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Binlateh T, Leethanakul C, Thammanichanon P. Involvement of RAMP1/p38MAPK signaling pathway in osteoblast differentiation in response to mechanical stimulation: a preliminary study. J Orthop Surg Res 2024; 19:330. [PMID: 38825686 PMCID: PMC11145863 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-024-04805-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to investigate the underlying mechanism of mechanical stimulation in regulating osteogenic differentiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Osteoblasts were exposed to compressive force (0-4 g/cm2) for 1-3 days or CGRP for 1 or 3 days. Expression of receptor activity modifying protein 1 (RAMP1), the transcription factor RUNX2, osteocalcin, p38 and p-p38 were analyzed by western blotting. Calcium mineralization was analyzed by alizarin red straining. RESULTS Using compressive force treatments, low magnitudes (1 and 2 g/cm2) of compressive force for 24 h promoted osteoblast differentiation and mineral deposition whereas higher magnitudes (3 and 4 g/cm2) did not produce osteogenic effect. Through western blot assay, we observed that the receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1) expression was upregulated, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was phosphorylated during low magnitudes compressive force-promoted osteoblast differentiation. Further investigation of a calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) peptide incubation, a ligand for RAMP1, showed that CGRP at concentration of 25 and 50 ng/ml could increase expression levels of RUNX2 and osteocalcin, and percentage of mineralization, suggesting its osteogenic potential. In addition, with the same conditions, CGRP also significantly upregulated RAMP1 and phosphorylated p38 expression levels. Also, the combination of compressive forces (1 and 2 g/cm2) with 50 ng/ml CGRP trended to increase RAMP1 expression, p38 activity, and osteogenic marker RUNX2 levels, as well as percentage of mineralization compared to compressive force alone. This suggest that RAMP1 possibly acts as an upstream regulator of p38 signaling during osteogenic differentiation. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that CGRP-RAMP1/p38MAPK signaling implicates in osteoblast differentiation in response to optimal magnitude of compressive force. This study helps to define the underlying mechanism of compressive stimulation and may also enhance the application of compressive stimulation or CGRP peptide as an alternative approach for accelerating tooth movement in orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thunwa Binlateh
- School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Chidchanok Leethanakul
- Orthodontic Section, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Peungchaleoy Thammanichanon
- Institute of Dentistry, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.
- Oral Health Center, Suranaree University of Technology Hospital, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.
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2
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Populin L, Stebbing MJ, Furness JB. Neuronal regulation of the gut immune system and neuromodulation for treating inflammatory bowel disease. FASEB Bioadv 2021; 3:953-966. [PMID: 34761177 PMCID: PMC8565205 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2021-00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut immune system in the healthy intestine is anti-inflammatory, but can move to a pro-inflammatory state when the gut is challenged by pathogens or in disease. The nervous system influences the level of inflammation through enteric neurons and extrinsic neural connections, particularly vagal and sympathetic innervation of the gastrointestinal tract, each of which exerts anti-inflammatory effects. Within the enteric nervous system (ENS), three neuron types that influence gut immune cells have been identified, intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) neurons that project to the mucosa, and cholinergic neurons that influence macrophages in the external muscle layers. The enteric neuropeptides, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), tachykinins, and neuromedin U (NMU), which are contained in IPANs, and VIP produced by the mucosa innervating neurons, all influence immune cells, notably innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). ILC2 are stimulated by VIP to release IL-22, which promotes microbial defense and tissue repair. Enteric neurons are innervated by the vagus, and, in the large intestine, by the pelvic nerves. Vagal nerve stimulation reduces gut inflammation, which may be both by stimulation of efferent (motor) pathways to the ENS, and stimulation of afferent pathways that connect to integrating centers in the CNS. Efferent pathways from the CNS have their anti-inflammatory effects through either or both vagal efferent neurons and sympathetic pathways. The final neurons in sympathetic pathways reduce gut inflammation by the action of noradrenaline on β2 adrenergic receptors expressed by immune cells. Activation of neural anti-inflammatory pathways is an attractive option to treat inflammatory bowel disease that is refractory to other treatments. Further investigation of the ways in which enteric reflexes, vagal pathways and sympathetic pathways integrate their effects to modulate the gut immune system and gut inflammation is needed to optimize neuromodulation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Populin
- Department of NeuroscienceSchool of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Martin J. Stebbing
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkvilleVICAustralia
- Department of Anatomy & PhysiologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - John B. Furness
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkvilleVICAustralia
- Department of Anatomy & PhysiologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
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3
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Westgate CSJ, Israelsen IME, Jensen RH, Eftekhari S. Understanding the link between obesity and headache- with focus on migraine and idiopathic intracranial hypertension. J Headache Pain 2021; 22:123. [PMID: 34629054 PMCID: PMC8504002 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-021-01337-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity confers adverse effects to every system in the body including the central nervous system. Obesity is associated with both migraine and idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). The mechanisms underlying the association between obesity and these headache diseases remain unclear. METHODS We conducted a narrative review of the evidence in both humans and rodents, for the putative mechanisms underlying the link between obesity, migraine and IIH. RESULTS Truncal adiposity, a key feature of obesity, is associated with increased migraine morbidity and disability through increased headache severity, frequency and more severe cutaneous allodynia. Obesity may also increase intracranial pressure and could contribute to headache morbidity in migraine and be causative in IIH headache. Weight loss can improve both migraine and IIH headache. Preclinical research highlights that obesity increases the sensitivity of the trigeminovascular system to noxious stimuli including inflammatory stimuli, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unelucidated. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights that at the epidemiological and clinical level, obesity increases morbidity in migraine and IIH headache, where weight loss can improve headache morbidity. However, further research is required to understand the molecular underpinnings of obesity related headache in order to generate novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connar Stanley James Westgate
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet- Glostrup, Glostrup Research Institute, University of Copenhagen, Nordstjernevej 42, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Ida Marchen Egerod Israelsen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet- Glostrup, Glostrup Research Institute, University of Copenhagen, Nordstjernevej 42, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Rigmor Højland Jensen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet- Glostrup, Glostrup Research Institute, University of Copenhagen, Nordstjernevej 42, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Sajedeh Eftekhari
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet- Glostrup, Glostrup Research Institute, University of Copenhagen, Nordstjernevej 42, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark.
