1
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Fluorinated Human Serum Albumin as Potential 19F Magnetic Resonance Imaging Probe. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041695. [PMID: 36838682 PMCID: PMC9959765 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorinated human serum albumin conjugates were prepared and tested as potential metal-free probes for 19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Each protein molecule was modified by several fluorine-containing compounds via the N-substituted natural acylating reagent homocysteine thiolactone. Albumin conjugates retain the protein's physical and biological properties, such as its 3D dimensional structure, aggregation ability, good solubility, proteolysis efficiency, biocompatibility, and low cytotoxicity. A dual-labeled with cyanine 7 fluorescence dye and fluorine reporter group albumin were synthesized for simultaneous fluorescence imaging and 19F MRI. The preliminary in vitro studies show the prospects of albumin carriers for multimodal imaging.
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2
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Illy N, Mongkhoun E. Thiolactone chemistry, a versatile platform for macromolecular engineering. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00731b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the extensive use of γ-thiolactone chemistry as a versatile and powerful tool for macromolecular engineering and the preparation of various polymer architectures, such as functional, alternating, or sequence-controlled (co)polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Illy
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Emma Mongkhoun
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
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3
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Mao T, Zhu C, Tao L. Multifunctional Polymer–Protein Conjugates Generated by Multicomponent Reactions†. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian Beijing 102205 China
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Chongyu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Lei Tao
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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4
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Human Serum Albumin Labelled with Sterically-Hindered Nitroxides as Potential MRI Contrast Agents. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071709. [PMID: 32276437 PMCID: PMC7180620 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Four albumin-nitroxide conjugates were prepared and tested as metal-free organic radical contrast agents (ORCAs) for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Each human serum albumin (HSA) carrier bears multiple nitroxides conjugated via homocysteine thiolactones. These molecular conjugates retain important physical and biological properties of their HSA component, and the resistance of their nitroxide groups to bioreduction was retained or enhanced. The relaxivities are similar for these four conjugates and are much greater than those of their individual components: the HSA or the small nitroxide molecules. This new family of conjugates has excellent prospects for optimization as ORCAs.
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5
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Popova TV, Krumkacheva OA, Burmakova AS, Spitsyna AS, Zakharova OD, Lisitskiy VA, Kirilyuk IA, Silnikov VN, Bowman MK, Bagryanskaya EG, Godovikova TS. Protein modification by thiolactone homocysteine chemistry: a multifunctionalized human serum albumin theranostic. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:1314-1325. [PMID: 34085043 PMCID: PMC8126878 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00516a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As the most abundant protein with a variety of physiological functions, albumin has been used extensively for the delivery of therapeutic molecules. Thiolactone chemistry provides a powerful tool to prepare spin-labeled albumin-based multimodal imaging probes and therapeutic agents. We report the synthesis of a tamoxifen homocysteine thiolactone derivative and its use in thiol-'click' chemistry to prepare multi-functionalized serum albumin. The released sulfhydryl group of the homocysteine functional handle was labeled with a nitroxide reagent to prepare a spin-labeled albumin-tamoxifen conjugate confirmed by MALDI-TOF-MS, EPR spectroscopy, UV-vis and fluorescent emission spectra. This is the basis for a novel multimodal tamoxifen-albumin theranostic with a significant (dose-dependent) inhibitory effect on the proliferation of malignant cells. The response of human glioblastoma multiforme T98G cells and breast cancer MCF-7 cells to tamoxifen and its albumin conjugates was different in tumor cells with different expression level of ERα in our experiments. These results provide further impetus to develop a serum protein for delivery of tamoxifen to cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana V Popova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Olesya A Krumkacheva
- Novosibirsk State University 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- International Tomography Center SB RAS 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Anna S Burmakova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Anna S Spitsyna
- Novosibirsk State University 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Olga D Zakharova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Vladimir A Lisitskiy
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Igor A Kirilyuk
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Vladimir N Silnikov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Michael K Bowman
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama 35487-0336 USA
| | - Elena G Bagryanskaya
- Novosibirsk State University 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Tatyana S Godovikova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
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6
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Zhang H, Wu W, Zhao X, Zhao Y. Synthesis and Thermoresponsive Behaviors of Thermo-, pH-, CO2-, and Oxidation-Responsive Linear and Cyclic Graft Copolymers. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongcan Zhang
