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Zewdie G, Akalu M, Tolossa W, Belay H, Deresse G, Zekarias M, Tesfaye Y. A review of foot-and-mouth disease in Ethiopia: epidemiological aspects, economic implications, and control strategies. Virol J 2023; 20:299. [PMID: 38102688 PMCID: PMC10724896 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a contagious viral disease that affects the livelihoods and productivity of livestock farmers in endemic regions. It can infect various domestic and wild animals with cloven hooves and is caused by a virus belonging to the genus Aphthovirus and family Picornaviridae, which has seven different serotypes: A, O, C, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3, and Asia-1. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular epidemiology, economic impact, diagnosis, and control measures of FMD in Ethiopia in comparison with the global situation. The genetic and antigenic diversity of FMD viruses requires a thorough understanding for developing and applying effective control strategies in endemic areas. FMD has direct and indirect economic consequences on animal production. In Ethiopia, FMD outbreaks have led to millions of USD losses due to the restriction or rejection of livestock products in the international market. Therefore, in endemic areas, disease control depends on vaccinations to prevent animals from developing clinical disease. However, in Ethiopia, due to the presence of diverse antigenic serotypes of FMD viruses, regular and extensive molecular investigation of new field isolates is necessary to perform vaccine-matching studies to evaluate the protective potential of the vaccine strain in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girma Zewdie
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), P. O. Box: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
| | - Mirtneh Akalu
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), P. O. Box: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
- Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Department of Biotechnology, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Ap, 522502, India
| | | | - Hassen Belay
- Africa Union Pan African Veterinary Vaccine Center (AU-PANVAC), P. O. Box: 1746, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Getaw Deresse
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), P. O. Box: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | | | - Yeneneh Tesfaye
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), P. O. Box: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
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Hassan AM, El-Mayet FS, El-Habbaa AS, Shahein MA, Zowalaty MEE, Hagag NM, Sharawi SSA. Molecular Characterization of newly emerging Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype SAT2 of Lib-12 Lineage Isolated from Egypt. Virus Res 2021; 311:198651. [PMID: 34879242 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype SAT2 occurred in Egypt in 2018, which affected cattle and water buffalo. Previous phylogenetic studies on FMDV circulating in Egypt have mainly focused on genomic regions encoding structural proteins that determine the FMDV serotype. Still, none of them have analyzed the open reading frame (ORF) sequence of the Egyptian SAT2/Lib-12 lineage. The present study aimed to analyze and identify the ORF genome sequence of Lib-12 lineage that belongs to FMDV SAT2 topotype VII in Egypt. The protocol workflow was optimized and tested using a representative field isolate of FMDV/SAT2/Lib-12 from a bovine tongue sample collected in 2018 from Ismailia governorate (SAT2/EGY/Ismailia/2018). The protocol was based on reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction with multiple overlapping primers, amplicons sequencing, and assembly to complete the ORF consensus sequence. Alignments of the sequence fragments formed consensus genome sequence of 7219 nucleotides in length. The complete nucleotide sequence of the Egyptian isolate was related to Ethiopian, Nigerian, and Ghanaian strains, with identity not exceeding 95%. The divergence in the genetic identity of the Egyptian SAT2/Lib-12 lineage from other Egyptian strains and the neighboring Libyan isolates reached 7%, and this may be attributed to the absence of the Lib-12 lineage ORF sequence from Egypt and Libya in the database. The present study significantly advances the knowledge of the molecular analysis of FMDV SAT2 and the design of vaccine selection for FMDV SAT2 in Egypt. The study protocol could be applied to other FMDV serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayah M Hassan
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), 12618 Giza, Egypt
| | - Fouad S El-Mayet
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, 13736, Kaliobyia, Egypt
| | - Ayman S El-Habbaa
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, 13736, Kaliobyia, Egypt
| | - Momtaz A Shahein
- Virology Research Department, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), 12618 Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E El Zowalaty
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, SE-75 123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Naglaa M Hagag
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), 12618 Giza, Egypt
| | - Saad S A Sharawi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, 13736, Kaliobyia, Egypt
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Antigenicity and Immunogenicity Analysis of the E. coli Expressed FMDV Structural Proteins; VP1, VP0, VP3 of the South African Territories Type 2 Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061005. [PMID: 34072100 PMCID: PMC8227194 DOI: 10.3390/v13061005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An alternative vaccine design approach and diagnostic kits are highly required against the anticipated pandemicity caused by the South African Territories type 2 (SAT2) Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV). However, the distinct antigenicity and immunogenicity of VP1, VP0, and VP3 of FMDV serotype SAT2 are poorly understood. Similarly, the particular roles of the three structural proteins in novel vaccine design and development remain unexplained. We therefore constructed VP1, VP0, and VP3 encoding gene (SAT2:JX014256 strain) separately fused with His-SUMO (histidine-small ubiquitin-related modifier) inserted into pET-32a cassette to express the three recombinant proteins and separately evaluated their antigenicity and immunogenicity in mice. The fusion protein was successfully expressed and purified by the Ni-NTA resin chromatography. The level of serum antibody, spleen lymphocyte proliferation, and cytokines against the three distinct recombinant proteins were analyzed. Results showed that the anti-FMDV humoral response was triggered by these proteins, and the fusion proteins did enhance the splenocyte immune response in the separately immunized mice. We observed low variations among the three fusion proteins in terms of the antibody and cytokine production in mice. Hence, in this study, results demonstrated that the structural proteins of SAT2 FMDV could be used for the development of immunodiagnostic kits and subunit vaccine designs.
