous propionic esters in carbamate version of Kabachnik-Fields reaction. Compounds of tricoordinated phosphorus generated in situ during the amidoalkylation of hydrophosphorylic compounds in acetyl chloride/acetic anhydride mixture were found by 31P NMR analysis. A hypothesis is proposed about the generation of spirophosphoranes in situ to explain the mechanism for the formation of the phosphorus-carbon bond in the reaction under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim E Dmitriev
- Institute of Physiologically Active Substances of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Severny pr. 1, Chernoglovka, Moscow Region 142432, Russia
| | - Sofia R Golovash
- Institute of Physiologically Active Substances of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Severny pr. 1, Chernoglovka, Moscow Region 142432, Russia
| | - Alexei V Borodachev
- Institute of Physiologically Active Substances of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Severny pr. 1, Chernoglovka, Moscow Region 142432, Russia
| | - Valery V Ragulin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Substances of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Severny pr. 1, Chernoglovka, Moscow Region 142432, Russia
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8
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Phosphinic Dehydrodipeptides: Diversification of the P1′ Residue with the Morita–Baylis–Hillman Acetates and Inhibition of Alanyl Aminopeptidases. Int J Pept Res Ther 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-019-10004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Hallberg M, Larhed M. From Angiotensin IV to Small Peptidemimetics Inhibiting Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:590855. [PMID: 33178027 PMCID: PMC7593869 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.590855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It was reported three decades ago that intracerebroventricular injection of angiotensin IV (Ang IV, Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe) improved memory and learning in the rat. There are several explanations for these positive effects of the hexapeptide and related analogues on cognition available in the literature. In 2001, it was proposed that the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) is a main target for Ang IV and that Ang IV serves as an inhibitor of the enzyme. The focus of this review is the efforts to stepwise transform the hexapeptide into more drug-like Ang IV peptidemimetics serving as IRAP inhibitors. Moreover, the discovery of IRAP inhibitors by virtual and substance library screening and direct design applying knowledge of the structure of IRAP and of related enzymes is briefly presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Larhed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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10
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Georgiadis D, Ziotopoulou A, Kaloumenou E, Lelis A, Papasava A. The Discovery of Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase (IRAP) Inhibitors: A Literature Review. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:585838. [PMID: 33071797 PMCID: PMC7538644 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.585838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase (IRAP, EC 3.4.11.3) is a multi-tasking member of the M1 family of zinc aminopeptidases. Among its diverse biological functions, IRAP is a regulator of oxytocin levels during late stages of pregnancy, it affects cellular glucose uptake by trafficking of the glucose transporter type 4 and it mediates antigen cross-presentation by dendritic cells. Accumulating evidence show that pharmacological inhibition of IRAP may hold promise as a valid approach for the treatment of several pathological states such as memory disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, etc. Aiming to the investigation of physiological roles of IRAP and therapeutic potential of its regulation, intense research efforts have been dedicated to the discovery of small-molecule inhibitors. Moreover, reliable structure-activity relationships have been largely facilitated by recent crystal structures of IRAP and detailed computational studies. This review aims to summarize efforts of medicinal chemists toward the design and development of IRAP inhibitors, with special emphasis to factors affecting inhibitor selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Georgiadis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Angeliki Ziotopoulou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Kaloumenou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Angelos Lelis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonia Papasava
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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11
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Golovash SR, Dmitriev ME, Shestov VI, Ragulin VV. Synthesis of Phosphinic Isosteres of Leucyl- and Isoleucylglycines. