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Brió Pérez M, Wurm FR, de Beer S. On the Road to Circular Polymer Brushes: Challenges and Prospects. Langmuir 2024; 40:7249-7256. [PMID: 38556745 PMCID: PMC11008239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Polymer brushes are unique surface coatings that have been of high interest in research for the past decades due to their covalent tethering to surfaces and the broad spectrum of polymers that can be grafted to or grafted from various surfaces. Modification of surfaces with brushes may provide lubricious and/or antifouling properties, and they can also potentially be used in many application fields due to their high responsiveness toward certain stimuli. Generally, polymer brushes are long-lasting coatings, while their end-of-life has to date largely been neglected. Therefore, it is important to consider additional design methodologies to produce circular brushes, which will degrade after a certain period of time such that surfaces can be reused, and the potentially obtained monomers may be used again to synthesize new brushes. In this Perspective, we aim to tackle and understand the challenges to translate the knowledge on degradation and chemical recycling of bulk polymers toward circular polymer brushes. We summarized the recent developments on (bio)degradable polymer brushes and the challenges that are to be tackled toward their potential implementation as circular coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Brió Pérez
- Department of Molecules &
Materials, MESA+ Institute, University of
Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Department of Molecules &
Materials, MESA+ Institute, University of
Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sissi de Beer
- Department of Molecules &
Materials, MESA+ Institute, University of
Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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2
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Yu B, Cheng J, Fang Y, Xie Z, Xiong Q, Zhang H, Shang W, Wurm FR, Liang W, Wei F, Zhao J. Multi-Stimuli-Responsive, Topology-Regulated, and Lignin-Based Nano/Microcapsules from Pickering Emulsion Templates for Bidirectional Delivery of Pesticides. ACS Nano 2024; 18:10031-10044. [PMID: 38547360 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The increasing demand for improving pesticide utilization efficiency has prompted the development of sustainable, targeted, and stimuli-responsive delivery systems. Herein, a multi-stimuli-responsive nano/microcapsule bidirectional delivery system loaded with pyraclostrobin (Pyr) is prepared through interfacial cross-linking from a lignin-based Pickering emulsion template. During this process, methacrylated alkali lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) are utilized as stabilizers for the tunable oil-water (O/W) Pickering emulsion. Subsequently, a thiol-ene radical reaction occurs with the acid-labile cross-linkers at the oil-water interface, leading to the formation of lignin nano/microcapsules (LNCs) with various topological shapes. Through the investigation of the polymerization process and the structure of LNC, it was found that the amphiphilicity-driven diffusion and distribution of cyclohexanone impact the topology of LNC. The obtained Pyr@LNC exhibits high encapsulation efficiency, tunable size, and excellent UV shielding to Pyr. Additionally, the flexible topology of the Pyr@LNC shell enhances the retention and adhesion of the foliar surface. Furthermore, Pyr@LNC exhibits pH/laccase-responsive targeting against Botrytis disease, enabling the intelligent release of Pyr. The in vivo fungicidal activity shows that efficacy of Pyr@LNC is 53% ± 2% at 14 days postspraying, whereas the effectiveness of Pyr suspension concentrate is only 29% ± 4%, and the acute toxicity of Pyr@LNC to zebrafish is reduced by more than 9-fold compared with that of Pyr technical. Moreover, confocal laser scanning microscopy shows that the LNCs can be bidirectionally translocated in plants. Therefore, the topology-regulated bidirectional delivery system LNC has great practical potential for sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Jingli Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yun Fang
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Zhengang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Qiuyu Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Haonan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Wenxuan Shang
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Wenlong Liang
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Fanglin Wei
- Zhejiang XinNong Chemical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310021, P. R. China
| | - Jinhao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
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3
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Brió Pérez M, Hempenius MA, de Beer S, Wurm FR. Polyester Brush Coatings for Circularity: Grafting, Degradation, and Repeated Growth. Macromolecules 2023; 56:8856-8865. [PMID: 38024158 PMCID: PMC10653273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c01601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Polymer brushes are widely used as versatile surface modifications. However, most of them are designed to be long-lasting by using nonbiodegradable materials. This generates additional plastic waste and hinders the reusability of substrates. To address this, we present a synthetic strategy for grafting degradable polymer brushes via organocatalytic surface-initiated ring-opening polymerization (SI-ROP) from stable PGMA-based macroinitiators. This yields polyester brush coatings (up to 50 nm in thickness) that hydrolyze with controlled patterns and can be regrown on the same substrate after degradation. We chose polyesters of different hydrolytic stability and degradation mechanism, i.e., poly(lactic acid) (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), which are grown from poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA)-based macroinitiators for strong surface binding and initiating site reuse. Brush degradation is monitored via thickness changes in pH-varied buffer solutions and seawater with PHB brushes showing rapid degradation in all solutions. PLA and PCL brushes show higher stability in solutions of up to pH 8, while all coatings fully degrade after 14 days in seawater. These brushes offer surface modifications with well-defined degradation patterns that can be regrown after degradation, making them an interesting alternative to (meth)acrylate-based, nondegradable polymers brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Brió Pérez
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group,
Department of Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology,
Faculty of Science and Technology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A. Hempenius
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group,
Department of Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology,
Faculty of Science and Technology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sissi de Beer
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group,
Department of Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology,
Faculty of Science and Technology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group,
Department of Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology,
Faculty of Science and Technology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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4
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Resendiz-Lara DA, Azhdari S, Gojzewski H, Gröschel AH, Wurm FR. Water-soluble polyphosphonate-based bottlebrush copolymers via aqueous ring-opening metathesis polymerization. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11273-11282. [PMID: 37860667 PMCID: PMC10583743 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02649c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) is a versatile method for synthesizing complex macromolecules from various functional monomers. In this work, we report the synthesis of water-soluble and degradable bottlebrush polymers, based on polyphosphoesters (PPEs) via ROMP. First, PPE-macromonomers were synthesized via organocatalytic anionic ring-opening polymerization of 2-ethyl-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane using N-(hydroxyethyl)-cis-5-norbornene-exo-2,3-dicarboximide as the initiator and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) as the catalyst. The resulting norbornene-based macromonomers had degrees of polymerization (DPn) ranging from 25 to 243 and narrow molar mass dispersity (Đ ≤ 1.10). Subsequently, these macromonomers were used in ROMP with the Grubbs 3rd-generation bispyridyl complex (Ru-G3) to produce a library of well-defined bottlebrush polymers. The ROMP was carried out either in dioxane or in aqueous conditions, resulting in well-defined and water-soluble bottlebrush PPEs. Furthermore, a two-step protocol was employed to synthesize double hydrophilic diblock bottlebrush copolymers via ROMP in water at neutral pH-values. This general protocol enabled the direct combination of PPEs with ROMP to synthesize well-defined bottlebrush polymers and block copolymers in water. Degradation of the PPE side chains was proven resulting in low molar mass degradation products only. The biocompatible and biodegradable nature of PPEs makes this pathway promising for designing novel biomedical drug carriers or viscosity modifiers, as well as many other potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Resendiz-Lara
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry (SPC), Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente PO Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Suna Azhdari
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry (SPC), Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente PO Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
- Physical Chemistry, University of Münster Corrensstraße 28-30 Münster 48149 Germany
| | - Hubert Gojzewski
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry (SPC), Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente PO Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Andre H Gröschel
- Physical Chemistry, University of Münster Corrensstraße 28-30 Münster 48149 Germany
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry (SPC), Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente PO Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
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5
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Rheinberger T, Flögel U, Koshkina O, Wurm FR. Real-time 31P NMR reveals different gradient strengths in polyphosphoester copolymers as potential MRI-traceable nanomaterials. Commun Chem 2023; 6:182. [PMID: 37658116 PMCID: PMC10474120 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00954-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphosphoesters (PPEs) are used in tissue engineering and drug delivery, as polyelectrolytes, and flame-retardants. Mostly polyphosphates have been investigated but copolymers involving different PPE subclasses have been rarely explored and the reactivity ratios of different cyclic phospholanes have not been reported. We synthesized binary and ternary PPE copolymers using cyclic comonomers, including side-chain phosphonates, phosphates, thiophosphate, and in-chain phosphonates, through organocatalyzed ring-opening copolymerization. Reactivity ratios were determined for all cases, including ternary PPE copolymers, using different nonterminal models. By combining different comonomers and organocatalysts, we created gradient copolymers with adjustable amphiphilicity and microstructure. Reactivity ratios ranging from 0.02 to 44 were observed for different comonomer sets. Statistical ring-opening copolymerization enabled the synthesis of amphiphilic gradient copolymers in a one-pot procedure, exhibiting tunable interfacial and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) properties. These copolymers self-assembled in aqueous solutions, 31 P MRI imaging confirmed their potential as MRI-traceable nanostructures. This systematic study expands the possibilities of PPE-copolymers for drug delivery and theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Rheinberger
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry (SPC), Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Flögel
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Experimental Cardiovascular Imaging, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Olga Koshkina
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry (SPC), Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry (SPC), Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, Netherlands.