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Yang B, Zhang X, Zhang D, Hou J, Xu G, Sheng C, Choudhury SM, Zhu Z, Li D, Zhang K, Zheng H, Liu X. Molecular Mechanisms of Immune Escape for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090729. [PMID: 32899635 PMCID: PMC7558374 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a highly contagious vesicular disease in cloven-hoofed livestock that results in severe consequences for international trade, posing a great economic threat to agriculture. The FMDV infection antagonizes the host immune responses via different signaling pathways to achieve immune escape. Strategies to escape the cell immune system are key to effective infection and pathogenesis. This review is focused on summarizing the recent advances to understand how the proteins encoded by FMDV antagonize the host innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Keshan Zhang
- Correspondence: (K.Z.); (H.Z.); Tel.: +86-15214078335 (K.Z.)
| | - Haixue Zheng
- Correspondence: (K.Z.); (H.Z.); Tel.: +86-15214078335 (K.Z.)
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Upadhaya SD, Kim YM, Shi H, Le Cour Grandmaison J, Blanchard A, Kim IH. Standardized Plant Extract Alleviates the Negative Effects of FMD Vaccination on Animal Performance. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030455. [PMID: 32182817 PMCID: PMC7143122 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is among the viral diseases causing poor growth performance and reduced immune status, leading to heavy economic losses in livestock. The vaccination of animals against FMD may lead to vaccination stress, thereby reducing the growth performance of animals. The growth promoting effects of a plant extract (consisting of capsicum and turmeric oleoresins) against FMD vaccinated growing pigs are evaluated in the present study. It was determined that the supplementation of the plant extract significantly improved performance and increased the antibody titer against FMD antigens. However, the immune parameters measured at days 10, 15, 20 and 25 post-FMD vaccination remained unaffected. Abstract The present study was conducted to assess the efficacy of a plant extract (PE) on growth performance and immune status in foot and mouth disease (FMD)-vaccinated growing pigs. A total of 120 crossed ((Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc) growing pigs with an average initial body weight (BW) of 24.66 ± 2.34 kg and an average age of 70 days were randomized into three groups (10 pens; 4 pigs per pen per treatment) as follows: a nonvaccinated negative control group (NV), a FMD vaccinated group (OV), and a third group received a 0.0125% PE supplement after vaccination (PV), in a 6-week trial. The PV group receiving PE supplementation increased (p < 0.05) the BW compared with the OV group, and average daily gain (ADG) during days 1–14, overall and gain-to-feed ratio (G: F) in days 1–14, and dry matter (DM) digestibility at week 6 were higher (p < 0.05) in the PV compared with the OV group. A significant increase (p < 0.05) in haptoglobin concentration was observed in the OV group compared with the NV group at 25 days postvaccination. The inhibition percentage of antibodies against FMD in the sera reached above 50% in the PV group 5 days earlier than in the OV group. The findings suggest that the inclusion of PE in the diet promoted the performance of vaccinated growing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santi Devi Upadhaya
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, No. 29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choongnam 330-714, Korea; (S.D.U.); (Y.M.K.); (H.S.)
| | - Yong Min Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, No. 29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choongnam 330-714, Korea; (S.D.U.); (Y.M.K.); (H.S.)
| | - Huan Shi
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, No. 29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choongnam 330-714, Korea; (S.D.U.); (Y.M.K.); (H.S.)
| | | | - Alexandra Blanchard
- Pancosma, A-One Business Center, La piece 3, CH-1180 Rolle, Switzerland; (J.L.C.G.); (A.B.)