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of
Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, State and Local
Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials,
College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wentao Wu
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of
Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, State and Local
Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials,
College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaoqi Zhao
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of
Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, State and Local
Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials,
College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Youliang Zhao
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of
Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, State and Local
Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials,
College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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7
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Marquardt F, Mommer S, Lange J, Jeschenko PM, Keul H, Möller M. Homoserine Lactone as a Structural Key Element for the Synthesis of Multifunctional Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E130. [PMID: 30970809 PMCID: PMC6432242 DOI: 10.3390/polym9040130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of bio-based building blocks for polymer synthesis represents a milestone on the way to "green" materials. In this work, two synthetic strategies for the preparation of multifunctional polymers are presented in which the key element is the functionality of homoserine lactone. First, the synthesis of a bis cyclic coupler based on a thiolactone and homoserine lactone is displayed. This coupler was evaluated regarding its regioselectivity upon reaction with amines and used in the preparation of multifunctional polymeric building blocks by reaction with diamines. Furthermore, a linear polyglycidol was functionalized with homoserine lactone. The resulting polyethers with lactone groups in the side chain were converted to cationic polymers by reaction with 3-(dimethylamino)-1-propylamine followed by quaternization with methyl iodide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Marquardt
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University and DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Stefan Mommer
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University and DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Justin Lange
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University and DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Pascal M Jeschenko
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University and DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Helmut Keul
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University and DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Martin Möller
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University and DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
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8
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Montolio S, Zagorodko O, Porcar R, Isabel Burguete M, Luis SV, Tenhu H, García-Verdugo E. Poly(acrylamide-homocysteine thiolactone) as a synthetic platform for the preparation of polymeric ionic liquids by post ring-opening-orthogonal modifications. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01067b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Post-modification of Poly(Acrylamide-Homocysteine Thiolactone) provides a variety of advanced polymeric materials with different morphologies and structural diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Montolio
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Helsinki
- Helsinki
- Finland
| | - Oleksandr Zagorodko
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica
- Universitat Jaume I E-12071
- Castellón de la Plana
- Spain
| | - Raúl Porcar
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica
- Universitat Jaume I E-12071
- Castellón de la Plana
- Spain
| | - M. Isabel Burguete
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica
- Universitat Jaume I E-12071
- Castellón de la Plana
- Spain
| | - Santiago V. Luis
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica
- Universitat Jaume I E-12071
- Castellón de la Plana
- Spain
| | - Heikki Tenhu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Helsinki
- Helsinki
- Finland
| | - Eduardo García-Verdugo
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Helsinki
- Helsinki
- Finland
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica
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9
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Martens S, Driessen F, Wallyn S, Türünç O, Du Prez FE, Espeel P. One-Pot Modular Synthesis of Functionalized RAFT Agents Derived from a Single Thiolactone Precursor. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:942-945. [PMID: 35607208 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the straightforward preparation of a range of functionalized trithiocarbonates as RAFT chain transfer agents (CTAs) is presented. The crucial step in the one-pot, three-step reaction sequence is the aminolysis of a thiolactone precursor as it introduces the desired functional handle (double bond, hydroxyl, furan, protected amine, ...) and generates the corresponding thiol in situ, facilitating further elaboration of the CTA. Furthermore, the newly synthesized trithiocarbonates were positively evaluated as mediators in the RAFT polymerization of styrene, isobornyl acrylate, and N-isopropylacrylamide, while the presence of the end groups in the heterotelechic polymers was confirmed by NMR and UV-vis analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Martens
- Department
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Research
Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Driessen
- Department
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Research
Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Wallyn
- Department
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Research
Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Oğuz Türünç
- Department