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6
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Hueppe N, Wurm FR, Landfester K. Nanocarriers with Multiple Cargo Load-A Comprehensive Preparation Guideline Using Orthogonal Strategies. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200611. [PMID: 36098551 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Multifunctional nanocarriers enhance the treatment efficacy for modern therapeutics and have gained increasing importance in biomedical research. Codelivery of multiple bioactive molecules enables synergistic therapies. Coencapsulation of cargo molecules into one nanocarrier system is challenging due to different physicochemical properties of the cargo molecules. Additionally, coencapsulation of multiple molecules simultaneously shall proceed with high control and efficiency. Orthogonal approaches for the preparation of nanocarriers are essential to encapsulate sensitive bioactive molecules while preserving their bioactivity. Preparation of nanocarriers by physical processes (i.e., self-assembly or coacervation) and chemical reactions (i.e., click reactions, polymerizations, etc.) are considered as orthogonal methods to most cargo molecules. This review shall act as a guideline to allow the reader to select a suitable preparation protocol for a desired nanocarrier system. This article helps to select for combinations of cargo molecules (hydrophilic-hydrophobic, small-macro, organic-inorganic) with nanocarrier material and synthesis protocols. The focus of this article lies on the coencapsulation of multiple cargo molecules into biocompatible and biodegradable nanocarriers prepared by orthogonal strategies. With this toolbox, the selection of a preparation method for a known set of cargo molecules to prepare the desired biodegradable and loaded nanocarrier shall be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natkritta Hueppe
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry, Department of Molecules and Materials, Faculty of Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, 7522 NB, The Netherlands
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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Koshkina O, Rheinberger T, Flocke V, Windfelder A, Bouvain P, Hamelmann NM, Paulusse JMJ, Gojzewski H, Flögel U, Wurm FR. Biodegradable polyphosphoester micelles act as both background-free 31P magnetic resonance imaging agents and drug nanocarriers. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4351. [PMID: 37468502 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40089-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo monitoring of polymers is crucial for drug delivery and tissue regeneration. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a whole-body imaging technique, and heteronuclear MRI allows quantitative imaging. However, MRI agents can result in environmental pollution and organ accumulation. To address this, we introduce biocompatible and biodegradable polyphosphoesters, as MRI-traceable polymers using the 31P centers in the polymer backbone. We overcome challenges in 31P MRI, including background interference and low sensitivity, by modifying the molecular environment of 31P, assembling polymers into colloids, and tailoring the polymers' microstructure to adjust MRI-relaxation times. Specifically, gradient-type polyphosphonate-copolymers demonstrate improved MRI-relaxation times compared to homo- and block copolymers, making them suitable for imaging. We validate background-free imaging and biodegradation in vivo using Manduca sexta. Furthermore, encapsulating the potent drug PROTAC allows using these amphiphilic copolymers to simultaneously deliver drugs, enabling theranostics. This first report paves the way for polyphosphoesters as background-free MRI-traceable polymers for theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Koshkina
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Timo Rheinberger
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Vera Flocke
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Experimental Cardiovascular Imaging, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anton Windfelder
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Giessen, Germany
- Laboratory of Experimental Radiology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Pascal Bouvain
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Experimental Cardiovascular Imaging, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Naomi M Hamelmann
- Biomolecular Nanotechnology Group, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jos M J Paulusse
- Biomolecular Nanotechnology Group, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Hubert Gojzewski
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Flögel
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Experimental Cardiovascular Imaging, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Chen Y, Nozdriukhin D, Michel-Souzy S, Padberg C, Wurm FR, Razansky D, Deán-Ben XL, Koshkina O. Biobased Agents for Single-Particle Detection with Optoacoustics. Small 2023:e2207199. [PMID: 37021720 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Optoacoustic (OA, photoacoustic) imaging synergistically combines rich optical contrast with the resolution of ultrasound within light-scattering biological tissues. Contrast agents have become essential to boost deep-tissue OA sensitivity and fully exploit the capabilities of state-of-the-art OA imaging systems, thus facilitating the clinical translation of this modality. Inorganic particles with sizes of several microns can also be individually localized and tracked, thus enabling new applications in drug delivery, microrobotics, or super-resolution imaging. However, significant concerns have been raised regarding the low bio-degradability and potential toxic effects of inorganic particles. Bio-based, biodegradable nano- and microcapsules consisting of an aqueous core with clinically-approved indocyanine green (ICG) and a cross-linked casein shell obtained in an inverse emulsion approach are introduced. The feasibility to provide contrast-enhanced in vivo OA imaging with nanocapsules as well as localizing and tracking individual larger microcapsules of 4-5 µm is demonstrated. All components of the developed capsules are safe for human use and the inverse emulsion approach is known to be compatible with a variety of shell materials and payloads. Hence, the enhanced OA imaging performance can be exploited in multiple biomedical studies and can open a route to clinical approval of agents detectable at a single-particle level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunbo Chen
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry, Department of Molecules and Materials, Mesa+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, 7522NB, The Netherlands
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Daniil Nozdriukhin
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zürich, Winterturenstraße 190, Zürich, 8057, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 27, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Michel-Souzy
- Biomolecular Nanotechnology, Department of Molecules and Materials, Mesa+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, 7522NB, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens Padberg
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry, Department of Molecules and Materials, Mesa+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, 7522NB, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry, Department of Molecules and Materials, Mesa+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, 7522NB, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Razansky
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zürich, Winterturenstraße 190, Zürich, 8057, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 27, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Xosé Luís Deán-Ben
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zürich, Winterturenstraße 190, Zürich, 8057, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 27, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Olga Koshkina
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry, Department of Molecules and Materials, Mesa+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, 7522NB, The Netherlands
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9
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Suraeva O, Kaltbeitzel A, Landfester K, Wurm FR, Lieberwirth I. Nanoscale Control of the Surface Functionality of Polymeric 2D Materials. Small 2023:e2206454. [PMID: 36929281 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Typically, 2D nanosheets have a homogeneous surface, making them a major challenge to structure. This study proposes a novel concept of 2D organic nanosheets with a heterogeneously functionalized surface. This work achieves this by consecutively crystallizing two precisely synthesized polymers with different functional groups in the polymer backbone in a two-step process. First, the core platelet is formed and then the second polymer is crystallized around it. As a result, the central area of the platelets has a different surface functionality than the periphery. This concept offers two advantages: the resulting polymeric 2D platelets are stable in dispersion, which simplifies further processing and makes both crystal surfaces accessible for subsequent functionalization. Additionally, a wide variety of polymers can be used, making the process and the choice of surface functionalization very flexible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Suraeva
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Polymers, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anke Kaltbeitzel
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Polymers, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Polymers, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Polymers, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ingo Lieberwirth
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Polymers, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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10