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, No. 29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choongnam 330-714, Korea; (S.D.U.); (Y.M.K.); (H.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-41-550-3652; Fax: +82-41-565-2949
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Bai XW, Bao HF, Li PH, Ma XQ, Sun P, Bai QF, Zhang M, Yuan H, Chen DD, Li K, Chen YL, Cao YM, Fu YF, Zhang J, Li D, Lu ZJ, Liu ZX, Luo JX. Engineering Responses to Amino Acid Substitutions in the VP0- and VP3-Coding Regions of PanAsia-1 Strains of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype O. J Virol 2019; 93:e02278-18. [PMID: 30700601 PMCID: PMC6430551 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02278-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of sequence divergence through adaptive mutations in the major capsid protein VP1, and also in VP0 (VP4 and VP2) and VP3, of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is relevant to a broad range of viral characteristics. To explore the potential role of isolate-specific residues in the VP0 and VP3 coding regions of PanAsia-1 strains in genetic and phenotypic properties of FMDV, a series of recombinant full-length genomic clones were constructed using Cathay topotype infectious cDNA as the original backbone. The deleterious and compensatory effects of individual amino acid substitutions at positions 4008 and 3060 and in several different domains of VP2 illustrated that the chain-based spatial interaction patterns of VP1, VP2, and VP3 (VP1-3), as well as between the internal VP4 and the three external capsid proteins of FMDV, might contribute to the assembly of eventually viable viruses. The Y2079H site-directed mutants dramatically induced a decrease in plaque size on BHK-21 cells and viral pathogenicity in suckling mice. Remarkably, the 2079H-encoding viruses displayed a moderate increase in acid sensitivity correlated with NH4Cl resistance compared to the Y2079-encoding viruses. Interestingly, none of all the 16 rescued viruses were able to infect heparan sulfate-expressing CHO-K1 cells. However, viral infection in BHK-21 cells was facilitated by utilizing non-integrin-dependent, heparin-sensitive receptor(s) and replacements of four uncharged amino acids at position 3174 in VP3 of FMDV had no apparent influence on heparin affinity. These results provide particular insights into the correlation of evolutionary biology with genetic diversity in adapting populations of FMDV.IMPORTANCE The sequence variation within the capsid proteins occurs frequently in the infection of susceptible tissue cultures, reflecting the high levels of genetic diversity of FMDV. A systematic study for the functional significance of isolate-specific residues in VP0 and VP3 of FMDV PanAsia-1 strains suggested that the interaction of amino acid side chains between the N terminus of VP4 and several potential domains of VP1-3 had cascading effects on the viability and developmental characteristics of progeny viruses. Y2079H in VP0 of the indicated FMDVs could affect plaque size and pathogenicity, as well as acid sensitivity correlated with NH4Cl resistance, whereas there was no inevitable correlation in viral plaque and acid-sensitive phenotypes. The high affinity of non-integrin-dependent FMDVs for heparin might be explained by the differences in structures of heparan sulfate proteoglycans on the surfaces of different cell lines. These results may contribute to our understanding of the distinct phenotypic properties of FMDV in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Wen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hui-Fang Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ping-Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xue-Qing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Pu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Qi-Feng Bai
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Dong-Dong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ying-Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yi-Mei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yuan-Fang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zeng-Jun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zai-Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jian-Xun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Zhu Z, Du X, Li P, Zhang X, Yang F, Cao W, Tian H, Zhang K, Liu X, Zheng H. Early Growth Response Gene-1 Suppresses Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Replication by Enhancing Type I Interferon Pathway Signal Transduction. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2326. [PMID: 30319594 PMCID: PMC6170816 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Early growth response gene-1 (EGR1) is a multifunctional transcription factor that is implicated in viral infection. In this study, we observed that foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection significantly triggered EGR1 expression. Overexpression of EGR1 suppressed FMDV replication in porcine cells, and knockdown of EGR1 considerably promoted FMDV replication. A previously reported FMDV mutant virus (with two amino acids mutations in SAP domain) that displays a strong type I interferon (IFN) induction activity was used in this study. We found that SAP mutant FMDV infection induced a higher expression of EGR1 than wildtype FMDV infection, and also triggered higher IFN-β and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) expression than wildtype FMDV infection. This implied a link between EGR1 and type I IFN signaling. Further study showed that overexpression of EGR1 resulted in Sendai virus (SeV)-induced IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) and NF-κB promoter activation. In addition, the SeV-induced ISGs expression was impaired in EGR1 knockdown cells. EGR1 upregulation promoted type I IFN signaling activation and suppressed FMDV and Seneca Valley virus replication. Suppression of the transcriptional activity of EGR1 did not affect its antiviral effect against FMDV. This study reveals a new mechanism evolved by EGR1 to enhance type I IFN signaling and suppress FMDV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Du
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangle Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Epidemiological situation of transboundary animal diseases in North African countries-proposition of a regional control strategy. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 50:459-467. [PMID: 29302776 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1453-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) defined transboundary animal diseases (TADs) as those that are of significant economic, trade, and food security importance for a considerable number of countries. TADs can easily spread to other countries, reach epidemic proportions, and where control, management, or exclusion is required cooperation between several countries. The North African countries are vulnerable to several TADs by virtue of its geographical location, its borders with the Sahel region, and peculiar control constraints on the budgets of the national veterinary services of each country and on the livelihoods of livestock owners across the region. In a narrative approach, we comprehensively described the epidemiology of TADs in North African countries, eradication constraints and control measures adopted to conclude with a proposition of a regional control strategy. Our review uncovered foot-and-mouth disease, peste des petites ruminants, bluetongue, sheep/goats pox, brucellosis, West Nile and Rift Valley fever, as the major TADs in this region, while the major constraints identified were illegal animal movement, communal clashes, unreported outbreaks, poor vaccination coverage, and other factors peculiar to each etiology. Therefore, the establishment of early warning systems and proper implementation of control measures at regional level are highly recommended to the relevant stakeholders involved in TADs control in the region.