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s107036322009008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Urbanovský P, Kotek J, Císařová I, Hermann P. Selective and clean synthesis of aminoalkyl- H-phosphinic acids from hypophosphorous acid by phospha-Mannich reaction. RSC Adv 2020; 10:21329-21349. [PMID: 35518776 PMCID: PMC9059144 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03075a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoalkyl-H-phosphinic acids, also called aminoalkylphosphonous acids, are investigated as biologically active analogues of carboxylic amino acids and/or as valuable intermediates for synthesis of other aminoalkylphosphorus acids. Their synthesis has been mostly accomplished by phospha-Mannich reaction of a P–H precursor, an aldehyde and an amine. The reaction is rarely clean and high-yielding. Here, reaction of H3PO2 with secondary amines and formaldehyde in wet AcOH led to aminomethyl-H-phosphinic acids in nearly quantitative yields and with almost no by-products. Surprisingly, the reaction outcome depended on the basicity of the amines. Amines with pKa > 7–8 gave the desired products. For less basic amines, reductive N-methylation coupled with oxidation of H3PO2 to H3PO3 became a relevant side reaction. Primary amines reacted less clearly and amino-bis(methyl-H-phosphinic acids) were obtained only for very basic amines. Reaction yields with higher aldehydes were lower. Unique carboxylic–phosphinic–phosphonic acids as well as poly(H-phosphinic acids) derived from polyamines were obtained. Synthetic usefulness of the aminoalkyl-H-phosphinic was illustrated in P–H bond oxidation and its addition to double bonds, and in selective amine deprotection. Compounds with an ethylene-diamine fragment, e.g. most common polyazamacrocycles, are not suitable substrates. The X-ray solid-state structures of seventeen aminoalkyl-phosphinic acids were determined. In the reaction mechanism, N-hydroxyalkyl species R2NCH2OH and [R2N(CH2OH)2]+, probably stabilized as acetate esters, are suggested as the reactive intermediates. This mechanism is an alternative one to the known phospha-Mannich reaction mechanisms. The conditions can be utilized in syntheses of various aminoalkylphosphorus compounds. Acetic acid was used as a new solvent for phospha-Mannich reaction leading to clear reaction mixtures and high yields of the aminoalkylphosphonous acids (AHPA), and hydroxymethylated species were suggested as key intermediates in the reaction.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Urbanovský
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universita Karlova (Charles University) Hlavova 8/2030, 12843 Prague 2 Czech Republic +420-22195-1253 +420-22195-1263
| | - Jan Kotek
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universita Karlova (Charles University) Hlavova 8/2030, 12843 Prague 2 Czech Republic +420-22195-1253 +420-22195-1263
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universita Karlova (Charles University) Hlavova 8/2030, 12843 Prague 2 Czech Republic +420-22195-1253 +420-22195-1263
| | - Petr Hermann
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universita Karlova (Charles University) Hlavova 8/2030, 12843 Prague 2 Czech Republic +420-22195-1253 +420-22195-1263
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13
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Golovash SR, Grigorkevich OS, Tsebrikova GS, Dmitriev ME, Ragulin VV. Synthesis of Phosphinic Analogue of Alanylleucine. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363220040313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Abstract
Peptide analogs modified with a phosphorus-based moiety (phosphonate, phosphonamidate, or phosphinate) have emerged as invaluable tools in fundamental and medicinal, mechanistic, and inhibitory studies of proteolytic enzymes and other catalytic proteins that process the amino acids and peptides. The first stages of the chemical synthesis of these compounds frequently involve formation of peptide or pseudopeptide bond between a suitably protected α-amino acid and an α-aminoalkyl phosphorus derivative. These preparative protocols are distinct from conventional solution and solid-phase peptide syntheses that have become routine and automatized. In the following chapter, we describe in details the methods and techniques utilized to perform this nonstandard coupling and to obtain P-terminal dipeptidyl phosphonates and pseudodipeptides containing the internal phosphonamidate or phosphinate linkages. Methods of products' purification, the deprotection conditions, and stability issues are also presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Mucha
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Paweł Kafarski
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
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15
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Matrix Metalloproteinase Triple-Helical Peptide Inhibitors: Potential Cross-Reactivity with Caspase-11. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234355. [PMID: 31795279 PMCID: PMC6930605 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-helical peptide inhibitors (THPIs) of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have recently been demonstrated to be effective in a variety of animal models of disease, coincidental with knockout studies. However, passenger mutations have been described in MMP knockout mice that impact the activity of other proteins, including caspase-11. Thus, it is possible that the results observed with THPIs may be based on inhibition of caspase-11, not MMPs. The present study evaluated whether THPIs were cross-reactive with caspase-11. Two different THPIs were tested, one that is known to inhibit MMP-1 and MMP-8 (GlyΨ{PO2H-CH2}Ile-His-Lys-Gln THPI) and one that is selective for MMP-2 and MMP-9 (α1(V)GlyΨ{PO2H-CH2}Val [mep14,32,Flp15,33] THPI). No inhibition of caspase-11 was observed with GlyΨ{PO2H–CH2}Ile–His–Lys–Gln THPI, even at an inhibitor concentration of 5 μM, while 5 μM α1(V)GlyΨ{PO2H-CH2}Val [mep14,32,Flp15,33] THPI exhibited 40% inhibition of caspase-11. Further testing of GlyΨ{PO2H-CH2}Ile-His-Lys-Gln THPI revealed nM inhibition of MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-13. Thus, the effectiveness of GlyΨ{PO2H-CH2}Ile-His-Lys-Gln THPI observed in a sepsis animal model may not be due to caspase-11 inhibition, but may be due to broader MMP inhibition than previously thought.