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4
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Zobdeh F, Ben Kraiem A, Attwood MM, Chubarev VN, Tarasov VV, Schiöth HB, Mwinyi J. Pharmacological treatment of migraine: Drug classes, mechanisms of action, clinical trials and new treatments. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:4588-4607. [PMID: 34379793 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Migraine is the sixth most prevalent disease globally, a major cause of disability, and it imposes an enormous personal and socioeconomic burden. Migraine treatment is often limited by insufficient therapy response, leading to the need for individually adjusted treatment approaches. In this review, we analyse historical and current pharmaceutical development approaches in acute and chronic migraine based on a comprehensive and systematic analysis of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs and those under investigation. The development of migraine therapeutics has significantly intensified during the last 3 years, as shown by our analysis of the trends of drug development between 1970 and 2020. The spectrum of drug targets has expanded considerably, which has been accompanied by an increase in the number of specialised clinical trials. This review highlights the mechanistic implications of FDA-approved and currently investigated drugs and discusses current and future therapeutic options based on identified drug classes of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzin Zobdeh
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aziza Ben Kraiem
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Misty M Attwood
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vladimir N Chubarev
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim V Tarasov
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.,Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
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5
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Bhakta M, Vuong T, Taura T, Wilson DS, Stratton JR, Mackenzie KD. Migraine therapeutics differentially modulate the CGRP pathway. Cephalalgia 2021; 41:499-514. [PMID: 33626922 PMCID: PMC8054164 DOI: 10.1177/0333102420983282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background The clinical efficacy of migraine therapeutic agents directed
towards the calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP) pathway has
confirmed the key role of this axis in migraine pathogenesis.
Three antibodies against CGRP – fremanezumab, galcanezumab and
eptinezumab – and one antibody against the CGRP receptor,
erenumab, are clinically approved therapeutics for the
prevention of migraine. In addition, two small molecule CGRP
receptor antagonists, ubrogepant and rimegepant, are approved
for acute migraine treatment. Targeting either the CGRP ligand
or receptor is efficacious for migraine treatment; however, a
comparison of the mechanism of action of these therapeutic
agents is lacking in the literature. Methods To gain insights into the potential differences between these CGRP
pathway therapeutics, we compared the effect of a CGRP ligand
antibody (fremanezumab), a CGRP receptor antibody (erenumab) and
a CGRP receptor small molecule antagonist (telcagepant) using a
combination of binding, functional and imaging assays. Results Erenumab and telcagepant antagonized CGRP, adrenomedullin and
intermedin cAMP signaling at the canonical human CGRP receptor.
In contrast, fremanezumab only antagonized CGRP-induced cAMP
signaling at the human CGRP receptor. In addition, erenumab, but
not fremanezumab, bound and internalized at the canonical human
CGRP receptor. Interestingly, erenumab also bound and
internalized at the human AMY1 receptor, a CGRP
receptor family member. Both erenumab and telcagepant
antagonized amylin-induced cAMP signaling at the AMY1
receptor while fremanezumab did not affect amylin responses. Conclusion The therapeutic effect of agents targeting the CGRP ligand versus
receptor for migraine prevention (antibodies) or acute treatment
(gepants) may involve distinct mechanisms of action. These
findings suggest that differing mechanisms could affect
efficacy, safety, and/or tolerability in migraine patients.