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Gao Y, Sun SQ, Guo HC. Biological function of Foot-and-mouth disease virus non-structural proteins and non-coding elements. Virol J 2016; 13:107. [PMID: 27334704 PMCID: PMC4917953 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0561-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) represses host translation machinery, blocks protein secretion, and cleaves cellular proteins associated with signal transduction and the innate immune response to infection. Non-structural proteins (NSPs) and non-coding elements (NCEs) of FMDV play a critical role in these biological processes. The FMDV virion consists of capsid and nucleic acid. The virus genome is a positive single stranded RNA and encodes a single long open reading frame (ORF) flanked by a long structured 5ʹ-untranslated region (5ʹ-UTR) and a short 3ʹ-UTR. The ORF is translated into a polypeptide chain and processed into four structural proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4), 10 NSPs (Lpro, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B1–3, 3Cpro, and 3Dpol), and some cleavage intermediates. In the past decade, an increasing number of studies have begun to focus on the molecular pathogenesis of FMDV NSPs and NCEs. This review collected recent research progress on the biological functions of these NSPs and NCEs on the replication and host cellular regulation of FMDV to understand the molecular mechanism of host–FMDV interactions and provide perspectives for antiviral strategy and development of novel vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
| | - Shi-Qi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
| | - Hui-Chen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China.
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Bari FD, Parida S, Tekleghiorghis T, Dekker A, Sangula A, Reeve R, Haydon DT, Paton DJ, Mahapatra M. Genetic and antigenic characterisation of serotype A FMD viruses from East Africa to select new vaccine strains. Vaccine 2014; 32:5794-800. [PMID: 25171846 PMCID: PMC4194315 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine strain selection for emerging foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) outbreaks in enzootic countries can be addressed through antigenic and genetic characterisation of recently circulating viruses. A total of 56 serotype A FMDVs isolated between 1998 and 2012, from Central, East and North African countries were characterised antigenically by virus neutralisation test using antisera to three existing and four candidate vaccine strains and, genetically by characterising the full capsid sequence data. A Bayesian analysis of the capsid sequence data revealed the viruses to be of either African or Asian topotypes with subdivision of the African topotype viruses into four genotypes (Genotypes I, II, IV and VII). The existing vaccine strains were found to be least cross-reactive (good matches observed for only 5.4-46.4% of the sampled viruses). Three bovine antisera, raised against A-EA-2007, A-EA-1981 and A-EA-1984 viruses, exhibited broad cross-neutralisation, towards more than 85% of the circulating viruses. Of the three vaccines, A-EA-2007 was the best showing more than 90% in-vitro cross-protection, as well as being the most recent amongst the vaccine strains used in this study. It therefore appears antigenically suitable as a vaccine strain to be used in the region in FMD control programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fufa D Bari
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Satya Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - Aldo Dekker
- Central Veterinary Institute, Part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - Richard Reeve
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Daniel T Haydon
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - David J Paton
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Mana Mahapatra
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
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High-yield production of the VP1 structural protein epitope from serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus in Escherichia coli. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 40:705-13. [PMID: 23619971 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-013-1273-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
For effective control of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), the development of rapid diagnostic systems and vaccines are required against its etiological agent, FMD virus (FMDV). To accomplish this, efficient large-scale expression of the FMDV VP1 protein, with high solubility, needs to be optimized. We attempted to produce high levels of a serotype O FMDV VP1 epitope in Escherichia coli. We identified the subtype-independent serotype O FMDV VP1 epitope sequence and used it to construct a glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion protein. For efficient production of the FMDV VP1 epitope fused to GST (VP1e-GST), four E. coli strains and three temperatures were examined. The conditions yielding the greatest level of VP1e-GST with highest solubility were achieved with E. coli BL21(DE3) at 25 °C. For high-level production, fed-batch cultures were conducted in 5-l bioreactors. When cells were induced at a high density and complex feeding solutions were supplied, approximately 11 g of VP1e-GST was obtained from a 2.9-l culture. Following purification, the VP1 epitope was used to immunize rabbits, and we confirmed that it induced an immune response.
