1
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Ding M, Ni L, Xia J, Zheng Y, Yu C, Shan G, Bao Y, Pan P. Linearly-Changed Thermal Behavior and Depressed Brill Transition in Long-Chain Polyamides Substituted by Methyl Side Groups. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:354-360. [PMID: 38451171 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Side substitution is an effective way of functionalizing and modifying the properties of polyamides. Meanwhile, side substitution would significantly influence the crystallization kinetics and polymorphic phase transition of polyamides, which, however, has not been well elucidated. Herein, we synthesized the side-substituted long-chain polyamides with various content of methyl pendent groups and investigated their crystallization and phase transition behaviors. We find that the thermal parameters of side-substituted polyamides vary linearly with the side group content, analogous to the isomorphic crystallization of random copolymers. All the solution-crystallized polyamides experience the α-γ Brill transition during heating, with the Brill transition temperature linearly decreasing as the side group content increases. Intriguingly, the γ-α transition of polyamides during cooling is suppressed with the presence of side methyl groups due to the difficulty in H-bond reorganization and gauche-trans conformational changes. This work has demonstrated the critical role of side substitution in the polymorphic crystallization and phase transition of long-chain polyamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengru Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lingling Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianfei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 99 Zheda Road, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Chengtao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 99 Zheda Road, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Guorong Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 99 Zheda Road, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Yongzhong Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 99 Zheda Road, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Pengju Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 99 Zheda Road, Quzhou 324000, China
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2
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Janani H, Marxsen SF, Eck M, Mecking S, Tashiro K, Alamo RG. Polymorphism and Stretch-Induced Transformations of Sustainable Polyethylene-Like Materials. ACS Macro Lett 2024:201-206. [PMID: 38261790 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Herein we demonstrate that polyethylene-like bioderived, biodegradable, and fully recyclable unbranched aliphatic polyesters, such as PE-2,18, develop hexagonal crystal structures upon quenching from the melt to temperatures <∼50 °C and orthorhombic-like packing at higher quenching temperatures or after isothermal crystallization. Both crystal types are layered. While all-trans CH2 packing characterizes the structure of the orthorhombic-like form, there is significant conformational disorder in the staggered long CH2 sequences of the hexagonal crystals. On heating, the hexagonal crystals transform to the orthorhombic type at ∼60 °C via melt recrystallization, but no change is apparent during heating samples with the orthorhombic form up to the melting point (∼95 °C). The hexagonal structure is of interest not only because it develops under very rapid quenching from the melt but also because under uniaxial tensile deformation it undergoes a stretch-induced transformation to the orthorhombic structure. Compared to deformation of orthorhombic specimens that maintain the same crystal type, such transformation results in larger strains and enhanced strain hardening, thus representing a desired toughening mechanism for this type of polyethylene-like materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Janani
- FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Stephanie F Marxsen
- FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Marcel Eck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Mecking
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Kohji Tashiro
- Aichi Synchrotron Radiation Center, Knowledge Hub Aichi, Minami-Yamaguchi, Seto 489-0965, Japan
| | - Rufina G Alamo
- FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
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3
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Sun C, Ma X, Ni L, Ding M, Xia J, Zheng Y, Yu C, Wang B, Pan P. Hexagonal Phase Formation and Crystalline Structural Transition in Long-Spaced Aliphatic Polyesters with Side Groups. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1324-1330. [PMID: 37713680 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Side substitution is an effective method for the chemical modification and functionalization of linear polyesters. The presence of side groups can have a profound effect on the crystalline structure and phase transition of semicrystalline polyesters. Herein, we synthesized the long-spaced polyesters with -OH and -CH3 side groups and various methylene segment lengths and studied the effects of the side groups on the crystal polymorph and phase transition of substituted polyesters. The substituted polyesters grow in the thermally stable phase (form I) at a higher temperature. However, the polyesters crystallize in a metastable hexagonal phase (form II) with trans chain conformation at a lower temperature. The metastable form II transforms into the more stable form I during long-time annealing or upon heating; this phase transition is accompanied by chain tilting and crystal lamellar thickening. This study has elucidated the critical role of side groups in the polymorphic crystallization and phase transition of linear polyesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuekuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lingling Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mengru Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianfei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 99 Zheda Road, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Chengtao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 99 Zheda Road, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Bao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 99 Zheda Road, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Pengju Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 99 Zheda Road, Quzhou 324000, China