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16
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Voreakos K, Devel L, Georgiadis D. Late-Stage Diversification of Phosphinic Dehydroalanine Pseudopeptides Based on a Giese-Type Radical C-Alkylation Strategy. Org Lett 2019; 21:4397-4401. [PMID: 30933530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A straightforward, late-stage diversification strategy for the installation of side chains on readily accessible unsaturated phosphinopeptidic scaffolds based on a Giese-type addition of alkyl radicals has been investigated. Among different alternatives, the preferred methodology is operationally simple as it can be carried out in an open flask with no need for protection of acidic moieties. Direct application to the synthesis of SPPS-compatible building blocks or to longer peptides is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Voreakos
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Zografou , 15771 Athens , Greece
| | - Laurent Devel
- CEA, Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO) , Université Paris-Saclay , Gif-sur-Yvette 91190 , France
| | - Dimitris Georgiadis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Zografou , 15771 Athens , Greece
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17
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Nuti E, Cuffaro D, Bernardini E, Camodeca C, Panelli L, Chaves S, Ciccone L, Tepshi L, Vera L, Orlandini E, Nencetti S, Stura EA, Santos MA, Dive V, Rossello A. Development of Thioaryl-Based Matrix Metalloproteinase-12 Inhibitors with Alternative Zinc-Binding Groups: Synthesis, Potentiometric, NMR, and Crystallographic Studies. J Med Chem 2018; 61:4421-4435. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Nuti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Doretta Cuffaro
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Bernardini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Caterina Camodeca
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Panelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sílvia Chaves
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lidia Ciccone
- CEA, Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, Service d’Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers,
Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Livia Tepshi
- CEA, Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, Service d’Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France
| | - Laura Vera
- CEA, Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, Service d’Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Elisabetta Orlandini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Pisa, via Santa Maria 53, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Susanna Nencetti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Enrico A. Stura
- CEA, Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, Service d’Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France
| | - M. Amélia Santos
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vincent Dive
- CEA, Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, Service d’Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France
| | - Armando Rossello
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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18
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Functional examination of novel kisspeptin phosphinic peptides. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195089. [PMID: 29614094 PMCID: PMC5882139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptins acting on their cognate G protein-coupled receptor, kisspeptin receptor, play important roles in the suppression of cancer cell metastasis and regulation of the reproductive system, and therefore are important for therapeutic intervention. All native functional human kisspeptins (kisspeptin-54, kisspsptin-14 and kisspeptin-13) share the 10 amino acids of kisspeptin-10 at their C-terminus (45–54). However, they are inactivated rapidly by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) through the cleavage of the peptide bond between glycine51 and leucine52, which limits their clinical applications. Development of MMP-resistant analogues of kisspeptins may provide better therapeutic outputs. In the present study, two kisspeptin phosphinic peptides were designed and synthesized, and their ability to induce phosphorylation of ERK1/2 through kisspeptin receptor and their inhibition on MMP-2 and MMP-9 whose activity correlates with cancer metastasis were assessed. The results showed that one analogue, phosphinic kisspeptin R isomer (PKPR), exhibited kisspeptin receptor-agonistic activity and also inhibitory activity on MMP-2, indicating that PKPR may serve as a lead for the further development of kisspeptin analogues for therapeutic purpose.
