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Fakhri V, Su CH, Tavakoli Dare M, Bazmi M, Jafari A, Pirouzfar V. Harnessing the power of polyol-based polyesters for biomedical innovations: synthesis, properties, and biodegradation. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:9597-9629. [PMID: 37740402 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01186k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Polyesters based on polyols have emerged as promising biomaterials for various biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering, drug delivery systems, and regenerative medicine, due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and versatile physicochemical properties. This review article provides an overview of the synthesis methods, performance, and biodegradation mechanisms of polyol-based polyesters, highlighting their potential for use in a wide range of biomedical applications. The synthesis techniques, such as simple polycondensation and enzymatic polymerization, allow for the fine-tuning of polyester structure and molecular weight, thereby enabling the tailoring of material properties to specific application requirements. The physicochemical properties of polyol-based polyesters, such as hydrophilicity, crystallinity, and mechanical properties, can be altered by incorporating different polyols. The article highlights the influence of various factors, such as molecular weight, crosslinking density, and degradation medium, on the biodegradation behavior of these materials, and the importance of understanding these factors for controlling degradation rates. Future research directions include the development of novel polyesters with improved properties, optimization of degradation rates, and exploration of advanced processing techniques for fabricating scaffolds and drug delivery systems. Overall, polyol-based polyesters hold significant potential in the field of biomedical applications, paving the way for groundbreaking advancements and innovative solutions that could revolutionize patient care and treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vafa Fakhri
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Chia-Hung Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Masoud Tavakoli Dare
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Bazmi
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Jafari
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Vahid Pirouzfar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Fakhri V, Jafari A, Zeraatkar A, Rahimi M, Hadian H, Nouranian S, Kruppke B, Khonakdar HA. Introducing photo-crosslinked bio-nanocomposites based on polyvinylidene fluoride/poly(glycerol azelaic acid)- g-glycidyl methacrylate for bone tissue engineering. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:452-470. [PMID: 36530136 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01628a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As a glycerol-based polyester, poly(glycerol azelaic acid) (PGAz) has shown great potential for biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering. However, it tends to show low mechanical strength and a relatively fast biodegradation rate, limiting its capability of mimicking and supporting a broad range of hard tissues such as bone. Moreover, the typical thermal curing process of poly(glycerol-co-diacids) is one of their drawbacks. To overcome these limitations, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) moieties were first grafted on the backbone of PGAz herein to achieve a UV-curable PGAz-g-GMA (PGAG) resin. Then polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), nano-hydroxyapatite, and Cloisite Na+ nanoclay were used to fabricate photo-crosslinked PGAG/PVDF nanocomposites with efficient properties to mimic various hard tissues. Our results demonstrated that all nanocomposites possessed a semi-crystalline structure with noticeable PVDF β-phase fraction. The scaffolds yielded Young's modulus, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation at break of 15-24 MPa, 13-15 MPa, and 50-65%, respectively that could meet the requirements for supporting cancellous bone tissue. The presence of nanofillers improved the hydrophilicity and slightly accelerated the biodegradation rate of the scaffolds. Additionally, it was illustrated that the scaffolds had no noticeable in vitro cytotoxicity, and mouse fibroblast L929 cells and osteoblast MG-63 cells attached to and proliferated on their surface desirably. Our findings indicate that the PGAG/PVDF blend and its nanocomposites could be high-potential candidates for a range of hard tissues, specifically cancellous bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vafa Fakhri
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Jafari
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Zeraatkar
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Rahimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technical and Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hooriyeh Hadian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technical and Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sasan Nouranian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Benjamin Kruppke
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hossein Ali Khonakdar
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany.,Department of Polymer Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran.