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Gonçalves JP, Promlok D, Ivanov T, Tao S, Rheinberger T, Jo SM, Yu Y, Graf R, Wagner M, Crespy D, Wurm FR, Caire da Silva L, Jiang S, Landfester K. Confining the Sol-Gel Reaction at the Water/Oil Interface: Creating Compartmentalized Enzymatic Nano-Organelles for Artificial Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216966. [PMID: 36517933 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Living organisms compartmentalize their catalytic reactions in membranes for increased efficiency and selectivity. To mimic the organelles of eukaryotic cells, we develop a mild approach for in situ encapsulating enzymes in aqueous-core silica nanocapsules. In order to confine the sol-gel reaction at the water/oil interface of miniemulsion, we introduce an aminosilane to the silica precursors, which serves as both catalyst and an amphiphilic anchor that electrostatically assembles with negatively charged hydrolyzed alkoxysilanes at the interface. The semi-permeable shell protects enzymes from proteolytic attack, and allows the transport of reactants and products. The enzyme-carrying nanocapsules, as synthetic nano-organelles, are able to perform cascade reactions when enveloped in a polymer vesicle, mimicking the hierarchically compartmentalized reactions in eukaryotic cells. This in situ encapsulation approach provides a versatile platform for the delivery of biomacromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer Pendiuk Gonçalves
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Federal University of Paraná, Av. Cel Francisco H dos Santos, s/n, CEP, 81530-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Duangkamol Promlok
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tsvetomir Ivanov
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shijia Tao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Timo Rheinberger
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Seong-Min Jo
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yingjie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Robert Graf
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Manfred Wagner
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Crespy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lucas Caire da Silva
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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11
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Rheinberger T, Deuker M, Wurm FR. The microstructure of polyphosphoesters controls polymer hydrolysis kinetics from minutes to years. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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12
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Easton ZH, Essink MA, Comas LR, Wurm FR, Gojzewski H. Acceleration of Biodegradation Using Polymer Blends and Composites. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong H.W. Easton
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Department for Molecules and Materials MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology Faculty of Science and Technology University of Twente Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Mike A.J. Essink
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Department for Molecules and Materials MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology Faculty of Science and Technology University of Twente Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Laura Rodriguez Comas
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Department for Molecules and Materials MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology Faculty of Science and Technology University of Twente Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Department for Molecules and Materials MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology Faculty of Science and Technology University of Twente Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Hubert Gojzewski
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Department for Molecules and Materials MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology Faculty of Science and Technology University of Twente Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede The Netherlands
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13
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Pokora M, Rheinberger T, Wurm FR, Paneth A, Paneth P. Environment-friendly transesterification to seawater-degradable polymers expanded: Computational construction guide to breaking points. Chemosphere 2022; 308:136381. [PMID: 36088968 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Marine plastic pollution caused by non-biodegradable polymers is a major worldwide concern. So-called "biodegradable" polymers should reduce plastic pollution in the environment by the safeguard of biodegradation. However, many polyesters degrade very slowly in seawater. We therefore designed a systematic library of "breaking points" that are installed into a polylactide backbone and simulated their degradation mechanisms, including internal and external SN2 mechanisms, Addition-Elimination (AE) mechanisms, and RNA-inspired mechanisms. The breaking points are composed of phosphoesters with pendant nucleophiles directly at the P-atom, or structurally similar silicones, or side-chain functional polyesters. All P-containing breaking points react via the RNA-inspired mechanism, while Si-containing linkers undergo decomposition via the A-E mechanism. For C-containing linkers, only when a long pendant chain (4 carbon atoms) is present can the reaction proceed via the RNA-inspired mechanism. In cases of shorter pendants, the Addition-Elimination (AE) mechanism is energetically favorable. We believe that these calculations will pave the way for the synthesis of exceptionally seawater-degradable polyesters in the future that can act as a safeguard to prevent microplastic formation after eventual littering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Pokora
- International Center for Research on Innovative Biobased Materials (ICRI-BioM)-International Research Agenda, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | - Timo Rheinberger
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, PO Box 217, Enschede, 7500 AE, the Netherlands
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, PO Box 217, Enschede, 7500 AE, the Netherlands
| | - Agata Paneth
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 3a, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Paneth
- International Center for Research on Innovative Biobased Materials (ICRI-BioM)-International Research Agenda, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924, Lodz, Poland.
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14
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Mouhoubi R, Lasschuijt M, Ramon Carrasco S, Gojzewski H, Wurm FR. End-of-life biodegradation? how to assess the composting of polyesters in the lab and the field. Waste Manag 2022; 154:36-48. [PMID: 36209717 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The aerobic composting of biodegradable plastics can be a promising solution to the growing issue of waste accumulation. Therefore, this article offers a review of papers investigating the biodegradability of polyesters (PLA, PHB, PBS and PCL) in home- and industrial composting. Not only the thermal and biodegradation properties are discussed, but also a comparison is made between the different polyesters under the same composting conditions. From this review, it becomes clear that composting shows promise for polyester waste management. However, although several methods for assessing the composting properties of polyester have been developed, the fact that they rarely follow the same standards does not allow for a comparative analysis that would clearly define composting as the most viable solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakine Mouhoubi
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Merel Lasschuijt
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Salma Ramon Carrasco
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Hubert Gojzewski
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands.
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15
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Rheinberger T, Ankone M, Grijpma D, Wurm FR. Real-Time 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy of the copolymerization of cyclic phosphoesters and trimethylene carbonate reveals transesterification from gradient to random copolymers. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Jo SM, Kim J, Lee JE, Wurm FR, Landfester K, Wooh S. Multimodal Enzyme-Carrying Suprastructures for Rapid and Sensitive Biocatalytic Cascade Reactions. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2204665. [PMID: 36150221 PMCID: PMC9507375 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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17
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Liang W, Zhang J, Wurm FR, Wang R, Cheng J, Xie Z, Li X, Zhao J. Lignin-based non-crosslinked nanocarriers: A promising delivery system of pesticide for development of sustainable agriculture. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 220:472-481. [PMID: 35987356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lignin sulfonate (LS), a waste material from the paper pulping, was modified with benzoic anhydride to obtain benzoylated lignin sulfonates of adjustable hydrophilicity (BLS). When BLS was combined with difenoconazole (Di), a broad-spectrum fungicide, lignin-based, non-crosslinked nanoparticles were obtained either by solvent exchange or solvent evaporation. When a mass ratio of 1:5 LS: benzoic anhydride was used, the Di release from Di@BLS5 after 1248 h was ca. 74 %, while a commercial difenoconazole microemulsion (Di ME) reached 100 % already after 96 h, proving the sustained release from the lignin nanocarriers. The formulation of Di in lignin-based nanocarriers also improved the UV stability and the foliar retention of Di compared to the commercial formulation of the fungicide. Bioactivity assay showed that Di@BLS5 exhibited high activities and duration against strawberry anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides). Overall, the construction of fungicide delivery nano-platform using BLS via a simple non-crosslinked approach is a novel and promising way to develop new formulations for nanopesticide and the development of sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Liang
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Sustainable Polymer Chemistry, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Jiadong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Rong Wang
- Economic Specialty Technology Extension Center, Lanxi 321100, PR China
| | - Jingli Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Zhengang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Xianbin Li
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100125, PR China.