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12
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Bordería AV, Stapleford KA, Vignuzzi M. RNA virus population diversity: implications for inter-species transmission. Curr Opin Virol 2011; 1:643-8. [PMID: 22440922 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
RNA viruses are notorious for rapidly generating genetically diverse populations during a single replication cycle, and the implications of this mutant population, often referred to as quasispecies, can be vast. Previous studies have linked RNA virus genetic variability to changes in viral pathogenesis, the ability to adapt to a host during infection, and to the acquisition of mechanisms required to switch hosts entirely. However, these initial studies are just the beginning. With the development of next generation technologies, groups will be able to dig deeper into the sequence space that is generated during an RNA virus infection and more clearly understand the development, role, and consequences of viral genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio V Bordería
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Group and CNRS 3015, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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Fox EJ, Loeb LA. Lethal mutagenesis: targeting the mutator phenotype in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2010; 20:353-9. [PMID: 20934515 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of cancer and RNA viruses share many similarities. Both exploit high levels of genotypic diversity to enable extensive phenotypic plasticity and thereby facilitate rapid adaptation. In order to accumulate large numbers of mutations, we have proposed that cancers express a mutator phenotype. Similar to cancer cells, many viral populations, by replicating their genomes with low fidelity, carry a substantial mutational load. As high levels of mutation are potentially deleterious, the viral mutation frequency is thresholded at a level below which viral populations equilibrate in a traditional mutation-selection balance, and above which the population is no longer viable, i.e., the population undergoes an error catastrophe. Because their mutation frequencies are fine-tuned just below this error threshold, viral populations are susceptible to further increases in mutational load and, recently this phenomenon has been exploited therapeutically by a concept that has been termed lethal mutagenesis. Here we review the application of lethal mutagenesis to the treatment of HIV and discuss how lethal mutagenesis may represent a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Fox
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Agudo R, Ferrer-Orta C, Arias A, de la Higuera I, Perales C, Pérez-Luque R, Verdaguer N, Domingo E. A multi-step process of viral adaptation to a mutagenic nucleoside analogue by modulation of transition types leads to extinction-escape. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001072. [PMID: 20865120 PMCID: PMC2928812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance of viruses to mutagenic agents is an important problem for the development of lethal mutagenesis as an antiviral strategy. Previous studies with RNA viruses have documented that resistance to the mutagenic nucleoside analogue ribavirin (1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-1-H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) is mediated by amino acid substitutions in the viral polymerase that either increase the general template copying fidelity of the enzyme or decrease the incorporation of ribavirin into RNA. Here we describe experiments that show that replication of the important picornavirus pathogen foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in the presence of increasing concentrations of ribavirin results in the sequential incorporation of three amino acid substitutions (M296I, P44S and P169S) in the viral polymerase (3D). The main biological effect of these substitutions is to attenuate the consequences of the mutagenic activity of ribavirin —by avoiding the biased repertoire of transition mutations produced by this purine analogue—and to maintain the replicative fitness of the virus which is able to escape extinction by ribavirin. This is achieved through alteration of the pairing behavior of ribavirin-triphosphate (RTP), as evidenced by in vitro polymerization assays with purified mutant 3Ds. Comparison of the three-dimensional structure of wild type and mutant polymerases suggests that the amino acid substitutions alter the position of the template RNA in the entry channel of the enzyme, thereby affecting nucleotide recognition. The results provide evidence of a new mechanism of resistance to a mutagenic nucleoside analogue which allows the virus to maintain a balance among mutation types introduced into progeny genomes during replication under strong mutagenic pressure. Viruses that have RNA as genetic material include many important human, animal and plant pathogens. A new strategy against RNA viruses consists in using mutagenic nucleotides. The objective is to provoke an excessive number of mutations, to deteriorate the viral functions to the point that the virus can not survive. One of the mutagens used in research on lethal mutagenesis is ribavirin, extensively employed in clinical practice. Unfortunately, viral mutants that are resistant to ribavirin have been selected, thus facilitating escape from lethal mutagenesis. Here we describe a new mechanism by which foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) can become resistant to ribavirin. Amino acid changes in the viral polymerase, selected by ribavirin, are able to modify the types of mutations produced in the presence of ribavirin. Biochemical data indicate that the alteration of the enzyme changes the pairing behavior of ribavirin, avoiding the production of an excess of some types of mutations, supporting the hypothesis that an unbalanced mutation repertoire is detrimental to the virus. Thus, this new mechanism of resistance to ribavirin is based not as much in limiting the number of mutations in the virus genetic material but in ensuring an equilibrium among different types of mutations that favors viral survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Agudo
- Centro de Biologia Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Ferrer-Orta
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Armando Arias
- Centro de Biologia Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Celia Perales
- Centro de Biologia Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Pérez-Luque
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Verdaguer
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteban Domingo
- Centro de Biologia Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Balinda SN, Siegismund HR, Muwanika VB, Sangula AK, Masembe C, Ayebazibwe C, Normann P, Belsham GJ. Phylogenetic analyses of the polyprotein coding sequences of serotype O foot-and-mouth disease viruses in East Africa: evidence for interserotypic recombination. Virol J 2010; 7:199. [PMID: 20731826 PMCID: PMC2939557 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in East Africa with the majority of the reported outbreaks attributed to serotype O virus. In this study, phylogenetic analyses of the polyprotein coding region of serotype O FMD viruses from Kenya and Uganda has been undertaken to infer evolutionary relationships and processes responsible for the generation and maintenance of diversity within this serotype. FMD virus RNA was obtained from six samples following virus isolation in cell culture and in one case by direct extraction from an oropharyngeal sample. Following RT-PCR, the single long open reading frame, encoding the polyprotein, was sequenced. Results Phylogenetic comparisons of the VP1 coding region showed that the recent East African viruses belong to one lineage within the EA-2 topotype while an older Kenyan strain, K/52/1992 is a representative of the topotype EA-1. Evolutionary relationships between the coding regions for the leader protease (L), the capsid region and almost the entire coding region are monophyletic except for the K/52/1992 which is distinct. Furthermore, phylogenetic relationships for the P2 and P3 regions suggest that the K/52/1992 is a probable recombinant between serotypes A and O. A bootscan analysis of K/52/1992 with East African FMD serotype A viruses (A21/KEN/1964 and A23/KEN/1965) and serotype O viral isolate (K/117/1999) revealed that the P2 region is probably derived from a serotype A strain while the P3 region appears to be a mosaic derived from both serotypes A and O. Conclusions Sequences of the VP1 coding region from recent serotype O FMDVs from Kenya and Uganda are all representatives of a specific East African lineage (topotype EA-2), a probable indication that hardly any FMD introductions of this serotype have occurred from outside the region in the recent past. Furthermore, evidence for interserotypic recombination, within the non-structural protein coding regions, between FMDVs of serotypes A and O has been obtained. In addition to characterization using the VP1 coding region, analyses involving the non-structural protein coding regions should be performed in order to identify evolutionary processes shaping FMD viral populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila N Balinda
- Makerere University, Institute of Environment and Natural Resources, PO Box 7298, Kampala, Uganda.