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Jaberi N, Fakhri V, Zeraatkar A, Jafari A, Uzun L, Shojaei S, Asefnejad A, Faghihi Rezaei V, Goodarzi V, Su CH, Ghaffarian Anbaran SR. Preparation and characterization of a new bio nanocomposites based poly(glycerol sebacic-urethane) containing nano-clay (Cloisite Na + ) and its potential application for tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2022; 110:2217-2230. [PMID: 35441779 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nanocomposites containing clay nanoparticles often present favorable properties such as good mechanical and thermal properties. They frequently have been studied for tissue engineering (TE) and regenerative medicine applications. On the other hand, poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS), a revolutionary bioelastomer, has exhibited substantial potential as a promising candidate for biomedical application. Here, we present a facile approach to synthesizing stiff, elastomeric nanocomposites from sodium-montmorillonite nano-clay (MMT) in the commercial name of Cloisite Na+ and poly(glycerol sebacate urethane) (PGSU). The strong physical interaction between the intercalated Cloisite Na+ platelets and PGSU chains resulted in desirable property combinations for TE application to follow. The addition of 5% MMT nano-clay resulted in an over two-fold increase in the tensile modulus, increased the onset thermal decomposition temperature of PGSU matrix by 18°C, and noticeably improved storage modulus of the prepared scaffolds, compared with pure PGSU. As well, Cloisite Na+ enhanced the hydrophilicity and water uptake ability of the samples and accelerated the in-vitro biodegradation rate. Finally, in-vitro cell viability assay using L929 mouse fibroblast cells indicated that incorporating Cloisite Na+ nanoparticles into the PGSU network could improve the cell attachment and proliferation, rendering the synthesized bioelastomers potentially suitable for TE and regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Jaberi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vafa Fakhri
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Zeraatkar
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Jafari
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lokman Uzun
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Division Hacettepe University Ankara, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Shahrokh Shojaei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Asefnejad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Faghihi Rezaei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahabodin Goodarzi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Chia-Hung Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - S Reza Ghaffarian Anbaran
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Jafari A, Fakhri V, Kamrani S, Reza Ghaffarian Anbaran S, Su CH, Goodarzi V, Pirouzfar V, Ali Khonakdar H. Development of Flexible Nanocomposites Based on Poly(ε-caprolactone) for Tissue Engineering Application: The Contributing Role of Poly(glycerol succinic acid) and Polypyrrole. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rostamian M, Hosseini H, Fakhri V, Talouki PY, Farahani M, Gharehtzpeh AJ, Goodarzi V, Su CH. Introducing a bio sorbent for removal of methylene blue dye based on flexible poly(glycerol sebacate)/chitosan/graphene oxide ecofriendly nanocomposites. Chemosphere 2022; 289:133219. [PMID: 34902387 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As a consequence of industrial activities, one of the most prevalent components in wastewater is Water-soluble dyes needed to be removed. In this research, eco-friendly adsorbents based on poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS), including PGS-graphene oxide nanoparticles (GO), PGS-graft-chitosan(CS), and PGS-CS-GO nanocomposites, have been proposed as efficient dye adsorbents for the wastewater treatment procedure. FESEM images showed that a smooth and uniform structure was created over incorporating CS into PGS. Besides, the presence of CS within PGS/GO nanocomposites had a positive impact on the exfoliation of GO. Moreover, it was found that the incorporation of both CS and GO into PGS reduced the glass transition of PGS. Besides, their coexistence can probably increase the chain regularity in the polymer matrix and cause a relatively larger crystal size of PGS. In this regard, the ternary nanocomposite saw a Tg value of -29.4 °C. A high adsorption capacity of 178 mg g-1, as well as 99 removal% efficiency, were observed in the case of the PGS-CS-GO sample after 300 min at a dye concentration of 100 mg L-1 and pH 7. Additionally, the adsorption capacity value of the adsorbent was preserved around 129 mg g-1 after 7 cycles of adsorption-desorption. The findings revealed that innovatively synthesized PGS-g-CS/GO nanocomposites could efficiently remove methylene blue from water solutions. Hence, they can be used as a powerful and influential dye adsorbent to purify water solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Rostamian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Faculty, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, P.O. Box 19585-466, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Hosseini
- Faculty of Engineering & Technology, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Vafa Fakhri
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pardis Yousefi Talouki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Farahani
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P. O. Box 11155-4563, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Jalali Gharehtzpeh
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahabodin Goodarzi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box 19945-546, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Chia-Hung Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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Jafari A, Mirzaei H, Shafiei MA, Fakhri V, Yazdanbakhsh A, Pirouzfar V, Su C, Ghaffarian Anbaran SR, Khonakdar HA. Conductive poly(ε‐caprolactone)/polylactic acid scaffolds for tissue engineering applications: Synergy effect of zirconium nanoparticles and polypyrrole. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aliakbar Jafari
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Hadis Mirzaei
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Mir Alireza Shafiei
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Vafa Fakhri
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Amirhosein Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Vahid Pirouzfar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Central Tehran Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Chia‐Hung Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering Ming Chi University of Technology New Taipei City Taiwan
| | | | - Hossein Ali Khonakdar