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Xu H, Shi X, Li X, Zou J, Zhou C, Liu W, Shao H, Chen H, Shi L. Neurotransmitter and neuropeptide regulation of mast cell function: a systematic review. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:356. [PMID: 33239034 PMCID: PMC7691095 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of the neural control of mast cell functions has long been proposed. Mast cells (MCs) are localized in association with the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the brain, where they are closely aligned, anatomically and functionally, with neurons and neuronal processes throughout the body. They express receptors for and are regulated by various neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and other neuromodulators. Consequently, modulation provided by these neurotransmitters and neuromodulators allows neural control of MC functions and involvement in the pathogenesis of mast cell–related disease states. Recently, the roles of individual neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in regulating mast cell actions have been investigated extensively. This review offers a systematic review of recent advances in our understanding of the contributions of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides to mast cell activation and the pathological implications of this regulation on mast cell–related disease states, though the full extent to which such control influences health and disease is still unclear, and a complete understanding of the mechanisms underlying the control is lacking. Future validation of animal and in vitro models also is needed, which incorporates the integration of microenvironment-specific influences and the complex, multifaceted cross-talk between mast cells and various neural signals. Moreover, new biological agents directed against neurotransmitter receptors on mast cells that can be used for therapeutic intervention need to be more specific, which will reduce their ability to support inflammatory responses and enhance their potential roles in protecting against mast cell–related pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaping Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xiaoyun Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Food Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jiexin Zou
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Wenfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Huming Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Hongbing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Linbo Shi
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Serafin DS, Harris NR, Nielsen NR, Mackie DI, Caron KM. Dawn of a New RAMPage. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2020; 41:249-265. [PMID: 32115276 PMCID: PMC7236817 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs) interact with G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to modify their functions, imparting significant implications upon their physiological and therapeutic potentials. Resurging interest in identifying RAMP-GPCR interactions has recently been fueled by coevolution studies and orthogonal technological screening platforms. These new studies reveal previously unrecognized RAMP-interacting GPCRs, many of which expand beyond Class B GPCRs. The consequences of these interactions on GPCR function and physiology lays the foundation for new molecular therapeutic targets, as evidenced by the recent success of erenumab. Here, we highlight recent papers that uncovered novel RAMP-GPCR interactions, human RAMP-GPCR disease-causing mutations, and RAMP-related human pathologies, paving the way for a new era of RAMP-targeted drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stephen Serafin
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Natalie R Harris
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Natalie R Nielsen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Duncan I Mackie
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kathleen M Caron
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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8
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Wattiez AS, Sowers LP, Russo AF. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP): role in migraine pathophysiology and therapeutic targeting. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:91-100. [PMID: 32003253 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1724285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is recognized as a critical player in migraine pathophysiology. Excitement has grown regarding CGRP because of the development and clinical testing of drugs targeting CGRP or its receptor. While these drugs alleviate migraine symptoms in half of the patients, the remaining unresponsive half of this population creates an impetus to address unanswered questions that exist in this field.Areas covered: We describe the role of CGRP in migraine pathophysiology and CGRP-targeted therapeutics currently under development and in use. We also discuss how a second CGRP receptor may provide a new therapeutic target.Expert opinion: CGRP-targeting drugs have shown a remarkable safety profile. We speculate that this may reflect the redundancy of peptides within the CGRP family and a second CGRP receptor that may compensate for reduced CGRP activity. Furthermore, we propose that an inherent safety feature of peptide-blocking antibodies is attributed to the fundamental nature of peptide release, which occurs as a large bolus in short bursts of volume transmission. These facts support the development of more refined CGRP therapeutic drugs, as well as drugs that target other neuropeptides. We believe that the future of migraine research is bright with exciting advances on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Wattiez
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, VA Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Levi P Sowers
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, VA Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Andrew F Russo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, VA Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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9
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Ashina M, Hansen JM, Do TP, Melo-Carrillo A, Burstein R, Moskowitz MA. Migraine and the trigeminovascular system-40 years and counting. Lancet Neurol 2019; 18:795-804. [PMID: 31160203 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(19)30185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The underlying causes of migraine headache remained enigmatic for most of the 20th century. In 1979, The Lancet published a novel hypothesis proposing an integral role for the neuropeptide-containing trigeminal nerve. This hypothesis led to a transformation in the migraine field and understanding of key concepts surrounding migraine, including the role of neuropeptides and their release from meningeal trigeminal nerve endings in the mechanism of migraine, blockade of neuropeptide release by anti-migraine drugs, and activation and sensitisation of trigeminal afferents by meningeal inflammatory stimuli and upstream role of intense brain activity. The study of neuropeptides provided the first evidence that antisera directed against calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P could neutralise their actions. Successful therapeutic strategies using humanised monoclonal antibodies directed against CGRP and its receptor followed from these findings. Nowadays, 40 years after the initial proposal, the trigeminovascular system is widely accepted as having a fundamental role in this highly complex neurological disorder and provides a road map for future migraine therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Messoud Ashina
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jakob Møller Hansen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thien Phu Do
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Agustin Melo-Carrillo
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rami Burstein
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael A Moskowitz
- Department of Neurology and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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