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16
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Abstract
A large number of medically important viruses, including HIV, hepatitis C virus, and influenza, have RNA genomes. These viruses replicate with extremely high mutation rates and exhibit significant genetic diversity. This diversity allows a viral population to rapidly adapt to dynamic environments and evolve resistance to vaccines and antiviral drugs. For the last 30 years, quasispecies theory has provided a population-based framework for understanding RNA viral evolution. A quasispecies is a cloud of diverse variants that are genetically linked through mutation, interact cooperatively on a functional level, and collectively contribute to the characteristics of the population. Many predictions of quasispecies theory run counter to traditional views of microbial behavior and evolution and have profound implications for our understanding of viral disease. Here, we discuss basic principles of quasispecies theory and describe its relevance for our understanding of viral fitness, virulence, and antiviral therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S. Lauring
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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WU ZY, HE CQ, LIU YY, FENG Q, TENG JL, CHEN JG. A Study of Homologous Recombination in Foot-and-mouth Disease Virus in China. PROG BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2009. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1206.2009.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Summary: The interface between successful pathogens and their hosts is often a tenuous balance. In acute viral infections, this balance involves induction and inhibition of innate responses. Foot‐and‐mouth disease virus (FMDV) is considered one of the most contagious viruses known and is characterized by rapid induction of clinical disease in cloven hoofed animals exposed to infection. Viral shedding is extensive before the equally rapid resolution of acute disease. This positive strand RNA virus is an extremely successful pathogen, due in part to the ability to interrupt the innate immune response. Previous reviews have described the inhibition of cellular innate responses in the infected cell both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we present a review of virus inhibition of cells that are a source of antiviral function in swine. Particularly in the case of dendritic cells and natural killer cells, the virus has evolved mechanisms to interrupt the normal function of these important mediators of innate function, even though these cells are not infected by the virus. Understanding how this virus subverts the innate response will provide valuable information for the development of rapidly acting biotherapeutics to use in response to an outbreak of FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Golde
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944-0848, USA.
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19
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Klein J. Understanding the molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth-disease virus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2008; 9:153-61. [PMID: 19100342 PMCID: PMC7172361 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The use of molecular epidemiology is an important tool in understanding and consequently controlling FMDV. In this review I will present basic information about the disease, needed to perform molecular epidemiology. I will give a short introduction to the history and impact of foot-and-mouth disease, clinical picture, infection route, subclinical and persistent infections, general aspects of the transmission of FMDV, serotype-specific epidemiological characteristics, field epidemiology of FMDV, evolution and molecular epidemiology of FMDV. This is followed by two chapters describing the molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease in global surveillance and molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease in outbreak investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joern Klein
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, N-7489 Trondheim, Norway.