| | - Jinhao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
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18
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Hüppe N, Schunke J, Fichter M, Mailänder V, Wurm FR, Landfester K. Multicomponent encapsulation into fully degradable protein nanocarriers via interfacial azide-alkyne click reaction in miniemulsion allows the co-delivery of immunotherapeutics. Nanoscale Horiz 2022; 7:908-915. [PMID: 35708163 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00243d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulation of multiple adjuvants along with antigens into nanocarriers allows a co-delivery to antigen-presenting cells for the synergistic induction of robust immune responses. However, loading cargoes of different molar masses, polarities, and solubilities in high efficiencies remains a challenge. Therefore, we developed a strategy to encapsulate a triple combination of the so-called adjuvants, i.e. with Resiquimod (R848), muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly(I : C)) into human serum albumin (HSA) nanocarriers. The loading is conducted in situ while the nanocarrier is formed by an orthogonal and metal-free click reaction at the interface of an inverse miniemulsion. By this unique approach, high encapsulation efficiency without harming the cargo during the nanocarrier formation process and regardless of their physical properties is achieved, thus keeping their bioactivity. Furthermore, we demonstrated high control over the encapsulation efficiency and varying the amount of each cargo did not influence the efficiency of multicomponent encapsulation. Azide-modified HSA was crosslinked with hexanediol dipropiolate (HDDP) at the interface of a water-in-oil miniemulsion. Varying the crosslinker amount allowed us to tailor the density and degradation rates of the protein shell. Additional installation of disulfide bonds into the crosslinker created redox-responsive nanocarriers, which degraded both by protease and under reducing conditions with dithiothreitol. The prepared HSA nanocarriers were efficiently taken up by dendritic cells and exhibited an additive cell activation and maturation, exceeding the nanocarriers loaded with only a single drug. This general protocol allows the orthogonal and metal-free encapsulation of various drugs or adjuvants at defined concentrations into the protein nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natkritta Hüppe
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Jenny Schunke
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Fichter
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Volker Mailänder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry, Department of Molecules and Materials, Faculty of Science and Technology, MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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19
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Pelosi C, Arrico L, Zinna F, Wurm FR, Di Bari L, Tinè MR. A circular dichroism study of the protective role of polyphosphoesters polymer chains in polyphosphoester-myoglobin conjugates. Chirality 2022; 34:1257-1265. [PMID: 35713334 PMCID: PMC9544571 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Protein‐polymer conjugates are a blooming class of hybrid systems with high biomedical potential. Despite a plethora of papers on their biomedical properties, the physical–chemical characterization of many protein‐polymer conjugates is missing. Here, we evaluated the thermal stability of a set of fully‐degradable polyphosphoester‐protein conjugates by variable temperature circular dichroism, a common but powerful technique. We extensively describe their thermodynamic stability in different environments (in physiological buffer or in presence of chemical denaturants, e.g., acid or urea), highlighting the protective role of the polymer in preserving the protein from denaturation. For the first time, we propose a simple but effective protocol to achieve useful information on these systems in vitro, useful to screen new samples in their early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pelosi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Arrico
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Zinna
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry (SPC), Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria R Tinè
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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20
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Machado TO, Grabow J, Sayer C, de Araújo PHH, Ehrenhard ML, Wurm FR. Biopolymer-based nanocarriers for sustained release of agrochemicals: A review on materials and social science perspectives for a sustainable future of agri- and horticulture. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 303:102645. [PMID: 35358807 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Devastating plant diseases and soil depletion rationalize an extensive use of agrochemicals to secure the food production worldwide. The sustained release of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture is a promising solution to the eco-toxicological impacts and it might reduce the amount and increase the effectiveness of agrochemicals administration in the field. This review article focusses on carriers with diameters below 1 μm, such as capsules, spheres, tubes and micelles that promote the sustained release of actives. Biopolymer nanocarriers represent a potentially environmentally friendly alternative due to their renewable origin and biodegradability, which prevents the formation of microplastics. The social aspects, economic potential, and success of commercialization of biopolymer based nanocarriers are influenced by the controversial nature of nanotechnology and depend on the use case. Nanotechnology's enormous innovative power is only able to unfold its potential to limit the effects of climate change and to counteract current environmental developments if the perceived risks are understood and mitigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago O Machado
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, PO Box 476, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Justin Grabow
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; Faculty of Behavioural Management and Social Sciences, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Sayer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, PO Box 476, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Pedro H H de Araújo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, PO Box 476, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Michel L Ehrenhard
- Faculty of Behavioural Management and Social Sciences, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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21
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Jo S, Kim J, Lee JE, Wurm FR, Landfester K, Wooh S. Multimodal Enzyme-Carrying Suprastructures for Rapid and Sensitive Biocatalytic Cascade Reactions. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2104884. [PMID: 34939366 PMCID: PMC8981434 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal assemblies of mesoporous suprastructures provide effective catalysis in an advantageous volume-confined environment. However, typical fabrication methods of colloidal suprastructures are carried out under toxic or harmful conditions for unstable biomolecules, such as, biocatalytic enzymes. For this reason, biocatalytic enzymes have rarely been used with suprastructures, even though biocatalytic cascade reactions in confined environments are more efficient than in open conditions. Here, multimodal enzyme- and photocatalyst-carrying superstructures with efficient cascade reactions for colorimetric glucose detection are demonstrated. The suprastructures consisting of various functional nanoparticles, including enzyme-carrying nanoparticles, are fabricated by surface-templated evaporation driven suprastructure synthesis on polydimethylsiloxane-grafted surfaces at ambient conditions. For the fabrication of suprastructures, no additional chemicals and reactions are required, which allows maintaining the enzyme activities. The multimodal enzymes (glucose oxidase and peroxidase)-carrying suprastructures exhibit rapid and highly sensitive glucose detection via two enzyme cascade reactions in confined geometry. Moreover, the combination of enzymatic and photocatalytic cascade reactions of glucose oxidase to titanium dioxide nanoparticles is successfully realized for the same assay. These results show promising abilities of multiple colloidal mixtures carrying suprastructures for effective enzymatic reactions and open a new door for advanced biological reactions and enzyme-related works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong‐Min Jo
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
| | - Jihye Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering & Materials ScienceChung‐Ang UniversityHeukseok‐ro 84 Dongjak‐guSeoul06974Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering & Materials ScienceChung‐Ang UniversityHeukseok‐ro 84 Dongjak‐guSeoul06974Republic of Korea
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry GroupMESA+ Institute for NanotechnologyFaculty of Science and TechnologyUniversiteit TwentePO Box 217Enschede7500 AEThe Netherlands
| | | | - Sanghyuk Wooh
- School of Chemical Engineering & Materials ScienceChung‐Ang UniversityHeukseok‐ro 84 Dongjak‐guSeoul06974Republic of Korea
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22
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Pelosi C, Constantinescu I, Son HH, Tinè MR, Kizhakkedathu JN, Wurm FR. Blood Compatibility of Hydrophilic Polyphosphoesters. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2022; 5:1151-1158. [PMID: 35201742 PMCID: PMC8941511 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Polyphosphoesters
(PPEs) are a class of versatile degradable polymers.
Despite the high potential of this class of polymers in biomedical
applications, little is known about their blood interaction and compatibility.
We evaluated the hemocompatibility of water-soluble PPEs (with different
hydrophilicities and molar masses) and PPE-coated model nanocarriers.