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19
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Bhowmick M, Tokmina-Roszyk D, Onwuha-Ekpete L, Harmon K, Robichaud T, Fuerst R, Stawikowska R, Steffensen B, Roush W, Wong HR, Fields GB. Second Generation Triple-Helical Peptide Inhibitors of Matrix Metalloproteinases. J Med Chem 2017; 60:3814-3827. [PMID: 28394608 PMCID: PMC6413923 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The design of selective matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors that also possess favorable solubility properties has proved to be especially challenging. A prior approach using collagen-model templates combined with transition state analogs produced a first generation of triple-helical peptide inhibitors (THPIs) that were effective in vitro against discrete members of the MMP family. These THPI constructs were also highly water-soluble. The present study sought improvements in the first generation THPIs by enhancing thermal stability and selectivity. A THPI selective for MMP-2 and MMP-9 was redesigned to incorporate non-native amino acids (Flp and mep), resulting in an increase of 18 °C in thermal stability. This THPI was effective in vivo in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, reducing clinical severity and weight loss. Two other THPIs were developed to be more selective within the collagenolytic members of the MMP family. One of these THPIs was serendipitously more effective against MMP-8 than MT1-MMP and was utilized successfully in a mouse model of sepsis. The THPI targeting MMP-8 minimized lung damage, increased production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and vastly improved mouse survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manishabrata Bhowmick
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
- Sigma-Aldrich Corporation, 3 Strathmore Road, Natick, Massachusetts 01760, United States
| | - Dorota Tokmina-Roszyk
- Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Lillian Onwuha-Ekpete
- Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Kelli Harmon
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
| | - Trista Robichaud
- University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio Texas 78229, United States
| | - Rita Fuerst
- The Scripps Research Institute/Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Roma Stawikowska
- Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Bjorn Steffensen
- University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio Texas 78229, United States
- School of Dental Medicine, Tufts University, 1 Kneeland Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, United States
| | - William Roush
- The Scripps Research Institute/Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Hector R. Wong
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
| | - Gregg B. Fields
- Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
- The Scripps Research Institute/Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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20
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Jain M, Harburn JJ, Gill JH, Loadman PM, Falconer RA, Mooney CA, Cobb SL, Berry DJ. Rationalized Computer-Aided Design of Matrix-Metalloprotease-Selective Prodrugs. J Med Chem 2017; 60:4496-4502. [PMID: 28471664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are central to cancer development and metastasis. They are highly active in the tumor environment and absent or inactive in normal tissues; therefore they represent viable targets for cancer drug discovery. In this study we evaluated in silico docking to develop MMP-subtype-selective tumor-activated prodrugs. Proof of principle for this therapeutic approach was demonstrated in vitro against an aggressive human glioma model, with involvement of MMPs confirmed using pharmacological inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Jain
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University , Queen's Campus, Stockton on Tees, TS17 6BH, U.K
| | - J Jonathan Harburn
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University , Queen's Campus, Stockton on Tees, TS17 6BH, U.K
| | - Jason H Gill
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University , Queen's Campus, Stockton on Tees, TS17 6BH, U.K
| | - Paul M Loadman
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, ICT Building, University of Bradford , Bradford, BD7 1DP, U.K
| | - Robert A Falconer
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, ICT Building, University of Bradford , Bradford, BD7 1DP, U.K
| | - Caitlin A Mooney
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University , Lower Mountjoy, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Steven L Cobb
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University , Lower Mountjoy, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - David J Berry
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University , Queen's Campus, Stockton on Tees, TS17 6BH, U.K
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21
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Akparov V, Timofeev V, Khaliullin I, Švedas V, Kuranova I. Structure of the carboxypeptidase B complex with N-sulfamoyl-L-phenylalanine – a transition state analog of non-specific substrate. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:956-965. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1304242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valery Akparov
- Protein Chemistry Department, State Research Institute for Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms, 1-yi DorozhnyiProezd 1, Moscow, 117545, Russia
| | - Vladimir Timofeev