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Klein J, Hussain M, Ahmad M, Afzal M, Alexandersen S. Epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease in Landhi Dairy Colony, Pakistan, the world largest Buffalo colony. Virol J 2008; 5:53. [PMID: 18445264 PMCID: PMC2386124 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-5-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Pakistan and causes huge economic losses. This work focus on the Landhi Dairy Colony (LDC), located in the suburbs of Karachi. LDC is the largest Buffalo colony in the world, with more than 300,000 animals (around 95% buffaloes and 5% cattle, as well as an unknown number of sheep and goats). Each month from April 2006 to April 2007 we collected mouth-swabs from apparently healthy buffaloes and cattle, applying a convenient sampling based on a two-stage random sampling scheme, in conjunction with participatory information from each selected farm. Furthermore, we also collected epithelium samples from animals with clinical disease, as well as mouth-swabs samples from those farms. In addition, we analysed a total of 180 serum samples randomly collecting 30 samples each month at the local slaughterhouse, from October 2006 to March 2007. Samples have been screened for FMDV by real-time RT-PCR and the partial or full 1D coding region of selected isolates has been sequenced. Serum samples have been analysed by applying serotype-specific antibody ELISA and non-structural proteins (NSP) antibody ELISA. Results FMDV infection prevalence at aggregate level shows an endemic occurrence of FMDV in the colony, with peaks in August 2006, December 2006 and February 2007 to March 2007. A significant association of prevalence peaks to the rainy seasons, which includes the coldest time of the year and the muslimic Eid-festival, has been demonstrated. Participatory information indicated that 88% of all questioned farmers vaccinate their animals. Analysis of the serum samples showed high levels of antibodies for serotypes O, A, Asia 1 and C. The median endpoint-titre for all tested serotypes, except serotype C, in VNT titration is at a serum dilution of equal or above 1/100. All 180 serum samples collected have been tested for antibodies against the non-structural proteins and all but four have been found positive. Out of the 106 swab-samples from apparently healthy and affected animals positive in real-time RT-PCR, we sequenced the partial or full 1D coding region from 58 samples. In addition we sequenced the full 1D coding region of 17 epithelium samples from animals with clinical signs of FMD. From all sequenced samples, swabs and epithelium, 19 belong to the regional PanAsia II lineage of serotype O and 56 to the A/Iran/2005 lineage of serotype A. Conclusion For an effective and realisable FMD control program in LDC, we suggest to introduce a twice annually mass vaccination of all buffaloes and cattle in the colony. These mass vaccinations should optimally take place shortly before the beginning of the two rainy periods, e.g. in June and September. Those vaccinations should, in our opinion, be in addition to the already individually performed vaccinations of single animals, as the latter usually targets only newly introduced animals. This suggested combination of mass vaccination of all large ruminants with the already performed individually vaccination should provide a continuous high level of herd immunity in the entire colony. Vaccines used for this purpose should contain the matching vaccine strains, i.e. as our results indicate antigens for A/Iran/2005 and the regional type of serotype O (PanAsia II), but also antigens of the, in this world region endemic, Asia 1 lineage should be included. In the long term it will be important to control the vaccine use, so that subclinical FMD will be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joern Klein
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark.
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Klein J, Hussain M, Ahmad M, Normann P, Afzal M, Alexandersen S. Genetic characterisation of the recent foot-and-mouth disease virus subtype A/IRN/2005. Virol J 2007; 4:122. [PMID: 18001482 PMCID: PMC2194681 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-4-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background According to the World Reference Laboratory for FMD, a new subtype of FMDV serotype A was detected in Iran in 2005. This subtype was designated A/IRN/2005, and rapidly spread throughout Iran and moved westwards into Saudi Arabia and Turkey where it was initially detected from August 2005 and subsequently caused major disease problems in the spring of 2006. The same subtype reached Jordan in 2007. As part of an ongoing project we have also detected this subtype in Pakistan with the first positive samples detected in April 2006. To characterise this subtype in detail, we have sequenced and analysed the complete coding sequence of three subtype A/IRN/2005 isolates collected in Pakistan in 2006, the complete coding sequence of one subtype A/IRN/2005 isolate collected during the first outbreak in Turkey in 2005 and, in addition, the partial 1D coding sequence derived from 4 epithelium samples and 34 swab-samples from Asian buffaloes or cattle subsequently found to be infected with the A/IRN/2005 subtype. Results The phylogenies of the genome regions encoding for the structural proteins, displayed, with the exception of 1A, distinct, serotype-specific clustering and an evolutionary relationship of the A/IRN/2005 sublineage with the A22 sublineage. Potential recombination events have been detected in parts of the genome region coding for the non-structural proteins of FMDV. In addition, amino acid substitutions have been detected in the deduced VP1 protein sequence, potentially related to clinical or subclinical outcome of FMD. Indications of differential susceptibility for developing a subclinical course of disease between Asian buffaloes and cattle have been detected. Furthermore, hitherto unknown insertions of 2 amino acids before the second start codon, as well as sublineage specific amino acids have been detected in the genome region encoding for the leader proteinase of A/IRN/2005 sublineage. Conclusion Our findings indicate that the A/IRN/2005 sublineage has undergone two different paths of evolution for the structural and non-structural genome regions. The structural genome regions have had their evolutionary starting point in the A22 sublineage. It can be assumed that, due to the quasispecies structure of FMDV populations and the error-prone replication process, advantageous mutations in a changed environment have been fixed and lead to the occurrence of the new A/IRN/2005 sublineage. Together with this mechanism, recombination within the non-structural genome regions, potentially modifying the virulence of the virus, may be involved in the success of this new sublineage. The possible origin of this recombinant virus may be a co-infection with Asia1 and a serotype A precursor of the A/IRN/2005 sublineage potentially within Asian Buffaloes, as these appears to relatively easy become infected, but usually without developing clinical disease and consequently showing not a strong acute inflammatory immune response against a second FMDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joern Klein