Overall, we identified high hemocompatibility of PPEs, comparable
to poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), currently used for many applications
in nanomedicine. Hydrophilic PPEs caused no significant changes in
blood coagulation, negligible platelet activation, the absence of
red blood cells lysis, or aggregation. However, when a more hydrophobic
copolymer was studied, some changes in the whole blood clot strength
at the highest concentration were detected, but only concentrations
above that are typically used for biomedical applications. Also, the
PPE-coated model nanocarriers showed high hemocompatibility. These
results contribute to defining hydrophilic PPEs as a promising platform
for degradable and biocompatible materials in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pelosi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56120 Pisa, Italy
| | - Iren Constantinescu
- Center for Blood Research, Life Sciences Centre, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Helena H Son
- Center for Blood Research, Life Sciences Centre, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Maria Rosaria Tinè
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56120 Pisa, Italy
| | - Jayachandran N Kizhakkedathu
- Center for Blood Research, Life Sciences Centre, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry (SPC), Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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23
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Haider TP, Suraeva O, Lieberwirth I, Paneth P, Wurm FR. RNA-inspired intramolecular transesterification accelerates the hydrolysis of polyethylene-like polyphosphoesters. Chem Sci 2021; 12:16054-16064. [PMID: 35024127 PMCID: PMC8672729 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05509g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To synthesize new (bio)degradable alternatives to commodity polymers, adapting natural motives can be a promising approach. We present the synthesis and characterization of degradable polyethylene (PE)-like polyphosphoesters, which exhibit increased degradation rates due to an intra-molecular transesterification similar to RNA. An α,ω-diene monomer was synthesized in three steps starting from readily available compounds. By acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization, PE-like polymers with molecular weights up to 38 400 g mol-1 were obtained. Post-polymerization functionalization gave fully saturated and semicrystalline polymers with a precise spacing of 20 CH2 groups between each phosphate group carrying an ethoxy hydroxyl side chain. This side chain was capable of intramolecular transesterification with the main-chain similar to RNA-hydrolysis, mimicking the 2'-OH group of ribose. Thermal properties were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC (T m ca. 85 °C)) and the crystal structure was investigated by wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). Polymer films immersed in aqueous solutions at different pH values proved an accelerated degradation compared to structurally similar polyphosphoesters without pendant ethoxy hydroxyl groups. Polymer degradation proceeded also in artificial seawater (pH = 8), while the polymer was stable at physiological pH of 7.4. The degradation mechanism followed the intra-molecular "RNA-inspired" transesterification which was detected by NMR spectroscopy as well as by monitoring the hydrolysis of a polymer blend of a polyphosphoester without pendant OH-group and the RNA-inspired polymer, proving selective hydrolysis of the latter. This mechanism has been further supported by the DFT calculations. The "RNA-inspired" degradation of polymers could play an important part in accelerating the hydrolysis of polymers and plastics in natural environments, e.g. seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias P Haider
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Oksana Suraeva
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Ingo Lieberwirth
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Piotr Paneth
- International Center for Research on Innovative Biobased Materials (ICRI-BioM), Lodz University of Technology Zeromskiego 116 90-924 Lodz Poland
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente PO Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
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Resendiz-Lara DA, Wurm FR. Polyphosphonate-Based Macromolecular RAFT-CTA Enables the Synthesis of Well-Defined Block Copolymers Using Vinyl Monomers. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1273-1279. [PMID: 35549040 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization has become a straightforward approach to block copolymers using a wide variety of functional vinyl monomers. Polyphosphoester (PPE) macroinitiators from ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of their corresponding cyclic phosphoesters have been previously prepared for atom transfer radical polymerization; however, to date, these biodegradable macroinitiators for RAFT polymerization have not been reported. Herein, a macromolecular RAFT-chain transfer agent (CTA) based on poly(ethyl ethylene phosphonate) was prepared by the organocatalytic ROP of 2-ethyl-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane using 2-cyano-5-hydroxypentan-2-yl dodecyl trithiocarbonate as the initiator and 1,8-diazabycyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene as the catalyst. Precise macro-CTAs of degrees of polymerization (DPn) from 34 to 70 with Đ ≤ 1.10 were prepared and used in the dioxane solution RAFT polymerization of acrylamide, acrylates, methacrylates, and 2-vinylpyridine to yield a library of well-defined block copolymers. Additionally, the PPE-based macro RAFT-CTA was used as a nonionic surfactant in a typical aqueous emulsion polymerization of styrene to produce well-defined nanoparticles with the hydrophilic PPEs on their surface as the stabilizing agent. This general protocol allowed the combination of polyphosphoesters with RAFT polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Resendiz-Lara
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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Eckrich J, Hoormann N, Kersten E, Piradashvili K, Wurm FR, Heller M, Becker S, Anusic T, Brieger J, Strieth S. Surface Modification of Porous Polyethylene Implants with an Albumin-Based Nanocarrier-Release System. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1485. [PMID: 34680602 PMCID: PMC8533240 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porous polyethylene (PPE) implants are used for the reconstruction of tissue defects but have a risk of rejection in case of insufficient ingrowth into the host tissue. Various growth factors can promote implant ingrowth, yet a long-term gradient is a prerequisite for the mediation of these effects. As modification of the implant surface with nanocarriers may facilitate a long-term gradient by sustained factor release, implants modified with crosslinked albumin nanocarriers were evaluated in vivo. METHODS Nanocarriers from murine serum albumin (MSA) were prepared by an inverse miniemulsion technique encapsulating either a low- or high-molar mass fluorescent cargo. PPE implants were subsequently coated with these nanocarriers. In control cohorts, the implant was coated with the homologue non-encapsulated cargo substance by dip coating. Implants were consequently analyzed in vivo using repetitive fluorescence microscopy utilizing the dorsal skinfold chamber in mice for ten days post implantation. RESULTS Implant-modification with MSA nanocarriers significantly prolonged the presence of the encapsulated small molecules while macromolecules were detectable during the investigated timeframe regardless of the form of application. CONCLUSIONS Surface modification of PPE implants with MSA nanocarriers results in the alternation of release kinetics especially when small molecular substances are used and therefore allows a prolonged factor release for the promotion of implant integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Eckrich
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (N.H.); (M.H.); (J.B.); (S.S.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Bonn (UKB), Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Niklas Hoormann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (N.H.); (M.H.); (J.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Erik Kersten
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research (MPIP), Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (E.K.); (K.P.); (F.R.W.)
| | - Keti Piradashvili
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research (MPIP), Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (E.K.); (K.P.); (F.R.W.)
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research (MPIP), Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (E.K.); (K.P.); (F.R.W.)
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Heller
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (N.H.); (M.H.); (J.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Sven Becker
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Toni Anusic
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 69, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Juergen Brieger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (N.H.); (M.H.); (J.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Sebastian Strieth
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (N.H.); (M.H.); (J.B.); (S.S.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Bonn (UKB), Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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Abstract
![]()
Marine plastic pollution
is a worldwide challenge making advances
in the field of biodegradable polymer materials necessary. Polylactide
(PLA) is a promising biodegradable polymer used in various applications;
however, it has a very slow seawater degradability. Herein, we present
the first library of PLA derivatives with incorporated “breaking
points” to vary the speed of degradation in artificial seawater
from years to weeks. Inspired by the fast hydrolysis of ribonucleic
acid (RNA) by intramolecular transesterification, we installed phosphoester
breaking points with similar hydroxyethoxy side groups into the PLA
backbone to accelerate chain scission. Sequence-controlled anionic
ring-opening copolymerization of lactide and a cyclic phosphate allowed
PLA to be prepared with controlled distances of the breaking points
along the backbone. This general concept could be translated to other
slowly degrading polymers and thereby be able to prevent additional
marine pollution in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Rheinberger
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry (SPC), MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jonas Wolfs
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research (MPIP), Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Agata Paneth
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Hubert Gojzewski
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry (SPC), MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Piotr Paneth
- International Center for Research on Innovative Biobased Materials (ICRI-BioM)-International Research Agenda, Lódź University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lódź, Poland
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry (SPC), MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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Ragauskas AJ, Huber GW, Wang J, Guss A, O'Neill HM, Lin CSK, Wang Y, Wurm FR, Meng X. New Technologies are Needed to Improve the Recycling and Upcycling of Waste Plastics. ChemSusChem 2021; 14:3982-3984. [PMID: 34609796 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In their Editorial to the Special Issue on The Chemistry of Waste Plastics Upcycling, the Guest Editors Adam Guss, George Huber, Carol Lin, Xianzhi Meng, Hugh O'Neill, Arthur Ragauskas, Jia Wang, Yanqin Wang, and Frederik Wurm highlight some of the increasingly urgent efforts being made by chemists to address challenges related to the fate of plastics at the end of, their useful lives and the valorization of plastic waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur J Ragauskas
- UTK-ORNL Joint Institute for Biological Science, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - George W Huber
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jia Wang
- Jiangsu Co - Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
| | - Adam Guss
- UTK-ORNL Joint Institute for Biological Science, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Hugh M O'Neill
- Neutron Scattering Division and Center for Structural Molecular Biology, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Carol Sze Ki Lin
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Yanqin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry and Research, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
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Guazzelli E, Lusiani N, Monni G, Oliva M, Pelosi C, Wurm FR, Pretti C, Martinelli E. Amphiphilic Polyphosphonate Copolymers as New Additives for PDMS-Based Antifouling Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3414. [PMID: 34641229 PMCID: PMC8512855 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ethyl ethylene phosphonate)-based methacrylic copolymers containing polysiloxane methacrylate (SiMA) co-units are proposed as surface-active additives as alternative solutions to the more investigated polyzwitterionic and polyethylene glycol counterparts for the fabrication of novel PDMS-based coatings for marine antifouling applications. In particular, the same hydrophobic SiMA macromonomer was copolymerized with a methacrylate carrying a poly(ethyl ethylene phosphonate) (PEtEPMA), a phosphorylcholine (MPC), and a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEGMA) side chain to obtain non-water soluble copolymers with similar mole content of the different hydrophilic units. The hydrolysis of poly(ethyl ethylene phosphonate)-based polymers was also studied in conditions similar to those of the marine environment to investigate their potential as erodible films. Copolymers of the three classes were blended into a condensation cure PDMS matrix in two different loadings (10 and 20 wt%) to prepare the top-coat of three-layer films to be subjected to wettability analysis and bioassays with marine model organisms. Water contact angle measurements showed that all of the films underwent surface reconstruction upon prolonged immersion in water, becoming much more hydrophilic. Interestingly, the extent of surface modification appeared to be affected by the type of hydrophilic units, showing a tendency to increase according to the order PEGMA < MPC < PEtEPMA. Biological tests showed that Ficopomatus enigmaticus release was maximized on the most hydrophilic film containing 10 wt% of the PEtEP-based copolymer. Moreover, coatings with a 10 wt% loading of the copolymer performed better than those containing 20 wt% for the removal of both Ficopomatus and Navicula, independent from the copolymer nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Guazzelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (N.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Niccolò Lusiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (N.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Gianfranca Monni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Matteo Oliva
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina e Ecologia Applicata ‘‘G. Bacci’’, 57128 Livorno, Italy;
| | - Chiara Pelosi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (N.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Elisa Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (N.L.); (C.P.)