- X-ray Analysis Methods and Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of Federal Scientific Research Centre “Crystallography and Photonics” of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii Prospect 59, Moscow, 119333, Russia
- NBICS Center, National Research Centre ‘Kurchatov Institute’, Akad. Kurchatov Sq. 1, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - Ilyas Khaliullin
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), 9 Institutsky per. Dolgoprudny, Moscow, 141700, Russia
| | - Vytas Švedas
- Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/40Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Inna Kuranova
- X-ray Analysis Methods and Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of Federal Scientific Research Centre “Crystallography and Photonics” of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii Prospect 59, Moscow, 119333, Russia
- NBICS Center, National Research Centre ‘Kurchatov Institute’, Akad. Kurchatov Sq. 1, Moscow, 123182, Russia
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22
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Rouanet-Mehouas C, Czarny B, Beau F, Cassar-Lajeunesse E, Stura EA, Dive V, Devel L. Zinc–Metalloproteinase Inhibitors: Evaluation of the Complex Role Played by the Zinc-Binding Group on Potency and Selectivity. J Med Chem 2016; 60:403-414. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecile Rouanet-Mehouas
- Service d’Ingénierie
Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), IBITECS, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif/Yvette F-91191, France
| | - Bertrand Czarny
- Service d’Ingénierie
Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), IBITECS, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif/Yvette F-91191, France
| | - Fabrice Beau
- Service d’Ingénierie
Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), IBITECS, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif/Yvette F-91191, France
| | - Evelyne Cassar-Lajeunesse
- Service d’Ingénierie
Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), IBITECS, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif/Yvette F-91191, France
| | - Enrico A. Stura
- Service d’Ingénierie
Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), IBITECS, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif/Yvette F-91191, France
| | - Vincent Dive
- Service d’Ingénierie
Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), IBITECS, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif/Yvette F-91191, France
| | - Laurent Devel
- Service d’Ingénierie
Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), IBITECS, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif/Yvette F-91191, France
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23
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Kokkala P, Mpakali A, Mauvais FX, Papakyriakou A, Daskalaki I, Petropoulou I, Kavvalou S, Papathanasopoulou M, Agrotis S, Fonsou TM, van Endert P, Stratikos E, Georgiadis D. Optimization and Structure-Activity Relationships of Phosphinic Pseudotripeptide Inhibitors of Aminopeptidases That Generate Antigenic Peptides. J Med Chem 2016; 59:9107-9123. [PMID: 27606717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The oxytocinase subfamily of M1 aminopeptidases, consisting of ER aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1), ER aminopeptidase 2 (ERAP2), and insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP), plays critical roles in the generation of antigenic peptides and indirectly regulates human adaptive immune responses. We have previously demonstrated that phosphinic pseudotripeptides can constitute potent inhibitors of this group of enzymes. In this study, we used synthetic methodologies able to furnish a series of stereochemically defined phosphinic pseudotripeptides and demonstrate that side chains at P1' and P2' positions are critical determinants in driving potency and selectivity. We identified low nanomolar inhibitors of ERAP2 and IRAP that display selectivity of more than 2 and 3 orders of magnitude, respectively. Cellular analysis demonstrated that one of the compounds that is a selective IRAP inhibitor can reduce IRAP-dependent but not ERAP1-dependent cross-presentation by dendritic cells with nanomolar efficacy. Our results encourage further preclinical development of phosphinic pseudotripeptides as regulators of adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Kokkala
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Mpakali
- National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" , GR 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Attikis, Greece
| | - Francois-Xavier Mauvais
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1151, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité 8253, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Athanasios Papakyriakou
- National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" , GR 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Attikis, Greece
| | - Ira Daskalaki
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Petropoulou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Kavvalou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Mirto Papathanasopoulou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Stefanos Agrotis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodora-Markisia Fonsou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Peter van Endert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1151, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité 8253, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Efstratios Stratikos
- National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" , GR 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Attikis, Greece
| | - Dimitris Georgiadis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
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