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Summers
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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Klein J, Parlak Ü, Özyörük F, Christensen LS. The molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes A and O from 1998 to 2004 in Turkey. BMC Vet Res 2006; 2:35. [PMID: 17144917 PMCID: PMC1698480 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-2-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) causes significant economic losses in Turkish livestock. We have analysed the genetic diversity of the 1D sequences, encoding the hypervariable surface protein VP1, of Turkish isolates of serotype A and O collected from 1998 to 2004 in order to obtain epidemiological and immunological information. Results The 1D coding region of 33 serotype O and 20 serotype A isolates, obtained from outbreaks of FMD between 1998 and 2004, was sequenced. For serotype A, we confirmed the occurrence of the two subtypes IRN99 and IRN96. These subtypes are most divergent within the region encoding the immuno-dominant GH-loop. Also a close relationship to Foot-and-Mouth Disease virus (FMDV) serotype A isolates obtained from outbreaks in Iraq and Iran were detected and a clustering of isolates collected during the same period of time were found. The analysis of the deduced amino-acid sequences of these subtypes revealed evidence of positive selection in one site and one deletion, both within the GH-loop region. By inferring the ancestral history of the positively selected codon, two potential precursors were found. Furthermore, the structural alignment of IRN99 and IRN96 revealed differences between the tertiary structures of these subtypes. The similarity plot of the serotype O isolates suggested a more homogeneous group than the serotype A isolates. However, phylogenetic analysis revealed two major groups, each further divided in subgroups, of which some only consisted of Turkish isolates. Positively selected sites and structural differences of the Turkish isolates analysed, were not found. Conclusion The sequence and structural analysis of the IRN99 strains is indicative of positive selection suggesting an immunological advantage compared to IRN96. However, results of antigenic comparison reported elsewhere do not substantiate such a conclusion. There is evidence that IRN99 was introduced to Turkey, in all probability from Iran. Since, a member of the IRN96 lineage was included as a component of the FMDV vaccine produced since 2000, the outbreaks caused by IRN96 strains in 2004 could be due to incomplete vaccine coverage. The Turkish type O strains, all with a VP1 structure similar to the O1/Manisa/69 vaccine, appear in several sublineages. Whether these sublineages reflect multiple samplings from a limited number of outbreaks, or if they reflect cross-boundary introductions is not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joern Klein
- Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Department of Virology, Lindholm, 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Ünal Parlak
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fuat Özyörük
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Laurids S Christensen
- Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Department of Virology, Lindholm, 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
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Serviene E, Jiang Y, Cheng CP, Baker J, Nagy PD. Screening of the yeast yTHC collection identifies essential host factors affecting tombusvirus RNA recombination. J Virol 2006; 80:1231-41. [PMID: 16415000 PMCID: PMC1346934 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.3.1231-1241.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA recombination is a major process in promoting rapid virus evolution in an infected host. A previous genome-wide screen with the yeast single-gene deletion library of 4,848 strains, representing approximately 80% of all genes of yeast, led to the identification of 11 host genes affecting RNA recombination in Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), a small model plant virus (E. Serviene, N. Shapka, C. P. Cheng, T. Panavas, B. Phuangrat, J. Baker, and P. D. Nagy, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102:10545-10550, 2005). To further test the role of host genes in viral RNA recombination, in this paper, we extended the screening to 800 essential yeast genes present in the yeast Tet-promoters Hughes Collection (yTHC). In total, we identified 16 new host genes that either increased or decreased the ratio of TBSV recombinants to the nonrecombined TBSV RNA. The identified essential yeast genes are involved in RNA transcription/metabolism, in protein metabolism/transport, or unknown cellular processes. Detailed analysis of the effect of the identified yeast genes revealed that they might affect RNA recombination by altering (i) the ratio of the two viral replication proteins, (ii) the stability of the viral RNA, and/or (iii) the replicability of the recombinant RNAs. Overall, this and previous works firmly establish that a set of essential and nonessential host genes could affect TBSV recombination and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Serviene
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Plant Science Building, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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Solé RV, Sardanyés J, Díez J, Mas A. Information catastrophe in RNA viruses through replication thresholds. J Theor Biol 2005; 240:353-9. [PMID: 16277996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2005.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
RNA viruses are known to replicate at very high mutation rates. These rates are actually known to be close to their so-called error threshold. This threshold is in fact a critical point beyond which genetic information is lost through a so-called error catastrophe. However, the transition from a stable quasispecies to genetic drift and loss of information can also occur by crossing replication thresholds, below some replication rates, the viral population is suddenly unable to survive. Available data from hepatitis C virus population analysis [Mas, A., Ulloa, E., Bruguera, M., Furcić, I., Garriga, D., Fábregas, S., Andreu, D., Saiz, J.C., Díez, J., 2004. Hepatitis C virus population analysis of a single-source nosocomial outbreak reveals an inverse correlation between viral load and quasispecies complexity. J. Gen. Virol. 85, 3619-3626] can be interpreted through this theoretical view, providing evidence for such a replication threshold. Here a simple model is used in order to provide evidence for such a phenomenon, consistent with available data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricard V Solé
- ICREA-Complex Systems Lab, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (GRIB), Dr Aiguader 80, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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