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Golbaten-Mofrad H, Seyfi Sahzabi A, Seyfikar S, Salehi MH, Goodarzi V, Wurm FR, Jafari SH. Facile template preparation of novel electroactive scaffold composed of polypyrrole-coated poly(glycerol-sebacate-urethane) for tissue engineering applications. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik R Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, PO Box 217, Enschede, 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Brent S Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
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31
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Haider T, Suraeva O, Lieberwirth I, Wurm FR. Terpyridine-Induced Folding of Anisotropic Polyphosphoester Platelets. ACS Polym Au 2021; 1:123-130. [PMID: 36855426 PMCID: PMC9954280 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.1c00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The folding of macromolecules is of great importance in nature. Also in synthetic polymer chemistry, single-chain nanoparticles, i.e. folding synthetic macromolecules, are a current research topic to mimic protein folding and to generate well-defined structures. Here, we present the "folding" of anisotropic polymer platelets to further mimic natural folding processes on the (sub)micrometer scale. We report on the synthesis of terpyridine-functionalized long-chain polyphosphoesters by acyclic diene metathesis polymerization that can crystallize in dilute solution into anisotropic polymer crystal platelets. As the terpyridine units are expelled to the platelet surface, terpyridine-metal interactions could be induced by adding nickel(II) bis(acetylacetonate) (Ni(acac)2) to the platelet dispersion in ethyl acetate. These polymer crystals were "folded" to homogeneous nanoparticles with a wrinkled structure, which were visualized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The size and size distribution of the obtained assemblies could be altered by varying the concentration of Ni(acac)2. In contrast, no wrinkled structures but rather intrachain cross-linking was observed, when Ni(acac)2 was added to the homogeneous polymer solution before crystallization. We believe that this concept of "folding" anisotropic polymer platelets will further enhance the control of morphologies on (sub)micrometer particles and might be useful for catalysis or separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias
P. Haider
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Oksana Suraeva
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ingo Lieberwirth
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany,Sustainable
Polymer Chemistry, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute
for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands,Email for F.R.W.:
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Beckers SJ, Staal AHJ, Rosenauer C, Srinivas M, Landfester K, Wurm FR. Targeted Drug Delivery for Sustainable Crop Protection: Transport and Stability of Polymeric Nanocarriers in Plants. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:e2100067. [PMID: 34105269 PMCID: PMC8188206 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Spraying of agrochemicals (pesticides, fertilizers) causes environmental pollution on a million-ton scale. A sustainable alternative is target-specific, on-demand drug delivery by polymeric nanocarriers. Trunk injections of aqueous nanocarrier dispersions can overcome the biological size barriers of roots and leaves and allow distributing the nanocarriers through the plant. To date, the fate of polymeric nanocarriers inside a plant is widely unknown. Here, the in planta conditions in grapevine plants are simulated and the colloidal stability of a systematic series of nanocarriers composed of polystyrene (well-defined model) and biodegradable lignin and polylactic-co-glycolic acid by a combination of different techniques is studied. Despite the adsorption of carbohydrates and other biomolecules onto the nanocarriers' surface, they remain colloidally stable after incubation in biological fluids (wood sap), suggesting a potential transport via the xylem. The transport is tracked by fluorine- and ruthenium-labeled nanocarriers inside of grapevines by 19 F-magnetic resonance imaging or induced coupled plasma - optical emission spectroscopy. Both methods show that the nanocarriers are transported inside of the plant and proved to be powerful tools to localize nanomaterials in plants. This study provides essential information to design nanocarriers for agrochemical delivery in plants to sustainable crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander H. J. Staal
- Department of Tumor ImmunologyRadboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterGeert Grooteplein 26/28Nijmegen6525GAThe Netherlands
| | | | - Mangala Srinivas
- Department of Tumor ImmunologyRadboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterGeert Grooteplein 26/28Nijmegen6525GAThe Netherlands
- Cenya Imaging BVTweede Kostverlorlenkade 11hAmsterdam1052RKThe Netherlands
| | | | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für PolymerforschungAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry GroupMESA+ Institute for NanotechnologyFaculty of Science and TechnologyUniversiteit TwentePO Box 217Enschede7500AEThe Netherlands
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Machado TO, Beckers SJ, Fischer J, Sayer C, de Araújo PHH, Landfester K, Wurm FR. Cellulose nanocarriers via miniemulsion allow Pathogen-Specific agrochemical delivery. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 601:678-688. [PMID: 34091315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The current spraying of agrochemicals is unselective and ineffective, consuming a high amount of fungicides, which endangers the environment and human health. Cellulose-based nanocarriers (NCs) are a promising tool in sustainable agriculture and suitable vehicles for stimuli-responsive release of agrochemicals to target cellulase-segregating fungi, which cause severe plant diseases such as Apple Canker. Herein, cellulose was modified with undec-10-enoic acid to a hydrophobic and cross-linkable derivative, from which NCs were prepared via thiol-ene addition in miniemulsion. During the crosslinking reaction, the NCs were loaded in situ with hydrophobic fungicides, Captan and Pyraclostrobin. NCs with average sizes ranging from 200 to 300 nm and an agrochemical-load of 20 wt% were obtained. Cellulose-degrading fungi, e.g. Neonectria. ditissima which is responsible for Apple Canker, lead to the release of fungicides from the aqueous NC dispersions suppressing fungal growth. In contrast, the non-cellulase segregating fungi, e.g. Cylindrocladium buxicola, do not degrade the agrochemical-loaded NCs. This selective action against Apple Canker fungi, N. ditissima, proves the efficacy of NC-mediated drug delivery triggered by degradation in the exclusive presence of cellulolytic fungi. Cellulose NCs represent a sustainable alternative to the current unselective spraying of agrochemicals that treats many crop diseases ineffectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago O Machado
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, PO Box 476, Florianópolis, SC 88040 900, Brazil
| | - Sebastian J Beckers
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jochen Fischer
- Institute for Biotechnology and Drug Research, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 56, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Claudia Sayer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, PO Box 476, Florianópolis, SC 88040 900, Brazil
| | - Pedro H H de Araújo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, PO Box 476, Florianópolis, SC 88040 900, Brazil
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands.