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4
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Zhang X, Marxsen SF, Ortmann P, Mecking S, Alamo RG. Crystallization of Long-Spaced Precision Polyacetals II: Effect of Polymorphism on Isothermal Crystallization Kinetics. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshi Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-6046, United States
| | - Stephanie F. Marxsen
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-6046, United States
| | - Patrick Ortmann
- Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, Konstanz 78457, Germany
| | - Stefan Mecking
- Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, Konstanz 78457, Germany
| | - Rufina G. Alamo
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-6046, United States
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5
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Suraeva O, Champanhac C, Mailänder V, Wurm FR, Weiss H, Berger R, Mezger M, Landfester K, Lieberwirth I. Vitamin C Loaded Polyethylene: Synthesis and Properties of Precise Polyethylene with Vitamin C Defects via Acyclic Diene Metathesis Polycondensation. Macromolecules 2020; 53:2932-2941. [PMID: 32595236 PMCID: PMC7311085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A polyethylene-like
polymer with an in-chain vitamin C group was
synthesized by olefin metathesis polymerization. Here, we describe
both the synthesis and a comprehensive physical characterization.
Because of the olefin metathesis synthesis, the vitamin C groups are
equidistantly arranged in the polyethylene (PE) main chain. Their
separation was adjusted to 20 CH2 units. After hydrogenation,
a semicrystalline polymer is obtained that is soluble in polar solvents.
Because of its size and steric effect, the vitamin C acts as a chain
defect, which is expelled from the crystal lattice, yielding a lamellar
crystal with a homogeneous thickness corresponding to the interdefect
distance. The physical properties were examined by various methods
including differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray scattering, and
transmission electron microscopy. We show that vitamin C retains its
radical scavenger properties despite being incorporated into a polyethylene
chain. Furthermore, we demonstrate that it is degrading in alkaline
conditions. To complete its suitability as a biocompatible material,
cytotoxicity and cell uptake experiments were performed. We show that
the polymer is nontoxic and that it is taken up in nanoparticular
form via endocytosis processes into the cytoplasm of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Suraeva
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Carole Champanhac
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Volker Mailänder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Henning Weiss
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Berger
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Mezger
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ingo Lieberwirth
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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6
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Santonja‐Blasco L, Monrabal B. Assessment of the Cocrystallization of Ethylene/1‐Octene Copolymer Blends by CRYSTAF and TREF. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201900123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Santonja‐Blasco
- Polymer Characterization C/ Gustave Eiffel 8, Technology Park Paterna Valencia 46980 Spain
| | - Benjamin Monrabal
- Polymer Characterization C/ Gustave Eiffel 8, Technology Park Paterna Valencia 46980 Spain
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7
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Majumder S, Reiter R, Xu J, Reiter G. Controlling the Growth of Stacks of Correlated Lamellar Crystals of a Block Copolymer. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Majumder
- Experimental Polymer Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder Str. 3, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Renate Reiter
- Experimental Polymer Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder Str. 3, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Günter Reiter
- Experimental Polymer Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder Str. 3, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, Freiburg 79104, Germany
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8
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Zhang X, Zuo X, Ortmann P, Mecking S, Alamo RG. Crystallization of Long-Spaced Precision Polyacetals I: Melting and Recrystallization of Rapidly Formed Crystallites. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshi Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer St, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-6046, United States
| | - Xiaobing Zuo
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Patrick Ortmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Mecking
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Rufina G. Alamo
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer St, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-6046, United States
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9
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Marxsen SF, Alamo RG. Melt-memory of polyethylenes with halogen substitution: Random vs. precise placement. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Majumder S, Busch H, Poudel P, Mecking S, Reiter G. Growth Kinetics of Stacks of Lamellar Polymer Crystals. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanna Busch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Mecking
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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11
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Zhang X, Zhang W, Wagener KB, Boz E, Alamo RG. Effect of Self-Poisoning on Crystallization Kinetics of Dimorphic Precision Polyethylenes with Bromine. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshi Zhang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer St., Tallahassee, Florida 32310-6046, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer St., Tallahassee, Florida 32310-6046, United States