- Department of Processing Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute Tehran Iran
- Department of Reactive Processing Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden Dresden Germany
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Hosseini H, Pirahmadi P, Shakeri SE, Khoshbakhti E, Sharafkhani S, Fakhri V, Saeidi A, McClements DJ, Chen WH, Su CH, Goodarzi V. A novel environmentally friendly nanocomposite aerogel based on the semi-interpenetrating network of polyacrylic acid into Xanthan gum containing hydroxyapatite for efficient removal of methylene blue from wastewater. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 201:133-142. [PMID: 34998876 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Eco-friendly nanocomposite aerogels were prepared as adsorbents for the removal of a model pollutant (methylene blue, MB) from water. These aerogels were comprised of hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles embedded within a polymer matrix consisting of a semi-interpenetrating network of xanthan gum (XG) and polyacrylic acid (PAA). Microscopy and BET analysis showed that the aerogels formed had a nanofibrous porous microstructure with a surface area of 89 m2/g. Rheological analysis showed that the aerogels were viscoelastic materials whose elasticity increased with increasing HA concentration (up to 5 w/w%). The aerogels were effective at removing MB from water, exhibiting an adsorption capacity of 130 mg/g after 200 min. The binding of the MB to the aerogels was mainly attributed to hydrogen bonding and electrostatic attraction. A reusability test showed that the MB removal efficiency of over 86% was preserved after 10 cycles of adsorption-desorption. These results suggest that our nanocomposite aerogels may be useful for the efficient removal of anionic pollutants from wastewater and water supplies due to their ease of synthesis, cost-effectiveness, good mechanical properties, high thermal stability, and good adsorption performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Hosseini
- Faculty of Engineering & Technology, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Pegah Pirahmadi
- Polymer Engineering Department, Chemical Engineering Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-114, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Emadodin Shakeri
- Department of Engineering, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute (IPPI), PO Box 14965/115, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Khoshbakhti
- Polymer Engineering Department, Chemical Engineering Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-114, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sobhan Sharafkhani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jundi-Shapur University of Technology, Dezful, Iran
| | - Vafa Fakhri
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ardeshir Saeidi
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Islamic Azad University Tehran Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Hung Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Vahabodin Goodarzi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19945-546, Tehran, Iran.
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Monem M, Ahmadi Z, Fakhri V, Goodarzi V. Preparing and characterization of Poly(glycerol-sebacic acid-urethane) (PGSU) nanocomposites: clearing role of unmodified and modified clay nanoparticles. J Polym Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02866-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fakhri V, Monem M, Mir Mohamad Sadeghi G, Khonakdar HA, Goodarzi V, Karimpour‐Motlagh N. Impact of poly(ε‐caprolactone) on the thermal,
dynamic‐mechanical
and crystallization behavior of polyvinylidene fluoride/poly(ε‐caprolactone) blends in the presence of
KIT
‐6 mesoporous particles. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vafa Fakhri
- Department of Polymer Engineering Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Monem
- Department of Polymer Engineering Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | | | - Hossein Ali Khonakdar
- Department of Processing Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute Tehran Iran
- Reactive processing Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Vahabodin Goodarzi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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Hosseini Chenani F, Rezaei VF, Fakhri V, Wurm FR, Uzun L, Goodarzi V. Green synthesis and characterization of poly(glycerol‐azelaic acid) and its nanocomposites for applications in regenerative medicine. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vahid Faghihi Rezaei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch Tehran Iran
| | - Vafa Fakhri
- Department of Polymer Engineering Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology Universiteit Twente Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Lokman Uzun
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry Hacettepe University Ankara Turkey
| | - Vahabodin Goodarzi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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Fakhri V, Jafari A, Shafiei MA, Ehteshamfar MV, Khalighiyan S, Hosseini H, Goodarzi V, Wurm FR, Moosazadeh Moghaddam M, Khonakdar HA. Development of physical, mechanical, antibacterial and cell growth properties of poly(glycerol sebacate urethane) (PGSU) with helping of curcumin and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01040a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Biocompatible and antimicrobial elastomers with controlled hydrophilicity and degradation rate, as well as appropriate stiffness and elasticity, are interesting for biomedical applications, such as regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vafa Fakhri
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Jafari
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mir Alireza Shafiei
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Vahid Ehteshamfar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, 424 Hafez Avenue, Tehran 15875-4413, Iran
| | - Shima Khalighiyan
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box: 19395-1495, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Hosseini
- Faculty of Engineering & Technology, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Vahabodin Goodarzi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19945-546, Tehran, Iran
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Molecules and Materials MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mehrdad Moosazadeh Moghaddam
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19945-546, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Ali Khonakdar
- Department of Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, PO Box 14965/115, Tehran, Iran
- Reactive processing, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, Dresden D-01069, Germany
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