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Pelosi C, Duce C, Wurm FR, Tinè MR. Effect of Polymer Hydrophilicity and Molar Mass on the Properties of the Protein in Protein-Polymer Conjugates: The Case of PPEylated Myoglobin. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:1932-1943. [PMID: 33830737 PMCID: PMC8154264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polyphosphoesters (PPEs), a versatile class of biodegradable and biocompatible polymers, have been proposed as alternatives to poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), which is suspected to be responsible for anaphylactic reactions in some patients after the administration of PEGylated compounds, e.g., in the current Covid-19 vaccines. We present the synthesis and characterization of a novel set of protein-polymer conjugates using the model protein myoglobin and a set of PPEs with different hydrophilicity and molar mass. We report an extensive evaluation of the (bio)physical properties of the protein within the conjugates, studying its conformation, residual activity, and thermal stability by complementary techniques (UV-vis spectroscopy, nano-differential scanning calorimetry, and fluorometry). The data underline the systematic influence of polymer hydrophilicity on protein properties. The more hydrophobic polymers destabilize the protein, the more hydrophilic PPEs protect against thermally induced aggregation and proteolytic degradation. This basic study aims at guiding the design of future PPEylated drugs and protein conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pelosi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, Via Moruzzi, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Celia Duce
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, Via Moruzzi, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Sustainable
Polymer Chemistry, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute
for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Maria R. Tinè
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, Via Moruzzi, Pisa 56124, Italy
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Jo S, Wurm FR, Landfester K. Enzyme-Loaded Nanoreactors Enable the Continuous Regeneration of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide in Artificial Metabolisms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7728-7734. [PMID: 33427354 PMCID: PMC8048563 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is an essential coenzyme for numerous biocatalytic pathways. While in nature, NAD+ is continuously regenerated from NADH by enzymes, all synthetic NAD+ regeneration strategies require a continuous supply of expensive reagents and generate byproducts, making these strategies unattractive. In contrast, we present an artificial enzyme combination that produces NAD+ from oxygen and water continuously; no additional organic substrates are required once a minimal amount pyruvate is supplied. Three enzymes, i.e., LDH, LOX, and CAT, are covalently encapsulated into a substrate-permeable silica nanoreactor by a mild fluoride-catalyzed sol-gel process. The enzymes retain their activity inside of the nanoreactors and are protected against proteolysis and heat. We successfully used NAD+ from the nanoreactors for the continuous production of NAD+ i) to sense glucose in artificial glucose metabolism, and ii) to reduce the non-oxygen binding methemoglobin to oxygen-binding hemoglobin. This latter conversion might be used for the treatment of Methemoglobinemia. We believe that this versatile tool will allow the design of artificial NAD+ -dependent metabolisms or NAD+ -mediated redox-reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong‐Min Jo
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry GroupMESA+ Institute for NanotechnologyUniversiteit TwentePO Box 2177500AEEnschedeThe Netherlands
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Jo S, Wurm FR, Landfester K. Enzyme‐Loaded Nanoreactors Enable the Continuous Regeneration of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide in Artificial Metabolisms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seong‐Min Jo
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology Universiteit Twente PO Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
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Hosseini Chenani F, Rezaei VF, Fakhri V, Wurm FR, Uzun L, Goodarzi V. Green synthesis and characterization of poly(glycerol‐azelaic acid) and its nanocomposites for applications in regenerative medicine. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vahid Faghihi Rezaei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch Tehran Iran
| | - Vafa Fakhri
- Department of Polymer Engineering Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology Universiteit Twente Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Lokman Uzun
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry Hacettepe University Ankara Turkey
| | - Vahabodin Goodarzi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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Suraeva O, Jeong B, Asadi K, Landfester K, Wurm FR, Lieberwirth I. Polymer defect engineering – conductive 2D organic platelets from precise thiophene-doped polyethylene. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00117e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and crystallization of polyethylene with precisely positioned thiophene groups were used to produce polymer crystals with a conductive surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Suraeva
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Beomjin Jeong
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Kamal Asadi
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | | | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
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Abstract
Bio-based lignin-like building blocks were synthesized and transformed into polyurethane nanocarriers by interfacial polymerization in a miniemulsion. The nanocarriers were degradable by fungal enzymes and might be used for agrochemical delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J. Beckers
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung (MPIP), Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jochen Fischer
- IBWF gGmbH, Institute for Biotechnology and Drug Research, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 56, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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Fakhri V, Jafari A, Shafiei MA, Ehteshamfar MV, Khalighiyan S, Hosseini H, Goodarzi V, Wurm FR, Moosazadeh Moghaddam M, Khonakdar HA. Development of physical, mechanical, antibacterial and cell growth properties of poly(glycerol sebacate urethane) (PGSU) with helping of curcumin and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01040a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Biocompatible and antimicrobial elastomers with controlled hydrophilicity and degradation rate, as well as appropriate stiffness and elasticity, are interesting for biomedical applications, such as regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vafa Fakhri
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Jafari
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mir Alireza Shafiei
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Vahid Ehteshamfar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, 424 Hafez Avenue, Tehran 15875-4413, Iran
| | - Shima Khalighiyan
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box: 19395-1495, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Hosseini
- Faculty of Engineering & Technology, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Vahabodin Goodarzi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19945-546, Tehran, Iran
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Molecules and Materials MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mehrdad Moosazadeh Moghaddam
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19945-546, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Ali Khonakdar
- Department of Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, PO Box 14965/115, Tehran, Iran
- Reactive processing, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, Dresden D-01069, Germany
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Beckers S, Peil S, Wurm FR. Pesticide-Loaded Nanocarriers from Lignin Sulfonates-A Promising Tool for Sustainable Plant Protection. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2020; 8:18468-18475. [PMID: 33381356 PMCID: PMC7756456 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c05897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is a promising feedstock in sustainable formulations for agrochemicals not only because of its biodegradability but also because the biopolymer occurs naturally in the cell wall of plants and therefore is renewable and abundant. We used different lignin sulfonates to prepare stable aqueous dispersions of lignin nanocarriers loaded with agrochemicals by interfacial cross-linking in a direct miniemulsion. Despite the differences in structure and functionality, different lignin sulfonates were successfully methacrylated and degrees of methacrylation (>70%) were achieved. The resulting methacrylated lignin sulfonates were water-soluble and exhibited interfacial activity; they were used as reactive surfactants to stabilize oil droplets (cyclohexane or olive or rapeseed oil) loaded with a dithiol cross-linker [EDBET, 2,2'-(ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylthiol)] and a hydrophobic cargo (the fluorescent dye 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-8-phenyl-4,4-difluoroboradiazaindacene or the commercial fungicides prothioconazole and pyraclostrobin). After the addition of a water-soluble base, the thia-Michael addition was initiated at the droplet interface and produced lignin sulfonate nanocarriers with a core-shell structure within oily core and a cross-linked shell. Nanocarriers with diameters of ca. 200-300 nm were prepared; encapsulation efficiencies between 65 and 90% were achieved depending on the cargo. When the amount of the cross-linker was varied, the resulting lignin nanocarriers allowed a controlled release of loaded cargo by diffusion over a period of several days. The strategy proves the potential of lignin sulfonates as a feedstock for delivery systems for advanced plant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Beckers
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Peil
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Sustainable
Polymer Chemistry Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty
of Science and Technology, Universiteit
Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500
AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The development of enzyme modules by coupling several enzymes in confinement is of paramount importance to artificial biological reaction systems for efficient enzymatic reactions. Silica nanocapsules are ideal candidates for loading enzymes. Aqueous core silica nanocapsules have relatively been rarely reported due to the crux of difficulty in forming dense silica shells by interfacial sol-gel reactions. Herein we suggest a one-step synthesis of hollow silica nanocapsules with an aqueous core containing enzymes via a template-free and interfacial condensation method for developing enzyme modules with coupled enzymatic reactions. As a proof-of-concept, we developed enzyme modules for three useful purposes by encapsulating a couple of enzymes: (i) development of a miniature glucose sensor, (ii) protection of living cells, and (iii) regeneration of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides (NADs). By the modulation of enzymes using silica nanocapsules, more efficient coupled reactions, separation of enzymatic reactions from surroundings, and easy handling of several enzymes by using a single module could be achieved. Therefore, our silica nanocapsules for enzyme modules can be promoted as general platforms for developing artificial nanoreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Min Jo
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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Pelosi C, Tinè MR, Wurm FR. Main-chain water-soluble polyphosphoesters: Multi-functional polymers as degradable PEG-alternatives for biomedical applications. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Beckers SJ, Wetherbee L, Fischer J, Wurm FR. Fungicide-loaded and biodegradable xylan-based nanocarriers. Biopolymers 2020; 111:e23413. [PMID: 33306838 PMCID: PMC7816251 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The delivery of agrochemicals is typically achieved by the spraying of fossil-based polymer dispersions, which might accumulate in the soil and increase microplastic pollution. A potentially sustainable alternative is the use of biodegradable nano- or micro-formulations based on biopolymers, which can be degraded selectively by fungal enzymes to release encapsulated agrochemicals. To date, no hemicellulose nanocarriers for drug delivery in plants have been reported. Xylan is a renewable and abundant feedstock occurring naturally in high amounts in hemicellulose - a major component of the plant cell wall. Herein, xylan from corncobs was used to produce the first fungicide-loaded xylan-based nanocarriers by interfacial polyaddition in an inverse miniemulsion using toluene diisocyanate (TDI) as a crosslinking agent. The nanocarriers were redispersed in water and the aqueous dispersions were proven to be active in vitro against several pathogenic fungi, which are responsible for fungal plant diseases in horticulture or agriculture. Besides, empty xylan-based nanocarriers stimulated the growth of fungal mycelium, which indicated the degradation of xylan in the presence of the fungi, and underlined the degradation as a trigger to release a loaded agrochemical. This first example of crosslinked xylan-based nanocarriers expands the library of biodegradable and biobased nanocarriers for agrochemical release and might play a crucial role for future formulations in plant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J. Beckers
- Physical Chemistry of PolymersMax‐Planck‐Institut für PolymerforschungMainzGermany
| | - Luc Wetherbee
- Physical Chemistry of PolymersMax‐Planck‐Institut für PolymerforschungMainzGermany
| | - Jochen Fischer
- IBWF gGmbHInstitute for Biotechnology and Drug ResearchKaiserslauternGermany
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and TechnologyUniversiteit TwenteEnschedeThe Netherlands
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Tee HT, Zipp R, Koynov K, Tremel W, Wurm FR. Poly(methyl ethylene phosphate) hydrogels: Degradable and cell-repellent alternatives to PEG-hydrogels. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Hasan N, Busse K, Haider T, Wurm FR, Kressler J. Crystallization of Poly(ethylene)s with Regular Phosphoester Defects Studied at the Air-Water Interface. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2408. [PMID: 33086637 PMCID: PMC7650800 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ethylene) (PE) is a commonly used semi-crystalline polymer which, due to the lack of polar groups in the repeating unit, is not able to form Langmuir or Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films. This problem can be solved using PEs with hydrophilic groups arranged at regular distances within the polymer backbone. With acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization, a tool for precise addition of polar groups after a certain interval of methylene sequence is available. In this study, we demonstrate the formation of Langmuir/LB films from two different PEs with regular phosphoester groups, acting as crystallization defects in the main chain. After spreading the polymers from chloroform solution on the water surface of a Langmuir trough and solvent evaporation, the surface pressure is recorded during compression under isothermal condition. These π-A isotherms, surface pressure π vs. mean area per repeat unit A, show a plateau zone at surface pressures of ~ (6 to 8) mN/m, attributed to the formation of crystalline domains of the PEs as confirmed by Brewster angle and epifluorescence microscopy. PE with ethoxy phosphoester defects (Ethoxy-PPE) forms circular shape domains, whereas Methyl-PPE-co-decadiene with methyl phosphoester defects and two different methylene sequences between the defects exhibits a film-like morphology. The domains/films are examined by atomic force microscopy after transferring them to a solid support. The thickness of the domains/films is found in the range from ~ (2.4 to 3.2) nm depending on the transfer pressure. A necessity of chain tilt in the crystalline domains is also confirmed. Grazing incidence X-ray scattering measurements in LB films show a single Bragg reflection at a scattering vector qxy position of ~ 15.1 nm-1 known from crystalline PE samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmul Hasan
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle, Germany; (N.H.); (K.B.)
| | - Karsten Busse
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle, Germany; (N.H.); (K.B.)
| | - Tobias Haider
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands;
| | - Jörg Kressler
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle, Germany; (N.H.); (K.B.)
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Bauer KN, Simon J, Mailänder V, Landfester K, Wurm FR. Polyphosphoester surfactants as general stealth coatings for polymeric nanocarriers. Acta Biomater 2020; 116:318-328. [PMID: 32937204 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Opsonization of nanocarriers is one of the most important biological barriers for controlled drug delivery. The typical way to prevent such unspecific protein adsorption and thus fast clearance by the immune system is the covalent modification of drug delivery vehicles with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), so-called PEGylation. Recently, polyphosphoesters (PPEs) were identified as adequate PEG substitutes, however with the benefits of controllable hydrophilicity, additional chemical functionality, or biodegradability. Here, we present a general strategy by non-covalent adsorption of different nonionic PPE-surfactants to nanocarriers with stealth properties. Polyphosphoester surfactants with different binding motifs were synthesized by anionic ring-opening polymerization of cyclic phosphates or phosphonates and well-defined polymers were obtained. They were evaluated with regard to their cytotoxicity, protein interactions, and corona formation and their cellular uptake. We proved that all PPE-surfactants have lower cytotoxicity as the common PEG-based surfactant (Lutensol® AT 50) and that their hydrolysis is controlled by their chemical structure. Two polymeric nanocarriers, namely polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate), and bio-based and potentially biodegradable hydroxyethyl starch nanocarriers were coated with the PPE-surfactants. All nanocarriers exhibited reduced protein adsorption after coating with PPE-surfactants and a strongly reduced interaction with macrophages. This general strategy allows the transformation of polymeric nanocarriers into camouflaged nanocarriers and by the chemical versatility of PPEs will allow the attachment of additional moieties for advanced drug delivery.
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Wurm FR, Spierling S, Endres HJ, Barner L. Plastics and the Environment-Current Status and Challenges in Germany and Australia. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000351. [PMID: 32893435 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Polymers and plastics play a very important part in the modern world and contribute to people's wellbeing and comfort. However, products made of them are contributing to land- and marine-based environmental pollution due to littering and other ways of emission, and therefore threaten ecosystems worldwide. However, waste management and responses by governments and the consumer differ strongly from country to country. The current article provides an overview of several important aspects of polymer waste and plastic pollution as well as describes selected strategies to mitigate these using examples from Germany and Australia, and therefore aims to contribute to the resolution of the ever-increasing problem of unsustainable plastic consumption, disposal, and pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik R Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede, AE, 7500, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Spierling
- Institute of Plastics and Circular Economy (IKK), Leibniz Universität Hannover, An der Universität 2, Garbsen, 30823, Germany
| | - Hans-Josef Endres
- Institute of Plastics and Circular Economy (IKK), Leibniz Universität Hannover, An der Universität 2, Garbsen, 30823, Germany
| | - Leonie Barner
- Centre for a Waste-Free World, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
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Guindani C, Candiotto G, Araújo PH, Ferreira SR, de Oliveira D, Wurm FR, Landfester K. Controlling the biodegradation rates of poly(globalide-co-ε-caprolactone) copolymers by post polymerization modification. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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