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Research
Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip E. Du Prez
- Department
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Research
Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Espeel
- Department
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Research
Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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10
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Chubarov AS, Zakharova OD, Koval OA, Romaschenko AV, Akulov AE, Zavjalov EL, Razumov IA, Koptyug IV, Knorre DG, Godovikova TS. Design of protein homocystamides with enhanced tumor uptake properties for (19)F magnetic resonance imaging. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:6943-54. [PMID: 26462051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Straightforward and reliable tools for in vivo imaging of tumors can benefit the studies of cancer development, as well as contribute to successful diagnosis and treatment of cancer. (19)F NMR offers an exceptional quantitative way of in vivo imaging of the infused agents because of the lack of (19)F signals from the endogenous molecules in the body. The purpose of this study is to develop molecular probes with appropriate NMR characteristics and the biocompatibility for in vivo applications using (19)F MRI. We have studied the reaction between perfluorotoluene and homocysteine thiolactone resulting in the formation of N-substituted homocysteine thiolactone derivative. It has been shown that the reaction occurs selectively at the para position. This fluorine-labeled homocysteine thiolactone has been employed for the introduction of a perfluorotoluene group as a (19)F-containing tag into human serum albumin. The modified protein has been studied in terms of its ability to aggregate and promote the formation of free radicals. By comparing the properties of N-perfluorotoluene-homocystamide of albumin with N-homocysteinylated albumin, it has been revealed that blocking of the alpha-amino group of the homocysteine residue in the fluorinated albumin conjugate inhibits the dangerous aggregation process, as well as free radical formation. A dual-labeled albumin-based molecular probe for (19)F MRI and fluorescence microscopy has been obtained by functionalizing the protein with both maleimide of a fluorescent dye and a fluorinated thiolactone derivative. The incubation of cells with this conjugate did not reveal any significant reduction in cell viability with respect to the parent albumin. The perfluorotoluene-labeled albumin has been demonstrated to act as a promising agent for in vivo (19)F MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey S Chubarov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga D Zakharova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga A Koval
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Andrey E Akulov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Ivan A Razumov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Igor V Koptyug
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitry G Knorre
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Tatyana S Godovikova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
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11
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Zhao Y, Wu H, Zhang Y, Wang X, Yang B, Zhang Q, Ren X, Fu C, Wei Y, Wang Z, Wang Y, Tao L. Postpolymerization Modification of Poly(dihydropyrimidin-2(1 H)-thione)s via the Thiourea-Haloalkane Reaction to Prepare Functional Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:843-847. [PMID: 35596507 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A highly reactive thiourea-contained polycondensate, poly(dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-thione) (poly(DHPMT)) has been facilely synthesized via the Biginelli polycondensation using thiourea and a difunctional compound containing benzaldehyde and β-keto ester groups as monomers. The thiourea moiety in the polymer structure has similar reactivity as the thiourea, thus the poly(DHPMT) is an excellent polymer precusor for preparing new functional polymers through the postpolymerization modification (PPM) strategy. After simple reaction with functional haloalkanes, the parent poly(DHPMT) could be almost completely converted (>99%) to daughter polymers containing alkene or alkyne side groups. Then, the daughter polymers have been further transferred to granddaughter polymers through another PPM via thiol-ene or Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions. Besides, when 3-phenylpropargyl chloride was used as the reactant, a bright yellow fluorescent polymer could be simply achieved due to the in situ formed conjugated heterocycle in the polymer structure, further demonstrating the diversity of the functional polymers through PPM. Considering the easily available monomers, simple polycondensation, and the excellent reactivity of the thiourea moiety in the polymer structure, this thiourea-contained Biginilli polycondensate might be a versatile platform for new functional polymer preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Haibo Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- School
of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyi Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xing Wang
- The
State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Bin Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Qingdong Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xu Ren
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Changkui Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yen Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- School
of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, P. R. China
| | - Yurong Wang
- School
of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, P. R. China
| | - Lei Tao
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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12
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Sequential Reactions for Post-polymerization Modifications. MULTI-COMPONENT AND SEQUENTIAL REACTIONS IN POLYMER SYNTHESIS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2015_312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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