| | - Kenneth B. Wagener
- The
George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department
of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Emine Boz
- The
George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department
of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Rufina G. Alamo
- Department
of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer St., Tallahassee, Florida 32310-6046, United States
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12
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13
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Trigg EB, Middleton LR, Moed DE, Winey KI. Transverse Orientation of Acid Layers in the Crystallites of a Precise Polymer. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward B. Trigg
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - L. Robert Middleton
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Demi E. Moed
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Karen I. Winey
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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14
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Zhang X, Santonja-Blasco L, Wagener KB, Boz E, Tasaki M, Tashiro K, Alamo RG. Infrared Spectroscopy and X-ray Diffraction Characterization of Dimorphic Crystalline Structures of Polyethylenes with Halogens Placed at Equal Distance along the Backbone. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:10166-10179. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b08877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshi Zhang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer St, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-6046, United States
| | - Laura Santonja-Blasco
- Department
of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer St, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-6046, United States
| | - Kenneth B. Wagener
- The
George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department
of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Emine Boz
- The
George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department
of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Masafumi Tasaki
- Department
of Future Industry-Oriented Basic Science and Materials, Graduate
School of Engineering, Toyota Technological Institute, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8511, Japan
| | - Kohji Tashiro
- Department
of Future Industry-Oriented Basic Science and Materials, Graduate
School of Engineering, Toyota Technological Institute, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8511, Japan
| | - Rufina G. Alamo
- Department
of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer St, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-6046, United States
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15
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Trigg EB, Tiegs BJ, Coates GW, Winey KI. High Morphological Order in a Nearly Precise Acid-Containing Polymer and Ionomer. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:947-951. [PMID: 35650896 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Linear polyethylenes with functional groups at precise intervals along the backbone possess a number of remarkable properties, but the current synthetic methods that produce these precise polymers are difficult to scale up beyond the laboratory setting. When evaluating alternative synthetic routes, a critical question is how precise must the polymer microstructure be to achieve the properties of interest? As a first step in answering this question, we present morphological characterization of a nearly precise polymer-that is, an acid-containing polymer wherein the acid groups are separated by either n or n + 1 methylene groups. We find that the size scale and uniformity of the amorphous morphologies of the nearly precise acid-containing polymer and its sodium-neutralized ionomer are essentially indistinguishable from the precise polymers based on X-ray scattering. Meanwhile, the nearly precise polymer is strikingly distinct from a pseudorandom copolymer with similar average composition. This result suggests that the properties of nearly precise polymers could likewise be quite similar to truly precise polymers and beckons future work to explore their properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward B. Trigg
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Brandon J. Tiegs
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Geoffrey W. Coates
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Karen I. Winey
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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16
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Abstract
In this review we summarize recent efforts in understanding nano-aggregation in acid- and ion-containing polymer systems. The acid and ionic groups have specific interactions that drive aggregation and alter polymer behavior at the nano-, micro-, and bulk length scales. Advancements in synthetic methods, characterization techniques, and computer simulations have enabled researchers to better understand the morphologies and dynamics, particularly at the nanoscale. This overview of recent advancements in nano-aggregated polymer systems highlights the current understanding of the field and presents promising directions for future investigations and new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Robert Middleton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6272
| | - Karen I. Winey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6272
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17
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Trigg EB, Stevens MJ, Winey KI. Chain Folding Produces a Multilayered Morphology in a Precise Polymer: Simulations and Experiments. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:3747-3755. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward B. Trigg
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Mark J. Stevens
- Center
for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Karen I. Winey
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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