Advanced Functional Structures Based on Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes. In: Müller M, editor. Polyelectrolyte Complexes in the Dispersed and Solid State I. Berlin: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2014. pp. 173-225. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2012_182]

Preparation of Antimicrobial Agents: From Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes to Silver-Containing Metal-Polymer Complexes and Nanocomposites

In order to control pathogenic microorganisms, three polymer compositions were prepared and tested. First, a water-soluble positively charged polycomplex was synthesized via the electrostatic binding of anionic polyacrylic acid to an excess of polyethylenimine to enhance the biocidal activity of the polycation. Second, an aqueous solution of AgNO3 was added to the polycomplex, thus forming a ternary polycation-polyanion-Ag1+ complex with an additional antimicrobial effect. Third, the resulting ternary complex was subjected to UV irradiation, which ensured the conversion of Ag1+ ions into Ag nanoparticles ranging in size mainly from 10 to 20 nm. Aqueous solutions of the polymer compositions were added to suspensions of the Gram-positive bacteria S. aureus and the Gram-negative bacteria P. aeruginosa, with the following main results: (a) Upon the addition of the binary polycomplex, 30% or more of the cells survived after 20 h. (b) The ternary complex killed S. aureus bacteria but was ineffective against P. aeruginosa bacteria. (c) When the ternary complex with Ag nanoparticles was added, the percentage of surviving cells of both types did not exceed 0.03%. The obtained results are valuable for the development of antibacterial formulations.

Temperature-induced structure switch in thermo-responsive micellar interpolyelectrolyte complexes: toward core-shell-corona and worm-like morphologies

The spontaneous formation and thermo-responsiveness of a colloidally-stable interpolyelectrolyte complex (IPEC) based on a linear temperature-sensitive diblock copolymer poly(vinyl sulfonate)31-b-poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide)27 (PVS31-b-PNIPAM27) and a star-shaped quaternized miktoarm polymer poly(ethylene oxide)114-(poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)17)4 (PEO114-(qPDMAEMA17)4) was investigated in aqueous media at 0.3 M NaCl by means of dynamic light scattering (DLS), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). The micellar macromolecular co-assemblies show a temperature-dependent size and morphology, which result from the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior of the PNIPAM-blocks. Hence, the micellar co-assemblies grow upon heating. At 60 °C, spherical core-shell-corona co-assemblies are proposed with a hydrophobic PNIPAM core, a water-insoluble IPEC shell, and a hydrophilic PEO corona. These constructs develop into a rod-like structure upon extended equilibration. In turn, PEO-arms and PNIPAM-blocks within a hydrophilic mixed two-component corona surround the water-insoluble IPEC domain at 20 °C, thereby forming spherical core-corona co-assemblies. Reversibility of the structural changes is suggested by the scattering data. This contribution addresses the use of a combination of oppositely charged thermo-responsive and bis-hydrophilic star-shaped polymeric components toward IPECs of diverse morphological types.

Polymeric stabilizers for protection of soil and ground against wind and water erosion

The article is devoted to the design, development and application of a new generation of binders for various dispersed systems, including soil, ground, sand, waste rock and others. The binders are formed by interaction of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes, both chemically stable and (bio)degradable. The fundamental aspects of interpolyelectrolyte reactions are discussed; the IPC structure and properties of the resulting interpolyelectrolyte complexes (IPCs) allow considering them as unique and universal binders. Numerous results of laboratory experiments and field trials of the IPC formulations are presented. In particular, large-scale tests have been done in the Chernobyl accident zone where the IPC binders were shown to be effective means to suppress water and wind erosion thereby preventing a spread of radioactive particles (radionuclides) from contaminated sites. Ecologically friendly IPC compositions are described, including those based on commercially available polymers; prospects for improving their efficiency and extending the range of their possible use are discussed.

Efficient size control of copper nanoparticles generated in irradiated aqueous solutions of star-shaped polyelectrolyte containers

Star-shaped poly(acrylic acid) macromolecules act as nanoreactors for the preparation of narrow-dispersed copper nanoparticles by radiation-induced reduction of copper(ii) ions.

Hidden structural features of multicompartment micelles revealed by cryogenic transmission electron tomography

The demand for ever more complex nanostructures in materials and soft matter nanoscience also requires sophisticated characterization tools for reliable visualization and interpretation of internal morphological features. Here, we address both aspects and present synthetic concepts for the compartmentalization of nanoparticle peripheries as well as their in situ tomographic characterization. We first form negatively charged spherical multicompartment micelles from ampholytic triblock terpolymers in aqueous media, followed by interpolyelectrolyte complex (IPEC) formation of the anionic corona with bis-hydrophilic cationic/neutral diblock copolymers. At a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio of anionic and cationic charges, the so-formed IPECs are charge neutral and thus phase separate from solution (water). The high chain density of the ionic grafts provides steric stabilization through the neutral PEO corona of the grafted diblock copolymer and suppresses collapse of the IPEC; instead, the dense grafting results in defined nanodomains oriented perpendicular to the micellar core. We analyze the 3D arrangements of the complex and purely organic compartments, in situ, by means of cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and tomography (cryo-ET). We study the effect of block lengths of the cationic and nonionic block on IPEC morphology, and while 2D cryo-TEM projections suggest similar morphologies, cryo-ET and computational 3D reconstruction reveal otherwise hidden structural features, e.g., planar IPEC brushes emanating from the micellar core.